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Journal articles on the topic 'Textile heat flux sensor'

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Published: 15 June 2024

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1

Tlemsani, Fatima Zohra, Hayriye Gidik, Elham Mohsenzadeh, and Daniel Dupont. "Textile Heat Flux Sensor Used in Stress Detection of Children with CP." Solid State Phenomena 333 (June 10, 2022): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-v03hy7.

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This work is part of the European project MOTION (Interreg 2 Seas Mers Zeeën), which aims to develop an exoskeleton for children with cerebral palsy (CP). The developed exoskeleton is equipped with a smart garment in order to detect the stress (e.g. physical, physiological) during the rehabilitation. Five different sensors, i.e. electrocardiogram (ECG), respiratory rate (RR), pressure, galvanic skin response (GSR) and textile heat fluxmeter (THF), are integrated into this smart garment for stress detection. This paper focuses on the development of the textile heat fluxmeter. Several researchers used heat fluxmeters in physiological studies to measure the body heat exchanges with the environment. However, the non-permeability of such fluxmeter gives inaccurate measurements in wet condition. Innovative flexible textile heat fluxmeter may detect, analyze, and monitor the heat and mass transfers with minimum disturbance due to its porosity. Moreover, it is desirable to have flexible sensors when they need to be in contact with the human body, in which the flexibility and non-irritability requirements are of utmost importance.

2

Gidik, Hayriye, Gauthier Bedek, Daniel Dupont, and Cezar Codau. "Impact of the textile substrate on the heat transfer of a textile heat flux sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 230 (July 2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2015.04.001.

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3

Villière, Maxime, Sébastien Guéroult, Vincent Sobotka, Nicolas Boyard, Joel Breard, and Didier Delaunay. "Experimental Study on the Identification of the Saturation of a Porous Media through Thermal Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 1576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.1576.

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Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) is among the most commonly used fabrication processes for producing high quality and complex composite structural parts. RTM process consists of placing a dry fibrous preform into a mold cavity. A liquid resin is subsequently injected into that cavity. The consolidation of the part is then obtained by crosslinking in case of a thermosetting resin or by crystallization in case of thermoplastic one. Voids can be created in the porous medium during the flow of the resin. Presence of residual voids in the composite part at the end of the filling drastically affect mechanical performances. Even if several authors have contributed to a better understanding and modeling of the mechanisms of formation and transport of voids during injection, few experimental approaches allowed a direct measurement of the saturation curve. The aim of this study is then to identify the saturation of a fibrous preform by a liquid through thermal analysis. To address this issue, an experimental bench that allows the injection of a fluid into a textile preform has been used. This apparatus combines the measurement of temperatures and wall heat flux densities at several locations. A simplified modeling of the filling front has been performed with FEM using Comsol Multiphysics™. The saturation curve is modeled using several geometric parameters. Saturation is taken into account through the evolution of thermophysical properties. Effective thermophysical properties of the dry and completely-saturated porous medium in transverse and longitudinal directions have been measured by several methods, and their results have been then cross-checked and compared with good accuracy. The evolution between these two states has been modeled. A particular attention has been paid for the modeling of the transverse thermal conductivity. This parameter has been modeled using a periodic homogenization method as a function of the micro- and macro-saturation. The saturation curve parameters are determined by minimizing the cost function defined as the square difference between the measured and computed heat flux. The obtained saturation curve is finally compared with the one measured by a conductometric sensor.

4

Medvíd', A., and J. Kaupužs. "Heat-flux sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 42, no. 1-3 (April 1994): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(94)80016-2.

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5

Onofrei, Elena, Teodor-Cezar Codau, Gauthier Bedek, Daniel Dupont, and Cedric Cochrane. "Textile sensor for heat flow measurements." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 2 (July 22, 2016): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515627167.

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This paper describes the concept of creating and testing of a textile heat flow sensor in order to determine the amount of heat exchanged between the human body and its environment. The main advantage of this sensor is the permeability to moisture, which allows taking into account the evaporation phenomenon, contrary to the traditional heat flow sensors. Another property related to this new sensor is its flexibility conferred by the textile substrate, which allows it to be applied on deformable surfaces.

6

Koestoer, Raldi Artono. "Zero method heat flux sensor." Sensors and Actuators 7, no. 3 (July 1985): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0250-6874(85)85016-2.

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7

Gifford, Andrew R., David O. Hubble, Clayton A. Pullins, Thomas E. Diller, and Scott T. Huxtable. "Durable Heat Flux Sensor for Extreme Temperature and Heat Flux Environments." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 24, no. 1 (January 2010): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.42298.

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8

Weir, G. J. "Surface mounted heat flux sensors." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 27, no. 3 (January 1986): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000004938.

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AbstractThe dual integral equations describing heat flow about a circular Heat Flux Sensor on the surface of a layered medium are derived and discussed, together with the extent to which the Heat Flux Sensor measures the heat flow which would occur in the absence of a Heat Flux Sensor. An asymptotic analysis provides new analytical results supporting those derived previously by numerical methods.It is suggested that some properties of the general problem of a Heat Flux Sensor on the surface of a multiply-layered medium can be approximated by a lumped-parameter model depending on only four non-dimensional numbers: namely, two non-dimensional linear heat transfer coefficients, and essentially two non-dimensional thermal resistances. Some support for the lumped parameter model is provided.

9

Zheng, Xiao Shi, Guang He Cheng, Qing Long Meng, Feng Qi Hao, Xuan Cai Xu, Yu Zhong Yang, Zheng Wei Wang, and Ping Tang. "The Calibration Method of Thermal Heat Flux Sensor Based on Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.538.

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This paper analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of existing heat flux sensor calibration methods, proposed a calibration method of thermal heat flux sensor based on wireless sensor networks. Experimental results showed that the detection error was reduced from 6% to 2% after calibration. The proposed method has many advantages, such as short calibration time, accurate results, easy installation as well as batching calibration. In a word, this method is available to calibrate heat flux sensors and will have an important significance for accurate measurement of heat flux.

10

Taler, Dawid, Sławomir Grądziel, and Jan Taler. "Measurement of heat flux density and heat transfer coefficient." Archives of Thermodynamics 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-010-0011-z.

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Measurement of heat flux density and heat transfer coefficientThe paper presents the solution to a problem of determining the heat flux density and the heat transfer coefficient, on the basis of temperature measurement at three locations in the flat sensor, with the assumption that the heat conductivity of the sensor material is temperature dependent. Three different methods for determining the heat flux and heat transfer coefficient, with their practical applications, are presented. The uncertainties in the determined values are also estimated.

11

Liu, Jia Xing, Hang Guo, Jun Ying Jiang, Fang Ye, and Chong Fang Ma. "Fabrication and Calibration of a Thin Film Heat Flux Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 1181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.1181.

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In order to measure heat flux in micro scale space, a thin film heat flux sensor is designed, fabricated and calibrated. Vacuum coating technology is applied to fabricate the sensor with a total thickness of 0.49μm. Silicon dioxide wafer is used as substrate. Cobalt and stibium is deposited on the substrate to form thermopile. Correlation coefficient R is 0.94025. Sensitivity of the heat flux sensor is 0.05062 μV/(W/m2). Time constant of the sensor is 0.66044 seconds. Dynamic test shows that the heat flux sensor responds rapidly to periodic heat flux which is supplied by halogen lamp.

12

Cui, Yunxian, Hui Liu, Haoyu Wang, Shuning Guo, Mingfeng E, Wanyu Ding, and Junwei Yin. "Design and Fabrication of a Thermopile-Based Thin Film Heat Flux Sensor, Using a Lead—Substrate Integration Method." Coatings 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111670.

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An accurate and continuous measurement of heat flux is needed in many long-term operation facilities in order to monitor and improve the life of its machinery. A thin film heat flux sensor is usually fabricated via sputtering, according to different spatial arrangements of thermocouple junctions. A novel thin film heat flux sensor was designed, fabricated, and calibrated, but the connection between the thin film and the leads could not be fixed quickly and steadily. For this purpose, in this paper a method to seamlessly integrate the leads and the thin film has been proposed to improve the sensor output signal. The sensor is capable of simultaneously measuring surface heat flux and temperature magnitude, to address the current situation of the single design of heat flux sensors. The novel thin film heat flux sensor is structured as follows: Thirty pairs of NiCr-NiSi thermocouple junctions are deposited in an annular pattern on a well-designed ceramic substrate. Over the annular thermopile, a 2000 nm-thick thermal insulator layer is deposited to create a temperature gradient across the layers. In addition, in this study a new calibration method was used to evaluate the static and dynamic properties of this novel thin film heat flux sensor. The analysis and experimental results show that the heat flux calculated from the sensor output was in good agreement with the value obtained from the pre-calibrated standard sensor. The sensitivity and response time of the novel sensor were measured at 0.06 mV/(kW/m2) and 475 ms, respectively. The heat flux measurements made with the sensor presented good repeatability. The heat-transfer coefficient of the Al2O3 thin film was 4.477 w/(m∙k) for the novel thin film heat flux sensor described in this paper.

13

Codau, Teodor-Cezar, Elena Onofrei, Gauthier Bedek, Daniel Dupont, and Cedric Cochrane. "Embedded textile heat flow sensor characterization and application." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 235 (November 2015): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2015.10.004.

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14

Holmberg, D. G., and T. E. Diller. "High-Frequency Heat Flux Sensor Calibration and Modeling." Journal of Fluids Engineering 117, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817319.

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A new method of in-situ heat flux gage calibration is evaluated for use in convective facilities with high heat transfer and fast time response. A Heat Flux Microsensor (HFM) was used in a shock tunnel to simultaneously measure time-resolved surface heat flux and temperature from two sensors fabricated on the same substrate. A method is demonstrated for estimating gage sensitivity and frequency response from the data generated during normal transient test runs. To verify heat flux sensitivity, shock tunnel data are processed according to a one-dimensional semi-infinite conduction model based on measured thermal properties for the gage substrate. Heat flux signals are converted to temperature, and vice versa. Comparing measured and calculated temperatures allows an independent calibration of sensitivity for each data set. The results match gage calibrations performed in convection at the stagnation point of a free jet and done by the manufacturer using radiation. In addition, a finite-difference model of the transient behavior of the heat flux sensor is presented to demonstrate the first-order response to a step input in heat flux. Results are compared with shock passing data from the shock tunnel. The Heat Flux Microsensor recorded the heat flux response with an estimated time constant of 6 μs, which demonstrates a frequency response covering DC to above 100 kHz.

15

Knauss, Helmut, Tim Roediger, Dimitry A. Bountin, Boris V. Smorodsky, Anatoly A. Maslov, and Julio Srulijes. "Novel Sensor for Fast Heat Flux Measurements." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 46, no. 2 (March 2009): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.32011.

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16

Tian, Wei, Yi Wang, Hong Zhou, Yuelin Wang, and Tie Li. "Micromachined Thermopile Based High Heat Flux Sensor." Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems 29, no. 1 (February 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jmems.2019.2948645.

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17

Ballestrín, J., C. A. Estrada, M. Rodríguez-Alonso, C. Pérez-Rábago, L. W. Langley, and A. Barnes. "High-heat-flux sensor calibration using calorimetry." Metrologia 41, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/41/4/013.

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18

Yu, Jing, Xiong Zhu Bu, and Xiao Gang Chu. "Research and Design of Gardon Heat Flux Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.833.

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In the field of aerospace, the Gardon heat flux sensor is not allowed water-cooling device, so the sensor sensitivity would be greatly affected by the temperature rise of the heat sink. To deal with this problem, a high-temperature, high-precision heat flux sensor is designed based on the metal thermo-electric effect and the principle of thermal conduction. First of all, the measuring principle of the Gardon heat flux sensor is expounded. Then the heating process of the copper heat sink is derived. In order to slowdown the temperature of the heat sink, kinds of adiabatic measures are taken. Thermodynamic simulation for the designed sensor is performed by the ANSYS finite element simulation software. Finally, experiments have been carried out to test the performance of the sensor. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the sensor with adiabatic measures did not decline within 1000s, and its linearity is 1.38%. So the sensor is able to meet applications in the aerospace field.

19

Matsugi, Daiki, Tsuneyoshi Matsuoka, Yuji Nakamura, and Ken Matsuyama. "A Constant-temperature Heat Flux Sensor with Heat Feedback Control." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2018 (2018): 0070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2018.0070.

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20

Danielsson, U. "Convective heat transfer measured directly with a heat flux sensor." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 1275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.3.1275.

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A heat flux disk has been developed that directly measures the convective heat transfer in W/m2. When the sensor is calibrated on an aluminum cylinder, the calibration constant obtained is greatest in still air. As air movement increases, the calibration constant is reduced with increasing convective heat transfer coefficient, 0.5%.W-1.m2.K. The influence of wind on the calibration value is greatly reduced when the sensor is attached to a surface with lower thermal conductivity. The local convective heat transfer coefficient (hc) of the human body was measured. The leg acts in a manner similar to that of a cylinder, with the highest hc value at the front facing the wind and the lowest approximately 90 degrees from the wind, and in the wake a value is obtained that is close to the average hc value of the leg. When hc is measured at several angles and positions all over the body, the results indicate that the body acts approximately as a cylinder with a hc value related to the wind speed as hc = 8.6.v0.6 W.m-2.K-1, where v is velocity.

21

Domínguez-Pumar, Manuel, Jose-Antonio Rodríguez-Manfredi, Vicente Jiménez, Sandra Bermejo, and Joan Pons-Nin. "A Miniaturized 3D Heat Flux Sensor to Characterize Heat Transfer in Regolith of Planets and Small Bodies." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 25, 2020): 4135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154135.

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The objective of this work is to present the first analytical and experimental results obtained with a 3D heat flux sensor for planetary regolith. The proposed structure, a sphere divided in four sectors, is sensible to heat flow magnitude and angle. Each sector includes a platinum resistor that is used both to sense its temperature and provide heating power. By operating the sectors at constant temperature, the sensor gives a response that is proportional to the heat flux vector in the regolith. The response of the sensor is therefore independent of the thermal conductivity of the regolith. A complete analytical solution of the response of the sensor is presented. The sensor may be used to provide information on the instantaneous local thermal environment surrounding a lander in planetary exploration or in small bodies like asteroids. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first sensor capable of measuring local 3D heat flux.

22

Dejima, Kazuhito, Osamu Nakabeppu, Yuto Nakamura, Tomohiro Tsuchiya, and Keisuke Nagasaka. "Three-point MEMS heat flux sensor for turbulent heat transfer measurement in internal combustion engines." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 7 (April 18, 2018): 696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418770308.

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A heat flux sensor was developed with micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technologies for investigating turbulent heat transfer characteristics in engines. The sensor has three thin-film resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) of a square 315 µm on a side on a 900 µm diameter circle in rotational symmetry. The performances of the MEMS systems sensor were tested in an open combustion chamber and a laboratory engine. In the open chamber tests, it was revealed that the MEMS sensor can measure the wall heat fluxes reflecting flow states of gas phase. In addition, the noise was evaluated as 3.8 kW/m2 with the standard deviation against the wall heat flux of a few hundred kW/m2. From these results, it was proved that the MEMS sensor has the potential to observe turbulent heat transfer on the order over 10 kW/m2 in the engine. In the laboratory engine test, the wall heat flux for continuous 200 cycles was measured with a good signal-to-noise ratio. The noise was evaluated as 13.4 kW/m2 with the standard deviation despite the noisy environment. Furthermore, it was proved that the MEMS sensor has the comparable scale with the turbulence in the engine because the three adjacent detectors measured similar but different phase oscillations in the local instantaneous heat fluxes. In addition, a heat flux vector reflecting the state of the local instantaneous heat transfer was visualized by the adjacent three-point measurement. It is expected that the three-point MEMS sensor will be a useful tool for the engine heat transfer research.

23

Navone, Christelle, Mathieu Soulier, Isabella Chartier, Julia Simon, Aurelien Oliveira, Claudine Gehin, and Thierry Pauchard. "Flexible Heat Flux Sensor for Firefighters Garment Integration." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jehmc.2013010104.

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The interest in using optimal equipment to face unknown hazards is growing, as it ultimately save lives. This holds especially true for fire-fighters which are confronted with other hazards during the course of operations. Improvement of their security by an integrated sensory clothing system was the main objective of the European project ProeTEX. In this context, the integration of commercial heat flux sensors into fire-fighters garment has proved the interest of such measurements. However, low flexibility and high cost remain major disadvantages of these sensors. The objective of this work is to develop an innovative heat flux sensor based on a low cost technology. Heat flux sensors have been realized using printable thermoelectric materials and present high sensitivity (146 mV/ (W/cm2)). Their flexibility is compatible with integration in clothes and three specific integrations are proposed and compared. Proof of concept of flexible heat flux sensor is also presented in this paper.

24

Chen, Xiao Dong, and Sing Kiong Nguang. "The theoretical basis of heat flux sensor pen." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1173912603000014.

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Measuring heat flux out or into a process surface is of significant practical interest. Miniaturization of the sensor and the capability of dynamic sensing are highly desirable. In this paper, the theoretical basis of a heat flux sensor ‘pen’ idea has been established, which allows for real-time measurements. Here the thin temperature measuring wires (thermocouple) are used as the heat flux sensing and heat carrier device. Such a device is shown to be feasible with the available solutions obtained using a semi-empirical approach employing Laplace transformation method combined with an intermediate curve-fitting procedure in the case of finite sensor length and exact solution already available in literature in the semi-infinite domain case.

25

NAGASAKA, Keisuke, Tomohiro TSUCHIYA, Yuto NAKAMURA, Kazuhito DEJIMA, and Osamu NAKABEPPU. "Heat Flux Sensor on Metal Substrate for Engine." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2016 (2016): J0720102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2016.j0720102.

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26

Tsuchiya, Tomohiro, Keisuke Nagasaka, Kazuhito Dejima, Yuto Nakamura, and Osamu Nakabeppu. "Development of Heat flux sensor for automobile engine." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2016 (2016): E221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2016.e221.

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27

Murthy, A. V., G. T. Fraser, and D. P. DeWitt. "A summary of heat-flux sensor calibration data." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 110, no. 2 (March 2005): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.110.009.

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28

Shen, Yonghang, Jinglei He, Weizhong Zhao, Tong Sun, Kenneth T. V. Grattan, and William D. N. Pritchard. "Fiber-optic sensor system for heat-flux measurement." Review of Scientific Instruments 75, no. 4 (April 2004): 1006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1646768.

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Kudomi, N., T. Itahashi, K. Takahisa, S. Yoshida, and M. Komori. "Versatile beam calorimeter with a heat flux sensor." Review of Scientific Instruments 72, no. 7 (July 2001): 2957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1373671.

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30

Bauer, Wolf D., and John B. Heywood. "TRANSFER FUNCTION OF THIN-FILM HEAT FLUX SENSOR." Experimental Heat Transfer 10, no. 3 (July 1997): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916159708946542.

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31

Pullins, Clayton A., and Tom E. Diller. "In situ High Temperature Heat Flux Sensor Calibration." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53, no. 17-18 (August 2010): 3429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.03.042.

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32

van Heiningen, A. R. P., W. J. M. Douglas, and A. S. Mujumdar. "A high sensitivity, fast response heat flux sensor." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 28, no. 9 (September 1985): 1657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(85)90140-1.

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Tian, Chun Lai, Shan Zhou, and Li Yong Han. "Numerical Simulation of Heat Conduction for Error Analysis on Heat Flux Sensor Embedded in Flat Steel Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 563 (May 2014): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.563.133.

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A numerical simulation model of heat flux sensors embedded in a flat plate is established. Each sensor has four thermal couples and is inserted into the specified hole. The problem is defined as a steady heat conduction problem with specified boundary conditions and solved by the finite element method. The results of the simulation case demonstrate that the maximum heat flux appears near the sensor shell. The average heat flux of the plate is much smaller than the maximum. Due to exiting of the contact heat resistance, the temperature of the sensor is much lower than that of the plate at horizontal surface. The maximum temperature difference appears on the bottom shell of the sensor. The maximum temperature difference between the simulation results and the experimental data at test points is 1.5 K. The model is verified and could be accepted for the further errors analysis.

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Wang, Chunzhi, Hongzhe Jiao, Lukyan Anatychuk, Nataliya Pasyechnikova, Volodymyr Naumenko, Oleg Zadorozhnyy, Lyudmyla Vikhor, Roman Kobylianskyi, Roman Fedoriv, and Orest Kochan. "Development of a Temperature and Heat Flux Measurement System Based on Microcontroller and its Application in Ophthalmology." Measurement Science Review 22, no. 2 (March 12, 2022): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2022-0009.

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Abstract The paper describes the design and technical parameters of a medical thermoelectric device developed for diagnosing and monitoring the ophthalmic diseases. The main elements of the device are a specially designed thermoelectric heat flux sensor and a thermocouple temperature sensor connected to a data acquisition unit. The sensor is a thermoelectric micro-module that converts the heat flux into an electric voltage, which is recorded by the measuring channel of the data acquisition unit. The device allows high-precision measurements of both heat flux and temperature from the ocular surface. The paper contains examples of clinical piloting of the device.

35

Sullivan, Erik A., and André G. McDonald. "Mathematical model and sensor development for measuring energy transfer from wildland fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 7 (2014): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14016.

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Current practices for measuring high heat flux in scenarios such as wildland forest fires use expensive, thermopile-based sensors, coupled with mathematical models based on a semi-infinite-length scale. Although these sensors are acceptable for experimental testing in laboratories, high error rates or the need for water cooling limits their applications in field experiments. Therefore, a one-dimensional, finite-length scale, transient-heat conduction model was developed and combined with an inexpensive, thermocouple-based rectangular sensor, to create a rapidly deployable, non-cooled sensor for testing in field environments. The proposed model was developed using concepts from heat conduction and with transient temperature boundary conditions, to avoid complicated radiation and convection conditions. Constant heat flux and tree-burning tests were respectively conducted using a mass loss cone calorimeter and a propane-fired radiant panel to validate the proposed analytical model and sensor as well as test the sensor in a simulated forest fire setting. The sensor was mounted directly beside a commercial Schmidt–Boelter gauge to provide data for comparison. The proposed heat flux measurement method provided results similar to those obtained from the commercial heat flux gauge to within one standard deviation. This suggests that the use of a finite-length scale model, coupled with an inexpensive thermocouple-based sensor, is effective in estimating the intense heat loads from wildland fires.

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Dinu, C., D. E. Beasley, and R. S. Figliola. "Frequency Response Characteristics of an Active Heat Flux Gage." Journal of Heat Transfer 120, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824314.

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The transient response and frequency response of a constant-temperature platinum film gage are computationally modeled for application to heat flux measurement. The probe consists of a thin platinum film (sensor) deposited on a Pyrex substrate, and coated with aluminum oxide. The probe is exposed to a convective environment, and the power required to maintain the sensor at a constant temperature is a direct indication of the local, instantaneous heat transfer rate. In application, the probe is mounted in a heated, high thermal conductivity material, creating an isothermal heat transfer surface. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed to represent the sensor, the Pyrex substrate and the coating. Ideally, the probe would be operated with the platinum at identically the same temperature as the isothermal surface. In the present study, the effects of non-ideal operating conditions, resulting in differences between the sensor and surface temperature, are examined. Frequency response characteristics are presented in a nondimensional form. The results of this modeling effort clearly indicate the importance of precise control over the sensor temperature in employing the present method for heat flux measurement. With the sensor temperature equal to the isothermal surface temperature, the probe calibration is insensitive to the heat transfer rate over a wide range of heat transfer coefficients. However, a 0.5°C difference between the sensor and surface temperatures yields a change in the calibration of approximately 20 percent over a range of heat transfer coefficient of 500 W/m2K. At an input frequency of 10 Hz and an average heat transfer coefficient of 175 W/m2K, amplitude errors increase from 3 percent to 35 percent as the temperature difference changes from zero to 1°C. These results are useful guide to calibration, operation, and data reduction in active heat flux measurement.

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Lazaro, Marc, Antonio Lazaro, Benito González, Ramon Villarino, and David Girbau. "Long-Range Wireless System for U-Value Assessment Using a Low-Cost Heat Flux Sensor." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 25, 2022): 7259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197259.

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The present study exposes an economical and easy-to-use system to assess the heat transfer in building envelopes by determining the U-value. Nowadays these systems require long wires and a host to collect and process the data. In this work, a multi-point system for simultaneous heat flux measurement has been proposed. The aim is to reduce the long measurement time and the cost of thermal isolation evaluations in large buildings. The system proposed consists of a low-cost 3D-printed heat flux sensor integrated with a LoRa transceiver and two temperature sensors. The heat flux (HF) sensor was compared and calibrated with a commercial HF sensor from the Fluxteq brand.

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Stepanenko, Victor, Irina Repina, and Arseniy Artamonov. "Derivation of Heat Conductivity from Temperature and Heat Flux Measurements in Soil." Land 10, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060552.

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The general inverse problem formulation for a heat conductance equation is adopted for the types of measurement routinely carried out in the soil active layer. The problem solution delivers a constant thermal diffusivity coefficient a0 (in general, different from true value a) and respective heat conductivity λ0 for the layer, located between two temperature sensors and equipped with a temperature or heat flux sensor in the middle. We estimated the error of solution corresponding to systematic shifts in sensor readings and mislocation of sensors in the soil column. This estimation was carried out by a series of numerical experiments using boundary conditions from observations on Mukhrino wetland (Western Siberia, Russia), performed in summer, 2019. Numerical results were corroborated by analytical estimates of inverse problem solution sensitivity derived from classical Fourier law. The main finding states that heat conductivity error due to systematic shifts in temperature measurements become negligible when using long temperature series, whereas the relative error of a is approximately twice the relative error of sensor depth. The error a0−a induced by heat flux plate displacement from expected depth is 3–5 times less than the same displacement of thermometers, which makes the requirements for heat flux installation less rigid. However, the relative errors of heat flux observation typical for modern sensors (±15%) cause the uncertainty of a above 15% in absolute value. Comparison of the inverse problem solution to a estimated from in situ moss sampling on Mukhrino wetland proves the feasibility of the method and corroborates the conclusions of the error sensitivity study.

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Li, Zhiling, Gao Wang, Jianping Yin, Hongxin Xue, Jinqin Guo, Yong Wang, and Manguo Huang. "Development and Performance Analysis of an Atomic Layer Thermopile Sensor for Composite Heat Flux Testing in an Explosive Environment." Electronics 12, no. 17 (August 24, 2023): 3582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12173582.

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Traditional contact heat flux sensors suffer from a lack of dynamic performance, and existing non-contact optical heat measurement equipment fails to detect convective heat transfer effectively. This limitation precludes the effective testing of composite heat flux in explosive fields. This study introduces an ultra-responsive atomic layer thermopile (ALTP) heat flux sensor, developed and employed for the first time, to evaluate the transient heat flux associated with thermobaric explosions. Measurements reveal that the ALTP sensor’s temporal resolution surpasses that of the thermal resistance thin film heat flux sensor (TFHF), attaining a spectral response time of 10 μs under pulsed laser irradiation. Beyond these radiation-based tests, the present work also conducted novel simulation analyses of high-temperature jet impacts using COMSOL software. Static simulation discovered that fluid velocity significantly influences ALTP’s sensitivity, resulting in an error of 71%. Conversely, dynamic simulation demonstrated that an increase in fluid velocity reduces the ALTP’s time constant, whereas other factors such as fluid temperature exert minimal impact on its dynamic characteristics. This confirms that the simulation model compensates for the cost and accuracy deficiencies of convection heating tests. It also provides a new way to analyze the error of explosive heat flux measurement caused by sensitivity fluctuation and insufficient dynamic performance. In thermobaric explosive trials, the maximum heat fluxes recorded were 202 kW/m2 in semi-enclosed environments and 526 kW/m2 in open environments. A distinctive double-wave phenomenon was evident in the test curve. By a fast-response thermocouple, the study was able to differentiate between radiation and convective heat flux in the explosion field. The findings substantiate that the ALTP sensor amalgamates the benefits of optical thermal measurement tools with those of traditional contact heat flux sensors, thereby facilitating composite heat flux measurements in the challenging conditions of an explosive field.

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Mitsuya, T., K. Masuda, and Y. Hori. "Measurement of Temperature and Heat Flux Changes During the Fixing Process in Electrophotographic Machines." Journal of Engineering for Industry 118, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2803636.

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Increasingly higher speeds of modern electrophotographic printing force examination of the problem of retaining sufficient fixing strength without deterioration of print quality. In the nip region between the two rollers where fixing occurs, the significant parameters are temperature, heat flux, and pressure changes. Their optimization is necessary to maintain both speed and print quality. Difficulty in analyzing the relationship among these parameters occurs because of the complexity of two-dimensional phenomena in a rotating field and the rapidity of changes. Experimental equipment to measure relative heat flux in the nip region during rapid temperature changes was designed. Two sensors are installed in the heat roller. An adiabatic piece is buried under sensor 1. Sensor 2, without an adiabatic piece, detects temperature. Sensor 1 is electrically heated and always at the same temperature as sensor 2. Heat flux changes are obtained by noting the electric power supplied to sensor 1. The equipment was fabricated and measurements were made. They indicate an intermittent two-dimensional heat flux. Because of this, temperature decreases rapidly before the entrance to the nip region. Estimates of two-dimensional effects are made and modified for a one-dimensional case. From them, the temperature field in the nip region for actual fixing conditions is calculated.

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KAWANA, Futoshi, Naoya KAWAMURA, and Kunihito MATSUI. "EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT THERMAL PROPERTIES USING HEAT FLUX SENSOR." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. E1 (Pavement Engineering) 68, no. 3 (2012): I_5—I_12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejpe.68.i_5.

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Murthy, A. V., A. V. Prokhorov, and D. P. DeWitt. "High Heat-Flux Sensor Calibration: A Monte Carlo Modeling." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 18, no. 3 (July 2004): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.7119.

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Ewing, Jerrod, Andrew Gifford, David Hubble, Pavlos Vlachos, Alfred Wicks, and Thomas Diller. "A direct-measurement thin-film heat flux sensor array." Measurement Science and Technology 21, no. 10 (August 3, 2010): 105201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/10/105201.

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Oh, S. H., S. H. Lee, J. C. Jeon, M. H. Kim, and S. S. Lee. "Bulk-micromachined circular foil type micro heat-flux sensor." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 132, no. 2 (November 2006): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2003.02.001.

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Saidi, Arash, and Jungho Kim. "Heat flux sensor with minimal impact on boundary conditions." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 28, no. 8 (October 2004): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2004.01.004.

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Immonen, Antti, Saku Levikari, Feng Gao, Pertti Silventoinen, and Mikko Kuisma. "Development of a Vertically Configured MEMS Heat Flux Sensor." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3034961.

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YOKOYAMA, Shingo, Shoichi SATO, and Hiromi SUGO. "313 Thermal Resistance of Heat Flux Sensor for Fingertip." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2009.58 (2009): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2009.58.181.

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Murthy, A. V., B. K. Tsai, and R. D. Saunders. "High-heat-flux sensor calibration using black-body radiation." Metrologia 35, no. 4 (August 1998): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/50.

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Silman, Robert W. "Anaerobic calorimetry ofZymomonas mobilis using a heat-flux sensor." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28, no. 12 (December 1986): 1769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260281203.

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Emery, A. F., and T. D. Fadale. "The Effect of Imprecisions in Thermal Sensor Location and Boundary Conditions on Optimal Sensor Location and Experimental Accuracy." Journal of Heat Transfer 119, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824169.

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Optimal sensor locations and the information content obtained when estimating thermal parameters using the inverse method are significantly affected by uncertainties in sensor position and in the system parameters. This paper describes the effects of these uncertainties. It is shown that the effect of sensor location uncertainties can be reduced by placing temperature sensors in locations of minimum heat flux. In transient experiments, the uncertainties in the boundary conditions have the greatest effect at points of high heat flux and cause the optimal sensor locations to move from the boundary with the highest convective heat transfer coefficient to the boundary with the lowest in an abrupt manner.