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Journal articles on the topic 'TEXTILE PREFORMS'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Ishmael, Natalie, Anura Fernando, Sonja Andrew, and Lindsey Waterton Taylor. "Textile technologies for the manufacture of three-dimensional textile preforms." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 21, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 342–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-06-2017-0034.

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Purpose This paper aims to provide an overview of the current manufacturing methods for three-dimensional textile preforms while providing experimental data on the emerging techniques of combining yarn interlocking with yarn interlooping. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the key textile technologies used for composite manufacture: braiding, weaving and knitting. The various textile preforming methods are suited to different applications; their capabilities and end performance characteristics are analysed. Findings Such preforms are used in composites in a wide range of industries, from aerospace to medical and automotive to civil engineering. The paper highlights how the use of knitting technology for preform manufacture has gained wider acceptance due to its flexibility in design and shaping capabilities. The tensile properties of glass fibre knit structures containing inlay yarns interlocked between knitted loops are given, highlighting the importance of reinforcement yarns. Originality/value The future trends of reinforcement yarns in knitted structures for improved tensile properties are discussed, with initial experimental data.

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2

Schöfer, S., M. Schmitz, T. Prof Gries, C. Mack, and A. Basler. "Prozesskette zur Herstellung textiler 3D-Preforms/Multi-step production of textile 3D preforms - Use of tufting and particle foam technology for draping textile semi-finished parts." wt Werkstattstechnik online 107, no. 06 (2017): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2017-06-8.

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Die Umsetzung von Prozessketten zur automatisierten Fertigung von 3D-Preforms im industriell etablierten Stempelumformverfahren ist aufgrund hoher Investitionskosten für kleine und mittlere Unternehmen bisher nicht wirtschaftlich tragbar. Die neuentwickelte Prozesskette wirkt dem entgegen und verspricht, komplexe 3D-Preforms bei geringer Prozesszeit sowohl textil- als auch lastgerecht herzustellen und dabei Ausschussquoten aufgrund von Drapierfehlern sowie den Verschnitt zu senken.   Implementing process chains for the automated manufacturing of 3D textile preforms based on the established industrial stamp forming technology is not economical for small- and medium-sized enterprises due to high investment costs for small batch sizes and variable geometries. The new process chain counteracts by manufacturing complex 3D preforms at low processing times, both textile- and load-conform, while reducing scrap rates from draping errors and offcut.

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3

Gietl, H., A. v. Müller, JW Coenen, M. Decius, D. Ewert, T. Höschen, Ph Huber, M. Milwich, J. Riesch, and R. Neu. "Textile preforms for tungsten fibre-reinforced composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 28 (April 27, 2018): 3875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318771149.

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Demanding high heat flux applications, as for example plasma-facing components of future nuclear fusion devices, ask for the development of advanced materials. For such components, copper alloys are currently regarded as heat sink materials while monolithic tungsten is foreseen as directly plasma-facing material. However, the combination of these materials in one component is problematic since they exhibit different thermomechanical characteristics and their optimum operating temperatures do not overlap. In this context, an improvement can be achieved by applying composite materials that make use of drawn tungsten fibres as reinforcement. For the manufacturing processes of these composites, suitable tungsten fibre preform production methods are needed. In the following, we will show that tungsten fibres can be processed to suitable preforms by means of well-established textile techniques as studies regarding the production of planar weavings (wire distances of 90–271 µm), circular braidings (multilayered braidings with braiding angle of 60° and 12°) as well as multifilamentary yarns (15 tungsten filaments with 16 µm diameter) are presented. With such different textile preforms tungsten fibre-reinforced tungsten (W f/W) with a density of over 99% and pore-free tungsten fibre-reinforced copper W f/Cu composites were produced which proves their applicability with respect to a composite material production processes.

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4

Vo, Duy Minh Phuong, Gerald Hoffmann, and Chokri Cherif. "Novel Weaving Technology for the Manufacture of 2D Net Shape Fabrics for Cost Effective Textile Reinforced Composites." Autex Research Journal 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0005.

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Abstract Despite significant weight and performance advantages over metal parts, today’s demand for fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) has been limited mainly by their huge manufacturing cost. The combination of dry textile preforms and low-cost consolidation processes such as resin transfer molding (RTM) has been appointed as a promising approach to low-cost FRPC manufacture. This paper presents an advanced weaving technique developed with the aim to establish a more cost-effective system for the manufacture of dry textile preforms for FRPC. 2D woven fabrics with integrated net shape selvedge can be obtained using the open reed weave (ORW) technology, enabling the manufacture of 2D cut patterns with firm edge, so that oversize cutting and hand trimming after molding are no longer required. The introduction of 2D woven fabrics with net shape selvedge helps to reduce material waste, cycle time and preform manufacturing cost significantly. Furthermore, higher grade of automation in preform fabrication can be achieved.

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5

Adanur, Sabit, and Tianyi Liao. "3D modeling of textile composite preforms." Composites Part B: Engineering 29, no. 6 (November 1998): 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-8368(98)00036-5.

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6

Wu, Wang Qing, Bin Yan Jiang, Lei Xie, and Gerhard Ziegmann. "Experiment and Modeling Study on the Compaction Behavior of Bindered Textile Preforms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.148.

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The effect of compaction and preforming parameters on the fiber volume content of bindered textile preforms during a compaction experiment was investigated by using Taguchi method. Four compaction and preforming parameters of compaction temperature, binder activation temperature, binder content and binder activation time were selected and optimized with respect to the fiber volume content at specified compaction pressure (0.2 MPa). The results reveal that the compaction behavior of bindered textile preforms has significantly influenced due to the presence of binder. The fiber volume content during compaction was correlated with the compaction and preforming parameters using a modified four-parameter-compaction-model which has been proposed for describing the compaction behavior of bindered textile preforms.

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7

Costa, A. Nicolau, Célia Novo, Nuno Correia, António Torres Marques, Mário de Araújo, Raul Manuel Esteves Sousa Fangueiro, Hu Hong, and L. Ciobanu. "Structural Composite Parts Production from Textile Preforms." Key Engineering Materials 230-232 (October 2002): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.230-232.36.

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8

Allen, L. E., D. D. Edie, G. C. Lickfield, and J. R. Mccollum. "Thermoplastic Coated Carbon Fibers for Textile Preforms." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 1, no. 4 (October 1988): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089270578800100405.

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9

Allen, L. E., D. D. Edie, G. C. Lickfield, and J. R. Mccollum. "Thermoplastic Coated Carbon Fibers for Textile Preforms." Journal of Coated Fabrics 19, no. 1 (July 1989): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152808378901900104.

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10

Chou, T. W. "Designing of Textile Preforms for Ceramic Matrix Composites." Key Engineering Materials 164-165 (July 1998): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.164-165.409.

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11

Potluri, P., S. Sharma, and R. Ramgulam. "Comprehensive drape modelling for moulding 3D textile preforms." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 32, no. 10 (October 2001): 1415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(01)00040-9.

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12

Chou, Tsu-Wei, and Ryuta Kamiya. "Designing of textile preforms for ceramic matrix composites." Advanced Composite Materials 8, no. 1 (January 1999): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855199x00047.

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13

Potluri, P., and T. V. Sagar. "Compaction modelling of textile preforms for composite structures." Composite Structures 86, no. 1-3 (November 2008): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.03.019.

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14

Jiang, Jin Hua, and Nan Liang Chen. "Relation of 2D Permeability and Preform Structure Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 1678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1678.

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In this paper the influence of parameters of fabric preforms on permeability is described. The two-dimensional (2D) permeability has been determined continuously in a matched metal tool incorporating capacitive sensors with LabView. Beforehand, the glassfiber plain, twill, satin weave textile has been thoroughly evaluated to determine the permeability behavior of the textile in dependence on the fiber volume fraction. The paper reveals the significant influence of the fabric structure, and yarn linear density on the permeability values K1 and K2, the flow front ellipse shape, and the anisotropy of preforms.

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15

Fernando, Ali, Tan, and He. "Graphene-Coated Sensor Yarn for Composite Preforms." Proceedings 32, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019032021.

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There is extensive research to demonstrate that textile fibre reinforced composites can produce high strength and stiffness at a low weight allowing them to become excellent candidates for applications requiring improved strength and lighter structures compared to their metallic counterparts. [...]

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16

Rozant, O., P. E. Bourban, and J. A. E. Månson. "Drapability of dry textile fabrics for stampable thermoplastic preforms." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 31, no. 11 (November 2000): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(00)00100-7.

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17

Ogale, A., and P. Mitschang. "Tailoring of Textile Preforms for Fibre-reinforced Polymer Composites." Journal of Industrial Textiles 34, no. 2 (October 2004): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083704046949.

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18

Shih, Chih-Hsin, and L. James Lee. "Tackification of Textile Fiber Preforms in Resin Transfer Molding." Journal of Composite Materials 35, no. 21 (November 2001): 1954–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199801772661452.

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19

Grozdanov, Anita, Igor Jordanov, Gennaro Gentile, Maria E. Errico, Roberto Avollio, and Maurizio Avella. "All-cellulose Composites Based on Cotton Textile Woven Preforms." Fibers and Polymers 20, no. 6 (June 2019): 1243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-7970-0.

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20

El Messiry, Magdi, and Abeer Mohamed. "Investigation of knitted fabric dynamic bagging for textile composite preforms." Journal of The Textile Institute 107, no. 4 (April 21, 2015): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2015.1034937.

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21

Rimmel, Oliver, and David May. "Modeling transverse micro flow in dry fiber placement preforms." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 13 (November 4, 2019): 1691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319884612.

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Dry fiber placement has a large potential for manufacturing preforms for primary-load components at minimum scrap rate and fiber crimp. Yet, challenging impregnation behavior due to low permeability of these preforms during liquid composite molding imposes a need for further research to optimize preform structure for higher permeability. For full understanding of flow behavior within these preforms, flow has to be considered on micro scale (in between single fibers), on meso scale (in between single rovings or strands), and on macro scale (on scale of parts to be manufactured). While macro and meso scale can be measured in experiments or derived from filling times in real processes, micro scale is usually not easily assessable and accessible for standard textile materials. Analytical approaches are limited to regular fiber arrangements (square and hexagonal) that are strongly differing from real arrangements. The present work deals with application of a numerical solver to random fiber arrangements to determine micro permeability transverse to the fiber orientation, for later use in meso- and macro-scaled models. As a premise for reliable calculation, guidelines for boundary conditions as well as size and resolution of the representative volume element are elaborated in the course of this work. Calculated out-of-plane micro permeabilities are subsequently compared to real experiments and show good accordance. The influence of binder particles on micro permeability has not yet been conclusively clarified.

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22

Lee, Jae Yeol, and Tae Jin Kang. "Thermal Conductivity of Needle Punched Preforms made of Carbon and OxiPAN Fibres." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 1 (January 2005): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300107.

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The thermal conductivity of preforms made by a needle punching technique has been measured using a tailor-made apparatus. Measurements were carried out in the absence of the matrix resin to find the thermal conductivity of the preforms themselves. The preforms were made with a variety of material compositions and textile structures, and various needle punching densities. Preforms made of woven fabric showed higher thermal conductivity than preforms of felt fabric. Needle punching density had a strong influence on the thermal conductivity. Increasing the needle punching density decreased the thermal conductivity along the in-plane direction, and increased it along through-the-thickness direction. The thermal conductivity in the through-the-thickness direction was about 30% to 50% of that in the in-plane direction, but the differences between the two directions decreased with increasing needle punching. An analytical model for thermal conduction in both directions was devised, and the results were consistent with those of experiments. The thermal conductivity of the rearranged fibres in the punching hole was estimated by parametric studies.

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23

Fouladi, Ali, and Reza Jafari Nedoushan. "Prediction and optimization of yarn path in braiding of mandrels with flat faces." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 5 (May 25, 2017): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317710812.

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Braided preforms are used in many applications to make modern textile composites. Mechanical properties of braided composites are strongly dependent on braided preform’s characteristics such as braid angle and yarn spacing. In this paper, theoretical relationships are presented to predict these parameters in braiding of a mandrel with flat faces. These relationships are very simple in deriving and coding and also they are suitable for sharp edges. It was observed that considering the distance between the yarn’s fell point on the mandrel and guide ring plane is an important issue to calculate an accurate braid angle. Braid angle and yarn spacing was also measured experimentally. Theoretical relations predictions are in close agreement with experimental measurements. The effects of the mandrel aspect ratio and the mandrel eccentricity to produce a part with variable braid angle are investigated. It is observed that while mandrel dimension aspect ratio has no significant effect, the braid angle can be considerably varied from one face to another face by locating the mandrel out of the center of the machine. An optimization process is proposed to find the best mandrel eccentricity to manufacture a preform with desired braid angles on individual faces.

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24

Förster, F., F. Ballier, S. Coutandin, A. Defranceski, and J. Fleischer. "Manufacturing of Textile Preforms with an Intelligent Draping and Gripping System." Procedia CIRP 66 (2017): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.03.370.

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25

Du, Guang-Wu, Tsu-Wei Chou‡, and P. Popper. "Analysis of three-dimensional textile preforms for multidirectional reinforcement of composites." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 13 (January 1, 1991): 3438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00557129.

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26

Yu, Jenny Z., Zhong Cai, and Frank K. Ko. "Formability of textile preforms for composite applications. Part 1: Characterization experiments." Composites Manufacturing 5, no. 2 (June 1994): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7143(94)90062-0.

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27

Yousaf, Z., P. Potluri, and P. J. Withers. "Influence of Tow Architecture on Compaction and Nesting in Textile Preforms." Applied Composite Materials 24, no. 2 (November 14, 2016): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-016-9554-8.

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28

Bénézech, Jean, and Guillaume Couégnat. "Variational segmentation of textile composite preforms from X-ray computed tomography." Composite Structures 230 (December 2019): 111496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111496.

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29

Potluri, P., I. Parlak, R. Ramgulam, and T. V. Sagar. "Analysis of tow deformations in textile preforms subjected to forming forces." Composites Science and Technology 66, no. 2 (February 2006): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.04.039.

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30

Abounaim, MD, and Chokri Cherif. "Flat-knitted innovative three-dimensional spacer fabrics: a competitive solution for lightweight composite applications." Textile Research Journal 82, no. 3 (October 25, 2011): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517511426609.

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Flat-knitted spacer fabrics offer a strong potential for complex shape preforms, which could be used to manufacture composites with reduced waste and shorter production times. A reinforced spacer fabric made of individual surface layers and joined with connecting layers shows improved mechanical properties for lightweight applications, such as textile-based sandwich preforms. We report the development of flat-knitted multi-layered innovative three-dimensional (3D) spacer fabrics from hybrid yarns consisting of glass and polypropylene filaments. Moreover, for structural health monitoring of composites, sensor networks could be created into a 3D spacer fabric structure in a single processing step through innovative integration of functional yarns.

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31

Schledjewski, Ralf, and Harald Grössing. "Liquid Composite Molding: A Widely Used Group of FRPC Processing Techniques, but still a Challenging Topic." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1715.

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Liquid Composite Molding techniques are widely used technologies in order to manufacture fiber reinforced plastic composites using near-net-shaped preforms consisting of single reinforcements, e.g. woven textiles or multiaxial fabrics. All LCM process variants have in common to impregnate and saturate dry reinforcing structures with a liquid thermoset resin system. The challenge during LCM process development and mold designing is the prevention of potential error sources for safe in-spec FRPC production. Race tracking zones and air inclusions are two major issues which need to be avoided in order to ensure an excellent FRPC quality. The knowledge about preform transmissibility, i.e. permeability, of the dry reinforcing structure to the liquid flow during the saturation phase is of major importance. The knowledge about the filling and flow behavior during FRPC processing is responsible for the process efficiency and process success. In-plane and out-of-plane permeability characterization is of great interest. Especially industry is interested in precise permeability values for numerical mold filling simulations in order to support the process development and the mold design. Industrial work is also carried out for filling strategies and textile development as well as textile improvement. The paper presents different LCM processing techniques and discusses the advantages and disadvantages as well as the linked challenges during FRPC processing. Furthermore, the in-plane permeability characterization of reinforcing structures and moreover influencing factors on the filling behavior are presented. Finally the significance of accurate and reliable permeability values according to numerical filling simulations and their validity are discussed.

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32

Ivanov, Dmitry S., James A. P. White, William Hendry, Yusuf Mahadik, Vivien Minett, Harshit Patel, and Carwyn Ward. "Stabilizing textile preforms by means of liquid resin print: a feasibility study." Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science 1, no. 1 (December 23, 2014): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2055035914y.0000000006.

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33

Prodromou, A. G., and J. Chen. "On the relationship between shear angle and wrinkling of textile composite preforms." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 28, no. 5 (January 1997): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(96)00150-9.

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34

Yang, Bo, Shilong Wang, and Qian Tang. "Geometry modeling and permeability prediction for textile preforms with nesting in laminates." Polymer Composites 39, no. 12 (August 25, 2017): 4408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.24526.

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35

Ruggy, Kevin L., and Brian N. Cox. "Deformation Mechanisms of Dry Textile Preforms under Mixed Compressive and Shear Loading." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 23, no. 13 (August 27, 2004): 1425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684404039779.

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36

Xiaogang Chen, Lindsay Waterton Taylor, and Li-Ju Tsai. "An overview on fabrication of three-dimensional woven textile preforms for composites." Textile Research Journal 81, no. 9 (January 26, 2011): 932–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517510392471.

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37

Lee, Eun Soo, Daniel Buecher, Si Hoon Jang, Dae Young Lim, and Ki Young Kim. "The Characterization of Discontinuous Carbon Fiber Mat Reinforced Epoxy Composite Materials." Advanced Materials Research 1110 (June 2015): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1110.77.

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The carbon fiber mat preforms are prepared by an air laid method with different fiber lengths of 10mm, 30mm and 50mm to characterize the resultant discontinuous composites. The composites are manufactured by a vacuum assisted resin infusion (VaRI) molding technique with the use of epoxy resins to investigate the effects of carbon fiber length on their physical and mechanical properties. The void content and thickness of the composites decrease with the increase in the fiber length at the same VaRI processing conditions. The tensile, flexural, impact properties of the composites are improved by increasing the fiber length in the textile preforms. By comparing with those of carbon fiber fabric reinforced composites, the discontinuous composites demonstrate the excellent performance in strength and modulus in spite of lower fiber volume fraction.

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38

Sankaran, Vignaesh, Steffen Rittner, Lars Hahn, and Chokri Cherif. "Development of multiaxial warp knitting technology for production of three-dimensional near net shape shell preforms." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 10 (June 8, 2016): 1226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516651102.

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The possibility of direct preforming in the near net shape of final component structure with load- and shape-conforming fiber orientations is highly essential in composite production, not only to reduce costs but also to attain better mechanical properties and form stability. Based on the concept of varying the reinforcement yarn lengths during the feed-in (warp yarn delivery) and segmented doffing, synchronous working numerically controlled warp yarn delivery and doffing machine modules have been newly developed for multiaxial warp knitting machines to create a resource efficient textile process chain by a single-step, large-scale oriented production of load- and form-conforming warp knitted three-dimensional shell preforms with free-form geometrical surfaces. Such customized preforms in the near component net shape offer higher material utilization and increased lightweight potential.

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39

Bogoeva-Gaceva, G., E. Mader, and H. Queck. "Properties of Glass Fiber Polypropylene Composites Produced from Split-Warp-Knit Textile Preforms." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 13, no. 5 (September 2000): 363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/n35y-1njm-3fwc-a5ix.

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40

Dash, Ashwini Kumar, and Bijoya Kumar Behera. "Weave Design Aspects of 3D Textile Preforms Towards Mechanical Properties of Their Composites." Fibers and Polymers 20, no. 10 (October 2019): 2146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-8841-z.

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41

Cai, Zhong, Jenny Z. Yu, and Frank K. Ko. "Formability of textile preforms for composite applications. Part 2: Evaluation experiments and modelling." Composites Manufacturing 5, no. 2 (June 1994): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7143(94)90063-9.

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42

Hamila, Nahiène, and Philippe Boisse. "A Meso–Macro Three Node Finite Element for Draping of Textile Composite Preforms." Applied Composite Materials 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-007-9043-1.

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43

Nguyen, Q. T., Emmanuelle Vidal-Sallé, Philippe Boisse, C. H. Park, Abdelghani Saouab, J. Bréard, and Gilles Hivet. "Analyses of Textile Composite Reinforcement Compaction at the Mesoscopic Scale." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.356.

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Mesoscopic simulations of the transverse compression of textile preforms are presented in this paper. They are based on 3D FE models of each yarn in contact with friction with its neighbours. The mesoscopic simulations can be used as virtual compression tests. In addition they determine the internal geometry of the reinforcement after compaction. The internal geometry can be used to compute the permeability of the deformed reinforcement and to calculate the homogenised mechanical properties of the final composite part. A hypoelastic model based on the fibre rotation depicts the mechanical behaviour of the yarn. The compression responses of several layer stacks with parallel or different orientations are computed. The numerical simulations show good agreement when compared to compaction experiments.

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44

Becker, Marielies, Frank Ficker, Roxana Miksch, and Sabine Olbrich. "Custom-Made Reinforcement Structures Made of Inorganic Fibers Challenges, Chances and Technical Approaches." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.167.

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Ceramic fibers are just as glass and basalt member of the group of inorganic fibers. Like most types of inorganic fibers ceramic fibers have a high tear resistance but a limited flexibility. [1] Ceramic fibers are characterized by their extraordinary high temperature and chemical resistance. These properties make them interesting for different high technical applications, as they occur in aerospace, chemical-and energy technology. In this field, they are applied especially as a reinforcement component in composite materials. Not only the partially high material price, but although the typical brittleness of ceramic fibers bring huge problems during the textile production chain, which limits the availability of complex textile preforms in the market. Often, a radical revision of the machine and processing concept is necessary to enable an economical production process. The Application Center for Textile Fiber Ceramics TFK at Fraunhofer-Center for High Temperature Materials and Design HTL develops and modifies textile production processes to make them suitable for the special requirements of ceramic fibers. One and multilayer woven fabrics, braids and tape structures for the winding process have already been successfully implemented. A further development complex is the intensive investigation of three-dimensional textile reinforcement structures. Regarding the high material costs, these research activities are very important. If the textile reinforcement is placed only where needed, the amount of used fiber material can be reduced significantly.

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45

Kunze, Eckart, Benjamin Schwarz, Tony Weber, Michael Müller, Robert Böhm, and Maik Gude. "Forming Analysis of Internal Plies of Multi-Layer Unidirectional Textile Preforms using Projectional Radiography." Procedia Manufacturing 47 (2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.110.

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46

Brink, Michael, Jan-Hendrik Ohlendorf, and Klaus-Dieter Thoben. "Development of a Handling System with integrated Sensors for Textile Preforms using Additive Manufacturing." Procedia Manufacturing 24 (2018): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.06.016.

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Weimer, C., and P. Mitschang. "Aspects of the stitch formation process on the quality of sewn multi-textile-preforms." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 32, no. 10 (October 2001): 1477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-835x(01)00046-x.

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Großmann, Knut, Andreas Mühl, Michael Löser, Chokri Cherif, Gerald Hoffmann, and Ahmet Refah Torun. "New solutions for the manufacturing of spacer preforms for thermoplastic textile-reinforced lightweight structures." Production Engineering 4, no. 6 (August 27, 2010): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-010-0267-9.

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Möbius, Teresa, Michael Krahl, Martin Helwig, Frank Adam, Niels Modler, Eric Starke, Sebastian Sauer, and Wolf Joachim Fischer. "Analyses of Boundary Conditions for Process Integration of Sensor Elements in Complex Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Spacer Structures." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.533.

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Abstract:

The application of hybrid yarns and their further processing to textile preforms enforce adapted manufacturing processes. Furthermore, a consolidation of cross-section varying parts requires an adapted mold and core system for a reproducible production process. Similarly, the application of hybrid yarns facilitates low consolidation pressures and thus favors the integration of electronic components in fibre-reinforced thermoplastic parts. In this paper, the analyses of the boundary conditions for a process integration of sensor elements in complex fibre-reinforced spacer structures are presented.

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Emonts, Caroline, Niels Grigat, Felix Merkord, Ben Vollbrecht, Akram Idrissi, Johannes Sackmann, and Thomas Gries. "Innovation in 3D Braiding Technology and Its Applications." Textiles 1, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 185–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles1020009.

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Abstract:

Braids are generally divided into 2D braids and 3D braids. Two-dimensional braids include flat braids and circular braids. Circular braids represent three-dimensional textiles, as they enclose a volume, but consist of a two-dimensional yarn architecture. Three-dimensional braids are defined by a three-dimensional yarn architecture. Historically, 3D braids were produced on row and column braiding machines with Cartesian or radial machine beds, by bobbin movements around inlay yarns. Three-dimensional rotary braiding machines allow a more flexible braiding process, as the bobbins are moved via individually controlled horn gears and switches. Both braiding machines at the Institut für Textiltechnik (ITA) of RWTH Aachen University, Germany, are based on the principal of 3D rotary machines. The fully digitized 3D braiding machine with an Industry 4.0 standard enables the near-net-shape production of three-dimensionally braided textile preforms for lightweight applications. The preforms can be specifically reinforced in all three spatial directions according to the application. Complex 3D structures can be produced in just one process step due to the high degree of design freedom. The 3D hexagonal braiding technology is used in the field of medical textiles. The special shape of the horn gears and their hexagonal arrangement provides the densest packing of the bobbins on the machine bed. In addition, the lace braiding mechanism allows two bobbins to occupy the position between two horn gears, maximizing the number of bobbins. One of the main applications is the near-net-shape production of tubular structures, such as complex stent structures. Three-dimensional braiding offers many advantages compared to 2D braiding, e.g., production of complex three-dimensional geometries in one process step, connection of braided layers, production of cross-section changes and ramifications, and local reinforcement of technical textiles without additional process steps. In the following review, the latest developments in 3D braiding, the machine development of 3D braiding machines, as well as software and simulation developments are presented. In addition, various applications in the fields of lightweight construction and medical textiles are introduced.

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