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Tintemann, Ute. "The Traditions of Grammar Writing in Karl Philipp Moritz’s (1756–1793) Grammars of English (1784) and Italian (1791)." Historiographia Linguistica 42, no. 1 (May 26, 2015): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.1.03tin.
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Summary Until the late 18th century, authors of vernacular grammars often adopted the categories of Latin grammar to describe these languages. However, by adapting the Latin system to English, German or Italian, grammarians could succeed only in part, because these languages work in different ways. In the present paper, the author discusses the solutions that Karl Philipp Moritz (1756–1793) proposes in his Englische and Italiänische Sprachlehre für die Deutschen, textbooks for German learners. The author analyses to what extent Moritz’s grammar descriptions were influenced by the Latin model as well as by the traditions of English and Italian grammar writing that he encountered in his sources. It will be demonstrated that he translated extensively from the works of other authors: For his English textbook (Moritz 1784), he mainly used James Greenwood’s (1683?–1737) The Royal English Grammar (1737), and for Italian (Moritz 1791), he profited especially from Benedetto Rogacci’s (1646–1719) Pratica, e compendiosa istruzione circa l’uso emendato, ed elegante della Lingua Italiana (1711).
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Ermolaeva, Elena L. "The Greek “Epigram” by the Leichoudes Brothers to Peter I." Philologia Classica 16, no. 2 (2021): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2021.211.
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The article provides a transcription, translation, context, and commentary on two versions of a Greek “Epigram” to Peter the Great by the Leichoudes brothers, Ioannikios (1633–1717) and Sophronios (1653–1730), Greeks from Kephallenia who were outstanding religious writers and enlighteners. The poem called “An Epigram to our quietest and crowned by God Tsar Peter Alexeevich, autocrat of Moscow and all of Great, Small and White Rus” was preserved as an example of elegiac couplets in the manuscripts of their textbook “Poetics” (“Περὶ τῆς ποιητικῆς εἴτε μετρικῆς τέχνης”), which they composed for the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy — the first higher education establishment in Russia set up by the Leichoudes brothers in 1865 in Moscow. The textbook “Poetics” was written in ancient Greek without any Slavic translation. It was taught in the upper classes (suprema). In fact, it appears that this was a textbook on Greek versification. In 1855, the version of the “Epigram” kept in the manuscript of the Russian State Library in Moscow (F. 173 (MTA), № 331), dated to 1687, was published by Sergey Smirnov, but unfortunately this publication was not free from errors. The Greek version of the “Epigram” and its translation into Old Church Slavonic which had been kept in the manuscripts of the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine in Kiev (F. 306 (Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra) № 337), seems to have never been transcribed and published before. After having compared both versions, the author concludes that the Moscow version has a more elaborate rhetorical style. The “Epigram” was written on the occasion of Peter I’s first visit to the Greek-Slavic school of the Leichoudes brothers at the Epiphany monastery (1685–1687), the predecessor of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
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Sharma, Ajay. "Euler is an innovator of F =ma, Newton’s second law gives F = KdV; F =ma may be obtained from Newton’s law by logically modifying it." E3S Web of Conferences 540 (2024): 14005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454014005.
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There are two distinct forms of Newton’s second law of motion (1686) i.e. original or Principia’s form of (change in motion is proportional to impressed force, F = KdV) and textbook form (rate of change of momentum is proportional to impressed force, F =ma). Newton neither gave acceleration nor F =ma, it is mentioned by IOP England, publications of the American Institute of Physics, etc. Truesdell has inconsistently pointed out in 1960 that Euler had given F =ma in 1752, but the truth is that Euler had given F=2ma in the said paper. Euler had also given various equations such as F =ma/n, F =2ma, F =ma/2g, F =ma etc.; but these are ignored by Truesdell. The exceptionally useful equation F =ma was given by Euler in 1775, and then succeeding scientists inconsistently tried to show that F =ma follows from the original form of the law. Consequently, some arbitrary assumptions are made, original form, F =KdV; and the fact that Euler gave F =ma are not mentioned in the standard textbooks. For comparison, Newton’s first law and third law (Reaction =-Action) are the same in the Principia and textbooks. In the existing literature, F =ma is obtained from Principia’s definition of NSLM, by replacing ‘change in motion’ equal to ‘rate of change of momentum’, but motion is not ascribed to any units and dimensions. If the original definition of Newton’s law is changed in a postulatory way i.e. ‘change in motion’ is replaced by ‘rate of change in momentum’ and ‘proportionality’ by ‘equality’; then F=ma is obtained from a modified equation without any arbitrary assumption. In 1893, Rouse Ball randomly altered Newton’s second law as a change in momentum [per unit time] is always proportional to the impressed force.
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Vozar, Thomas Matthew. "A Cambridge University Greek Textbook at Harvard College in 1642." New England Quarterly 96, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00973.
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Abstract This paper considers a Homeric paraphrase of the Book of Job by James Duport, Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge, as the earliest known Greek textbook in use at the newly founded Harvard College, as recorded in New England's First Fruits (1643).
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LIU, Limin. "Changes of Heritage Education in China’s Primary School Moral Education Textbooks." Asia-Pacific Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 01, no. 03 (November 15, 2021): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53789/j.1653-0465.2021.0103.012.
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許麗芳, 許麗芳. "唐通事教材對於古典小說與善書之接受：以江戶時期（1603-1867）《鬧裡鬧》、《唐話長短拾話》、《唐通事心得》為中心." 中正漢學研究 32, no. 32 (December 2018): 089–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/2306036020181200320004.
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<p>本論文分析日本江戶時期（1603-1867）唐通事教材對古典小說與善書之接受現象。當時的唐通事教材具有明顯的口語特徵與通俗內涵，此實與古典小說與善書關係密切。既有研究已關注其中語音或敘事現象等，本文則於既有基礎上，分析《鬧裡鬧》、《唐話長短拾話》、《唐通事心得》對於中國筆記小說、話本小說與章回小說之承襲與相關意義，分析範圍包括唐通事教材沿襲白話小說之口語特徵、對文言或白話小說情節剪裁改寫之敘事現象，並藉以傳輸的庶民倫理關懷，以及所觸及的有關小說與善書之互動內涵，本文關注這些敘事形式與價值觀點之承襲與唐通事學養之關聯，藉由相關比對分析，以期理解透過傳播與模擬，文學文本在異國的接受現象與可能意涵。</p> <p> </p><p>This paper examines how Japanese Tangtongshi（唐通事）textbooks which are characterized by colloquial language and values of civilians receive Chinese classical novels. Critics have indicated colloquialism in Tangtongshi textbooks, and this paper continues the discussion by analyzing three textbooks for the Tangtongshi: Naun Li Naun（鬧裡鬧）,Tang Hua Chang Duan Shi Hua（唐話長短拾話）and Tang Tong Shi Hsing Der （唐通事心得）. This paper investigates how they receive and inherit Chinese classical novels: they rewrite the narrative of classical novels and deliver the values of civilians. This paper also examines the relationship among the classical novels, Tangtongshi materials and Shanshu（善書common books used to moralize civilians）, expecting to show how Japan’s Tangtongshi materials use Chinese classical novels in an international context where Chinese books introduced to Japan influence how Japan’s Tangtongshi textbooks are written.</p> <p> </p>
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McDermott, Sarah, and Craig Demmer. "Analysis of End-of-Life Content in Selected Introductory Health Education Textbooks." Illness, Crisis & Loss 16, no. 3 (June 9, 2008): 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/il.16.3.d.
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Astuti, D., A. Prabowo, N. A. Hidayati, and U. Khasanah. "Educational statistics textbooks to develop collaborative skills and critical thinking." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1613 (August 2020): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1613/1/012045.
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Meli, Domenico Bertoloni. "Science and the Enlightenment Revisited." Journal of Early Modern Studies 12, no. 1 (2023): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jems20231212.
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At nearly forty, Science and the Enlightenment (Cambridge, 1985) by Thomas L. Hankins is seriously dated but still widely used, broadly reliable for what it covers and frustrating for its omissions, richly informative in its contents and somewhat opaque in its intellectual coordinates. For better or for worse, with its compact two hundred pages of text and remarkably well-chosen images, it remains the best textbook on the period, even though recent research has greatly enriched, problematized, and subverted older assumptions. This essay situates Hankins’s textbook within our changing understanding of the sciences in the Enlightenment, providing a critical evaluation of its achievements, problems, and intellectual agenda. I focus on periodization and the role Isaac Newton’s main works, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687) and Opticks (1704)—both with much expanded later editions—play in Hankins’s narrative with respect to their intellectual and methodological agenda. While offering some thoughts on what mid-1980s readers may have reasonably expected from a textbook on the Enlightenment, I also include brief reflections on how the field has changed in recent times and some comments on what a new textbook may look like, forty years later.
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Salevouris, Michael. "Loades, Power In Tudor England: Lockyer, James VI & I; Hirst, England In Conflict, 1603-1660 - Kingdom, Community, Commonwealth." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 27, no. 1 (April 1, 2002): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.27.1.34-37.
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Tudor-Stuart England has long captured the imaginations of Americans, and that fascination has certainly been reflected in the realm of textbook publication. The three works discussed in this review attempt to make accessible to the current generation of students the most recent scholarship on early modern England-unfortunately, with mixed results.
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Cender, Craig, and Ian Grimm. "Textbook of gastroenterology, 4th edition. (vol. 1, 1683 pp., vol. 2, 1625 pp.) Atlas of Gastroenterology , 3rd edition (1139 pp). textbook 4/E and Atlas 3/E on CD-ROM." Gastroenterology 127, no. 2 (August 2004): 683–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.06.031.
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Polonski, Dmitri G., and Dzhamilia N. Ramazanova. "East Slavonic Sources of the First Serbian Primer Composed by Gabriel Stefanović Venclović (1717)." Slovene 10, no. 1 (2021): 157–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2021.10.1.8.
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The article discusses the identification of textual and pictorial sources that were used in 1717 by the famous Serbian writer Gabriel Stefanović Venclović (c. 1680 – c. 1749) to compile a handwritten textbook containing a collection of elementary knowledge on the Slavonic language, grammar, and the basics of the Orthodox faith. According to our study, Gabriel used several educational and liturgical books published in Kiev, Lvov, and Moscow. In particular, we conclude that the school book issued from the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra printing office in 1705 served as the primary source for Venclović’s Primer. We also analyzed how Gabriel adapted the syllabic verses written by the poet Karion Istomin from Moscow, containing sententious examples for different Slavic letters. In our opinion, it is Venclović’s handwritten textbook, but not the famous Venetian edition of 1597, that should be interpreted as the first Serbian Primer.
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Palma, J.-A., and F. Palma. "A probable cluster headache case from a textbook of 1726: Francisco Suárez de Rivera’s description." Cephalalgia 31, no. 11 (July 18, 2011): 1232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102411413161.
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Background: Few descriptions of cluster and cluster-like headache made before the 19th century have been reported. Case description: We present a previously unreported early description of a probable cluster headache case made by Francisco Suárez de Rivera (1686− c.1751), one of the main physicians of the Spanish Age of Enlightenment, writer of almost 40 textbooks about medicine, surgery, pharmacology, and therapeutics. Discussion: The depiction here reported of a woman with probable cluster headache is possibly one of the earliest known and, to our knowledge, the first in Hispanic literature. We also review other descriptions of cluster and cluster-like headache from the same time period.
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Jarske, Petri. "Introduction to digital signal processing — A computer laboratory textbook." Signal Processing 29, no. 2 (November 1992): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1684(92)90025-r.
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Golvers, Noël. "Antoine Thomas, SJ, and his Synopsis Mathematica: biography of a Jesuit mathematical textbook for the China mission." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 45, no. 1 (June 25, 2017): 119–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-04501006.
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This article is an examination of a nearly forgotten massive two-volume octavo textbook of introductory (theoretical and practical) mathematics published in Douai in 1685, with a second issuing of it in 1729. The theme of mathematical training has been central to the understanding of the Jesuits in China in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and this discussion gives a detailed survey of the mathematical ‘baggage’ of the author, Antoine Thomas, SJ, (1644-1709). Here we consider his teaching at the Colégio das Artes in Coimbra, Portugal, in the late 1670s, when he synthesized basic mathematical knowledge. Most importantly, Thomas’s Synopsis was explicitly written for the use of Jesuit candidates for the China mission, and describes in detail the minimum level of mathematical, and especially astronomical, knowledge and skills that were expected from them. Despite its two issues and its well-targeted didactic program, the book’s reception—which spans a period from 1685 until at least 1756, when there is evidence that it was still being recommended—was actually quite limited; this reception can mainly be gauged from the twenty-six extant copies, and some references in auction catalogues. These data reveal a restricted geographic spread, with some notable exceptions, including some copies which made it to South America. Soon after its appearance, the Synopsis found a secondary use outside the context of the Jesuit mission to China as a textbook of mathematics. It later enjoyed a reception as a ‘collector’s item’, although it had no further scholarly impact.
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Kulikov, A. G., T. N. Zaitseva, and D. D. Voronina. "Application of therapeutic mud «tomed» in clinical practice: textbook." Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 19, no. 3 (January 12, 2021): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1681-3456-2020-19-3-7.
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Authors on the basis of available scientific data and their own clinical observations summarized information concerning the use of peloidotherapy. The historical aspects of mud treatment are described, the classification of the main types of mud is given, indications and contraindications to peloidotherapy are presented. The principles of the purpose and application of resource-saving mud treatment technologies are described in detail. The characteristic of mud preparations of the "TOMED" series is given.
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Article, Editorial. "To the 85th anniversary of Vladimir P. Podzolkov." Patologiya krovoobrashcheniya i kardiokhirurgiya 27, no. 4 (December 26, 2023): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21688/1681-3472-2023-4-109-110.
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Vladimir P. Podzolkov celebrated his anniversary on November 15. He is an outstanding Russian scientist, cardiac surgeon, one of the founders of pediatric cardiac surgery. His name is associated with the formation and development of surgical treatment of complex congenital heart defects, including abnormalities of the intrathoracic location, which were previously considered inoperable. His fundamental works have formed modern pediatric cardiac surgery, his monographs and textbooks are reference books for the younger generation of cardiac surgeons and recognized professionals.
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Setiawan, E. P. "Introducing statistical inference to senior high school students: a textbook analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1663 (October 2020): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1663/1/012014.
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Tsyhanok, Olha, and Valentyna Galagan. "RELIGIOUS POETRY IN THE POETICS TEACHING MANUAL FONS CASTALIUS [CASTALIAN SOURCE] (1685)." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 15(83) (November 24, 2022): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2022-15(83)-56-61.
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The article analyzes nineteen religious verses in Kiev poetics teaching manual Fons Castalius [Castalian source] (1685). It is chronologically the first textbook of poetry, which exactly belongs to the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy and whose year of creating is not in doubt. Since the modern scientific description of the Ukrainian poetics teaching manuals not exist, the short description of the manuscript was made in the article. The poetics teaching manual consists of two roughly equal parts. The first one describes the general rhetorical information – on periods, amplification, epistles and chria. The religious poems are in the second part of the manual, that deals with the poetics proper, and illustrate first of all the small poetic forms. The spiritual poems constitute about a fifth part of all poetic examples. From the spiritual poetry, 16 verses are written in Latin and only three in Polish, mostly moral and didactic. The following thematic groups of religious poems are established: on God, Jesus Christ (5 verses); about the saints incl. the Virgin Mary (6); on the characters of Bible, the sacraments and religious attributes (5); the moral and didactic verses (3). The anonymous author of the Kiev poetics Fons Castalius (1685) has presented to the audience of his lectures the spiritual poetry on a variety of religious topics. Among the religious poems are works of the well-known poets and anonymous authors, popular works and the texts which are appearing for the first time. We find some of them in the later manuscripts of the Jesuit College in the Western Ukraine and the Kiev-Mohyla Academy.
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Aleshko-Ozhevskaya, S. S., and I. L. Ternovskaya. "Titles of Acts: Translation from English into Russian." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 21, no. 4 (February 9, 2024): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2023-21-4-143-155.
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The article examines titles of English acts such as ‘The Act of Settlement 1701’, ‘The Instrument of Government 1653’, ‘The Act of Supremacy; 1534, 1559, ‘The Reform Act’ 1832, 1867, 1884 and ‘The Test Act’ 1673, 1678 and their translation into the Russian language. The analysis of textbooks and manuals on law and state history of foreign countries in the Russian language shows that their authors refer to the titles that have firmly entrenched in the Russian language, even though some of them have been translated incorrectly. Some researchers provide their own mostly word-for-word translation or totally avoid mentioning the titles of acts in the text. At the same time, adequate translation is essential as it allows readers to elicit necessary information and gain extensive and comprehensive knowledge on the subject. The polysemy of legal terms and the underlying historical background make the process of translation into Russian even more complicated. The differences between legal systems and languages due to their unique historical and cultural development cause difficulties in the translation process even for the most advanced machine translation tools based on neural networks. In order for the translation to be accurate, and therefore the cognitive function to be fully performed in academic texts, it is necessary to be familiar with the field of legal science as a whole, to take into account the historical context as well as the background of a particular act. The lack of background knowledge and the inability to grasp the meaning, role and importance of this or that act of Parliament results in word-for-word erroneous translation that in its turn distorts the original meaning of the text. The polysemy of English terms makes it difficult to find the corresponding equivalent term in Russian. Descriptive translation based on background knowledge with due regard for language peculiarities, as well as the use of such tools as footnotes and comments, can contribute to achieving the purpose.
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Kareva, Natalia. "Investigating the Sources of the French Grammar (1724) by Ivan Gorlitsky." Slavistica Vilnensis 68, no. 2 (February 21, 2024): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2023.68(2).3.
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The article is dedicated to the grammar of the French language, which is kept in the manuscript department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences (RO BAN, P I B, №106). The authorship of the manual is attributed to Ivan Gorlitsky (1690–1777). It was apparently intended for Princess Elizaveta Petrovna. The article supplements the information on this source in the works by S. V. Vlasov, L. V. Moskovkin (2013, 2017), N. V. Kareva and M. G. Sharikhina (2022). The allegation passed down from work to work about the originality of Gorlitsky’s work is disputed. Evidence shows that a significant part of the grammar text corresponds to the textbook “The true principles of the French Language” (1757) by V. J. Peyton; it is assumed that both texts go back to a common source. Other fragments of Gorlitsky’s grammar go back to F. de Fenne’s «Institutio linguae gallicae» (1680). The examples are generously taken from J.-R. Peplier’s textbook (1689). Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the material adaptation to the Russian reader. It is pointed out that Gorlitsky often altered the examples and supplemented his text with information about the Russian language.
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ZHANG, Bing, Jia HUO, and Hui SHI. "The Research on the Integration of Original German Textbooks and Value Education in the Framework of Sino-German Cooperative Education." Asia-Pacific Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2023): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53789/j.1653-0465.2023.0303.017.p.
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This paper takes the current situation of the ideological and political education in German language courses in Sino-German cooperative education programs in domestic universities as a starting point and explains the importance and necessity of German language courses with ideological and political education in the process of cooperative education. Based on the framework of ideological and political education in foreign language courses proposed by Professor Wen Qiufang, this paper explores the organic integration of teaching materials and ideological and political education in terms of teaching contents, management, course evaluation and teachers’ words and actions by secondary development of the original German teaching materials.
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Adimabua Ojugo, Arnold, and Rume Elizabeth Yoro. "Extending the three-tier constructivist learning model for alternative delivery: ahead the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1673-1682.
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<span>Constructivist theory defines a learning process whereby a learner denotes meaning for him/herself as he/she learns. Its challenges inform us that focus and intervention needs to be given to our curricular and instructional material, so that we may have something to offer students in the next century in terms of scientific development, drawing us into technological isolation. Study seeks to ascertain readability of some textbooks used in the teaching of science, technology, engineering and mathematics in tertiary institutions in Delta State. We chose 72 institutions using quota sampling. To uphold the virtues of internationalization, results show we must devise strategies against de-territorializing of knowledge. And thus, redefine educational goals to meet globalization as a means of network and unification. Thus, constructivism yields and apt description of both individual, group and organizational adoption patterns of technology for teaching and learning across disciplines at the various schools and educational levels. It images exemplary practices for teaching, learning and research, highlighting evidences that links technology integration, readability and quality students learning.</span>
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Jami, Catherine. "The Reconstruction of Imperial Mathematics in China During the Kangxi Reign (1662-1722)." Early Science and Medicine 8, no. 2 (2003): 88–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338203x00026.
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AbstractContrary to astronomy, the early modern Chinese State did not systematically sponsor mathematics. However, early in his reign, the Kangxi Emperor studied this subject with the Jesuit missionaries in charge of the calendar. His first teacher, Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) relied on textbooks based on Christoph Clavius' (1538-1612). Those who succeeded Verbiest as imperial tutors in the 1690s produced lecture notes in Manchu and Chinese. Newly discovered manuscripts show Antoine Thomas (1644-1709) wrote substantial treatises on arithmetic and algebra while teaching those subjects. In 1713, the emperor commissioned a group of scholars and officials to compile a standard survey of mathematics (Shuli jingyun, "Essential principles of mathematics"). This work opened with the claim that mathematics had its roots in Chinese Antiquity. However, it can be shown that the Jesuits' lecture notes were the main source of the Shuli jingyun. The reconstruction of mathematics under Kangxi's patronage is thus best characterised as the imperial appropriation of Western learning.
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Oranges, C. M., M. Christ-Crain, and D. J. Schaefer. "“La Monstrua Desnuda”: an artistic textbook representation of Prader–Willi syndrome in a painting of Juan Carreño de Miranda (1680)." Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 40, no. 6 (February 27, 2017): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40618-017-0639-5.
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Voll, John O. "JOHN HUNWICK, Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa⊂di's Ta⊃rikh al-s―ud―an Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents, Islamic History and Civilization: Studies and Texts (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1999). Pp. 477. $141.00 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 4 (November 2000): 532–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002695.
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Al-Sa⊂di's Ta⊃rikh al-sudan is an essential source for the history of West Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries and a significant volume in the library of Muslim history. Although a French translation by Octave Houdas has been available for more than a century, al-Sa⊂di's history has been used primarily by specialists and is known more generally only through references to it in textbooks and monographs. The publication of John Hunwick's translation makes this important work readily available to a broad audience in a readable and very usable form.
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Hasrul Muftahid and Iroh Napiroh. "MODEL PEMBELAJARAN QUANTUM LEARNING TERHADAP BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN PPKN." TULIP (Tulisan Ilmiah Pendidikan) 9, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54438/tulip.v9i1.168.
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Pendidikan dapat diartikan sebagai suatu proses atau aktivitas yang bertujuan agar tingkah laku manusia yang mengalami Pendidikan terjadi perubahan-perubahan. Belakangan ini Pendidikan telah banyak melakukan perbaharuan atau inovasi Pendidikan. Inovasi Pendidikan yang terjadi dalam bidang Pendidikan tersebut, antara lain adalah dalam management Pendidikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Peningkatkan berpikir kritis siswa. Peneltian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan ( Library Research ), Pengumpulan data peneliti menggunakan Paper dari Journal Ilmiah, Thesis dan Desertasi, Paper dari conference, Skripsi terdahulu dan buku textbook. Hasil analisis data secara klasikal menunjukan peningkatan dari yang terendah 6,18% sampai dengan yang tertinggi 16,3% dengan rata-rata 34,08%. Rata-rata hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran quantum learning sebelum menggunakam model pembelajaran quantum learning yaitu 70,04% dan sesudah menggunakan model pembelajaran quantum learning meningkat menjadi 81,55%. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran quantum learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dan berpikir kritis siswa pada mata pelajaran PPKn.
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Ahmad Yanuar Syauki, Muhtaji, and Iroh Napiroh. "MODEL PEMBELAJARAN QUANTUM LEARNING TERHADAP BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN PPKn." TULIP (Tulisan Ilmiah Pendidikan) 10, no. 2 (September 21, 2021): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54438/tulip.v10i2.233.
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Pendidikan dapat diartikan sebagai suatu proses atau aktivitas yang bertujuan agar tingkah laku manusia yang mengalami Pendidikan terjadi perubahan-perubahan. Belakangan ini Pendidikan telah banyak melakukan perbaharuan atau inovasi Pendidikan. Inovasi Pendidikan yang terjadi dalam bidang Pendidikan tersebut, antara lain adalah dalam management Pendidikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Peningkatkan berpikir kritis siswa. Peneltian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan ( Library Research ), Pengumpulan data peneliti menggunakan Paper dari Journal Ilmiah, Thesis dan Desertasi, Paper dari conference, Skripsi terdahulu dan buku textbook. Hasil analisis data secara klasikal menunjukan peningkatan dari yang terendah 6,18% sampai dengan yang tertinggi 16,3% dengan rata-rata 34,08%. Rata-rata hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran quantum learning sebelum menggunakam model pembelajaran quantum learning yaitu 70,04% dan sesudah menggunakan model pembelajaran quantum learning meningkat menjadi 81,55%. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran quantum learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dan berpikir kritis siswa pada mata pelajaran PPKn
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Ковшов, Михаил Всеволодович. "Review of: Dobykin D. G. Non-canonical Books of the Old Testament: Schoolbook. Saint-Petersburg: Publishing House of Saint-Petersburg Theological Academy, 2020. 168 p. ISBN: 978-5-906627-81-0." Библейские схолии, no. 1(1) (June 15, 2020): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/bsch.2020.1.1.015.
Full textAbstract:
До сих пор на русском языке не было ни одного специального пособия по неканоническим книгам Ветхого Завета, поэтому появление рецензируемого учебника нельзя не приветствовать. Тем более, что написано оно признанным специалистом своего дела, доцентом кафедры библеистики СПбДА Дмитрием Георгиевичем Добыкиным, из-под пера которого вышел уже не один добротный учебник по православной библеистике. Пособие имеет грамотную и хорошо продуманную структуру. Первая часть посвящена рассмотрению Второй книги Ездры, книг Товита, Юдифи, Премудрости Соломона, Премудрости Иисуса, сына Сирахова, Послания Иеремии, Книги пророка Варуха, трёх книг Маккавейских и Третьей книги Ездры. Каждая книга рассматривается по следующему общему плану: 1. Содержание и богословие. 2. Авторство. 3. Время и место написания. 4. Язык оригинала. 5. История текста и толкования. The book is a work of great interest to the readers of the Bible, and it is a work of great value for the reader, and for the readers of the Bible. The more so because it was written by an acknowledged specialist in his field, Associate Professor at the Department of Biblical Studies of St. Petersburg Academy of Education Dmitry Georgievich Dobykin, from whose pen came many good-quality textbooks on Orthodox biblical studies. The manual has a competent and well thought out structure. The first part is dedicated to the Second Book of Ezra, the books of Tobit, Judith, the Wisdom of Solomon, the Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, the Epistle of Jeremiah, the Book of Baruch, the three books of Maccabees and the Third Book of Ezra. Each book is treated in the following general way: 1. Content and theology. 2. Authorship. 3. Time and place of writing. 4. The original language. 5. History of the text and interpretation.
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ÖZTÜRK, Burcu. "Kitap İncelemesi: Türkçe A1 ve A2 Düzeylerine Yönelik Diller İçin Avrupa Ortak Öneriler Çerçevesi ile Uyumlanmış Bir Söz Varlığı Önerisi." Kuramsal Eğitimbilim 15, no. 3 (July 31, 2022): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.1105740.
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This study aims to introduce Prof. Nihal Çalışkan’s study entitled A Vocabulary Proposal Aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages towards Turkish A1 and A2 Levels. The teaching of Turkish that has made a rapid improvement in recent years draws a great deal of attention as a foreign/ second language. Nonetheless, the lack of word/ vocabulary lists stands out in this field. This study that is based on corpus linguistics, Çalışkan’s field of study, and her own language learning experiences has been built on the idea that vocabulary is important in the acquisition of language skills, yet that a certain part of it should be taught as a priority in the face of the broad volume of the elements of vocabulary. In this study, which was meticulously carried out in line with the principle of transparency by examining current textbooks, the word was considered as an orthographic unit. This study was conducted in three phases and reached 1152 words at A1 level and 1653 words at A2 level. In the list prepared, the vocabulary elements were basically divided into two groups as “words” and “units that exceed the limits of word”. The units that exceed the limits of word was further subdivided into four categories: “morpheme units”, “lexical units”, “syntactic units” and “discourse units”. The words determined based on prevalence criteria was aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). All units are exemplified by sentences generated by the author herself.
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Nazimko, V. K., and E. V. Kudinova. "On the issue of the management paradigm." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 15, no. 4 (January 2, 2023): 488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2022-4-488-498.
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The current paradigm of specific knowledge, its quintessence are essential for experts and researchers. The industrial development of the world economy in the first half of the 20th cen- tury and the emergence of management caused the need for establishing its paradigm as well. All the researchers of management implicitly turn to this issue. However, few of them pay due atten- tion to the management paradigm. Lack of formalized structuring of management as a knowledge prove that the management paradigm is still being formulated. That is the reason for writing this article. The article presents the justification of the topicality of establishing the management paradigm. The authors define the main cause of variety of approaches to this issue, list objective and specific factors that influence the management paradigm and its evolution. The core atten- tion of the study is paid to system-based structuring of the basic sections of management as a knowledge for its further unification as a scientific discipline. On this basis, the authors analyze the completeness of the management paradigm presented by a foreign expert Peter Drucker at the beginning of the 21st century. They justify the expediency of the management paradigm de- velopment and its adaptation to the specific features of different countries with the consideration of significant specificity of national economies and management practices. The article contains the characteristics of the basic concepts of management peculiar for the contemporary Russia. The presented authors’ viewpoint on the formulation and interpretation of the management paradigm as a scientific knowledge may become a basis for developing the national management paradigm and preparing a rubricator of textbooks on management. The necessity and significance of the work can be justified by the fact that Peter Drucker and Henry Mintzberg, two well-known researchers and authors, have opposite views on the concept of management as a knowledge.
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Greene, Sandra E. "The Past and Present of an Anlo-Ewe Oral Tradition." History in Africa 12 (1985): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171713.
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In 1680 Jean Barbot made the following observation about the religious institutions found in the Slave Coast Ewe communities of Keta and Anlo: “Their…religion [is] much the same as on the Gold Coast, only they have a vast quantity of idols…” A similar observation was made by Danish cartographer P. Thøning on his 1802 map of the lower Volta, when he described a site near the Anlo capitol of Anloga, as an “Amegase fetisch-plads,” an important religious shrine. Subsequently this shrine was identified as that which belonged to one of the clans from whose ranks was chosen the awoamefia, the highest leadership position in Anlo. In 1935 this clan, the Bate, was, in turn, described by the German missionary D. Westermann as composed of priests, soothsayers, and magicians. It is not surprising then, given such references, that R.A. Kea suggested that “the Anlo ruler's supremacy was based, at least initially on religious and ritual ascendancy.”In 1978, however, when Anlo elders were consulted on this issue, most were surprisingly vehement in their denials of any such association, past or present, between religious concerns and the offices in the Anlo political system, particularly that of the awoamefia. They pointed to the popular traditions--those published in local textbooks and recited at annual festivals--to support their contention that the two clans which had gained custody of the awoamefia office, the Adzovia and Bate, had gained and retained the same through the “right of inheritance” and the “right of service” respectively.
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Kamath, Gopinath. "Cylindrical symmetry: II. The Green's function in 3+ 1 dimensional curved space." EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818203005.
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An exact solution to the heat equation in curved space is a much sought after; this report presents a derivation wherein the cylindrical symmetry of the metric gμν in 3 + 1 dimensional curved space has a pivotal role. To elaborate, the spherically symmetric Schwarzschild solution is a staple of textbooks on general relativity; not so perhaps, the static but cylindrically symmetric ones, though they were obtained almost contemporaneously by H. Weyl, Ann. Phys. Lpz. 54, 117 (1917) and T. Levi-Civita, Atti Acc. Lincei Rend. 28, 101 (1919). A renewed interest in this subject in C.S. Trendafilova and S.A. Fulling, Eur.J.Phys. 32, 1663(2011) - to which the reader is referred to for more references - motivates this work, the first part of which (cf.Kamath, PoS (ICHEP2016) 791) reworked the Antonsen-Bormann idea - arXiv:hep-th/9608141v1 - that was originally intended to compute theheat kernel in curved space to determine - following D.McKeon and T.Sherry, Phys. Rev. D 35, 3584 (1987) - the zeta-function associated with the Lagrangian density for a massive real scalar field theory in 3 + 1 dimensional stationary curved space to one-loop order, the metric for which is cylindrically symmetric. Using the same Lagrangian density the second part reported here essentially revisits the second paper by Bormann and Antonsen - arXiv:hep 9608142v1 but relies on the formulation by the author in S. G. Kamath, AIP Conf.Proc.1246, 174 (2010) to obtain the Green's function directly by solving a sequence of first order partial differential equations that is preceded by a second order partial differential equation.
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Go, Lucas T., Lewis T. Go, Madugodaralalaage DSK Gunaratne, and Jithma Prasad Abeykoon. "Variations in Complete Blood Count Reference Limits Among Hospitals in the US and Their Clinical Significance." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 3701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-182994.
Full textAbstract:
Background Complete blood count (CBC) is the most common hematology test performed. Reference limits, aka normal values, are known to vary from one hospital to another. However, little is known about the values of the upper (UL) and lower (LL) limits of common elements reported in the CBC and how they differ among facilities. The objectives of our study were to report the UL and LL of CBC elements from various hospitals in the US, analyze the variances, and describe their clinical significance. Methods This study was approved by the Mayo Clinic institutional review board. We obtained the reference limits of CBCs from various hospitals using the Epic electronic medical records Care Everywhere health information exchange. CBCs from 2020-2023 were included. We included the following CBC elements: hemoglobin (Hgb; male and female), mean cell volume (MCV), white blood cell count (WBC), and platelet count (PLT). We performed descriptive statistics and calculated the coefficients of variation (COVs). In addition, we analyzed the data for clinical context using: A) World Health Organization (WHO) major criterion for polycythemia vera of Hgb >16.5 g/dL and >16.0 g/dL for males and females, respectively; B) WHO major criterion for essential thrombocytosis of PLT >450 x109/L; and C) common textbook reference limits for MCV (80-100 fL) and WBC (5-10 x109/L). Results We collected CBC reference limits from 143 hospitals across 43 states and 99 cities. Most (54.5%) hospitals were community-based, while the rest (45.5%) were academic. The statistics are shown in the Table. In general, there was minimal variance in the UL and LL of CBC elements, with COVs mostly under 8.0%. The one exception was WBC LL, in which the COV was 10.5%. There was no significant difference in the CBC reference limits between academic and community hospitals. The median Hgb UL and LL for males were 17.5 (range, 16.3-18.1) and 13.5 (range, 12.0-14.3), respectively. Similarly, the median Hgb UL and LL for females were 15.7 g/dL (range, 14.6-16.3) and 12.0 g/dL (range, 11.0-12.5), respectively. Majority (93.5%) of the hospitals' male Hgb UL exceeded 16.5 g/dL. In contrast, only few (3.6%) of the hospitals' female Hgb UL exceeded 16.0 g/dL (Figure A). The median MCV UL and LL were 99.0 fL (range, 92.2-103.0) and 80.0 fL (range, 77.0-88.0), respectively. A substantial minority (19.6%) of the hospitals' MCV UL exceeded 100 fL (Figure B). The median WBC UL and LL were 10.8 x109/L (range, 8.9-13.0) and 4.0 x109/L (range, 3.1-5.4), respectively. Most (80.4%) hospitals' WBC UL exceeded 10 x109/L (Figure C). The median PLT UL and LL were 400 x109/L (range, 317-500) and 150 x109/L (range, 125-172), respectively. Over a quarter (27.5%) of the hospitals' PLT UL were at or exceeded 450 x109/L (Figure D). Conclusions: There was minimal variance in CBC reference limits across hospitals in the US with WBC LL having the highest COV. Most MCV UL and WBC UL exceeded common textbook reference limits. Almost all male Hgb UL and over a quarter of PLT UL exceed the WHO major criteria of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis, respectively. Since our findings suggest that there could be a risk of underdiagnosing these myeloproliferative neoplasms due to the commonly used reference limits, clinical context must be used when interpreting normal CBC results, especially when there is a suspicion of polycythemia vera or essential thrombocytosis.
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Tsiotras, Vasileios. "Ο Ιάκωβος Αργείος (ca 1660-1736) στην Πατριαρχική Σχολή." Gleaner, no. 30 (January 3, 2024): 115–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/er.36096.
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Iakovos Argeios (ca 1660-1736) at the Patriarchal Academy of Constantinople. New evidence and answers for an old riddle
Research into the history of the Patriarchal Academy at the beginning of the 18th century has been primarily based on the works of Manuel Gedeon and Tasos Gritsopoulos. These two historians have recorded and reconstructed all the testimonies and information they had gathered about the operation of the Academy. However, the sources at their disposal were extremely scarce for this period in terms of teachers, such as Iakovos Argeios (1660-1736), on whom the present study focuses, and their teaching activities at the School. The aim of this article is to present the new data which emerged from the identification and study of unknown manuscripts as well as from the study of the scholar’s personal correspondence. These facts militate against Tasos Gritsopoulos’ dominant view that Iakovos was exclusively a home teacher of the Mavrokordatos’family and that his teaching career at the Patriarchal Academy was limited in time (i.e. confined in the years 1707-1715).In this study I examine and reconstruct all the existing testimonies and evidence that I found on the life and work of Iakovos Argeios, “the supreme of the Great Church philosophers”. Through these new data it becomes possible to study and trace the career of Iakovos Argeios at the Patriarchal Academy from the mid-1680s until his death (1736). Iakovos was initially a student in the philosophy course of the Academy (1684), when Antonios Spantones was a professor of philosophy. He completed his studies around 1686/87 and he attracted the interest of his teachers and of the Grand Dragoman Alexandros Mavrokordatos. He subsequently served as tutor to the Mavrokordatos’ family (since the beginning of the 1690s) for at least 20-25 years, while almost at the same time he was appointed professor of rhetoric at the Academy. As a prominent professor he delivered two encomiastic addresses to the Ecumenical Patriarchs Kallinikos II (1698) and Gabriel II (1703).Then, probably in 1702, he was appointed Academy’s headmaster and professor of philosophy. He taught rhetoric theory and practise and Aristotelian philosophy from the textbooks of Theophilos Korydalleus, as evidenced by the manuscripts of his students presented in this article, mainly Antonios Byzantios, Nikolaos Kritias and Azarias Tzigalas: Physics, Logic, On the Soul, On generation and corruption. He also received from the Patriarchate the highly-esteemed office of the “supreme of thephilosophers” (around 1707-1709), through Mavrokordatos’ intervention, as a recognition of his philosophical expertise. He retained this title and remained head of the Academy until the end of his life. From his letters we know that Iakovos was present in Methodios Anthrakites’ conviction (1723). He supported in deeds and words the efforts of Silvestros, the Patriarch of Antioch, to establish a Greek and Christian seminary in Aleppo (1724-1726). Unfortunately, the last years of his life were painful due to health problems and the ingratitude of his old friends. Iakovos found solace only in teaching at the Academy and in correspondence with his dear friends and old students, such as Makarios Kalogeras, who had founded a school on the island of Patmos. For the teachers and students of the School of Patmos, Iakovos was their mentor and spiritual guide. In conclusion, Iakovos Argeios had an important influence on the course of the Patriarchal Academy with his long lasting and constant teaching activity. In his time the Patriarchal Academy became a true “Faculty of Philosophy”.
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Kiliańczyk-Zięba, Justyna. "Dworstwo obyczajów Sebastiana Fabiana Klonowica. Przekład Civilitas morum Erazma z Rotterdamu w spuściźnie poety oraz wydawnicze losy książeczki w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej." Kultura polskiego humanizmu końca XVI wieku 23, no. 2 (59) (2021): 157–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843844te.21.007.13441.
Full textAbstract:
Sebastian Fabian Klonowic’s Translation of Civilitas morum by Erasmus of Rotterdam: Its Place in the Poet’s Legacy and Its Publishing History in Poland-Lithuania The article focuses on the Polish rendition of De civilitate morum puerilium – that is, a translation from Reinhard Lorich’s (Hadamarius’) catechismal version of Erasmus’ of Rotterdam treatise. The main goals of the text are: first, to understand the presence of the text (the Polish title: Dworstwo obyczajów) among works of such a talented author as Sebastian Fabian Klonowic; second, to reconstruct the publishing history of the Polish De civilitate; third to argue that forgotten bestsellers, such as Dworstwo, can help to better understand both early modern literature and book market in the first centuries of printing. The article summarises current knowledge about Sebastian Fabian Klonowic (ca. 1545–1602), a prolific poet, but also an author of textbooks and handbooks used to teach Latin and morals, as De civilitate was used as well. It analyses Klonowic’s translation practices and discusses his enthusiasm for Erasmus’ output. It also suggests that the Polish text was written with school usage in mind, probably for students of the newly opened academy established by Polish Brethrens in Raków. Next, the text moves on to describe the publishing history of De civilitate – Erasmus’ manual, its adaptations and translations. The author concentrates on the Polish translation, but the scarce evidence available for this title and its editions in the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania is interpreted in the wider context of the Latin and vernacular editions of De civilitate printed in other European lands. The survey combines information offered by the unique copies preserved in the library collections and the evidence found in archival sources to reconstruct the reasons for the success of the handbook, and to explain why the majority of copies multiplying the text once enormously popular with printers and readers alike were bound to perish. Edition of Dworstwo obyczajów presents the Polish text of Klonowic. It is based on a printed unique copy of about 1603 (held at Ossolineum Library in Wrocław).
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Dániel, Bereczki, Balla Árpád, Pelok Benedek, and Szatmári Szabolcs. "International recognition of Ferenc Pápai Páriz as one of the first descriptors of all 4 cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease." Bulletin of Medical Sciences 91, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2018-0006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Pax Corporis is the first book written in Hungarian that presents in detail human diseases, their etiology and treatment. Ferenc Pápai Páriz had completed the manuscript entitled Pax Corporis in 1687, and it was published 3 years later in 1690 in Kolozsvár. Ferenc Pápai Páriz summarized the knowledge he gained during his studies and accumulated during his personal practice. He did not write this book for the professionals but for those poor people who had no access to physician’s care. This was the reason why Pax Corporis was written in Hungarian. Whereas Pápai’s Latin language scripts – for example his doctoral thesis written in Basel – are known to the international scientific community, the Hungarian language Pax Corporis remained unknown for all who were not familiar with the language. For this reason it also remained neglected that in Pax Corporis Ferenc Pápai Páriz had given a detailed description of all four currently acknowledged cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease – tremor, rigor, bradykinesia and postural instability – and also of other characteristics of the disease 130 years before James Parkinson. The report on the description of the syndrome of Parkinson’s disease in Pax Corporis was presented to the international professional community in 2009. In the current study we evaluated the international recognition of Ferenc Pápai Páriz as one of the first descriptors of all 4 cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease. We searched scientific citation databases – Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar – and also performed general searches on the web. We found that until April 2018 Pápai Páriz has been cited among those who first described the complete motor syndrome of Parkinson’ disease in Pax Corporis, in many countries of the world from New Zealand to Canada, and also in 16 European countries. Citations appeared in dissertations, scientific publications, textbooks, handbooks, professional websites and other documents. Three centuries after his original Hungarian script, Ferenc Pápai Páriz got his international recognition in medical history as one of the first descriptors of the syndrome of Parkinson’s disease.
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Hulsker, Jos L. M. "Petrus Montanus as a Phonetician and a Theoretician." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.06hul.
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Summary Petrus Montanus’ (1594/95–1638) book on phonetics, De Spreeckonst (1635), which was intended to apply to all languages, could have been an epoch-making standardwork on phonetics, if it had been read and studied more widely. Although he characterized Spreeckonst as a difficult theory he intended it to be an easy textbook. However, Montanus’ terminology made the book almost unreadable. In the first section special attention is paid to Montanus’ idea that all aspects of his object of inquiry (i.e. the spoken language) had to be characterized as aptly and precisely as possible, after having examined the object (a). Next, (in section 2), an attempt is made to clarify Montanus’ opinion that the precise determination of objects (actually, the result of his scientifc inquiry) should function as a perfect didactic tool for his readers (b). Through names’ the reader could learn to produce speech sounds even better than by simply practising their production. Indeed, Spreeckonst was meant to be both a theory and a practical handbook. This can be explained by pointing out the two functions names had: they were instruments of knowledge (a) and instruments of learning (b). As shown in section 3 Montanus was directly influenced by Simon Stevin (1548–1620) with regard to (b). In section 4 it is shown that, in essence, the first idea (a) can be traced back to Socrates’ ideas on names, as Plato had Socrates defend them in his Cratylus. The other idea (b) can be traced back to Cratylos’ ideas on names, which were unfolded and discussed in the same work. Section 5 analyses the sorts of names Montanus actually used. A complete survey of the names of Montanus’ distinctions of speech sounds is presented in this section. In the concluding section (6) an indication is made of the astonishing results of Montanus’ analyses of spoken language.
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Zaytseva, Tatiana N., and Marina Yu Gerasimenko. "Study of the relevance of the problem of autism spectrum disorders for the clinical activities of doctors of different specialties planning to work in the field of physical and rehabilitation medicine." Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 20, no. 3 (May 15, 2021): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1681-3456-2021-20-229-236.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: The problem of medical rehabilitation of patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is extremely urgent. The prevalence of ASD among the world's population is about 1%. It is known that children with ASD are difficult to respond to psychological and speech therapy correction and drug treatment. Today, one of the pressing issues is the choice of non-drug methods of treatment. Given the variety of functional disorders in ASD, these patients require special rehabilitation programs and therefore physicians planning work in the field of physical therapy and medical rehabilitation should be oriented in this problem.
AIMS: Of the study was to study the relevance of the ASD problem for the clinical activities of doctors of various specialties planning to work in the field of physical and rehabilitation medicine, their level of qualifications, activity and motivation in providing medical care to patients with ASD.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey was conducted on the author's questionnaire of 116 doctors of 8 medical specialties who underwent primary retraining in the cycle "Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine" at the Department of Physical Therapy, Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation of the RMANPO of the Ministry of Health of Russia.
RESULTS: The study showed that pediatricians and neurologists are significantly more likely to meet patients with ASD in their practice than doctors of other specialties (p 0.05). An analysis of the answers of all respondents indicates the importance of additional informing doctors about modern research on the problem of ASD. When asked "What sources of information about medical support for children with autism spectrum disorders would you definitely use" 81 (69.8%) respondents indicated seminars and conferences, 50 (43.1%) Russian magazines, books, textbooks, 46 (39.7%) special sites and materials of social networks, 30 (25.9%) advanced training programs in the system of continuing professional education, the rest of the doctors preferred modern foreign literature and the experience of colleagues. Absolutely all respondents indicated the need for medical rehabilitation for children with ASD, however, 28 (24.1%) respondents believe that it is necessary to consider each case of the disease individually. The majority of the respondents indicated the expediency of sanatorium-resort treatment for patients with ASD. Doctors were also asked about the need to use basic ICF kits in the rehabilitation of patients with autism: 64 (55.2%) respondents answered positively, 44 (37.9%) found it difficult to answer and 8 (6.9%) gave a negative answer. In matters of non-drug treatment of patients with ASD, the leading positions are taken by: art therapy, hydrotherapy, music therapy, physiotherapy exercises and animal therapy. However, methods with proven effectiveness in this category of patients, such as transcranial forms of brain stimulation and biofeedback, were chosen by only 65.5% of respondents. Only 34.5% of respondents indicated the possibility of using Bobath therapy, Vojta therapy and PNF therapy in patients with ASD.
CONCLUSION: Doctors are not sufficiently knowledgeable in the field of modern methods of physical and rehabilitation medicine that can be successfully used in children with ASD. The totality of all the respondents' answers indicates the importance of additional informing doctors about modern research on the problem of ASD, as well as the need to implement educational programs that will take into account current trends in the development of physical and rehabilitation medicine for this category of patients.
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Korinevsky, V. G. "Parautochthonic paleooceanic and island-arc complexes of the Southern Urals." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 20, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 542–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2020-20-4-542-556.
Full textAbstract:
Research objects. Paleozoic (Ordovician–Middle Devonian) volcanic-sedimentary complexes of the contiguous Sakmara and Mugodzharskaya structural zones of the Southern Urals, which have a paleo-oceanic and island-arc nature. Мaterials and methods.The work was carried out on the basis of many years of personal research of the author with the involvement of literature data on other folded zones of the Southern Urals. Main results. In the early Devonian, the first intense clustering of different facies complexes of rocks took place, which determined the tectonic face of the modern western part of the fold belt. The uniformity and set of Paleozoic formations in all structures of the Urals are maintained along its entire strike and are not repeated in neighboring zones.The drilling data showed the primary character of bedding of the rocks of the Upper Devonian Zilair Formation on the dislocated volcanogenic-sedimentary deposits of the Lower-Middle Paleozoic. Thrust contacts are observed only in the marginal parts of the zone. The almost textbook views on the cover bedding of the Kraka and Kempirsai hyperbasite massifs are in contradiction with the data on the presence of “roots” up to 4–8 km deep in them. By the beginning of the Devonian, the Kempirsai massif was located within the Sakmara zone and was “cross-linked” with the surrounding effusive rocks of the Middle Ordovician by gabbro-diabase dykes. According to the results of seismometric studies, features of similarity of the deep structure of the base of the Sakmara zone with the structure of the Magnitogorsk-Mugodzharskaya zone, which also revealed a melanocratic basement, have been established. Conclusions. The formed structural zones of the Southern Urals are distinguished by a set of rocks of the same age, their stratigraphic range, and the autonomy of feeding areas. These differences have survived to this day. All subsequent tectonic episodes, including the sharpening epochs, only complicated the appearance and structure of the Southern Urals, without changing the relative position of structures that arose in the Early Devonian. There was no transfer, swarming of rocks from one zone through another in any of the subsequent stages of compression. The Early Devonian stage was the first, but at the same time the most intense, which determined the tectonic face of the modern western part of the Urals.
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Grishayeva, L. I. "COMMUNICATIVE IMAGE OF A HUMAN BEING THROUGH A MIRROR OF THE THEORY OF COMMUNICATION (Review of Kommunikatsija. Teorija i praktika : uchebnik [Communication. Theory and Practice: textbook] / L. G. Vikulova, M. R. Zheltukhina, S. A. Gerasimova, I. V. Makarova. Moscow : VKN, 2020. 336 p.)." Вестник ВГУ Серия Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация, no. 4 (2022): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/lic/1680-5755/2022/4/144-152.
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Osipov, V. P. "Research of the central beginnings and endings of the accessory nerve (N. accessorius Willisii)." Neurology Bulletin VI, no. 1 (October 29, 2020): 118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb48602.
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Starting at the end of the 16th century (Volcherus Goiter - 1573) and up to our time, about sixty authors studied the accessory nerve, partly dedicating special work to it, partly giving their views on the course and ending of this nerve in the textbooks of anatomy and histology published by them. Such persistence in the study of the accessory nerve is explained by the duality of its central beginnings and endings, that is, its origin both from the oblong and from the spinal cord. Already with a rough anatomical examination, it is clear that part of the roots emerging from the lower part of the medulla oblongata, not reaching the foramen jugulare of the skull, joins the nerve trunk, which runs along the lateral surface of the spinal cord and is formed by the connection of the roots emerging from the lateral brain. This common nerve trunk, emerging from the cranial cavity through the foram. jugulare and consisting of N. accessorius vagi and N. accessorius spinalis, received the name N. accessorius Willissi, named after Thomasa Willisa (1682) who described it. After exiting the foramen jugulare, the nerve gives a thin v-point (ramus internus according to Heihendainy) to the plexus ganglioformis n. vagi, and another, thick branch, is sent to the muscles (m. sternocleido-mastoideus). Thus, without the help of a microscope, a close connection between the XI and X pairs of cranial nerves is visible. To this, it must be added that the roots of the XI nerve, emerging from the lower sections of the medulla oblongata, produce the impression of the lower roots of the X nerve, and only their entry into the common trunk of the accessory nerve forces them to be referred to it. Heidenhain, using a physiological method, proved the connection between the accessory nerve and the vagus: he pulled out the accessory nerve in rabbits on the neck and after a few days after the operation did not receive the usual slowing of heartbeats with irritation of the vagus nerve; From this, the author concludes that the retarding heartbeat fibers of the vagus nerve receive an additional one through the ramus internus. Further, the author comes to the conclusion that the fibers of the accessory nerve, which delay the heartbeat, originate from the medulla oblongata. To confirm this view, Heidenhain cites experiments in which he, during artificial respiration of an animal, provided a cut of the medulla oblongata at the apex of the pen (calamus scriptorius) and below; with a slowdown of artificial respiration in the first case, a slowdown of the heartbeat was obtained, and in the second it did not work. Finally, in rabbits, after the accessory nerve was torn out, the laryngeal paralysis was as clearly expressed as after the X nerve was cut; food got into the respiratory tract, and the animals died from pneumonia, which usually began with the upper lobes).
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Дроздова, Дарья Николаевна. "TIME REPRESENTATION IN SCIENTIFIC DIAGRAMS: GALILEO GALILEI’S SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF THE MOTION OF A FALLING BODY." ΠΡΑΞΗMΑ. Journal of Visual Semiotics, no. 4(30) (October 28, 2021): 58–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2312-7899-2021-4-58-80.
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Рассматриваются способы научного изображения темпоральных явлений на примере чертежей Галилео Галилея, при помощи которых он описывает и исследует равноускоренное движение. Для анализа применяется концептуальная рамка теории изобразительной и неизобразительной репрезентации Грегори Карри. Показано, что в случае научных диаграмм и графиков, представляющих время как одно из измерений пространства, основанием для геометрической изобразимости времени становится полагаемый изоморфизм между временем как континуумом мгновений и линией как континуумом точек. Парадигму такого структурного сопоставления мы находим в математическом мышлении Галилея, наиболее ярко проявляющемся в доказательстве формулы равноускоренного движения, представленном в «Беседах и математических доказательствах». The textbook narrative of the scientific revolution of the 17th century says that the early modern transformation of physics and mechanics was grounded in mathematization, that is, the application of mathematical principles and procedures to physical entities and events. However, such a transformation faces a major obstacle: compared to geometry, mechanics includes an additional dimension, namely, time. When temporality of motion is to be represented geometrically, a question arises on how a temporal succession can be expressed by a static image. The problem of representation of temporal events is not limited to science. In my paper, I apply a conceptual tool elaborated by Gregory Currie for the analysis of temporal representations in art, especially in cinema, to the analysis of scientific diagrams. In his book Image and Mind. Film, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science (1995), Currie distinguishes depictive and nondepictive representations, arguing that depictive representation requires similarity and homomorphism between an object ant its representation. Thus, it seems that any non-temporal image of temporal processes would lack the required similarity and cannot be a depictive representation. However, taking into account explanations given by Galileo Galilei for his famous diagrams of accelerated motion, I argue that the representation of time in scientific diagrams as a geometrical line is grounded in isomorphism between time as a continuous structure and continuous structure of a geometrical line. The main temporal process studied by mechanics is motion. Motion can be represented in two main ways: as a trajectory of a body over some period of time or as a functional relation of various parameters of motion (speed, path, acceleration) versus time. In the latter case, time is usually represented in a diagram as a geometrical line. We can find the origin of this type of representation in the late medieval doctrine of ‘intensio et remissio qualitatum’, intension and remission of qualities, in the context of which first diagrams representing intensity and extension of velocity of nonuniform motion as a changing quality over time were produced (Nicolas Oresme). We can find very similar graphical schemes in Galileo Galilei’s works, especially in Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (1638). In this work, Galileo announces with all clarity that he considers time to be the same aggregate of temporal moments as a line is an aggregate of points: every moment of time has a corresponding point on the geometrical line. This allows us to establish a homomorphic similarity between temporal duration and spatial (geometrical) extension. Thus, the essential requirement for depictive representation is met. Concluding, I have to point out that the homomorphic relation in this case is established between not real but abstract entities. The visible line itself is a representation of non-visible abstract geometrical line; in the same way, time consisting of non-divisible moments is just an abstract construction which refers to physical of psychological time-duration. However, the established relation between abstract time and abstract geometrical lines is a grounding event of the modern physical science.
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Newman, William R. "Newton the Alchemist: Science, Enigma, and the Quest for Nature's "Secret Fire"." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 73, no. 1 (March 2021): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf3-21newman.
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NEWTON THE ALCHEMIST: Science, Enigma, and the Quest for Nature's "Secret Fire" by William R. Newman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019. xx + 537 pages, including four appendices and an index. Hardcover; $39.95. ISBN: 9780691174877. *If there is one person associated with developments in the physical sciences, it is Isaac Newton (1642-1727). For many, he represents the culmination of the seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution: its point of convergence and simultaneously the point from which science began to exercise its full influence on society. His work is often considered as thoroughly modern: well-designed experiments; precise and clearly articulated mathematical-physical principles which invite deductions further tested by measurement and experiment; and great discoveries in astronomy (universal law of gravitation), in optics, in mechanics, and in mathematics (the calculus). For many, Newton provided the model for physical theory for the next two hundred years. *And yet, this generally accepted description of Newton fails to capture the tension and diversity in Newton's work. The discovery of Newton's alchemical manuscripts (containing no fewer than one million words) by the economist John Maynard Keynes at an auction at Sotheby's in 1936 partially lifted the veil. In 1947, Keynes offered his rather candid assessment of Newton's alchemical work: he "was not the first of the age of reason" but rather "the last of the magicians." *However, in the last two decades, we have come to understand and appreciate that alchemy was not simply deviant behavior by "magicians" or charlatans, but rather part and parcel of the make-up of the Scientific Revolution. Alchemy, or better, chymistry, was a central part of the early modern study of nature. One of the leaders of this historiographical revolution has been William Newman, distinguished professor in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine at Indiana University. [For more on this revolution, see my review of Lawrence Principe's book The Secrets of Alchemy in PSCF 66, no. 4 (2014): 258-59.] Newman has written several seminal books: for example, Atoms and Alchemy: Chymistry and the Experimental Origins of the Scientific Revolution (2006) and Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature (2004). *Newton the Alchemist displays Newman's fifteen-year dedicated study of Newton's alchemical manuscripts. This is the book for anyone who wishes to understand the background, implementation, and experimentation characteristic of Newton's long and abiding interest in alchemy. Newman introduces us to a Newton who wished to be an adept alchemist (even as a student at the Free Grammar School in Grantham) and kept the alchemical fires burning throughout his life, not only in Trinity College at Cambridge University, but also as warden of the Royal Mint. Newman also shows that alchemy is not inherently unscientific or irrational, nor that Newton was an outlier. Such contemporary luminaries as Robert Boyle, Gottfried Leibniz, and John Locke were also involved in alchemical endeavors. *In the first chapter, "The Enigma of Newton's Alchemy: The Historical Reception," Newman addresses the claims of two of Newton's most illustrious interpreters: Richard Westfall and Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs. For Dobbs, Newton's belief in alchemical transmutation was a religious quest, with the "philosophic mercury" acting as a spirit mediating between the physical and divine realms. For Westfall, Newton's alchemical research, involving invisible forces acting at a distance, allowed him to develop his theory of universal gravitation, published in the Principia of 1687. Newman calls both claims into question based on his close reading of the extant alchemical papers, many of which Dobbs and Westfall were not able to see. Newman wishes to determine the "hidden material meaning of the text" (p. 46), rather than advance any broad metaphysical or soteriological claims on Newton's part. *In chapter 4, "Early Modern Alchemical Theory," Newman reveals how heavily influenced Newton was by European alchemists, above all by the Polish alchemist Michael Sendivogius. Drawing on their experiments, Newton, in the 1670s, developed an all-encompassing geochemical theory of nature, according to which the earth functions as "a 'great animall' or rather an 'inanimate vegetable'" (p. 64). In Newton's view, this process explained gravitation (among many other things), although he would abandon this idea when he came to write the Principia. *In collaboration with others, many at Indiana University, Newman has organized, read, and carefully compared Newton's alchemical manuscripts. [Readers can see the results at www.chymistry.org.] In his analysis, Newman employs an approach which he calls "experimental history." This involves at least two elements: (1) a careful textual linguistic analysis of alchemical manuscripts and their experimental details; and (2) an effort to repeat the experiments in a modern laboratory setting. To understand alchemical manuscripts is indeed a challenging undertaking involving an understanding of "materials, technology, and tacit practices," as well as deciphering "hidden terms or Decknamen" used for chemical substances, and the intricate symbols employed to designate them (see "Symbols and Conventions," pp. xi-xvii). *Newman repeated many of Newton's experiments, revealing many of his laboratory practices for the first time. The results are sometimes spectacular (see, for example, the colored plates 4-10 between pages 314 and 315). They clearly show how dedicated Newton was in his efforts to improve his knowledge of the natural world. Newman's final assessment: "Nowhere in Newton's scientific work can we see the same degree of combined textual scholarship and experiment that we encounter in his alchemy" (p. 498). *What may we learn from reading Newton the Alchemist? One thing for sure: that our contemporary scientific textbooks and enlightened culture celebrating Newton's "positive" results--the astronomical "System of the World" and his three laws of motion in mechanics--are a one-sided picture of Newton's work and life. By blithely neglecting his interests in alchemy, cabbalism (number mysticism), theology, chronology, and biblical prophecy, as well as Newton's deep sense of vocation (calling), they all too frequently divide his work into two predetermined categories: science and pseudo-science. It is certain that Newton's alchemy is not pseudo-science. History, and scientific practice as well, are never, if ever, so tidy. Newton's passionate pursuit of a coherent worldview is a reminder to us of the rich context in which science is embedded. Newman's book underscores the fact that science, our science too, is impelled by deep commitments, social and political factors, and personal ambition and motives. *Reviewed by Arie Leegwater, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, Grand Rapids, MI 49546.
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Dorenbusch, Sally J. "Teaching Without Textbooks: Making Creative Writing Real." Language Arts Journal of Michigan 6, no. 2 (January 1, 1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.9707/2168-149x.1653.
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"The Politics of the textbook." Choice Reviews Online 29, no. 03 (November 1, 1991): 29–1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.29-1638.
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Pejić, Oliver. "The treatment of history in Austrian-Hungarian state primary school textbooks for Bosnia and Herzegovina." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 50 (December 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.1633.
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The treatment of history in Austrian-Hungarian state primary school textbooks for Bosnia and HerzegovinaFollowing the Austrian-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the new authorities introduced an interconfessional school system aimed at educating children in the spirit of Bosnian-Herzegovinian provincial and Habsburg civic patriotism. Existing South Slavic textbooks, containing numerous texts that were offensive to Muslims, proved unsuitable for such an undertaking. The goal of this article is to address the treatment of history in the new textbooks written for Bosnia-Herzegovina’s state primary schools, considering both the selection of historical topics and the manner in which historical education was utilized in order to impart desirable loyalties among the students and further the government’s political goals. Besides encouraging the students to identify with the glorious deeds of their medieval forefathers and thus fostering a historically based Bosnian patriotism, the textbooks were written with a clear intent to appeal to the province’s Muslims and, in particular, to their gentry. They implied a clear continuity between Bosnia’s medieval, supposedly Bogomil aristocracy and the contemporary Muslim elites, while also being careful not to address historical topics in a manner that may offend Muslim sensibilities. Lastly, considerable effort was invested into historically justifying contemporary Habsburg rule over Bosnia in Herzegovina and, in a wider sense, teaching the children that a benevolent foreign government may benefit a society suffering from disunity or rebelliousness. Podejście do historii w podręcznikach szkolnych Austro-Węgier dla państwowych szkół podstawowych w Bośni i HercegowinieW następstwie austro-węgierskiej okupacji Bośni i Hercegowiny nowe władze wprowadziły międzywyznaniowy system oświatowy nastawiony na kształcenie dzieci w duchu patriotyzmu prowincjonalnego bośniacko-hercegowińskiego oraz obywatelskiego habsburskiego. Istniejące podręczniki południowosłowiańskie, zawierające liczne teksty, które były obraźliwe dla Muzułmanów, okazały się dla tego przedsięwzięcia nieprzydatne. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu omówienie podejścia do historii w nowych podręcznikach napisanych dla państwowych szkół podstawowych w Bośni i Hercegowinie, biorąc pod uwagę zarówno dobór tematów historycznych jak i to, w jaki sposób edukacja historyczna została wykorzystana dla narzucenia uczniom pożądanych postaw lojalności, a następnie politycznych celów rządu. Oprócz zachęty do tego, by uczniowie identyfikowali się z chwalebnymi czynami ich średniowiecznych przodków, a tym samym zamysłu propagowania historycznie wspartego patriotyzmu bośniackiego, podręczniki te zostały napisane z wyraźną intencją, aby trafiły do zamieszkujących tę prowincję Muzułmanów, zwłaszcza ich szlachty. Implikowały widoczną ciągłość pomiędzy bośniacką średniowieczną arystokracją, zapewne bogomilską, a współczesnymi elitami muzułmańskimi, przy czym starannie unikały odniesienia do tematów historycznych, w sposób który może obrażać wrażliwość Muzułmanów. Wreszcie, z dużym nakładem pracy dążyły do tego, by historycznie uzasadnić ówczesne rządy Habsburgów w Bośni i Hercegowinie oraz, w szerszym sensie, wpoić dzieciom wiedzę o tym, że łagodne obce rządy mogą dobrze przysłużyć się społeczeństwu cierpiącemu na brak jedności i buntowniczemu. [Transl. by Jacek Serwański]
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Skovgaard-Petersen, Karen. "“At tale om fornödne ting, og at give nogen idée om historiens hærlighed” – Om Ludvig Holbergs lærebog verdenshistorie, Synopsis historiæ universalis (1733)." Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 51 (December 18, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v51i0.41275.
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Among the lesser known works by the Danish-Norwegian enlightenment writer Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) is a brief world history in Latin (208 pages in octavo), entitled Synopsis historiæ universalis. It was written as a textbook for pupils in the Latin schools and students at the University.Holberg structured his account in accordance with the traditional Protestant model of world history, according to which the world had been ruled by four successive world monarchies (the Assyrian, the Persian, the Greek and the Roman). The model had been promoted first and foremost by Melanchthon in the 16th century. However, the model was blatantly inadequate even in Holberg’s day because of its narrow European horizon. The article asks, as a point of departure, why Holberg nevertheless found the model suitable as structuring principle of his world history.To some extent Holberg himself provides an answer in his preface. The model, he explains, made it possible to outline the history of the world in a clearly structured way and to focus on topics that he considered important and useful for young students to reflect on. It is his aim, he declares, to impart on the young students ‘a love of history’, and he distances himself from other textbooks on world history that contain nothing but dry lists of rulers.Turning to the text itself, the article attempts to demonstrate how Holberg put these intentions into practice. In his account of the four world monarchies and (in the latter half) of the European nations, there are a number of recurrent themes: political institutions, reasons for changes of power, trade, religion, law, cultural and intellectual characteristics of a given society, etc. These are subjects typical of enlightenment historiography – including Holberg’s own works – and it was, paradoxically, in order to give proper attention to these enlightenment themes that Holberg limited his account of world history to the world encompassed by the old-fashioned model of the four monarchies.However, also in another respect Holberg’s Synopsis continued the Protestantic tradition from Melanchthon: it stresses the depravity of the papacy from late antiquity onwards. With all its enlightenment themes, often pedagogically illustrated through entertaining anecdotes, Holberg’s textbook still conveys an unwavering Lutheran view of history to its young readers.
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Gianninoto, Mariarosaria. "The adaptation of Western and Chinese categories to the description of Manchu." Historiographia Linguistica, January 17, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.00105.gia.
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Summary Frequent contacts between European countries and China during the Qing period kindled interest in the languages spoken in the Qing empire and led to the publication of numerous Western books on Chinese varieties but also on the Manchu language. To describe the features of these distant languages, most of these works adapted Western linguistic categories and terminologies. This was the case of the earliest Western grammar of Manchu, Verbiest’s Elementa linguae tartaricae (1682). However, some Western works progressively integrated elements of the Chinese linguistic tradition. For instance, the grammars of Kaulen (1856) and Harlez (1884) refer to the Chinese categories “full words” (content words) and “empty words” (function words). Other Western works translated or drew on Chinese-Manchu bilingual primers, which in turn adapted the methodology and categories of Chinese philology to the description of Manchu, such as in the textbooks by Shěn (1682) and Wǔ-gé (1730). Their western translations (Domenge n.d.; Wylie 1855; Hoffman 1883) resulted in interesting examples of circulation of linguistic knowledge and amalgamation of descriptive categories.
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Poutoglidis, A., G. K. Paraskevas, N. Lazaridis, C. Georgalas, K. Vlachtsis, K. Markou, S. Gougousis, et al. "Extratemporal facial nerve branching patterns: systematic review of 1497 cases." Journal of Laryngology & Otology, August 26, 2022, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215121003571.
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Abstract Objective The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the complex anatomy of the extratemporal portion of the facial nerve with an accurate description of the branching patterns based on the Davis classification. Method Medline, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library databases as well as other sources were searched by two independent reviewers. Results Analysis of 21 studies with a total of 1497 cases showed that type III is the most common branching pattern accounting for 26.8 per cent of cases. The type I pattern, previously considered as the normal anatomy in most textbooks, was the fourth most common branching pattern at 16.3 per cent. The majority of specimens (96.4 per cent) were found to have a bifurcated main trunk, and only 3.2 per cent were found with a trifurcated main trunk. Conclusion Surgeons should be aware of anatomical variations in the course of the facial nerve. An early identification of the branching pattern during surgery reduces the risk for iatrogenic facial nerve injury.