Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Texturation de surface multi-échelles'
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Bami, Chatenet Yann. "Modélisation analytique du mouillage sur des topographies multi-échelles complexes pour le design biomimétique de surfaces superhydrophobes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ECDL0053.
Full textA drop of water rolls on the sacred lotus leaf but stay fiercely anchored onto a rose petal. Both surfaces display a complex morphology at the micrometric and nanometric scales. Therefore, one could ask: how are their wettability and their morphology related? The purpose of this dissertation is to carry out a biomimetic approach in order to conceive superhydrophobic surfaces and to better understand nature’s strategies. In a first part, vegetal surfaces have been characterized by directly observing the wetting state they produce with the help of confocal microscopy. We demonstrate the fact that the sacred lotus produces a metastable mixed-state wetting that is characterized by a finite equilibrium anchorage depth of triple lines. On the other hand, a Wenzel-Wenzel hierarchical wetting state is observed on the rose petal, in spite of what literature suggests. From these experiments, key questions have been highlighted and confronted to the current models available within the literature. In a second part, two approaches to capillary phenomena have been adapted to the study of a composite wetting state produced by a multiscale topography. We introduce a complete parameterization allowing us to tackle the problem of the mixed-state wetting and its stability, to predict the value of the equilibrium anchorage depth on the sacred lotus leaf and to identify the contribution of its nanoscale topography to its wetting. Then, we thoroughly describe the mechanisms underlying the advancing and receding motions of triple lines and their recursive propagation across every topographical scale constituting a surface by introducing the notion of precursor motion. We highlight the effect of the equilibrium anchorage depth on the contact angle hysteresis and the role played by topographical subscales on the robustness of the composite wetting state. Through the experimental study of model surfaces manufactured by photolithography, we compare our predictions to reality. Eventually, in a third part, the conclusions drawn from our model are transposed into technical specifications for the conception of robust superhydrophobic surfaces, the strategy of the sacred lotus leaf is thoroughly described and two promising manufacturing processes are proposed through the recrystallization of natural wax and two-photon polymerization
Jaffel, Hamouda. "Caractérisation multi-échelles de matériaux poreux en évolution : cas du plâtre." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122888.
Full textRebufa, Jocelyn. "Vibrations de ligne d'arbre sur paliers hydrodynamiques : influence de l'état de surface." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC044/document.
Full textThe hydrodynamic bearing provides good damping properties in rotating machineries. However, the performances of rotor-bearings systems are highly impacted by nonlinear effects that are difficult to analyze. The rotordynamics prediction requires advanced models for the flow in the bearings. The surface of the bearings seems to have a strong impact on the lubricant flow, acting on the static and dynamic properties of the rotating parts. This study aims to enhance the simulation of the bearings’ surface state effect on the motion of the rotating shaft. The flexible shaft interacts with textured hydrodynamic bearings. Multi-scales homogenization is used in a multi-physics algorithm in order to describe the fluid-structure interaction. Different models are used to account for the cavitation phenomenon in the bearings. Nonlinear harmonic methods allow efficient parametric studies of periodic solutions as well as their stability. Moreover, a test rig has been designed to compare predictions to real measurements. Several textured shaft samples modified with femto-seconds LASER surface texturing are tested. In most cases the experimental study showed similar results than the simulation. Enhancements of the vibration behaviors of the rotor-bearing system have been revealed for certain texturing patterns. The self-excited vibration, also known as "oil whirl" phenomenon, is stabilized on a wide rotating frequency range. However, the simulation tool does not predict well the enhancements that are observed. Vortices in surface texturing patterns have been revealed numerically with Navier-Stokes equation resolution. These results are opposed to the classical lubrication hypothesis. It is also a possible explanation of the enhancements that are experimentally measured with textured bearings
Bellec, Morgane. "Études du couplage entre turbulence et gradient de température pour l'intensification des transferts de chaleur dans les récepteurs solaires à haute température." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0005/document.
Full textA promising line of research to increase the efficiency of solar tower power plants consists in heating pressurized air to high temperatures in order to fuel a Brayton thermodynamic cycle. This requires to design effective solar receivers that allow for intense heat transfers toward the fluid. To develop such receivers, an in-depth understanding of their internal flows is needed. These are complex flows, combining strong turbulence and strong temperature gradient between the concentrated sun irradiated wall and the back insulated wall.The aim of this work is to investigate numerically and experimentally such flows.On one hand, velocities are measured by SPIV (Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry) in a turbulent channel flow wind tunnel whom measurement cell is similar to a surface solar receiver. The influence of an asymmetric heating on the turbulence statistics are especially investigated. These measurements are supplemented by Large Eddy Simulations run under the same conditions as the wind tunnel. Finally, a Large Eddy Simulation is run in a channel flow textured on one wall by an innovative geometry. This internal receiver design combines vortex generators and riblets in order to enhance the heat transfers
Durand, Julian. "Approche multi-échelles des problèmes de contact et d'étanchéité." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00820173.
Full textLe, Pécheur Anne. "Fatigue thermique d'un acier inoxydable austénitique : influence de l'état de surface par une approche multi-échelles." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00613203.
Full textSudre, Joël. "Circulation submésoéchelle et comportements des prédateurs marins supérieurs : apport de l'analyse multi-échelles et multi-capteurs." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3090/.
Full textThe ocean is governed by complex movements at all spatio-temporal scales. Within an mean and global circulation exists a secondary circulation inhabited by fronts, meanders, narrow jets, eddies, named mesoscale circulation. Observation with satellites allows a description and a synoptic evaluation of this dynamics at mesoscale by using altimetric and scatterometric data. This evaluation was the first objective of the thesis and allowed to develop a product distributed to the international scientific community : the GEKCO product. However, the description of submesoscale processes at finer resolution requires the use of super-resolution data (like ocean color or sea surface temperature) which have the ability to represent all the complexity of an ocean in fully developed turbulence. A method between physical oceanography and "science of the complexity" using the microcanonical formulation of the multiplicative cascade, the GEKCO product and sea surface temperature images was the topic of the second part of this manuscript. The ocean dynamics being the keystone of all marine ecosystems, the last part of this thesis was dedicated to the meso and submesoscale impact of the ocean dynamics to the trophic chain by focusing on its two extremities. Study of the flow at submesoscale allowed to show that it plays a preponderant role on the marine biomass ; role of activator in open ocean and role of inhibitor in the east boundary upwelling systems. Various studies on top marine predator paths demonstrated the necessity of taking into account the ocean dynamics to interpret their navigational behavior
Malam, Abdou Moussa. "Etats de surface et fonctionnement hydrodynamique multi-échelles des bassins sahéliens ; études expérimentales en zones cristalline et sédimentaire." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU004/document.
Full textThis work aims at characterizing and comparing the hydrodynamical functioning at several spatial scales within the granitic-basement and sedimentary zones of Western Niger. Then, a simple hydrological model that could be suitable for use at larger scales is proposed and tested.Qualitatively, the two geological domains have common and specific surface features.The experimental work carried out onto common surface features (biological crust, BIOL; erosion crust, ERO; fallow structural surface, ST and cultivated, C) shows that, at the point scale, ERO has the same hydraulic conductivity K value in both contexts. On the other hand, surfaces features C and especially ST have lower K values in granitic context.Monitoring of the ST and C sites along the rainy season proved the stationarity of the ST conductivity value. On the contrary, K varies widely with the amount of rain received from an initial value of 170 mm/h after weeding down to 20 mm/h (i.e. the ST measured value) after 70 mm of rain and even 10 mm/h after 180 mm of rain. This variation shows the short-term benefit of weeding onto infiltration but a degradation of the soil surface on the long term.At the plot scale (10 m2), runoff measurements are consistent with point measurements. ERO has the same runoff coefficient (Kr) in granitic and sedimentary zones while ST and C surfaces have a higher Kr in granitic context.Runoff monitoring of the granitic site cultivated plots showed that from a total of 63 rain events between 2011 and 2013, 22 had a Kr value higher than the average value (0.25) from which 2/3 are observed after the surface had received more than 70 mm rain after weeding.Results obtained at the two scales (point and 10-m2 plot) are thus consistent and show that the cultivated surface gets crusted and may produce runoff more than fallow ST sites and as much as ERO features.At the basin scale (5 ha), Kr values are higher in the granitic site, not only because of the higher Kr value for a given surface feature but also because of the specific low-infiltrating surfaces which are granite outcrops and gravel crusts (Kr = 0.58).At the three previous scales (point, plot and small basin), runoff volume was found independent of soil initial moisture.Using the previous point-scale results in a Green-Ampt infiltration model led to calibrate the wetting front pressure head for each surface feature and to satisfactorily describe runoff volumes obtained at the plot scale.By estimating runoff with the Green-Ampt infiltration model at any given point, basin-scale hydrograms were obtained by adding the contribution of all elementary surfaces. Assuming no re-infiltration of runoff water within the basins, a simple transfer function was chosen accounting for the distance of each surface to the hydrological network, a constant water velocity of 0.05 m.s-1 and a volume of 3-4 mm of water necessary to fill the kori sand cover, which is much less than that in the sedimentary context. Finally, simulated hydrograms reproduce nicely the measured ones, which offers the perspective of applying some principles of the model to larger basins
Sudre, J. "Circulation submésoéchelle et comportements des prédateurs marins supérieurs : Apport de l'analyse multi-échelles et multi-capteurs." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00929804.
Full textGakis, Giorgos. "Modélisation multi-échelles et analyse expérimentale de l'ALD d'alumine : interactions entre dynamique du procédé, chimie de surface et phénomènes interfaciaux." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0097.
Full textThe constant shrinking of microelectronic devices requires the production of conformal and uniform nanometric thin films, with a high chemical purity and abrupt interfaces. In this context, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) has emerged as a favorable process to produce such films. Drawing its advantages from the self-limiting nature of the surface reactions involved, ALD can yield thickness control down to the monolayer, producing conformal films of high purity. Although ALD has many advantages, drawbacks arise when depositing films of some nanometers. In particular, the initial island growth and the formation of an interfacial oxide layer are two of its main limitations, especially for the case of metal oxide ALD on Si. Moreover, the deposition on large area wafers is not always uniform, and depends on the reactor and process design. These drawbacks need to be suppressed in order to establish ALD as the adequate process for the deposition of high-k gate oxides on Si, essential for the production of field effect transistors of the future. In this thesis, the ALD of Al2O3 from TMA and H2O on Si is thoroughly investigated, in order to tackle the above drawbacks. The investigation consists of a combined multiscale computational and experimental approach. Four different numerical models were developed dealing with different space scales. A complete set of characterization techniques was used, including ellipsometry, XRR, TEM, STEM, EDX, XPS and SIMS. Using this framework, the detailed phenomena involved are illuminated, thus allowing to better understand the process and identify the factors responsible for the drawbacks of ALD. The competition between surface mechanisms, namely desorption and surface reactions, was found to be the limiting factor for deposition at low temperatures, up to 200oC. The concentration of surface reactive sites was found to limit the deposition at higher temperatures up to 300oC. Although ALD is conceived as a process depending only on surface chemistry, the analysis of the transport phenomena inside the ALD chamber showed that the reactor and process design can affect the reactant and temperature distribution inside the ALD reactor. The multiscale approach and the coupling among the different computational models revealed that the interplay between surface mechanisms and transport phenomena affects the film uniformity. Using this computational approach, it was possible to derive optimal process conditions that ensure maximum film uniformity. During the first deposition steps, the film deposition was found to be inhibited, leading to an island growth regime. The integrated analysis showed that 25 cycles are needed in order to deposit a continuous Al2O3 film. During this regime, interfacial oxidation of the Si substrate led to the formation of a ~2 nm interfacial oxide layer, consisting of SiOx, AlOx, and Al-silicates, which degrades the properties and thus the potential applications of the deposited structure. An in situ N2-NH3 plasma pretreatment of the HF-cleaned Si substrate was introduced, leading to a formation of a SixNyH layer on the substrate surface. The pretreatment was found to enhance the surface reactivity, as the inhibition period was restricted and linear ALD growth was obtained even after 5 cycles. Furthermore, interfacial Si oxidation was reduced, as the SixNyH layer was found to serve as an effective barrier for O diffusion and Si oxidation. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates the necessity of such integrated approaches to analyze the detailed phenomena involved in ALD. Such studies help in the thorough understanding of the ALD mechanisms, and consequently in elaborating solutions which restrict the drawbacks arising during the initial deposition steps. This could pave the way for the ALD process to industrially produce uniform and conformal nanometric thin films of high purity and abrupt interfaces, able to answer to the demands of the future electronic industry
Khawaja, Zahra. "Analyse des états de surface en science des matériaux : caractérisation multi-échelles par ondelette et détermination de l'anisotropie des surfaces." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2139/document.
Full textMonitoring and control of the state of the surfaces is a major need for industry. Numerous studies on the interactions between the surface morphology and the physical, chemical or mechanical mechanisms have been conducted. However, a more precise characterization related to industrial domains and needs is necessary. It consists in finding the most relevant roughness parameters that connect the topography of a surface with the physical phenomena which it undergoes or in the properties of the material of which it consisted.In this work, a software designed to characterize the surface condition was developed. This tool named "MesRug" allows to calculate roughness parameters then extract the most relevant ones and to define the most appropriate scale for a given application. The search for the most relevant parameters is done by a statistical approach (analysis of variance ANOVA combined with the theory of Bootstrap).A characterization was performed using (2D) data of measurement on abrasive surfaces. The influence of the form of discrete and continuous wavelet on the detection on the relevant scale mechanism of the abrasion was tested. We conclude that the wavelet decomposition allows to quantify and localize the scales of abrasion of the machining process for all process parameters. However, the relevance of appropriate scales to characterize abrasion does not depend on the shape of the wavelet.In this work, a new 3D roughness parameter is proposed to quantify the smoothness of a surface, independently of the amplitude and the scanning length units of the surface. The efficiency of this parameter is tested on noisy periodic surfaces with varying degrees of anisotropy. The value of this parameter is between zero (perfect sound) and 100 % (sine perfect surface). It enables us to identify the anisotropy directions of regularity for a given surface
Hector, Basile. "Caractérisation hydrogéophysique multi-échelles et dynamique des stocks d'eau souterrains d'un bassin versant en zone soudanienne de socle : apport de la gravimétrie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAH007/document.
Full textWater storage, together with its temporal and spatial variations, are major unknowns of the West African hydrological cycle. The three main gravimeter types (a relative superconducting gravimeter –SG–, a relative microgravimeter –CG5–, and an absolute gravimeter –FG5–) have been set up on an elementary catchment of the Upper Ouémé (Benin) AMMA-CATCH observatory, considered as a typical cultivated environment of the Sudanian area. Hydrological monitoring (water table, neutron probe) and near surface geophysics (electrical, electromagnetic, magnetic resonance soundings –MRS–) have been developed jointly, for aquifer characterization. This work states on the inputs provided by gravimetry on 1) specific yield determination in heterogeneous basement area, 2) the monitoring of water storage changes at the gravity measurements scale (100m square plot) and 3) hydrological processes identification, linked to internal catchment redistribution and streamflow generation
Shvarts, Andrei. "Couplage mécano-fluidique pour le contact et le frottement à petites et à grandes échelles." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM009/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the problem of a thin fluid flow in narrow interfaces between contacting solids subject to a normal loading, which is relevant for a range of tribological and engineering applications, as well as for geophysical sciences. The treatment of this problem requires coupling between fluid and solid mechanics, further complicated by contact constraints and potentially complex geometrical features of contacting surfaces. In this thesis a monolithic finite-element framework for handling frictional contact, thin incompressible viscous flow and transfer of fluid-induced tractions to the solid is developed. Additionally, we considered fluid entrapment in "pools" delimited by contact patches and formulated a novel trapped-fluid element using a non-linear compressible constitutive law. This computational framework makes use of image analysis algorithms to distinguish between contact, fluid flow and trapped fluid zones. The constructed framework is suitable for both one- and two-way coupling approaches. First, the developed framework was applied to a study of a fluid trapped between a deformable solid with a wavy surface and a rigid flat. We showed how the contact area and the global coefficient of friction evolve under increasing external load, depending on fluid and solid properties and on the slope of the surface profile. Next, we studied a thin fluid flow between a rigid flat and a deformable solid with a model geometry or random surface roughness. An approximate analytical solution for the fluid flow across a wavy contact interface was derived and compared with numerical results. We showed that for a range of physically relevant parameters, one-way coupling underestimates the interface permeability and the critical external load needed to seal the interface, compared to the two-way approach. A refined non-local phenomenological law for macroscopic permeability of rough contact interfaces was proposed. Finally, the developed framework was used to calculate the evolution of the fluid leakage through a metal-to-sapphire contact interface using an elasto-plastic material behaviour and real measurements of surface roughness
Tromp, Stéphane. "Lubrication with a refrigerant : An industrial challenge investigated through multiscale modeling based on fluid/surface chemistry." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI060/document.
Full textIn large refrigeration systems, using the refrigerant as lubricant instead of oil can help to simplify the design, lighten the systems, and reduce their environmental impact. However, the very low viscosity of refrigerants leads to ultra-thin films separating the surfaces, with a thickness comparable to surface roughness. Nevertheless, experiments with the R1233zd refrigerant suggests that lubrication is still possible in that situation thanks to an adsorbed layer formed on iron oxide surfaces. Experimental in situ analysis area is very difficult because of high confinement and high pressure. That is why a multiscale numerical approach is developed here, to explore the impact of chemical reactions and physical processes at the refrigerant-surface interface on large-scale lubrication properties. Density functional theory is used to quantify the adsorption of a refrigerant molecule on an iron oxide surface at the quantum level. Binding energies ranging from -0.92 eV to -0.22 eV are measured and related to different adsorption cases. These results are then used to parametrize an interfacial force field, whose predictions of interfacial molecular structure differs from those obtained using potentials based on standard mixing rules. Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations involving this parametrized force field confirm the existence of a strongly adsorbed layer of R1233zd molecules on iron oxide surface. With atomically smooth surfaces, and a refrigerant film thickness as small as 2 nm, the adsorbed refrigerant layers resists pressures as high as 4 GPa and sliding velocities as high as 100 m/s. A minimum value of 5 refrigerant molecules per nm² is necessary to the formation of two adsorbed layers at 0.5 GPa. Moreover, sliding simulations with a rough surface reveal total film breakdown for ca. 13 GPa
Mellado, Nicolas. "Analyse des objets 3D a plusieurs échelles: application à l'assemblage de formes." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767352.
Full textLucas, Carine. "Effets de petites échelles, du tenseur des contraintes, des conditions au fond et à la surface sur les équations de Saint-Venant." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10234.
Full textIn a first part, we present some Shallow Water equations. About the actual model, we firstly remark that, depending on the link between the viscosity and the aspect ratio, keeping the complete Coriolis force expression is essential: this gives a new model, with a so-called "cosine effect". We then show that the proofs of existence of weak solutions can be adapted to this new system. Numerical simulations of some waves underline the fact that this term is of importance. Next we study the influence of the limit conditions (surface, bottom) on Shallow-Water type models. We also present some models obtained using multiple scales in space and time. Finally we analyze a new model of sedimentation from a theoretical and numerical point of view and then we give some results for visco-plastic fluids. In a second part, we are interested in the limit equation, namely the Quasi-Geostrophic (QG) equations and the lake equations. The numerical study of the 2d QG equations enables us to emphasize the role of the cosine effect from the Coriolis force. Depending on the topography we consider, we show that this effect can turn out to be not negligible. Still about the QG equations, we give a numerical scheme, based on asymptotic developments, which capture the boundary layer well and also give the opportunity to add a topography term to the solution for a flat bottom, without re-computing everything. Lastly we explain how to get the lake equations with cosine effect and we prove that the properties of existence of solutions to such equations are still valid
Song, Layheang. "Usage des terres, ruissellement de surface, érosion des sols : analyse multi-échelles de l'impact des plantations de teck dans un agro-écosystème montagneux tropical humide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30188.
Full textSoil erosion is yet known as one of the most concerning problems of the environment in the world. Soil erosion is particularly and increasingly driven by anthropogenic activities under the changing climate. In Lao PDR, a tropical country, soil erosion is significantly due to inappropriate land management on the sloping land. The Houay Pano, a cultivated catchment of the northern Lao PDR, is prone to soil erosion, particularly after the conversion from shifting cultivation to teak tree plantation. Land mismanagement by clearing the understory under the teak tree plantation is considered as an underlying cause of higher runoff coefficient (Rc) and soil erosion. Some mitigations such as understory and riparian vegetation are suggested for alleviating soil erosion. However, the mitigation measure of soil erosion and the effect of land use management on surface runoff (SR) and soil loss/sediment yield (Sl) on multiple scales in the teak tree plantation are not fully assessed. In this context, we hypothesize that understory and riparian grass mitigate the soil erosion in the teak tree plantation and that teak tree plantation impacts on SR and Sl driven by dominant processes (inter rill erosion, linear erosion, and deposition) on various spatial scales. Therefore, the objectives set out for this work are: (1) to assess the effect of understory management on SR and Sl in the teak tree plantation on the microplot scale; (2) to assess the ability of riparian grass buffers to mitigate SR and Sl, and to assess their water and sediment trapping efficiencies in the teak tree plantations with no understory on the hillslope scale; and (3) to assess the effect of teak tree plantation on SR and Sl on various spatial scales (microplot, hillslope including micro-catchment, and catchment scales) in a mixed land uses mountainous tropical catchment. In this study, Ban Kokngew village and Houay Pano catchment were selected as experimental study areas during the rainy season. Microplots, Gerlach traps, and weirs were used to estimate SR and Sl on each scale. We followed the TEST model developed for inter rill erosion, which requires a few parameters, to assess Sl on the microplot and upscale it to predict Sl on the hillslope and catchment scale. In a study performed in 2017 in the teak tree plantations of Ban Kokngew on the microplot scale, we showed that Rc and Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectively) under teak tree with understory were less than those under teak tree with no understory (60% and 5455 Mg·km-2, respectively). Hence, soil erosion mitigation by keeping the understory under teak tree plantation reduces Sl by 14 times. In a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on both the microplot and the hillslope scales, we showed that leaving the riparian grass buffer of at least 6 m could limit SR and Sl discharging downstream during small storms (24-hour rainfall < 54.8 mm) with the trapping efficiency up to 88%. Lastly, in a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on various scales, we showed that SR and Sl were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in the teak-dominated micro-catchment than in the mixed-land-use micro-catchment. SR and Sl decreased from the microplot (122 - 196 mm, 275 - 1065 Mg·km-2, respectively) to the micro-catchment (24 - 188 mm, 95 - 3635 Mg·km-2, respectively) and catchment scale (33 mm, 236 Mg·km-2, respectively), except that Sl in teak tree plantation increased from the microplot (1065 Mg·km-2) to the micro-catchment scale (3635 Mg·km-2). [...]
Lucas, Carine. "Effets de petites échelles, du tenseur des contraintes, des conditions au fond et à la surface sur les équations de Saint-Venant." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00196883.
Full textDans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons aux équations limites que sont les équations quasi-géostrophiques (QG) et les équations des lacs. L'étude numérique des équations QG 2d nous permet de voir le rôle de l'effet cosinus de la force de Coriolis. En fonction de la topographie considérée, nous montrons que celui-ci peut être non négligeable. Toujours sur les équations QG, nous donnons un schéma, basé sur des développements asymptotiques, qui permet de bien capter la couche limite mais aussi d'ajouter le terme de topographie à la solution obtenue avec fond plat, sans refaire tous les calculs. Enfin, nous expliquons l'obtention des équations des lacs avec effet cosinus, et nous prouvons que les propriétés d'existence de solutions restent valables.
Douzi, Hassan. "Construction des bases multi-échelles et application à l'estimation des paramètres en sismique : identification de milieux plans stratifiés par la méthode de l'impédance de surface équivalente." Paris 9, 1992. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1992PA090039.
Full textFaivre, Robin. "Multi-sensor remote sensing parameterization of heat fluxes over heterogeneous land surfaces." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAD017/document.
Full textThe parameterization of heat transfer by remote sensing, and based on SEBS scheme for turbulent heat fluxes retrieval, already proved to be very convenient for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) over homogeneous land surfaces. However, the use of such a method over heterogeneous landscapes (e.g. semi-arid regions or agricultural land) becomes more difficult, since the principle of similarity theory is compromised by the presence of different heat sources with various heights. This thesis aims at first to propose and evaluate some models based on vegetation geometry for retrieving the surface roughness length for momentum transfer (z0m), which is a key parameter in the characterization of heat transfer. Such an investigation can only be led at a small scale with very-high resolution remote sensing data, for a precise description of the land surface. Therefore, the second aspect of this work is to determine how to address the characterization of heat transfer for regional studies. Then, the reliability of SEBS for estimating turbulent heat fluxes at large spatial and temporal scales has been evaluated. To do so, the Multi-Scale SEBS approach (MSSEBS) has been implemented for a 2.4 million km2 area including the Tibetan Plateau and the headwaters of the major rivers of East and South Asia. The addition of gap-filled hourly FY-2 LST data to advanced daily averaged net radiation and land surface parameters, allows to compute time-series of land surface ET over the Tibetan Plateau during the period 2008-2010, and on a daily basis
Aubin, Véronique. "Dialogue modèle-expérience en fatigue oligocyclique des aciers inoxydables." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365864.
Full textLes travaux présentés se focalisent sur l'étude du comportement d'un acier inoxydable austéno-ferritique et s'articulent suivant quatre thèmes :
- Etude expérimentale du comportement mécanique en fatigue oligocyclique. Un certain nombre de résultats expérimentaux en fatigue oligocyclique sont présentés, en particulier, l'importance de caractériser le comportement mécanique sous sollicitations multiaxiales est soulignée. Deux méthodes sont comparées permettant la mesure des caractéristiques de l'écrouissage : la mesure de surfaces de plasticité en cours d'essai, et l'analyse a posteriori des boucles d'hystérésis.
- Modélisation du comportement mécanique observé. Deux approches ont été utilisées, d'une part une approche phénoménologique qui nécessite des mesures des caractéristiques de l'écrouissage, et d'autre part une approche micromécanique qui s'appuie sur l'analyse de la structure biphasée de l'acier étudié. L'identification de ce deuxième modèle a été réalisée sur une base expérimentale particulièrement réduite sans cependant amoindrir sa capacité de prédiction. Une proposition originale pour la modélisation de l'adoucissement cyclique a été faite à partir d'observations au microscope électronique à transmission.
- Etude de la déformation progressive. A partir de résultats expérimentaux biaxiaux, il est montré que les niveaux de déformation progressive obtenus peuvent s'expliquer par la direction d'écoulement plastique observée, due à la distorsion de la surface de plasticité. Un modèle simulant cette distorsion est alors identifié.
- Analyse et simulation de la plasticité à l'échelle de la microstructure. La plasticité cyclique et l'amorçage en fatigue étant fortement liés aux caractéristiques de la microstructure, une analyse locale a été entreprise. Un dispositif expérimental original a été développé afin d'analyser les mécanismes de déformation in-situ pendant un essai mécanique. Plusieurs moyens d'analyse sont utilisés conjointement (microscopie, champs cinématiques calculés à partir d'images obtenues entre deux instants, cartographie EBSD, profilométrie). Une comparaison est faite entre les champs cinématiques obtenus et un calcul d'agrégat polycristallin reprenant les lois cristallines identifiées précédemment.
Lelievre, Tony. "Analyse mathématique et numérique de modèles pour les matériaux, de l'échelle microscopique à l'échelle macroscopique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00392808.
Full textL'essentiel de nos travaux les plus récents sur le sujet concerne le comportement en temps long de ces modèles, avec un double objectif : théoriquement, la compréhension des modèles physiques passe souvent par l'étude de la stabilité des solutions stationnaires, et de la vitesse de convergence vers l'équilibre ; numériquement, la stabilité des schémas en temps long est cruciale, car on utilise typiquement des simulations instationnaires en temps long pour calculer des solutions stationnaires. Nous montrons comment analyser le comportement des modèles micro-macro en temps long, en utilisant des méthodes d'entropie. Cette étude a ensuite permis de comprendre le comportement en temps long de modèles macroscopiques standard (type Oldroyd-B), et de préciser sous quelles conditions les schémas numériques vérifient des propriétés similaires de stabilité en temps long.
La seconde partie du mémoire résume des travaux en simulation moléculaire, à l'échelle quantique, ou à l'échelle de la dynamique moléculaire classique. A l'échelle quantique, nous nous intéressons aux méthodes Quantum Monte Carlo. Il s'agit de méthodes numériques probabilistes pour calculer l'état fondamental d'une molécule (plus petite valeur propre de l'opérateur de Schrödinger à N corps). Essentiellement, il s'agit de donner une interprétation probabiliste du problème par des formules de Feynman-Kac, afin de pouvoir appliquer des méthodes de Monte Carlo (bien adaptées pour des problèmes de ce type, en grande dimension). Nous proposons tout d'abord une étude théorique de la méthode Diffusion Monte Carlo, et notamment
d'un biais introduit par l'interprétation probabiliste (appelé fixed node approximation). Nous analysons ensuite les méthodes numériques utilisées en Diffusion Monte Carlo, et proposons une nouvelle stratégie pour améliorer l'échantillonnage des méthodes Variational Monte Carlo.
En dynamique moléculaire, nous étudions des méthodes numériques pour le calcul de différences d'énergie libre. Les modèles consistent à décrire l'état d'un système par la position (et éventuellement la vitesse) de particules (typiquement les positions des noyaux dans un système moléculaire), qui interagissent au travers d'un potentiel (qui idéalement proviendrait d'un calcul de mécanique quantique pour déterminer l'état fondamental des électrons pour une position donnée des noyaux). L'objectif est de calculer des moyennes par rapport à la mesure de Boltzmann-Gibbs associée à ce potentiel (moyennes dans l'ensemble canonique). Mathématiquement, il s'agit d'un problème d'échantillonnage de mesures métastables (ou multi-modales), en très grande dimension. La particularité de la dynamique moléculaire est que, bien souvent, on a quelques informations sur les "directions de métastabilité" au travers de coordonnées de réaction. En utilisant cette donnée, de nombreuses méthodes ont été proposées pour permettre l'échantillonnage de la mesure de Boltzmann-Gibbs. Dans une série de travaux, nous avons analysé les méthodes basées sur des équations différentielles stochastiques avec contraintes (dont les solutions vivent sur des sous-variétés définies comme des lignes de niveaux de la coordonnée de réaction). Il s'agit en fait d'analyser des méthodes d'échantillonnage de mesures définies sur des sous-variétés de grande dimension. Plus récemment, nous avons étudié des méthodes adaptatives qui ont été proposées pour se débarrasser des métastabilités. Mathématiquement, il s'agit de méthodes d'échantillonnage préférentiel, avec une fonction d'importance qui est calculée au cours de la simulation de manière adaptative. Nous avons étudié la vitesse de convergence vers la mesure d'équilibre pour ces méthodes adaptatives, en utilisant des méthodes d'entropie. Nous avons proposé de nouvelles méthodes numériques à la communauté appliquée pour utiliser au mieux ces idées.
La troisième partie du mémoire résume des travaux issus d'une collaboration avec l'entreprise Rio Tinto (anciennement Pechiney puis Alcan), leader mondial pour la technologie des cuves d'électrolyse de l'aluminium. Cette collaboration a été entamée il y a plusieurs années par C. Le Bris, et notamment au travers de la thèse de J-F. Gerbeau. Mathématiquement, il s'agit d'analyser et de discrétiser les équations de la magnétohydrodynamique pour deux fluides incompressibles non miscibles, séparés par une interface libre. Nous expliquons le contexte industriel et la modélisation, nous résumons la méthode numérique adoptée (méthode Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) et donnons quelques propriétés satisfaites par le schéma (stabilité, conservation de la masse). Nous montrons ensuite comment ce modèle permet d'étudier un phénomène (potentiellement déstabilisant) observé dans les cuves d'électrolyse : le rolling. Ces résultats ont été pour la plupart obtenus durant la thèse.
Plus récemment, dans le prolongement de l'étude industrielle, nous nous sommes intéressés à un problème de modélisation fondamentale pour les écoulements à surface (ou interface) libre: le mouvement de la ligne de contact (i.e. le bord de la surface libre qui glisse le long de la paroi). En résumé, nos travaux consistent essentiellement en deux contributions: (i) une compréhension variationnelle d'une condition aux limites permettant de modéliser correctement le mouvement de la ligne de contact (Generalized Navier Boundary Condition), et son implémentation dans un schéma Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian, (ii) une analyse de la stabilité du schéma obtenu.
Srisrual, Anusara. "Caractérisation photoélectrochimique d'oxydes thermiques développés sur métaux et alliages modèles." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI012/document.
Full textHigh Temperature Corrosion (HTC), in various and severe atmospheres, of continually more elaborated (composition, micro–structure) metallic alloys, is a rather complex industrial and scientific topic. PhotoElectroChemistry (PEC) acquired a special place in the characterization of physico–chemical and electronic properties of the highly heterogeneous oxidation layers formed in HTC. Through studies of model but industrially representative samples (duplex stainless steel, Ni–base alloy 690), this work presents the development and validation of an experimental set–up allowing for the first time to use the whole set of PEC techniques at the mesoscopic level (typically 30 µm), as well as the validation of an original model of photocurrent energy spectra, developed at SIMaP, allowing to well describe, and accurately fit the latter spectra, and thus yielding, notably, precise bandgap values for the semiconducting components of the thermal scale
Martins, Jean. "Microbiogéochimie, transfert réactif et impact des micropolluants dans les sols. Approche couplée multi-échelles et modélisation." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449628.
Full textGisclon, Marguerite. "Effet des conditions aux limites et analyse multi-échelles en mécanique des fluides, chromatographie et électromagnétisme." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00259592.
Full textIl s'inscrit dans l'étude des problèmes hyperboliques, des problème mixtes et des équations cinétiques. Les domaines d'application sont la mécanique des fluides ou du solide, la propagation de composants chimiques, l'électromagnétisme, l'optique.
Mon activité concerne d'abord la modélisation de phénomènes physiques ou chimiques sous forme d'équations aux dérivées partielles non linéaires telles que les équations de Bloch, Korteweg, Navier-Stokes, Saint-Venant, puis vient l'étude mathématique de ces équations à travers les
problèmes d'existence, d'unicité, de régularité avec éventuellement la mise au point de méthodes numériques de résolution.
Ce document est divisé en une introduction générale et trois chapitres qui concernent respectivement les systèmes hyperboliques avec conditions aux limites et la chromatographie, les problèmes d'analyse asymptotique et enfin les méthodes cinétiques.
Dans chaque partie, un historique et une présentation des différents résultats mathématiques sont faits et quelques problèmes ouverts sont donnés.