Dissertations / Theses: 'TFCG'

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Lefebvre, Olivier. "Le facteur de transcription tfiiic de saccharomyces cerevisiae. Caracterisation du gene tfc3 et du mutant thermosensible tfc3-tsv115." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112064.

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Nous avons purifie le facteur de transcription tfiiic de l'arn polymerase iii de saccharomyces cerevisiae. Des sondes nucleotidiques, derivees d'elements de sequence ont permis de cloner les genes tfc1, tfc3 et tfc4 qui codent respectivement pour les sous-unites de 95, 138 et 131 kda de tfiiic. Nous avons caracterise plus particulierement le gene tfc3. C'est un gene essentiel a la viabilite cellulaire, en copie unique, localise sur le bras gauche du chromosome i a environ 300 pb du centromere et qui porte un intron dont l'extremite 3 n'est pas conventionnelle dans la levure. Deux domaines de la proteine codee par tfc3 presentent des similitudes de sequence avec des boites hmg decrites comme etant des motifs de liaison a l'adn. Nous avons montre que la mutation thermosensible tsv115 proche du centromere du chromosome i est localisee dans le gene tfc3 et correspond a une mutation ponctuelle qui remplace l'acide amine glycine 349 par l'acide glutamique (g349e) au niveau de la proteine sauvage. Le facteur tfiiic contenant la sous-unite mutee est tres thermolabile in vitro. Nous avons isole huit genes suppresseurs multicopies de la mutation tsv115. Cinq de ces suppresseurs pcf4/brf1/tds4, rpc10, le gene qui code pour la proteine se liant a la boite tata (tbp), srp40 et rpr1 correspondent a des constituants du systeme de transcription ou a des genes transcrits par l'arn polymerase iii. Les trois autres suppresseurs nop1, fhl1 et urp2 dont la fonction est indeterminee pourraient participer a la biogenese des ribosomes

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Mogende, Emmanuel. "The politics of Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA in Botswana." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23761.

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Transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) are considered the latest evolution of a more holistic approach to transnational environmental management that brings together conservation and development agendas. As part of bio political governance, TFCAs are ecologically, economically and politically motivated. Using a discourse analytical perspective of claims advanced for TFCAs in Southern Africa, this study explores how Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA has been motivated. The study questions the interests of Botswana government participation in the KAZA TFCA and examines the effects of the KAZA TFCA on local communities. This study employs a qualitative approach employing triangulation methods of data collection. KAZA is one of the largest and most ambitious transboundary initiative in the world that stretches across the political borders of five sovereign states. KAZA acknowledges that nature knows no boundaries hence conservation corridors should traverse political boundaries and borders of the state. Against this backdrop, the rationale for KAZA is to provide the large herds of elephants (approximately 120,000) in Botswana with access to large area of grazing land. The study demonstrates how the burgeoning elephant population is inextricably linked with border policing, tourism and conservation. KAZA considers participation and local community involvement in planning and decision making as legitimate for sustainable natural resource management. However, the current realities exist in contrast to these considerations. The study reveals that there is a disparity between theory and practice as KAZA is yet to deliver its promises to the local communities. The thesis asserts that it is critical to view KAZA as a complex, evolving and long-term initiative that will be interesting to follow in the future.

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Webster, Kelly Celeste. "Expanding the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA: Experiences from Botswana." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31304.

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Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) have emerged in recent years to become an important means of governing conservation land across the national boundaries of contemporary states. Southern Africa’s TFCAs have developed as ‘new conservation’ spaces, which are considered to promote a more holistic approach to managing protected areas by effectively integrating conservation and development ideals. However, these initiatives require complex management structures that extend across and engage with a complex mosaic of land uses, while effectively trying to reconcile diverse ecological, social, and economic agendas. The Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA is the largest of these initiatives extending across the borders of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This research traces the expansion of the TFCA from its formation in 2003 to 2018, with a particular focus on its land integration and resource management processes in Botswana. To examine this expansion, this research utilizes the concept of ‘territory’ as a lens of land control which draws attention to the ways in which land within various spaces is valued, utilized and accessed. For this research, territory provides a useful perspective with which land and resource valuation, land-use conflict and resource rights within the TFCA’s boundaries can be critically engaged with. In order to better understand the territorial expansion processes of the TFCA, this research examines firstly, the objectives of the Botswana state in terms of the growth of the TFCA; secondly, the motives behind the expansion processes; thirdly, the ways in which land under various tenure regimes is involved within the expansion processes; and finally, the impacts of these processes on local communities within these areas. The methodology adopted in this research involves (a) document analysis primarily focused on Botswana’s Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for the KAZA to understand the planned political processes of expansion; (b) GIS mapping activities to identify the areas and types of land tenure that have been integrated into the TFCA; and (c) interviews with stakeholders and local communities to understand the expansion processes on the ground. From this territorial orientation, this research demonstrates how the Botswana state has placed a strong strategic focus on the development of a luxury tourism industry based on wildlife and non-consumptive resource uses. This focus aligns with the growth of the KAZA TFCA in the region, which aims to develop the region’s tourist potential by expanding its conservation estate. Within these processes, land and natural resources are increasingly being seen as a means of revenue and capital accumulation in the KAZA region. These revaluations of land and resources have translated into changing land dynamics in areas that have been integrated into the TFCA. For communities in these areas, this has resulted in increasing resource restrictions, land-use and human-wildlife conflict, as well as a disengagement from resource management activities. These processes lead to unintended consequences in that they pit local communities against conservation agendas in the area.

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Blazheska, Jasna. "Insight in the thin-film pollyamide membrane structure after compaction." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401281.

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La osmosi inversa (OI) és la tecnología de membrana que proporciona el nivell més fi de separació i una de les tecnologies més prometedores per a superar el problema de l'escassetat mundial d'aigua neta. El mercat de membranes de RO està dominat per les membranes de pel·lícula fina (TFC) de poliamida. Quan s'operen a alta temperatura (max 45°C) i alta pressió (màxim 82 bar), poden patir compactació, el que resulta en una reducció de la producció de permeat (> 30%), que ha de ser compensat amb un augment de la pressió d'alimentació per satisfer els paràmetres de disseny. Això acaba resultant es un augment en el cost de l'aigua produïda i una reducció substancial de la vidua útil del producte. L'objectiu d'aquest estudi va ser obtener una comprensió fonamental dels fenòmens de compactació i la seva implicació en el mecanisme de transport. Amb aquesta finalitat es van dur a terme una sèrie d'anàlisis, amb l'objectiu de caracteritzar: (1) la modificació de la morfologia i el gruix de cada capa a la membrana, a partir d'imatges de secció transversal com a resultat de l'alta temperatura i la pressió d'operació (2) el contingut químic de poliamida després de l'operació del procés (3) la part de la pèrdua de flux de permeabilitat deguda a la compactació de la capa de poliamida i la capa de suport, per separat, i la seva contribució a la pèrdua total de flux de membrana mitjançant l'aplicació del model de resistència en sèrie, i (4) la mida de porus (el volum del forat lliure) de la capa de poliamida seca i hidratada. Un total de 11 tècniques diferents es van aplicar per intentar revelar la informació completa. Es van identificar diverses observacions que podrien atribuir-se a la pèrdua de permeabilitat de la membrana després de l'operació. A més, els resultats indiquen que hi ha una part considerable (~50%) de la resistència extra causant la pèrdua de flux que procedeix de la capa de poliamida, el que condueix a canvis irreversibles en el rendiment de la membrana. La causa originaria d'aquestes observacions podria ser els canvis en l'estructura de poliamida que més probablement es produeix durant l'operació en les condicions combinades d'alta pressió i alta temperatura.
La osmosis inversa (OI) es la tecnología de membrana que proporciona el nivel más fino de separación y una de las tecnologías más prometedoras para superar el problema de la escasez mundial de agua limpia. El mercado de membranas de RO está dominado por las membranas de material compuesto de película fina (TFC) de poliamida. Cuando se operan a altas temperaturas (max 45°C) y alta presión (máximo 82 bar), pueden sufrir compactación, lo que resulta en una reducción de la producción de permeado (> 30%), que tiene que ser compensado con un aumento de la presión de alimentación para satisfacer los parámetros de diseño. Esto acaba resultando en un aumento en el coste del agua producida y una reducción sustancial de la vida útil del producto. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener una comprensión fundamental de los fenómenos de compactación y su implicación en el mecanismo de transporte. Con este fin se llevaron a cabo una serie de análisis, con el objetivo de caracterizar: (1) la modificación de la morfología y el espesor de cada capa en la membrana, a partir de imágenes de sección transversal, como resultado de la alta temperatura y la presión de operación (2) el contenido químico de poliamida después de la operación del proceso (3) la parte de la pérdida de flujo de permeabilidad debido a la compactación de la capa de poliamida y la capa de soporte, por separado, y su contribución a la pérdida total de flujo de membrana mediante la aplicación del modelo de resistencia en serie, y (4) el tamaño de poro (el volumen agujero libre) de la capa de poliamida seca e hidratada. En total, 11 técnicas diferentes se aplicaron en un intento de revelar la información completa. Se identificaron varias observaciones que podrían atribuirse a la pérdida de permeabilidad de la membrana después de la operación. Además, los resultados indican que hay una parte considerable (~50%) de la resistencia extra causante la perdida de flujo que procede de la capa de poliamida, lo que conduce a cambios irreversibles en el rendimiento de la membrana. La causa raíz de estas observaciones podría ser los cambios en la estructura de poliamida, que más probablemente se produce durante la operación en las condiciones combinadas de alta presión y alta temperatura.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is the finest level of membrane-technology available and one of the most promising technologies to overcome the problem of global clean water scarcity. The RO membrane market is dominated by thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes. When operated at high temperature (max 45˚C) and high pressure (max 82 bar) membranes can suffer compaction, which results in reduced permeate production (>30%) so that the feed pressure has to be increased to meet the design parameters. Ultimately these translate into an increase in the cost of the water produced and substantially lower membrane product life-time. The objective of this study was to gain fundamental understanding on the compaction phenomena and its implication to the transport mechanism. With that purpose a series of analyses were conducted with the aim of characterizing: (1) the membrane morphology and thickness of each layer in the membrane from cross sectional images as a result of high temperature and pressure operation (2) the polyamide chemical content after process operation (3) the portions of permeability flow loss due to compaction of the polyamide and support layer, separately, and their contribution to the total membrane flow loss by applying the series resistance model, and (4) the pore size (free-volume hole size) of the polyamide layer in dry and swollen hydrated state. In total 11 different techniques were applied attempting to reveal complete information. Several observations were identified that might be attributed to the permeability loss of the membrane after the operation. Moreover the results indicated that there is a sizable portion (~50%) of added resistance coming from the polyamide layer to the total flow loss of the entire composite membrane, which leads to irreversible changes in the membrane performance. The root cause for these observations might be the changes in the polyamide structure that most probably occurs during the operation at combined conditions of high pressure and high temperature.

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Draidi, Zakia Limam Ali Jullien Jean-François. "Renforcement et réparation des coques métalliques par matériaux composites (TFC)." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2005. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=draidi.

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Thèse doctorat : Génie Civil : Villeurbanne, INSA : 2005.
2e complément de titre d'après folio administratif car différent sur la page de titre. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 136-142.

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Aguinaga, Lira Jorge Mauricio, Helfer Mariella Susana Bouroncle, Salas Gaby Yulissa Padilla, and Matos Anibal Rodrigo Pérez. "Plan estratégico del área de recursos humanos de la financiera TFC." Master's thesis, Universidad del Pacífico, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11354/2340.

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El propósito de esta investigación ha sido diseñar el plan estratégico 2019-2021 del área de Recursos Humanos de la empresa Financiera TFC para lograr reducir la rotación de personal en las agencias de 25% a 23%, en el primer año de ejecución del plan, y a 20% en el término del segundo año. Para poder tener un diagnóstico que nos permita conocer los motivos por los cuales existe esta elevada rotación, se decidió, por un lado, entrevistar a los gerentes de las agencias con menor rotación para conocer su gestión y los mecanismos que utilizan para retener a su personal. Por otra parte, al no contar con encuestas de salida, se realizó una encuesta virtual a los colaboradores de todas las agencias con mayor rotación para identificar los motivos que ellos consideran que llevaron a sus compañeros a no continuar en Financiera TFC.

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Soares, de Andrade Cacilda. "Educação à distância online: Uma proposta pedagógica para expansão do ensino de Ciências Contábeis." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2008. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/3978.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:17:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3494_1.pdf: 7591218 bytes, checksum: 0e52ee1997a7609344e089a0cfa282fa (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Não se pode negar a influência das novas tecnologias na sociedade e a disseminação do ensino por meio da Educação à Distância - EAD, além do processo de expansão do ensino superior no Brasil e no mundo. Diante desta realidade, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo elaborar, aplicar e analisar um modelo de EAD online para o ensino de contabilidade, por meio de animação virtual, desenvolvido mediante as características do curso de Ciências Contábeis. Para isso, foi elaborado um curso piloto na modalidade de extensão e após os ajustes, o modelo foi aplicado na disciplina Contabilidade Gerencial do curso de graduação em Ciências Administrativas, com base na Teoria da Flexibilidade Cognitiva - TFC. O método aplicado se pautou na pesquisa qualitativa e na pesquisa de campo com estudos exploratório-descritivos combinados. Os resultados mostraram que: a) O perfil dos alunos é adequado para a modalidade à distância; b) A TFC mostrou-se adequada para a produção e análise de cursos à distância e c) O curso proporcionou aprendizagem na medida em que nos grupos avaliados com o conceito (C), na solução do caso da empresa Usar Cartão é a Melhor Opção UCMO e nas categorias qualitativas, obtiveram sucesso na avaliação. Concluímos que a modalidade à distância no formato aqui estudado é uma alternativa viável para a expansão do ensino superior de contabilidade

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Cvetanovski, Andrej, and Ajla Sacirovic. "Klimatrelaterad hållbarhetsredovisning : svenska och tyska företag i tre branscher." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21144.

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Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera hållbarhetsrapportering med fokus på klimatrelaterade redogörelser. Tre noterade företag i Sverige respektive Tyskland undersöks med genomgång och innehållsanalys av företagens hållbarhetsrapporter och årsredovisningar och specificeringen sker i en jämförelse mellan företagens klimatrelaterade hållbarhetsredovisning. I denna uppsats har det tillämpats en kombination av kvantitativa och kvalitativa forskningsstrategier och en abduktiv utgångspunkt i forskningen. Genom innehållsanalys och kvantifiering av kvalitativa data har empiri insamlats från företag inom läkemedelsbranschen, affärssytembranschen och elektronikbranschen. Genom att kombinera tre redovisningsteorier, nämligen legitimitets- och intressentteori, samt harmoniseringsteori, möjliggörs en koppling och analys av studiens resultat som resulterar i välgrundade slutsatser och förslag på vidare forskning. Uppsatsen konkluderar att de tyska företagen ligger i en marginell framkant när det gäller hållbarhetsredovisning och att branschpraxis är vital för företagens redogörelse av klimatrelaterade hållbarhetsfaktorer.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze environmental sustainability reporting with focus lying on climaterelated factors. Three listed companies in Sweden and Germany are reviewed with the help of content analysis of the entities annual and sustainability reports and the specification takes place in a comparison between the environmental reporting of each company. In this essay there has been a usage of both quantitative and qualitative research strategies and takes its premise in an abductive approach. Through content analysis and quantification of qualitative data the empirical base has been collected from companies in the pharmaceutical, business system and electronics industries. By combining three theories, specifically the legitimacy, stakeholder and harmonization theory the possibility of qualitative analysis and well-founded conclusions together with guidelines on further research are made possible. The essay concludes that the German companies are marginally better in terms of sustainability reporting and that industry practice is essential when it comes to accounting for climate- related sustainability factors

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Pettersson, Rebecka. "Power of the people : A study of the community involvement in the TFCA process in Swaziland." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21726.

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Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in southern Africa are often connected with forced resettlement, marginalization and exclusion from the decision-making process of the local community. Therefore this study investigates the level and kind of community involvement in the TFCA process in Swaziland by performing nine semi-structured interviews in five different communities. The results show that the TFCA process in Swaziland is not quite like the situation described in the rest of southern Africa. They demonstrate that although the community projects in Swaziland’s TFCAs might not be completely gender sensitive and still have to develop in terms of their sustainability, they are on the right track. Most communities are autonomous regarding the governance of their development, either through community boards or traditional structures. Additionally, it is obvious that there are a lot of ideas on and possibilities for development in the communities that need to be encouraged.

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Roccato, Emanuela. "Role of TFG sequences in the activation of the TRK-T3 oncogene." Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422006.

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Young, Alexander L. "A differential equation model of Ets2 driven bistability of TFG-beta concentration." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306811234.

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Müller, Kristin [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Schädel-Höpfner. "Therapie von Läsionen des Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) - Eine systematische Literaturanalyse / Kristin Müller. Gutachter: Michael Schädel-Höpfner." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1035502135/34.

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Laïssoub, Fatima. "Die Bemessung von mit TFC-Gewebe verstärkten Betonbauteilen Modellbetrachtungen auf der Basis von Versuchsergebnissen /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://elib.tu-darmstadt.de/diss/000437.

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Presta, Michele Antoniuk. "Determinação de flavonóides e resveratrol em vinho empregando cromatografia de fluxo turbulento-LC-MS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4158.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Wine is known for its favorable biochemical properties such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflamatory properties. Many of these properties can be assigned to flavonoids and resveratrol. Wine is known to contain high amounts of interferences, such as proteins and lipids complicating analysis of flavonoids and other compounds of interest. Turbulent Flow Chromatography (TFC) on-line coupled to Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to analyze flavonoids present in different types of wines. The TFC sample pretreatment is based on the fast removal of high molecular weight compounds and the removal of low molecular weight polar interferences. After the sample pretreatment, the TFC column is on-line coupled to LC-MS and a gradient is started to elute the trapped compounds and separate these in the LC-MS. The method proved to be fast, non-laborious, robust and sensitive. The feasibility of the method was tested on several red, white and rosé wines. Interday and intraday precision for all wines and concentrations were calculated to be < 12% and < 18%, respectively. The method proved to be linear for all investigated compounds and matrices in the range of 0.05 to 2 mg L-1 (r2 > 0.99). Moreover resveratrol showed also linearity (r2 > 0.99) in higher range (1 to 50 mg L-1). The LOD for the compounds in red wine ranged from 0.004 to 0.022 mg L-1, in white wine ranged from 0.002 to 0.021 mg L-1 and in rosé wine ranged from 0.003 to 0.034 mg L-1. Quantitation of resveratrol was possible using standard addition procedure, since resveratrol was present in the sample. Red wine showed a higher amount of resveratrol (4 mg L-1), compared to rosé and white wine which was 10-fold lower. Moreover, the different red wines contained also different amounts of resveratrol. The presented method may be an useful tool to study other analytes in difficult matrices, such as compounds of interest in food, drinks and biological samples.
O vinho é conhecido por suas propriedades bioquímicas benéficas como antioxidante, anticarcinogênico e antiinflamatório. Muitas destas propriedades podem ser atribuídas aos flavonóides e ao resveratrol. No vinho encontra-se uma grande quantidade de interferentes, como proteínas e lipídios, que dificultam a análise de flavonóides. Cromatografia de Fluxo Turbulento (TFC, do inglês Turbulent Flow Chromatography) acoplada on-line ao LC-MS foi utilizado para analisar flavonóides e resveratrol presentes em diferentes tipos de vinho. O preparo das amostras é baseado na remoção de compostos com alta massa molar de compostos de baixa massa molar utilizando TFC. Após o preparo das amostras a coluna de TFC é colocada on-line com o LC-MS e um gradiente é iniciado para realizar a eluição dos compostos retidos nos poros da fase estacionária da coluna de TFC e a separação dos mesmos nos sistema LC-MS. O procedimento provou ser rápido, não laborioso, robusto e sensível. A aplicação do método foi realizada com diferentes amostras de vinho tinto, branco e rosé. A precisão interdia e intradia para todos os vinhos e concentrações estudadas foram < 12 % e < 18%, respectivamente. O método provou ser linear para todos os compostos e matrizes estudadas no intervalo de 0,05 a 2 mg L-1 (r2 > 0,99). O resveratrol também mostrou linearidade (r2 > 0,99) quando utilizouse intervalo de concentração maior (1 a 50 mg L-1). O LOD obtido para os compostos em vinho tinto foi de 0,004 a 0,022 mg L-1, em vinho branco de 0,002 a 0,021 mg L-1 e em vinho rosé de 0,003 a 0,034 mg L-1. A quantificação do resveratrol foi possível utilizando-se curva de adição padrão. O vinho tinto apresentou maiores concentrações de resveratrol (4 mg L-1), quando comparado com os vinhos branco e rosé, que foram cerca de 12 vezes menores. Além disso as diferentes amostras de vinho tinto apresentaram diferentes concentrações de resveratrol. O procedimento desenvolvido pode ser uma poderosa ferramenta no estudo de outros analitos em matrizes complexas, como por exemplo compostos de interesse em alimentos, bebidas e amostras biológicas.

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Oliveira, Marcos Bandeira de. "O desenho no processo de criação e apresentação do projeto : o caso dos trabalhos finais de graduação da Universidade de Fortaleza." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2015. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/395.

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Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico
The graphic records performed during the design process had major changes in their techniques, instruments and purposes after the appearance of digital tools. Studies on architectural design methodology make clear its complexity as well as the graphical representation mechanisms that assist and record these processes. Computer graphics has not eliminated the instruments and analogue techniques, but added up to them. Today there are a variety of graphical tools to support design process blending analog and digital resources. This diversity is beneficial, but for the efficient exploitation of its potential, requires technical, instrumental and conceptual knowledge that exceed the limits of Geometry, architectural drawing and computer graphics. It is observed in academic circles some deficiencies in the orientation of use of new features in addition to the separation between education / design practice and its relation to the reality of the project. Studies shows the relevance and importance of analog features in the design process as well as defend the coexistence between them and digital resources. The impact of the use of digital instruments simultaneously occurred in professional practice and in architecture schools and, within these, it is observed that the students develop their own procedures to explore this range of options. Aiming to give an overview of these students practice, this dissertation evaluated the analog production, from 2009 to 2014, observed in the discipline Trabalho Final de Graduação (TFG) at the University of Fortaleza in the moments of conceptual design and the presentation of projects. In order to that end, there was a first evaluation of the curricular grade that formed these students and then the drawings produced during professor's orientation and presentations of the TFGs. It was initially made a quantitative survey and a qualitative overview of all work that was deepened through five case studies. The evaluated material shows great attention given to specific drawings during the design process with emphasis on plants and perspectives. The drawings demonstrate technical deficiencies in the graphic execution and little relation to the constructed reality. Digital instruments help the analog designs. The contents of the drawing disciplines do not address this type of hybrid technique. Thus, it is revealed three basic techniques: analog, digital and hybrid. The collected data can help in didactical decisions of design disciplines / drawing, the actual TFG and the interrelation of them. As a result of this study, It is evident that the use of freehand drawing remains relevant in academic circles, but also that it can not be treated in a conservative manner or disconnected from the digital systems way. In addition, it was concluded that we must define and assume, within academic curriculum, a particular drawing for the architect considering all analog and digital technological possibilities
Os registros gráficos executados durante o projeto passaram por grandes mudanças em suas técnicas, instrumentos e finalidades depois do aparecimento dos meios digitais. Os estudos sobre metodologia projetual deixam clara a sua complexidade, assim como a dos mecanismos de representação gráfica, que auxiliam e registram esses processos. A computação gráfica não eliminou os instrumentos nem as técnicas analógicas, mas somou-se a elas. Hoje há considerável variedade de ferramentas gráficas para subsidiar a reflexão e o registro do projeto que misturam recursos analógicos e digitais. Essa diversidade é benéfica, mas, para a exploração eficiente das suas potencialidades, requer conhecimentos técnicos, instrumentais e conceituais que ultrapassam os limites da Geometria, do desenho técnico arquitetônico e da computação gráfica. Observam-se no meio acadêmico algumas deficiências na orientação do uso dos novos recursos, além da separação entre o ensino/prática do desenho e sua relação com a realidade do projeto. Os estudos comprovam a pertinência e importância dos recursos analógicos no projeto, além de defenderem a convivência entre eles e os recursos digitais. A repercussão do emprego dos instrumentos digitais ocorreu simultaneamente na prática profissional e nas escolas de Arquitetura e, dentro destas, observa-se que os discentes desenvolvem procedimentos próprios para explorar essa gama de opções. Com o objetivo de traçar um panorama dessas práticas discentes, esta dissertação avaliou a produção analógica, de 2009 e 2014, observada na disciplina Trabalho Final de Graduação (TFG) da Universidade de Fortaleza nos momentos de concepção e de apresentação dos projetos. Para tanto, primeiramente, foi avaliada a matriz curricular que formou esses alunos e, em seguida o material gráfico produzido nas orientações e apresentações dos TFGs. Para esse último, foram feitos, inicialmente, um levantamento quantitativo e uma análise geral qualitativa de todos os trabalhos, tendo sido esta aprofundada por meio de cinco estudos de caso. O material avaliado revela grande atenção dispensada a desenhos específicos durante o processo projetual, destacando-se as plantas e as perspectivas. Os desenhos demonstram deficiências técnicas na execução gráfica e pouca relação com a realidade construída. Constatam-se instrumentos digitais como auxiliares dos desenhos analógicos, mas também verifica-se que os conteúdos das disciplinas de desenho não tratam desse tipo de técnica híbrida. Dessa forma, revelam-se três tipos básicos de técnicas: analógica, digital e híbrida. Os dados explicitam pontos norteadores de decisões didáticas das disciplinas de projeto, de desenho, do próprio TFG e da inter-relação delas. Como resultado deste estudo, fica evidente que o uso do desenho à mão livre continua pertinente no meio acadêmico, mas também que ele não pode ser tratado de maneira conservadora ou atrelada a processos anteriores ao uso dos sistemas digitais. Além disso, conclui-se ser preciso definir e assumir, dentro dos currículos acadêmicos, um desenho específico para o arquiteto, levando em consideração todas as possibilidades tecnológicas, analógicas e digitais.

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La, Versa Federica. "Analisi sperimentale di un sistema micro-ORC con espansione umida." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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L’elaborato di tesi propone un’analisi sperimentale sulla possibilità di funzionamento con espansione umida di un sistema a ciclo Rankine con fluido organico(ORC). L’impianto di riferimento è un prototipo micro-ORC di piccola taglia presente nel laboratorio di microgenerazione del DIN. Nella prima parte si descrive lo stato dell’arte dei sistemi ORC e l’impianto di riferimento, nella seconda parte si passa alle descrizione della fase sperimentale durante la quale sono state svolte delle prove sull’impianto finalizzate alla valutazione delle prestazioni dell’impianto. Con questo scopo, si rappresentano gli andamenti delle variabili di interesse in condizioni di funzionamento stazionario. L’intento dell’analisi è dimostrare la fattibilità di funzionamento del sistema ORC con un’espansione che avvenga interamente nella zona dei vapori saturi

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Plotnikov, Valeri. "An Analysis of Fare Collection Costs on Heavy Rail and Bus Systems in the U.S." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29052.

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In this research, an effort is made to analyze the costs of fare collection on heavy rail and motorbus systems in the U.S. Since existing ticketing and fare collection (TFC) systems are major elements of transit infrastructure and there are several new alternative TFC technologies available on the market, the need to evaluate the performance of existing TFC systems arises. However, very little research has been done, so far, to assess impacts of TFC technologies on capital and operating expenses in public transit. The two objectives of this research are: (1) to formulate a conceptual evaluation framework and a plan to assess the operating costs of existing TFC systems in transit and (2) to analyze the operating expenses associated with existing TFC systems on heavy rail and motorbus transit in the U.S. with the aid of the evaluation framework and plan. This research begins with a review of the current state of knowledge in the areas of transit TFC evaluation, the economics of public transit operations, and fare collection practices and technologies. It helps to determine the scope of work related to assessment of TFC operating costs on public transit and provides the basis for the development of a conceptual evaluation framework and an evaluation plan. Next, this research presents a systematic approach to define and describe alternative TFC systems and suggests that the major TFC system determinants are payment media, fare media, TFC equipment, and transit technology (mode). Following this is the development of measures of effectiveness to evaluate alternative TFC systems. These measures assess cost-effectiveness and labor-intensiveness of TFC operations. The development of TFC System Technology Index follows. This Index recognizes the fact that TFC systems may consist of different sets of TFC technologies both traditional and innovative. Finally, this research presents statistical results that support the hypothesis that TFC operating costs are related to transit demand, transit technology (mode) and TFC technologies. These results further suggest that: (1) TFC operating costs per unlinked passenger trip on heavy rail systems are higher than on motorbus systems and (2) TFC operating costs per unlinked passenger trip tend to increase as the use of non-electronic fare media increases. Actions for further research are also recommended.
Ph. D.

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Draidi, Zakia. "Renforcement et réparation des coques métalliques par matériaux composites (TFC) : étude du comportement au flambage : analyses expérimentales et numériques." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0032/these.pdf.

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Les structures minces de type coques métalliques sont particulièrement sensibles au flambage ou instabilité géométrique. Leur dimensionnement s'opère en ayant recours à des règles simplifiées, cette approche est généralement conservative. En effet ces structures sont très sensibles à la moindre imperfection de forme (défauts géométriques initiaux). Le dimensionnement s'appuie en général sur la connaissance de l'état initial réel ou supposé. Or cette configuration évolue dans le temps, on constate généralement l'adjonction de nouveaux défauts de forme dus au fonctionnement (charges accidentelles, fluage) mais aussi à des pertes de matière localisées dans les zones corrodées. La prise en compte de ces divers dommages conduits généralement à une perte de capacité portante. Afin de préserver le potentiel de charge de la structure, il est alors nécessaire de la renforcer. Dans notre étude nous envisageons le renforcement à l'aide de matériau composite à base de fibre de carbone. Une ou plusieurs couches de composite sont simplement collées sur la coque métallique. Un large programme expérimental consacré à l'étude du flambage de coques multicouches soumises à compression axiale uniforme, nous a permis de dégager les paramètres déterminants et ceux dont l'effet est moindre. Pour l'ensemble des résultats obtenus pour les différentes campagnes d'essais, nous avons pu constaté un accroissement important de la capacité portante de la structure renforcée dés lors que certaines dispositions constructives sont respectées en ce qui concerne la couche de renfort en composite. Nous montrons en particulier pour certaines configurations, lorsque le mode de flambage est extensionnel, que la capacité portante peut être incrémentée de prés de 50% comparativement à l'état initial. Afin de pouvoir disposer d'un outil prédictif utilisable pour d'autres configurations de coques (différentes géométries, R/t et L/R) nous avons eu recours à la simulation numérique à l'aide du code ABAQUS. Les applications potentielles pour ce type de renforcement seraient les réservoirs de stockage, les silos ou bâches et les tuyaux
Experience has shown that, steel or reinforced concrete shells structures, exposed to severe environmental attacks such as corrosion, or to cyclic load-induced stresses greater than design stresses, or to accidental overloads, are hence subject to damage. The serious deterioration of materials, coupled to design errors or/and to accidental overload can lead to catastrophic failures; or at least, because of the propagation of the damage, to diminution of the structure’s lifetime. It is now of a fairly common practice to repair structures as it is non- expensive and non obstructive upgrading procedure. One of the common techniques for repairing and strengthening steel shells is to weld rings, stringers or local steel reinforcement. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has established a strong position as an effective mean for the repair and rehabilitation of infrastructures. Composite materials, thanks to their high strength, high stiffness, resistance to corrosion and low weight, can be of great interest in civil engineering structures (generally concrete beams). Their use is particularly interesting, especially in order to increase the structural performance, but also because of the ease to forming, the speed of installation, the optimization possibility (direction’s reinforcement choice) and the multifunctional (strength, anti-corrosion, tightness). However, the use of CFRP in the repair and reinforcement of steel or concrete shells is a new concept that has the potential to improve the way we repair shells. In our studies we show the benefits of using CFRP for the reinforcement of shells submitted to axial compression or combined loads like internal pressure, axial compression and bending. A large experimental and numerical study is carried out on steel cylindrical shells reinforced with the CFRP at different radius to thickness ratio. We show that the load capacity can be enhanced more than 50%. Numerical simulations are also conducted using finite element approach

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Schneider, Sebastian. "Karpale Bandverletzungen Vergleich der direkten MR-Arthrographie mit der diagnostischen Arthroskopie unter Berücksichtigung von Partialdefekten des skapholunären Bandes, des lunatotriquetralen Bandes sowie des TFCC /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=970618646.

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Salles, Felipe Torquato. ""Análise da expressão e mecanismos de ação da proteína AKt em células cultivadas de carcinoma epidermóide bucal humano"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23141/tde-11112005-150604/.

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Como neoplasia maligna que mais acomete a cavidade oral, o carcinoma epidermóide gera infinidade de estudos acerca de sua gênese e progressão. O variado perfil genético e protéico observado leva a freqüente insucesso nas terapias adotadas, contribuindo para pobres prognósticos. Este estudo visa compreender melhor o papel da proteína Akt, tida como chave para a proliferação de diversas neoplasias, frente ao estímulo das células derivadas de carcinoma epidermóide humano em cultura (HaCat, HN6, HN19, HN30, HN31) com EGF 10ng/ml e TGF β 5ng/ml. Para tanto, analisou-se a expressão de pAkt, ciclina D1, Bad, caspase-3 e PTEN, através de imunofluorescência, western-blot e imunoprecipitação. Os resultados mostraram aumento da expressão de pAkt e ciclina D1 frente ao tratamento com EGF, bem como diminuição de Bad e PTEN, com exceção de HN31. A imunoprecipitação revelou neste caso que pAkt previne a apoptose através de inativação direta de Bad. Já nas células tratadas com TGF β , obtivemos resultados diferentes do esperado para este supressor de tumor. A expressão de pAkt mostrou-se aumentada nas linhagens celulares, mas estável em HN19 e HN31. Ciclina D1 mostrou aumento em HN6 e HN30, manutenção em HaCat e HN19 e diminuição em HN31. HaCat mostrou queda dos níveis de caspase-3 e Bad, manutenção em HN6, aumento em HN30, aumento somente de Bad em HN31 e HN19 com níveis inalterados após o tratamento para ambas as proteínas. Estes achados sugerem o importante papel desempenhado pelo EGF nas linhagens de carcinoma epidermóide estudadas, e como esta via é importante candidata a ser visada em tratamentos quimioterápicos. A ação do TGF β mostrou discrepâncias, revelando seu comportamento dúbio frente os diversos tipos celulares, e sugerindo possível relação entre este receptor e a via do pAkt, o que requer estudos mais apropriados. A baixa ocorrência de apoptose também reforça esta possibilidade, mostrando como a via do Akt é essencial para a progressão neoplásica e pode estar relacionada a mais eventos celulares do que já sabido.
Squamous cell carcinoma raises a great interest regarding carcinogenesis and its proliferative pathways, due to the high incidence and poor prognosis. The broad genetic and proteic profiles contribute to this poor prognosis. The present study aims to better comprehend the role played by pAkt, key protein for the development of many neoplasms. Cell lines derived from oral squamous cell carcinoma (HaCat, HN6, HN19, HN30 and HN31) were induced with 10ng/ml EGF and 5ng/ml TGF β . The expressions of pAkt, cyclin D1, Bad, caspase-3 and PTEN were analyzed through immunofluorescence, western-blot and immunoprecipitation. Results showed higher pAkt and cyclin D1 expression after EGF treatment, as well as a decrease in Bad and PTEN levels, except for HN31. Immunoprecipitation revealed that pAkt prevents apoptosis through Bad direct inactivation. However, TGF β treatment revealed different results, from what expected for this tumor supressor. pAkt expression revealed to be increased in all cells lines, but stable for HN19 and HN31. HaCat exhibited decreased levels of caspase-3 and Bad, which were unaltered in HN6, augmented in HN30. HN31 revealed only Bad increased levels, and no alterations in HN19. These findings suggest the crucial role played by EGF stimulation in the studied cell lines, and a good candidate to be targeted by chemotherapeutical approaches. TGF β treatment showed discrepancies, revealing diverse behaviors in the different cell lines. An exhisting relation between TGF β receptors and pAkt pathway may not be discharged, requiring further studies. The low occurrence of apoptosis reinforces this possibility, showing how important is Akt and related pathways for neoplastic progression, and its possible relation to cellular events not described to date.

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Desprez, Cédric. "Analyse et Réduction de la Vulnérabilité Sismique des Structures Existantes : Renforcement par Collage de Tissus de Fibres de Carbone (TFC)." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00560438.

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La réduction de la vulnérabilité sismique des structures existantes est un enjeu majeur. Le renforcement d'éléments par Tissus de Fibres de Carbone (TFC) offre une réponse intéressante à cette problématique. Ces travaux proposent une stratégie simplifiée de modélisation non linéaire permettant de prédire le comportement d'une structure en béton armé renforcée par TFC. Celle-ci est fondée sur l'utilisation d'éléments finis poutres multifibres ainsi que de modèles d'endommagement et de plasticité. Le confortement d'éléments en flexion et le confinement des poteaux sont étudiés. Plus spécifiquement une loi constitutive cyclique pour béton confiné est proposée. Cette loi est fondée sur deux modèles, le premier basé sur la théorie de l'endommagement et le second sur une série d'études expérimentales. Cette approche est validée à travers deux cas d'études : une pile de pont renforcée et une analyse de vulnérabilité d'un ouvrage sous sollicitations statiques (poussée progressive) et dynamiques.

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Matos, Elmer Agostinho Carlos de. "A Nova abordagem de gestão de áreas de conservação e suas implicações socioespaciais : o caso de Chimanimani no centro de Moçambique." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29553.

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A presente pesquisa analisa a produção do território de conservação sob as influências de diversos atores localizados a diferentes escalas de poder e gestão. A partir da abordagem de Territorialização – Desterritorialização – Reterritorialização, analisa-se a passagem de Chimanimani como uma área comunitária, formada por várias comunidades, cuja identidade encontra-se sacralizada nos diversos locais sagrados da área, para um território de conservação, que implicou na (re)estruturação do espaço para atender ao ecoturismo e a conservação. As transformações que ocorreram e que estão ocorrendo em Chimanimani são parte de um processo global, iniciado nos finais da década de 80 com a introdução dos Programas de Reabilitação Econômica. Estas transformações submeteram o local ao global e deslocaram a comanda da área para outras escalas de poder e gestão. As transformações pelas quais Chimanimani foi passando implicaram numa transição da agricultura como a base de sobrevivência para o ecoturismo. A dependência ao ecoturismo como a atividade que melhor compatibiliza a exploração dos recursos naturais numa área de conservação parece não encontrar um enquadramento na dinâmica da atividade turística em Moçambique, que tem como preferência o turismo de “sol e praia”. Como dinamizar o turismo em áreas de conservação é um desafio para a realidade moçambicana, cujas condições dificultam o desenvolvimento do ecoturismo em áreas distantes da região costeira. Dentro desse dilema, propõe-se o Turismo Social como uma possibilidade para o desenvolvimento do turismo nas áreas de conservação.
This research analyses the production of the conservation territory under influences of various actors located at different scales of power and management. From the approaches Territorialization – Desterritorialization – Reterritorialization, we analyze the transition of Chimanimani as a community area, formed by several communities, whose identity is enshrined in the various sacred sites of area, to a conservation area, which resulted in (re)structuring space to answer conservation and ecotourism. Transformations that occurred and are occurring in Chimanimani are part of an overall process, begun in the late 80’s with the introduction o Economic Rehabilitation Programs. These changes submitted the place to the global and moved the command of the area for other scales of power and management. These transformations which Chimanimani are involved implicated a transition of the agriculture as the survival base for the ecotourism. The dependence on ecotourism as the activity that better reconcile the exploration of natural resources in an area of conservation does not seem to find a framework in the dynamics of tourism in Mozambique, which is preferably tourism “Sun and sand”. How to boost tourism in conservation areas is a challenge for the Mozambican reality, whose conditions make it difficult to ecotourism development in remote areas far from the coastal region. In this dilemma, it is proposed Social Tourism as a possibility for the development of tourism in conservation areas.

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Quevedo, Uribe Jesús Nieves. "Modelo de gestión de continuidad del negocio por línea de negocio según Basilea II, basado en ISO 22301, para el sector financiero peruano: caso financiera TFC." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/12660.

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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Propone un modelo de gestión de continuidad del negocio para las entidades financieras peruanas basadas en la gestión por líneas de negocio, alineado a la norma internacional ISO 22301:2012 y sus siete componentes, a las normas de la SBS, y a las mejores prácticas de los modelos especializados complementarios; de manera que dichas entidades cumplan con la normativa y se mantengan o puedan posteriormente postular – según sea el caso - al Método Estándar Alternativo de Requerimiento de Patrimonio Efectivo por Riesgo Operacional. Para ello también se define una guía de seis pasos para su implementación, la cual ha sido validada a través del caso de estudio de Financiera TFC, donde se demuestra la aplicabilidad del modelo propuesto y el cambio en el alcance del sistema de gestión.
Tesis

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Sauret, Pont Jordi. "La sinistralitat viària a Catalunya: la percepció socials dels canvis en l'entorn viari." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Abat Oliba, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9367.

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A partir de l'observació de desenes de punts d'especial sinistralitat d'arreu de Catalunya i l'anàlisi de centenars de sinistres ocorreguts en aquests punts, va permetre arribar a sistematitzar que, segons sigui la decodificació del tram viari a partir de les senyals que arriben de l'entorn, senyals de tot tipus, l'usuari adapta el seu patró de conducció en aquell tipus de tram en funció de la seva experiència; el problema rau però, quan apareix de forma "sobtada" un factor "no previst" en aquell tipus de tram i per aquella forma "normal" de circular-hi, o, quan el tram canvia de categoria en pocs segons, i per tant, en pocs instants cal canviar i adaptar el patró de conducta a un entorn canviant, que no sempre les senyals de trànsit poden preveure, o en altres casos, aquestes senyals han perdut credibilitat i hom condueix "al marge" dels inputs oficials. L'adaptació, l'adaptació lenta o simplement, la no adaptació als canvis sobtats de l'entorn estaria en la base de la immensa majoria dels sinistres analitzats.

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Sauret, Jordi. "La sinistralitat viària a Catalunya: la percepció socials dels canvis en l'entorn viari." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Abat Oliba, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9367.

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A partir de l'observació de desenes de punts d'especial sinistralitat d'arreu de Catalunya i l'anàlisi de centenars de sinistres ocorreguts en aquests punts, va permetre arribar a sistematitzar que, segons sigui la decodificació del tram viari a partir de les senyals que arriben de l'entorn, senyals de tot tipus, l'usuari adapta el seu patró de conducció en aquell tipus de tram en funció de la seva experiència; el problema rau però, quan apareix de forma "sobtada" un factor "no previst" en aquell tipus de tram i per aquella forma "normal" de circular-hi, o, quan el tram canvia de categoria en pocs segons, i per tant, en pocs instants cal canviar i adaptar el patró de conducta a un entorn canviant, que no sempre les senyals de trànsit poden preveure, o en altres casos, aquestes senyals han perdut credibilitat i hom condueix "al marge" dels inputs oficials. L'adaptació, l'adaptació lenta o simplement, la no adaptació als canvis sobtats de l'entorn estaria en la base de la immensa majoria dels sinistres analitzats.

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Venkatasalam, Nachiyappan. "Crosswind assessment of trains on different ground configurations." Thesis, KTH, Järnvägsteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129712.

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Cross wind analysis is one of the important safety measures for rail vehicle certification. The objective of this study is to identify which vehicle certification ground setup, true flat ground (TFG) or single track ballast and rail (STBR) represents a more realistic ground setup with atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind inlet and also to represent an embankment scenario. A streamlined high speed train ICE3 and a conventional Regional train are taken for the analysis to represent both categories. CFD is used as a tool for calculations. The best practice recommended by the AeroTRAIN project is used for the CFD approach. The analysis is done for various configurations including STBR, TFG, embankments, ground roughness, moving ground, non-moving ground, block profile inlet, ABL inlet, model scale and full scale setups. The Regional train shows higher roll moment coefficient about lee rail (Cmx,lee) compared to the ICE3 train, whereas the ICE3 train has a higher lift force coefficient than the Regional train. STBR setup shows a higher force and moment coefficient compared to TFG. The STBR setup represents the more realistic setup of moving rough ground with ABL wind inlet and also the realistic embankment scenario.

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Serem, June Cheptoo. "An exploratory investigation into the physicochemical, antioxidant and cellular effects of a selection of honey samples from the Southern African region." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24881.

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The unique floral biodiversity of Southern Africa would be reflected in the phenolic acid and flavonoid composition as well as the antioxidant activity of honeys from this region. In this exploratory investigation the total polyphenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, antioxidant activity as well as the cellular protective effects of a selection of honeys collected in this region was evaluated. Thirteen honey samples representative of the Western Cape (WCa, WCb and WCc), Eastern Cape (ECa, ECb and ECc), South East Mozambique (SEMa, SEMb and SEMc) and Agricultural: A-E (Eucalyptus) (A-E1 and A-E2), A-L (Litchi) and A-O (Orange) were collected. These samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis, the antioxidant content (TPC and TFC) and both enzymatic (catalase activity) and non-enzymatic activity, using the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) assays was determined. From the DPPH, TEAC and ORAC data the Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI) was calculated. To determine whether high antioxidant activity translates into significant cellular protection, biological and cellular assays were undertaken. Using the pBR322 plasmid assay and the erythrocyte haemolysis assay the ability of honeys to protect against 2,2’-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) oxidative damage was evaluated. Further evaluation was undertaken in the SC-1 fibroblast cell line and the physiologically more relevant Caco-2 cell line. Toxicity and antioxidant effects were evaluated in the SC-1 cell line while antioxidant effects were only evaluated in the Caco-2 cell line. The long-term mitogenic and toxic effects were determined in the SC-1 cell line using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Neutral Red (NR) and Crystal Violet (CV) assays. Short term, total- and intracellular antioxidant effects were determined in both cell lines using the dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay (DCFH-DA) assay. For all cellular experiments honey at concentrations of 0.01% and 1% were used. The physiochemical properties of the honeys evaluated fulfilled the regulatory standards compiled in the Codex Alimentarius (CODEX STAN12-1981 revision 2001). The results were as follows: SEMb had the highest TPC (167.96 mg GAE/100g) and TFC (51.60 mg CE/100g) while A-E2 had the highest catalase (38.48 µmol H2O2/g) activity. RACI revealed that WCb had the highest antioxidant activity.SEMc showed the highest protection of plasmid DNA against oxidative-induced strand breaks while SEMa showed the highest protection of erythrocytes against AAPH-induced haemolysis. Although correlations were found between antioxidant content and antioxidant activity assays, no correlation was found these parameters and the biological assays. For the long-term cytotoxicity assay, AAPH showed significant cytoxicity at 0.78mM, 1.56mM and 0.28mM when measured using the MTT, NR and CV assays, respectively. Some honeys 4/13 and 3/13 showed a mitogenic effect at a concentration of 0.01% and 1% respectively. Toxic effects, were observed for 1/13 and 8/13 at 0.01% and 1% honey respectively. Toxicity after 72 h exposure varied from 10-30% (CV assay). The same concetrations of honey was used to determine the short-term, 2h, antioxidant effects in both the SC-1 and Caco-2 cell lines. No oxidative effect was found for all honeys at these concentrations. For the DCFH-DA assay using the SC-1 cell line at 1%, 12/13 and 7/13 honeys showed total and intracellular protection respectively. The highest extracellular protection was for SEMa (% Protection (%P) = 95) and SEMb (%P = 93). Intracellular protection was the highest for SEMc (%P = 21) and A-L (%P = 20). At 0.01%, 7/13 and 8/13 honeys exhibited total and intracellular protection, respectively. For both the highest protection was found for SEMc (%P = 43, total and %P = 30, intracellular). For the Caco-2 cell line at 1%, 11/13 and 4/13 showed total and intracellular protection, respectively. Of these the highest extracellular protection was for SEMb (% Protection (%P) = 90). Intracellular protection was the highest for ECa (%P = 28) and WCc (%P = 26). At 0.01%, 4/13 and 8/13 honeys showed total and intracellular protection respectively. The highest extracellular protection was found for SEMc (%P = 62) and intracellular protection was ECc (%P = 28). The SC-1 cell line was found to be the most sensitive to the antioxidant effects of honey compared to the Caco-2 cell line. The honeys SEMa, SEMb and SEMc showed protection against oxidative damage in both cell lines. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of honeys from Southern Africa is of a high quality. The WC, SEM and EC honeys showed the highest antioxidant effects and could provide health benefits against diseases associated with oxidative stress as indicated by these results. Copyright
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Anatomy
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Tsirekidze, Papuna [Verfasser], Florian [Gutachter] Radetzki, David [Gutachter] Wohlrab, and Felix [Gutachter] Walcher. "Relevanz der intraoperativen 3D-Bildgebung zur Rekonstruktion des distalen Tibiofibulargelenks (TFG) bei oberen Sprunggelenksverletzungen : retrospektive Analyse von 57 postoperativ durchgeführten CT-Untersuchungen / Papuna Tsirekidze ; Gutachter: Florian Radetzki, David Wohlrab, Felix Walcher." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1215099193/34.

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Dimou, Konstantinos. "Améliorations de l'accès paquet en sens montant du WCDMA." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000671.

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Les systèmes de 3G offrent de nouveaux services support (bearer services) à plus hauts débits pour les modes de transmission "paquet". Ces services vont coexister avec la voix (ou d'autres services temps réels), des scénarios de trafic mixte, voix et données, doivent être envisagés. La norme UMTS permet effectivement aux utilisateurs d'avoir plus d'un service activé simultanément. Les différentes classes de trafic augmentent la complexité de la gestion des ressources radios. Dans ce contexte, deux types de fonctions sont étudiés: l'allocation de TFCI et l'ordonnancement de paquets. Leur impact sur la qualité de service (QoS) ainsi que sur la capacité du système est évalué. On propose des améliorations de ces mécanismes dans le but d'augmenter la capacité du système et par conséquent d'améliorer la QoS des utilisateurs. Les études se restreignent au sens montant, c'est à dire aux transmissions du mobile (User Equipment ou UE) vers le réseau. Un premier mécanisme pour lequel un effort d'amélioration est fait, est l'adaptation du lien radio par variation du débit instantané transmis. On simule le cas d'une transmission multiservice (voix et données). L'UE doit partager un débit global qui lui est alloué entre les différents services activés. Ces derniers sont véhiculés dans des radio bearers (tuyaux supports). À chaque intervalle élémentaire de transmission (Transmission Time Interval, TTI), l'UE sélectionne un sous-débit pour chaque bearer; ceci se fait par la sélection d'un "format de transport" à appliquer pendant la durée TTI. Cette procédure s'effectue dans la couche MAC (Medium Access Control); le résultat de la sélection est une combinaison de formats de transport (Transport Format Combination, TFC) que la couche physique doit utiliser. La procédure, nommée sélection de TFC, permet d'adapter la transmission des différents services aux conditions variables de la propagation radio: elle détermine notablement la performance de transmission. L'algorithme de sélection de TFC est tracé dans ses grandes lignes dans la norme. Un de ses principes est de favoriser le trafic temps réel au détriment des services de données par paquet. Cependant, le trafic temps réel peut être perturbé par le trafic de données sous certaines conditions, en particulier pour les mobiles éloignés de la station de base (Node B). On propose un algorithme de sélection de TFC qui limite ces perturbations et qui offre une plus large zone de couverture aux services temps réels. En plus, il améliore la QoS du service de données et le débit effectif de l'UE sans augmenter sa puissance de transmission. Un autre type d'études concerne l'ordonnancement de paquets entre les différents utilisateurs ou UEs. C'est une procédure qui est contrôlée par la partie fixe du réseau. Nous l'étudions principalement par simulation en considérant divers mécanismes ou variations. Un premier mécanisme est nommé fast Variable Spreading Factor (fast VSF): les UEs distants changent rapidement leur facteur d'étalement (SF) afin de conserver une puissance de transmission constante, ce qui vise à stabiliser l'interférence inter-cellulaire. Un deuxième mécanisme étudié est un accès paquet décentralisé (decentralized mode) utilisant une information en retour sur le niveau global d'interférence dans la cellule. Un troisième mécanisme nommé "fast scheduling" (ordonnancement rapide) raccourcit le cycle d'ordonnancement. Les résultats ont montré que dans le cas de faible ou moyenne charge dans la cellule, le mode décentralisé réduit le délai par paquet jusqu'à 25 %. L'ordonnancement rapide augmente la capacité du système jusqu' à 10%. En plus, il améliore la QoS perçue par les utilisateurs en terme de débit par utilisateur et délai par paquet transmis.

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Krishna, Vamsi, and Praveen Dasari. "Impact Of Transmission Patterns On One-Way Delay In 3G Networks Of Sweden." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4676.

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Over the last few years, there has been a signifi cant rise in the mobile broadband users worldwide. Recently, operators around the world have been improving the 3G networks by providing Dual Carrier-High Speed Packet Access+ (DC-HSPA+) services in both uplink and downlink to the users. However, the delay performance of the operational DC-HSPA+ networks is not focused. Firstly, we investigate and analyze the e ffect of operator service on One-Way Delay (OWD) and Jitter. Secondly, we investigate the treatment of protocols by 3G network for random packet sizes and random Inter Packet Duration (IPD). Thirdly, we investigate the eff ect of background load on OWD for packets generated at very low rate. Fourthly, we investigate the impact of constant IPD and streaming. Fifthly, we investigate the effects of shrinking the interval of IPD on OWD in 3G networks. Lastly, we investigate the OWD for Constant-Bit-Rate (CBR) and Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) transmission patterns. Firstly, results show that OWD in the DC-HSPA+ networks is lower compared to the OWD in the preceding HSUPA networks and OWD strongly depends on packet-size at lower rates. Secondly, the 3G networks treat User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) protocols similarly for random packet size and random IPD. Thirdly, at high rates OWD depends on E-TFCE-DCH Transport Format Combination (ETFC) grants. Thirdly, the results also indicate that background load has a signi ficant impact on the end-to-end OWD. Fourthly, for low rates, OWD depends on packet sizes and for high rates OWD depends on IPD and for higher rates, OWD depends on E-TFC grants. Fifthly, we also observe: Shrinking the interval of IPD does not necessarily improve the OWD performance. Lastly, results also indicate that the VBR pattern has a better OWD performance than the CBR pattern for low transmission rates.

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Anacleto, Grácia Maria Catelli. "Uma investigação sobre a aprendizagem do teorema fundamental do cálculo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11280.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gracia Maria Catelli Anacleto.pdf: 2461146 bytes, checksum: 7d96432b1805db026593065c9dad8b89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-09
This study aims to investigate the knowledge mobilized by students who have already studied the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) regarding the concepts of differentiation and integration and its relationship. The FTC is one of the most important topic in any Calculus course according to Segadas (1998). The intention of the study is to evaluate if the mobilization of these concepts occurred in the proper manner for specific questions resolution where necessarily they have to be applied. The research was based on Douady s (1987) theoretical beliefs of the tool-object dialectic and change of frameworks. As support the study was carried through Segadas (1998) research on the understanding of the FTC by students at the end of the course of Calculus. A pilot-questionnaire was applied to students of a Computer Science course in a private University of São Paulo city. In this first inquiry we perceive the participant students had not received the FTC related content in the deep required for our research in this course. Thus we have decide restructure the questionnaire and apply it to a different group of students in the Mathematics Bachelors course where the FTC content was teach deeper due to greater teaching load in the same university. The research found the majority of the students have found difficulties to solve problems where the simple visualization of graphs would solve it without developing extensive algorithms. This findings shows the students obstacles to understand the FTC are related to an incomplete mobilization of differentiation, integration and continuity concepts since to solve the given questions they have only partially used these knowledge. Such fact is probably associated the students habits who do not tend to focus their attention to the conceptual aspects of the theorem but only memorizing the procedures algorithm without reflecting on its applicability. The theoretical fundamentals used revealed an efficient tool in the analysis of the protocols who led us to these conclusions
Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar os conhecimentos mobilizados por alunos que já haviam estudado o Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo (TFC) relativamente aos conceitos de derivada e integral e sua interelação. O TFC, segundo Segadas (1998), é um dos tópicos mais importantes em qualquer curso de Cálculo. Pretendemos com o trabalho avaliar se a mobilização desses conceitos se deu de forma adequada na resolução de questões específicas em que a aplicação desses conceitos era necessária. A pesquisa fundamentou-se nos pressupostos teóricos da dialética ferramenta-objeto e jogos de quadros de Douady (1987). Teve como base a pesquisa realizada por Segadas (1998) sobre a compreensão do TFC pelos alunos ao final do curso de Cálculo. Foi aplicado um questionáriopiloto a alunos do curso da Ciência da Computação de uma universidade particular da cidade de São Paulo. Percebemos nessa primeira investigação que alunos que participaram do estudo piloto não haviam recebido o conteúdo relativo ao TFC com a profundidade requerida pela nossa pesquisa. Reestruturamos o questionário e reaplicamos a um grupo alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Matemática desta mesma universidade, onde esta disciplina é ministrada com maior carga horária. Verificamos que a maioria dos alunos encontrou dificuldades para solucionar problemas em que a simples visualização de gráficos faria com que não necessitassem desenvolver longos algoritmos. Este resultado demonstra que os obstáculos dos estudantes para compreender o TFC estão relacionados com uma incompleta mobilização das noções de derivada, integral e continuidade, uma vez que utilizaram apenas parcialmente esses conhecimentos para a solução das questões apresentadas. Tal fato está provavelmente associado aos hábitos dos estudantes, que tendem a não focar atenção aos aspectos conceituais do teorema, apenas memorizando o algoritmo dos procedimentos sem refletir sobre a sua aplicabilidade. A fundamentação teórica mostrou-se uma ferramenta eficaz na análise dos protocolos que nos conduziram a essas conclusões

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Sahlaoui, Ramzi. "Panneaux en maçonnerie renforcés à l'aide de matériaux composites : approche de type calcul à la rupture et étude expérimentale." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00672356.

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La maintenance, la réparation et le renforcement de murs en maçonnerie par matériaux composites collés nécessitent le développement de méthodes et techniques d'évaluation de l'aptitude au service et de requalification tant pour leur restauration fonctionnelle que pour leur adaptation à de nouvelles contraintes (évolution du zonage sismique par exemple). Le présent travail de thèse a pour objectif de proposer un outil d'évaluation par calcul de l'état limite ultime de murs en maçonnerie, renforcés par composites collés, chargés dans leur plan.Les travaux effectués concernent la modélisation par homogénéisation de murs en maçonnerie et une campagne expérimentale de caractérisation du transfert de charge entre un renfort en tissu de fibres de carbone et un support en blocs creux de béton par le biais d'un joint de colle. Pour modéliser la résistance des murs maçonnés, nous proposons une loi élastique parfaitement plastique pour le comportement dans le plan d'une maçonnerie constituée de blocs liés par des joints de mortier. Le convexe de plasticité est obtenu par une technique d'homogénéisation périodique qui prend en compte la nature tridimensionnelle de la cellule de base. On obtient alors un convexe limité par plusieurs surfaces de charge. Un algorithme numérique original est ensuite proposé et programmé dans le logiciel aux Eléments Finis ABAQUS. Des simulations numériques utilisant le module développé sont présentées

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Launay, Gaby. "Etude expérimentale du tourbillon en fer à cheval au pied d'un obstacle émergent dans un roulement laminaire à surface libre." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC035/document.

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La rencontre entre une couche limite laminaire se développant sur une plaque plane sous une surface libre et un obstacle rectangulaire émergent mène à l’apparition d’une zone de recirculation complexe appelée tourbillon en fer à cheval à l’amont de l’obstacle. Cette zone de recirculation est composée d’un certain nombre de vortex s’enroulant autour de l’obstacle et pouvant présenter des dynamiques variées. Le but de ce travail est de réaliser une étude expérimentale paramétrique du tourbillon en fer à cheval laminaire et faiblement turbulent. Les mesures sont réalisées par PIV et par trajectographies et des méthodes de détection basés sur la décomposition modale (POD) et la détection des points critiques sont utilisées afin de faciliter l’étude de la dynamique tourbillonnaire. Ce manuscrit se propose de : (i) Déterminer l’évolution des caractéristiques du tourbillon en fer à cheval en fonction des paramètres adimensionnels de l’écoulement. (ii) Mettre en place une typologie des différentes dynamiques exhibées. (iii) Déterminer les mécanismes à l’origine de l’apparition de ces différentes dynamiques à l’aide d’un modèle conceptuel. (iv) Et finalement, étudier l’influence de la longueur de l’obstacle sur le tourbillon en fer à cheval
A laminar boundary layer developing under a free-surface and interacting with an emerging obstacle lead to the creation of a complex recirculation zone called horseshoe vortex upstream from the obstacle. This recirculation zone is composed of a given number of vortices wrapping around the obstacle with various kind of dynamics. The aim of this work is to perform an experimental parametric study of the laminar, and slightly turbulent horseshoe vortex. Measurements are obtained by PIV and trajectographies and detection method based on modal decomposition (POD) and critical points are used to ease the study of the vortex dynamics. This manuscript intends to : (i) Explain the horseshoe vortex main characteristics evolution with the non-dimensional parameters of the flow. (ii) Define a typology of the different observed vortex dynamics. (iii) Identify the physical mechanisms at the origin of those dynamics through the use of a conceptual model. (iv) And finally, show the influence of the obstacle length on the horseshoe vortex

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Arcipreste, Cláudia Maria. "Entre o discurso e o fazer arquitetônico: reflexões sobre o ensino de arquitetura e urbanismo e seus referenciais a partir do trabalho final de graduação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16138/tde-15032013-144926/.

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Tomando como objeto de estudo os produtos e processos do Trabalho Final de Graduação (TFG) nos cursos de arquitetura e urbanismo, este trabalho evidencia e discute as dimensões didático-pedagógicas envolvidas, em especial nos processos de projeto. Aborda os princípios e valores dos campos arquitetônico e educacional que, atrelados aos critérios de qualificação e de excelência considerados, circulam no âmbito do TFG e, de modo amplo, na formação do arquiteto e urbanista. Discute, ainda, os referenciais a partir dos quais se operam as tomadas de decisões dos estudantes, expondo direcionamentos importantes do ensino-aprendizagem em arquitetura e urbanismo no contexto contemporâneo. Trata-se de investigação qualitativa, envolvendo ex-alunos e professores de seis instituições de ensino de arquitetura e urbanismo das cidades de São Paulo e de Belo Horizonte, abordando o objeto de estudo a partir de referenciais teóricos dos campos da educação e da arquitetura e urbanismo, sob a ótica da sociologia da cultura e da sociologia da educação. A pesquisa indica que, como fato didático-pedagógico, o TFG é um dos momentos de mais intensa aprendizagem nos cursos, devido ao seu potencial de integração disciplinar; à grande autonomia conferida ao estudante que é, de fato, o protagonista dos processos; às relações professor-aluno estabelecidas a partir dessa autonomia; e às metodologias de problematização contínua que predominantemente embasam os processos didático-pedagógicos e projetuais envolvidos. Contudo, apesar da perspectiva crítico-reflexiva dessas metodologias, os princípios e valores que circulam pelos processos seguem hegemonicamente atrelados a práticas e pensamentos associados à arquitetura moderna, em especial aos ideais de racionalidade, de funcionalidade, de arquitetura-arte e à noção do arquiteto-criador, em visões universalizantes e deterministas. Como fato sociológico, o TFG evidencia o ensino-aprendizagem em arquitetura e urbanismo, em especial na área de projeto, como espaço de produção/reprodução de pensamentos e modos operacionais que de longa data marcam a profissão e suas formas no imaginário social. Pouco abertos à diversidade, à heterogeneidade, contemplam possibilidades limitadas de ação profissional do arquiteto e urbanista, sobretudo diante de demandas e condicionantes do contexto brasileiro contemporâneo.
This work shows and discusses didactic and pedagogical dimensions of the Undergraduate Final Work (TFG) of some Brazilian courses in architecture and urbanism, especially studying the process of design. Products and processes of TFG are taken as an object of study, in order to discuss principles and values of the architectural and educational field which, linked to qualification criteria of excellence considered, are present on the TFG and, broadly, in the formation of the architect and the urban planner. Also, this work aims to discuss the frameworks from which students make their decisions, showing important guidelines for teaching and learning of architecture and urbanism in the contemporary context. This is a qualitative research, with former students and teachers in six courses in architecture and urbanism of the cities of São Paulo and Belo Horizonte. The object of study is here approached from the theoretical fields of education, architecture and urbanism, under the perspective of the sociology of culture and the sociology of education. Research indicates that the TFG is one of the most intense moments of learning in courses. This is due to its potential for disciplinary integration and to the greater autonomy given to the student who is, in fact, the protagonist of the processes. This is also due to the teacher-student relationship established from this autonomy and to the methodologies underlying the continuous questioning of the processes, both didactic and pedagogical as project methodologies. However, despite the critical and reflective view of these methodologies, principles and values that circulate through the processes remain connected to the practices and thoughts associated with Modern architecture, particularly the ideals of rationality, functionality and architecture\'s artistry and the notion of the architect creator, with universal and deterministic views. Also, the TFG shows the teaching and learning in architecture and urbanism, especially in the project area, as a place of production and reproduction of thoughts and modes of operation that have long marked the profession in the social imaginary. Such thoughts and modes of operation do not consider the diversity and heterogeneity and, indeed, they give the architect and urbanist limited scope for professional action, especially in the face of demands and constraints of contemporary Brazilian context.

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Marcosano, Irene Marialuisa. "le tecnologie emergenti per il trattamento della cardiomiopatia aritmogena." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a progressive genetic disease of the myocardium characterized by myocardial atrophy and fibro-fatty replacement of the ventricular myocardium. It has familial recurrence in about 50% of cases with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, with incomplete penetrance and with great phenotypic variability. It is considered one of the main causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young people and athletes. Diagnosis is based on the 2010 Task Force criteria and includes genetic analysis and investigation of characteristic morpho-functional anomalies through electrocardiogram, echocardiography, magnetic resonance, endomyocardial biopsy and voltage mapping. An instrumental evaluation is made. Therapy starts with the stratification of the arrhythmic risk that guides the decision of the ICD implant. Thanks to the 2015 Task Force and a recent predictive model, this decision can be calibrated. Catheter ablation is one alternative for the treatment of ARVC patients who have ventricular tachycardias, but it is not a curative technique as it does not reduce the risk of sudden death. Genetic therapy and heart transplantation are developing approaches thanks to the biomedical research on stamina cells and the "genetic scissors". 3D printing can be used for scaffolds in bioartificial hearts and it offers the possibility to visualize physical models of the patient's heart. Desease preventing progression by monitoring is more and more comfortable and effective thanks to telemedicine. The cascade screening of family members through cardiac evaluation includes ECG, Holter and echocardiography or MRI exams every 2-3 years. In particular cases, a subcutaneous loop recorder can be implanted. The aim of this thesis is to present emerging technologies to support disease treatment, in order to offer useful updates for optimal management and to improve the patient's quality of life.

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Nellvecia, Madike Lerato. "Cytotoxic and genotoxic studies of crude extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of Tulbaghia Violacea." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/364.

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M. Tech. (Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of Technology
Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (wild garlic) has been used in traditional medicine in Southern Africa for the treatment of various ailments. Despite the widespread use and popularity of this medicinal plant as a herbal medicine, there is contradictory evidence regarding the safety and toxicity of the plant. The phytochemical profiling of the plant has also been neglected in research. The determination of chemical constituents present in plant material as well as the potential toxicity found in plants are preliminary steps necessary for the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents with improved efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of crude extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea. This was performed in vitro using aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves, stems and roots. The aim of the study was achieved by three major objectives; (1) to identify the active phytocompounds present in the leaves, stems and roots, (2) to assess the cytotoxicity using the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell proliferation assay, and (3) to evaluate the genotoxic potential of the leaf, stem and root water extracts using the Allium cepa assay. A total of 14 phytochemicals were each extracted separately with distilled water and 70% ethanol by maceration from the leaves, stem and roots of T. violacea. The results of the qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that pharmacologically active compounds such as tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenols and coumarins were present in some organs of T. violacea. However, phlobatannins, leucoanthocyanins, alkaloids, carbohydrates and anthocyanins were absent in all plant parts. Overall, the leaves of the plant contained more active compounds than those present in the stems and roots when both water and 70% ethanol were used as the extractants. The quantitative phytochemical analysis for the Total Flavonoids Content (TFC) and Total Phenolic Contents (TPC) was also assessed. The water (0.027 mg/g) and 70% ethanol (0.053 mg/g) were most effective in extracting flavonoids from the leaves while the least amounts were obtained from the stems and roots. This observation was similar to the TFC were the water extracts of the leaves were the most effective in extracting phenols followed by the stems and roots. The MTT assay was conducted using two cell lines RAW 264.7 and C2C12. The experiment was conducted in triplicates for the leaf, stem and root extracts (water and ethanol) of T. violacea. The experimental design employed a 23 factorial design where three independent variables (concentration, incubation time and type of extracts) were selected using two levels for each variable (high (+) and low (-)). The results illustrated that both the water and ethanol vi extracts only showed a significant reduction in the number of viable cells at the concentration higher than 250 μg/ml treatment for both RAW 264.7 and C2C12 cells. The ethanol extracts from the leaves, stems and roots were found to be toxic towards the RAW 264.7 cells even at lower concentrations at both 24 and 48 h incubation periods (% cell viability < 50%). The water extracts were non-toxic to RAW 264.7 cells except for the water stem extract which showed toxicity after 48 h incubation (IC50 = 9.475 (4.061 to 23.39)). For the C2C12 cells, the lowest potent toxic concentration was 250 μg/ml for the ethanol extract of the stem after 48 h incubation. Overall, the T. violacea plant extracts were non-toxic as percentage cell viability greater than 50% was noted for both extraction solvents in all the plant parts of T. violacea. No cytotoxic activity was observed in all T. violacea plant parts with the C2C12 cell line (IC50 > 30 μg/ml). For the Allium cepa assay, only the water crude extracts of the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea were used. A similar trend of potent genotoxic activity in the water stem extracts compared to the leaf and root extracts at the concentration ranges studied. Similar to the MTT assay, it is clear from the study that at higher concentrations, the water crude extracts from the leaves, stems and roots of T. violacea is toxic. From this study, it can be concluded that the extraction of compounds using water is more efficient than using ethanol. Overall, the T. violacea leaf extracts extracted the most phytocompounds and showed the highest percentage of viable cells as well as desirable IC50 values. However, preparation of herbal remedies using T. violacea plant extracts should be done with caution due to their possible genotoxic and cytotoxic potential at higher concentrations. This study raises a need to further conduct in vivo cytogenetic studies to ascertain the possible toxic effects of T. violacea crude extracts.

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37

Flores, Mutigliengo Jennifer. "TFC video instalado." Bachelor's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/11274.

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El presente proyecto es una investigación que toma como punto de partida el análisis de un Film, para indagar sobre la forma de producción de imágenes. Los procedimientos analíticos serán llevados a un espacio en formato de video instalación, como posibilidad para la recomposición del proceso. Para comprender la configuración de las preocupaciones que motivan este trabajo, es necesario mencionar algunos momentos que caracterizaron el trayecto de cursada. La participación como ayudante de alumno en la cátedra de Análisis y Crítica (2011-2014), y Curso de Nivelación (2012-2013), permitieron la observación sobre cambios y continuidades entre los modos de estudio sobre el audiovisual y sus actuales modos de existencia. Experiencia que fue potenciada con la realización de una pasantía en el área educativa de la Fundação Bienal de São Paulo (2014), y prácticas extensionistas en el Museo Provincial Emilio Caraffa (2015).

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38

Liu, Chiung-sui, and 劉瓊穗. "TFC Selection and MAC Scheduling in WCDMA." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16511089812363827448.

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碩士
國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
90
As the evolution of the end users' needs toward multimedia applications, an important feature of the third generation mobile networks like UMTS attempts to support efficiently multiple applications of different qualities of service. In the Radio Access Network, the RLC/MAC layer has also been designed to accommodate simultaneously mixed services through establishing multiple bearers. Thus, a major issue is the rate adaptation of these bearers. Moreover, third generation radio interface provides procedures to the rate adaptation in the lower layers such as PHY, MAC or RLC layer. In the paper, we focus on MAC layer and propose five scheduling methods in terms of different considerations. The five methods are strict priority method, partially dynamic priority method, dynamic priority method, probability priority method and load measurement based priority method. Our simulations show that load measurement based priority method can maintain better fairness and achieve better performance than the other four methods. Furthermore, the computation time of the load measurement based priority method is one of the smallest of the five methods.

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39

Hirschfeld, Ulrich. "Verbesserung der Diagnostik des Triangulären Fibrokartilaginären Komplexes (TFCC) durch bildgestützte Rekonstruktion." Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16669.

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40

Laïssoub, Fatima. "Die Bemessung von mit TFC-Gewebe verstärkten Betonbauteilen." Phd thesis, 2004. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/437/1/These-Laissoub_Teil1.pdf.

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Zur Erhöhung der Biege- und Schubtragfähigkeit können Betonbauteile durch Aufkleben von Bewehrung aus Stahl oder Kohlenfaserverbundwerkstoffen verstärkt werden. Die Schubtragfähigkeit von Stahl- und Spannbetonbauteilen, die mit geklebter Armierung verstärkt werden, ist bisher sehr eng begrenzt bzw. konservativ eingeschätzt worden. Dies wird durch die Einschränkungen in mehreren Allgemeinen bauaufsichtlichen Zulassungen des Deutschen Instituts für Bautechnik (DIBt) bezüglich äußererer Verstärkung deutlich. Für die korrekte Erfassung des Tragverhaltens ist die Kenntnis des Verbunds und der Versagensmechanismen der Bauteile von großer Bedeutung. Eine mehrjährige Recherche zum Verbundverhalten verstärkter Betonbauteile durch aufgeklebte Bewehrung unter Schubbeanspruchung wird mit der Entwicklung eines Modells abgeschlossen. Für eine wirtschaftliche Ausführung von geklebter Bewehrung ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung, dass die aufwendige Verankerung der Schublaschen in der Druckzone entfallen kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit wird zunächst auf die Biege- und Schubbemessung sowie die Verankerung des aufgeklebten TFC?-Gewebes eingegangen. Dabei werden ein für die Bemessungspraxisentwickeltes Entwurfsmodell und ein Biegebemessungs-programm dargelegt. Anschließend gibt die Arbeit einen Überblick über die Modellierung des Verbundverhaltens und zeigt, dass mit Hilfe der Differentialgleichung des verschieblichen Verbundes handhabbare Modelle zur Beschreibung des Verbundverhaltens gewonnen werden können. Zunächst werden der bilineare und der nichtlineare Ansatz als die am besten geeigneten ausgewählt und damit ein Rechenmodell zur Vorhersage der Verbundtragfähigkeit hergeleitet und durch Versuchsergebnisse verifiziert. Die Arbeit wird die bislang in den Richtlinien festgelegten Grenzen erweitern und anhand eines einfachen Modells zeigen, dass die Druckzonenanbindung in bestimmten Fällen entfallen kann. Versuche aus Braunschweig und München werden mit Hilfe dieser erarbeiteten und entwickelten Rechenmodelle nachgerechnet.

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41

張芳菱. "Assessing Social Resources Allotment on Children’s Welfare in Governance Aspects：A Case Study of TFCF." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90903754840188759241.

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碩士
逢甲大學
合作經濟學系
101
Abstract The existences of the non-profit organizations (NPOs) are getting more and more important. However, the malpractices of NPOs, such as the illegally great wealth transfer, misuse of donations and improper political activities, have gradually emerged. In order to ensure the donations used properly and establish the better goverance mechanisms, an evaluation of nonprofit governance is needed to solve the problems. Based on the governance, the purpose of this study was to evaluate if Taiwan Fund for Children and Families (TFCF) had met its mission and goal on the expense of the child welfare. It could be divided into self-discipline (internal corporate governance) and other-discipline (external corporate governance). The internal corporate governance means the controlling mechanisms regulated by the organization. The external corporate governance means the controlling mechanisms commanded by the government or other legislations. The results of this study were as follows: 1. From the internal governance assessment, TFCF was honored by the Ministry of the Interior for Excellence in the integration of the administration, business and financial activities. As for the accountability of the finance, it was noted that TFCF was rated 100 points in 2011 from the assessment made by the Ministry of Interior. It had motivated TFCF to promote welfare services for more needed children. 2. From the external governance assessment, TFCF’s achievement rate of tax-exempt nonprofit had reached a high record year by year. And the children and youth services also had been well supported by the government. In addition, the Ministry of the Interior would entrust the professional accountants in the middle of every year for the audit of fundraising programs implemented in the previous year to check if they were implemented according to the Charity Donations Act. They always turned to good results. Keyword：governance mechanisms, nonprofit organizations, sustainable development

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42

Wu, Chun-Yi, and 吳俊毅. "Purification of N-acylamino acid racemase from Thermoactinomyces sp. TFC-333." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44375131874837629694.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
88
Abstract N-acylamino acid racemase (NAAAR) catalyzes the racemization of optically pure D-Nα-acylamino acids and L-Nα-acylamino acids. In this study, an NAAAR assay system has been developed in which the N-acetyl-D-methionine was used as substrate. Coupled with the catalytic reactions of L-aminoacylase, L-amino acid oxidase, and peroxidase, the color development at 520 nm was detected to determine the enzyme activity. Besides, Chiral HPLC can also detect the product of the NAAAR catalytic reaction directly. Thermoactinomyces sp. TFC-333 is a wild-type strain, which may produce NAAAR. In order to get sufficient cells for NAAAR purification efficiently, the growth condition of the bacteria should be revealed and applied for large-scale fermentation. TSB medium containing 1 % glucose can be a suitable medium for cell growth and NAAAR production. The wet weight of cells harvested from 60 l of production medium by continuous centrifugation was about 550 g. The cells were suspended and disintegrated in Tris buffer to get lysate. After heat treatment, the nucleic acid in the lysate was precipitated by protamine sulfate, and some protein was precipitated and removed by ammonium sulfate fractionation at 40 % saturation. The supernatant obtained after centrifugation was loaded on a hydrophobic interaction column, the active fractions were collected and dialyzed against Tris buffer. The dialyzed fraction was applied on an ion-exchange column for further purification. The acive fractions were assayed by Chiral HPLC to comfirm that it did contain NAAAR activity. After the ion-exchange chromatography, the purification fold of NAAAR was 3.24, the recovery rate was about 0.02 %, and the specific activity was 11.6234 mU/mg.

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43

Chao, Wei-Chi, and 趙偉琪. "Study on the pervaporation performance and microstructure of polyamide TFC membranes." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14359212177514285857.

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博士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
101
In this research, polyamide thin-film composite (TFC) membranes were fabricated by interfacial polymerization, and applied to pervaporative dehydration. To explore the relationship between the pervaporation performance and the properties of polyamide TFC membranes, such as morphology, chemical properties, hydrophilicity, surface roughness, and free volume properties, the membranes were characterized by SEM, XPS, ATR-FTIR, WCA, AFM, and VMSPB. Properties of various modified polyacrylonitrile (mPAN) membrane supports were measured; these supports were obtained by hydrolyzing asymmetric PAN membranes, as a result of immersing them in NaOH solution at different lengths of time. Results showed that the size and amount of pores on the mPAN membrane surface were decreased with the hydrolysis time, but there was practically no change in the macrovoids structure. From VMSPB results, S and R parameters and o-Ps annihilation lifetime (τ3) and intensity (I3) of mPAN membranes were reduced with the hydrolysis time, especially the R parameter and I3. Quenching and inhibition effects on formation and annihilation of positronium occurred in the mPAN membranes with longer hydrolysis time, due to their higher oxygen atomic concentration, which was associated with higher electron affinity, resulting in the decrease in R parameter and I3. Results demonstrated the effect of speciﬁc chemical environments on the free volume properties, and illustrated the relationship between chemical structure and positron data for the mPAN membranes. For the pervaporation performance in separating 90 wt% aqueous ethanol solution at 25oC, the permeation flux was reduced and the concentration of water in permeate improved with the hydrolysis time. To improve the pervaporation performance, novel TFC membranes were prepared by interfacial polymerization using new acyl chloride monomers, NTAC and TBAC, with the use of an mPAN membrane support at an optimal hydrolysis time. The effect of the monomer structure on chemical properties, microstructure, and pervaporation performance was investigated. Experimental data indicated that compared with the TETA-NTAC/mPAN membrane, the TETA-TBAC/mPAN membrane had a thinner polyamide layer with a denser structure, a rougher and lower degree of cross-linking surface. A possible reason was that the denser polyamide film formed on the mPAN membrane support, as a result of the TETA monomer reaction with the TBAC monomer, which had a higher reactivity with TETA due to the higher affinity between TETA and TBAC monomers, compared with NTAC, restricted the diffusion of the TETA monomer into the organic phase solution, resulting in a smaller thickness of the polyamide layer. The thicker and higher cross-linking polyamide layer of TETA-NTAC/mPAN membrane was the dominating factor affecting the membrane resistance during pervaporation, and caused a higher permeation flux (537 g/m2-h) and a higher concentration of water in permeate (98.2 wt%), despite its larger free volume size and higher free volume concentration. The mechanism of polyamide formation during interfacial polymerization is an important fundamental knowledge for understanding the properties of the polyamide layer of TFC membranes. Polyamide/PTFE TFC membranes were fabricated by interfacial polymerization using a porous PTFE membrane support with a hydrophilic or a hydrophobic surface. The polyamide layer surface at initial or final stages of interfacial polymerization could be controlled by the procedures of interfacial polymerization during the preparation of polyamide/PTFE TFC membranes. We found that growth of the polyamide film was affected by the surface property of the PTFE support. In the case of a hydrophobic PTFE membrane support, the growth direction of the polyamide film was inward, resulting in a thinner polyamide layer with a smoother surface, a higher cross-linking degree, and a less hydrophilic surface, which was formed at the initial stage of interfacial polymerization. On the other hand, the growth direction of the polyamide film on a hydrophilic PTFE membrane support was outward, leading to a thicker polyamide layer with a rougher surface, a lower cross-linking degree, and a more hydrophilic surface, which was formed at the final stage of interfacial polymerization. The differences in free volume properties of the polyamide formed at initial and final stages of interfacial polymerization were shown by means of VMSPB; results showed that the free volume size of the polyamide formed at the initial stage was larger than that at the final stage of interfacial polymerization. For the pervaporation in separating a 70 wt% aqueous IPA solution at 25oC, the polyamide/hydrophilic PTFE TFC membrane exhibited a higher performance than the TFC polyamide/hydrophobic PTFE membrane. Incorporating a novel inorganic layered material, graphene oxide (GO), into the polyamide layer of TFC membranes could increase the tortuosity and permeation routes of permeants, resulting in improving the pervaporation performance in dehydrating aqueous alcohol solutions. Results indicated that the GO with an exfoliated structure was dispersed in the polyamide layer, and the hydrogen bonding interaction between GO and polyamide inhibited the motion of the polyamide chain, resulting in decreasing the free volume of polyamide. For dehydrating a 70 wt% aqueous isopropanol solution at 70oC, permeation flux, concentration of water in permeate, and PSI of the resulting membrane with an optimal GO content in the polyamide layer were determined as 10396 g/m2-h, 99.0 wt%, and 2.40 ×106, respectively. The superior pervaporation performance showed potential for commercialization purposes. This research correlated the relationships between membrane characteristics and performance by means of analyzing the fundamental properties of the multilayered structure of TFC membranes, which were prepared by interfacial polymerization. Results showed excellent performance during the pervaporative dehydration. Understanding the relationships would then furnish significant information about the areas of membrane structure design and membrane performance prediction.

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44

CHEN, YU-HSIU, and 陳宇綉. "Research on the Integration and Application of TFG and PDM Systems." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hq9ywx.

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碩士
國立高雄科技大學
電機工程系
107
Mechanical manufacturing of the machine tool industry starts with the complicated professional arrangement of machinery planning, controller, motor selection, diverse metal plate and fitting process, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), and human machine interface developing based on the need of machining parts. It produces the machining equipment with uniqueness and peculiarity to present sophisticated machining technique. There are two main parts in manufacture of the machine tool, machinery and electrical control. Machinery designers with excellent drawing skills and machinery analysis capability manage to draw down 2D and 3D by computer assist in machinery part. On the other hand, Electrical control engineers with professional programming and circuit planning abilities take charge to execute circuit diagram by computer-aided program. The computer software contrives designs and diagrams from the two parts. It can store up related data to develop much more multivariable and sophisticated machine tool design case. Nonetheless, mechanical material list, metal plate diagrams,3D composite diagrams related to the machinery part, electrical control material list, circuit diagram, PLC program, and other related information. Those machinery file gradually increases after more designed and produced machine tools by years.Those archives are all intangible assets in most companies and must to be systematically integrated. The new developed machine tools or coincidental orders can be used by the reference in the future. Therefore, they need to be managed variously by a safe platform with systematization and science. This dissertation will conduct the information security in original Total File Guard(TFG) in consequence and adapt Product Data Management(PDM) system for processing the function of archives control. The researcher hope the management of machine tool manufacturing could be more efficient and popularize the resource application and sharing.

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45

Tun-chih, Yang, and 楊敦致. "An Implementation of the TFC Selection and MAC Scheduling Method in WCDMA." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49313277524672534128.

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46

CHEN, YEN-CHENG, and 陳彥成. "Effect of Antiscalant Additive on the Fouling Problem of RO TFC Membranes." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xndu4q.

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碩士
嘉南藥理大學
環境工程與科學系
105
Antiscalant has been developed to reducing the fouling layer of water treatment processes for many years, major solving the fouling problem of membrane and extending the membrane life time. The purpose of this study is to synthesize new antiscalants for the purification of steel industrial wastewater and to explore the antifouling efficiency of antiscalant in the RO TFC process. Based on the phosphonate (PBTC), incorporate the inorganic, chelating agents, surfactants and polymers were testes by using the cross flow RO unit. The performance of antiscalants were evaluated by permeation flux, membrane contact angle and functional group of scaling layer on membranes. The results showed that at PBTC 2mg/L, feeding the ferric chloride, aluminum chloride, zinc chloride and sodium silicate to the steelmaking wastewater, forming precipitant which to alter the surface roughness of membrane due to the change of water alkalinity. The fatty amine surfactant produced organic fouling on membrane due to adsorption on the membrane surface. PEG 400 with PBTC reacted with the soluble protein produce precipitant which to alter the surface roughness of membrane and permeation flux. Polyethyleneimine has strong cationic charge, can with dissolved organic matter to form smaller floc and less deposition was observed on surface of membrane. Antiscalant F7 contained phosphonate and polyoxyethylene nonionic surfactant to form Ca-phosphonate complexes, it can provide a strong hydrogen bonding with organic material and effective decreased the accumulation of biomass on the surface of membrane. It was found that the permeation flux of the antiscalant F7 is higher than commercial antiscalant ( G company supplied) over 2% .

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47

Huang, Chen-Chun, and 黃承駿. "Effect of graphene oxide on pervaporation performance of polyamide/polyacrylonitrile TFC membrane." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46909372428631733074.

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碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
100
To improve the pervaporation performance of polyamide thin-film composite (TFC) membranes prepared by interfacial polymerization between 1,2-bis(2-aminoethoxy)ethane (BAE) monomer and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (TMC) monomer, graphene oxide (GO) were added into the BAE monomer solution to prepare polyamide-GO/mPAN composite membranes. The synthesized GO was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, AFM and XPS, and the results showed that GO was single layer sheet with hydrophilic functional group such as –COOH groups. Surface and cross-section morphologies of TFC membranes were observed by SEM. In order to further realize the effect of GO content on polyamide layer structure, the positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) coupled with a variable monoenergy slow positron beam (VMSPB) is utilized to detect the depth profile of multilayer structure through the polyamide-GO/mPAN composite membrane to correlate with pervaporation performance. It was found that GO content altered pervaporation mechanism of polyamide-GO/mPAN TFC membranes, so that the separation performance improved. On the other hand, the thickness of polyamide layer decreased with increasing GO content. In addition, GO were distributed in the polyamide layer by the interfacial polymerization process from the results of doppler-broadened energy spectrum (DBES) results. The effect of GO concentration on the pervaporation mechanism through polyamide-GO/mPAN composite membrane were diffusion control. The effects of operating condition of pervaporation process, such as the operating temperature, feed concentration, permeate pressure, and feed component, were also investigated. From the results of the pervaporation separation experiments, the polyamide-150ppmGO/mPAN had excellent performance of 90wt% aqueous ethanol solution, which is a permeation flux of 545 g/m2 h and a water concentration in permeate of 97.1 wt%.

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48

Yun, Hsiao-Han, and 雲筱涵. "Molecular pathogenesis of TFG-β1 on kidney injury and fibrosis of toxocariasis." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89a347.

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碩士
臺北醫學大學
醫學科學研究所
102
Human beings are one of paratenic hosts of Toxocara canis. When people accidentally got infection by T. canis embryonated eggs, T. canis larvae may migrate in the body thus leading to visceral larva migrans. Some studies have indicated that enhanced expression of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) were found during larval invasion of small intestine, liver, muscle, and brain of T. canis-infected mice. Substantial studies have indicated that TGF-β1 play an important role in kidney injury and fibrosis. Since TGF-β1 is supposed a deleterious cytokine in toxocariasis, we hypothesize that inhibition of TGF-β1 expression will benefit to reduce the severity of the kidney injury. Present study intends to explore the role of TGF-β1 in damage of T. canis-infected mice kidney. Kidney damage associated biomarkers (KDAB) including TGF-β1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the kidney were assessed by inhibition of TGF-β1 expression using peptide inhibitor (LSKL) via peritoneal injection twice (2.5μg/g-weight) per day. The techniques of immunohistochemistry and western blotting were utilized to insight into the molecular pathogenesis of TGF-β1 involved in regulation of those KDAB involved in kidney damage in toxocariasis. Results indicated that when TGF-β1 expression was reduced, the kidney injury was lessened in LSKL-treated mice as supposedly due to reduced PCNA, CTGF, α-SMA and ET-1 expressions as compared to those in SLLK-treated or infection mice.

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49

LIOU, CAI-YU, and 劉才榆. "Social Impact of Work Integration Social Enterprise: A Case Study of the Miaoli's Loveshop of TFCF." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/th45ut.

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50

Barcalová, Šárka. "Rostliny tradiční čínské medicíny v experimentální zahradě ZF MENDELU." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-363282.

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This thesis is focused on the evaluation of traditional chinese medicine (TCM) assortment of plants in the experimental garden ZF MENDELU. 51 species were evaluated by their aesthetic qualities. 43 species were used for harvesting and processing of drugs. These were described botanically and new information of the content of substances, the use and dosage of drugs were collected. The practical part of theses was scoped to the measurement of chemical substances content in plants. Total amount of flavonoids (TFC), phenols (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by FRAP and DPPH method has been investigated. For 13 plants was determined yield of essential oil. For species used in fresh state, concentration of vitamin C has also been determined. Some annual and perrenial species has been added to the assortment of cultivated plants. The list of plant species TCM, which are perspective for cultivation in the Czech Republic, has been also created.

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