Journal articles: 'Tetraploid wheat'

1

Zhangaziev, A. S., S. I. Nurbekov, G. K. Ziyaeva, and J. S. Tulubaev. "Origin of cultivated species of tetraploid wheat." International Journal of Biology and Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2014): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/2218-7979-2014-7-2-57-60.

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Joppa, L. R. "Chromosome Engineering in Tetraploid Wheat." Crop Science 33, no. 5 (September 1993): 908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183x003300050006x.

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Pronozin, A. Yu, A. A. Paulish, E. A. Zavarzin, A. Yu Prikhodko, N. M. Prokhoshin, Yu V. Kruchinina, N. P. Goncharov, E. G. Komyshev, and M. A. Genaev. "Automatic morphology phenotyping of tetra- and hexaploid wheat spike using computer vision methods." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.009.

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Intraspecific classification of cultivated plants is necessary for the conservation of biological diversity, study of their origin and their phylogeny. The modern cultivated wheat species originated from three wild diploid ancestors as a result of several rounds of genome doubling and are represented by di-, tetra- and hexaploid species. The identification of wheat ploidy level is one of the main stages of their taxonomy. Such classification is possible based on visual analysis of the wheat spike traits. The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological characteristics of spikes for hexa- and tetraploid wheat species based on the method of high-performance phenotyping. Phenotyping of the quantitative characteristics of the spike of 17 wheat species (595 plants, 3348 images), including eight tetraploids (Triticum aethiopicum, T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. militinae, T. polonicum, T. timopheevii, and T. turgidum) and nine hexaploids (T. compactum, T. aestivum, i:ANK-23 (near-isogenic line of T. aestivum cv. Novosibirskaya 67), T. antiquorum, T. spelta (including cv. Rother Sommer Kolben), T. petropavlovskyi, T. yunnanense, T. macha, T. sphaerococcum, and T. vavilovii), was performed. Wheat spike morphology was described on the basis of nine quantitative traits including shape, size and awns area of the spike. The traits were obtained as a result of image analysis using the WERecognizer program. A cluster analysis of plants according to the characteristics of the spike shape and comparison of their distributions in tetraploid and hexaploid species showed a higher variability of traits in hexaploid species compared to tetraploid ones. At the same time, the species themselves form two clusters in the visual characteristics of the spike. One type is predominantly hexaploid species (with the exception of one tetraploid, T. dicoccoides). The other group includes tetraploid ones (with the exception of three hexaploid ones, T. compactum, T. antiquorum, T. sphaerococcum, and i:ANK-23). Thus, it has been shown that the morphological characteristics of spikes for hexaploid and tetraploid wheat species, obtained on the basis of computer analysis of images, include differences, which are further used to develop methods for plant classifications by ploidy level and their species in an automatic mode.

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Sarrafi, A., N. Amrani, and G. Alibert. "Haploid regeneration from tetraploid wheat using maize pollen." Genome 37, no. 1 (February 1, 1994): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g94-023.

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Crosses were made between 21 tetraploid wheat genotypes (6 parents, 15 F1 hybrids) and a single F1 hybrid of maize that was used as the male parent. Plants were grown under controlled greenhouse conditions (daylength, 16 h; temperature, 25 °C days and 15 °C nights). To enhance embryo survival, 2,4-D (10 mg/L) was applied to spikes 24 h after pollination with maize. Embryos were recovered from the tetraploid wheat genotypes at a rate of 2.34–14.14/100 developed ovaries. Sixty-nine haploid plants were obtained from 3 parents and 12 F1, hybrids. Fifty-six of these were successfully doubled. General combining ability was significant for the two traits studied, indicating that additive genetic control is important for the number of developed ovaries and haploid embryo production in tetraploid wheat × maize crosses. In this report, we demonstrate the potential of using maize pollen to produce haploid plants from tetraploid wheat genotypes.Key words: tetraploid wheat, embryo culture, haploid, wheat × maize, combining abilities.

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Joshi, Chandrashekhar P., and Henry T. Nguyen. "Application of the random amplified polymorphic DNA technique for the detection of polymorphism among wild and cultivated tetraploid wheats." Genome 36, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-081.

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Development of a high-density genetic linkage map of cultivated wheats using conventional molecular markers has lagged behind the other major food crops such as rice and tomato because of the large genome size and limited levels of genetic polymorphisms. Recently, random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) have been suggested to provide an alternative to visualize more polymorphism. For the construction of a genetic linkage map in tetraploid wheats, one can use a strategy of intersubspecific crosses between the most dissimilar wild and cultivated tetraploid wheats that are easy to hybridize and result in fertile progeny. An assessment of the level of RAPDs among different accessions and varieties of wild and cultivated tetraploid wheats is required to fulfill this objective. We present here the data obtained using RAPD analysis of 40 primers in 20 accessions of wild tetraploid emmer wheats (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccoides) and 10 genotypes of cultivated tetraploid durum wheats (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) selected from geographically diverse locations. We have observed a higher level of polymorphism among different accessions of wild emmer wheat from Israel, Turkey, and Jordan than the group of cultivated American, Turkish, and Syrian durum wheats. These data have been used to generate a dendrogram suggesting the genetic relationships among these genotypes, and the most dissimilar genotypes are identified for future mapping and gene tagging work.Key words: durum wheat, emmer wheat, genetic similarity, molecular markers, RAPD analysis.

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Zhao, Na, Qianli Dong, Brian D. Nadon, Xiaoyang Ding, Xutong Wang, Yuzhu Dong, Bao Liu, Scott A. Jackson, and Chunming Xu. "Evolution of Homeologous Gene Expression in Polyploid Wheat." Genes 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11121401.

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Polyploidization has played a prominent role in the evolutionary history of plants. Two recent and sequential allopolyploidization events have resulted in the formation of wheat species with different ploidies, and which provide a model to study the effects of polyploidization on the evolution of gene expression. In this study, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between four BBAA tetraploid wheats of three different ploidy backgrounds. DEGs were found to be unevenly distributed among functional categories and duplication modes. We observed more DEGs in the extracted tetraploid wheat (ETW) than in natural tetraploid wheats (TD and TTR13) as compared to a synthetic tetraploid (AT2). Furthermore, DEGs showed higher Ka/Ks ratios than those that did not show expression changes (non-DEGs) between genotypes, indicating DEGs and non-DEGs experienced different selection pressures. For A-B homeolog pairs with DEGs, most of them had only one differentially expressed copy, however, when both copies of a homeolog pair were DEGs, the A and B copies were more likely to be regulated to the same direction. Our results suggest that both cis- and inter-subgenome trans-regulatory changes are important drivers in the evolution of homeologous gene expression in polyploid wheat, with ploidy playing a significant role in the process.

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Allaby, Robin G., and Terence A. Brown. "Reply to the comment by Salamini et al. on "AFLP data and the origins of domesticated crops"." Genome 47, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 621–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-012.

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We reiterate the key points of a previous paper that showed that neighbor-joining analysis of AFLP datasets can produce erroneous results. The critical question, whether the datasets used to infer the origins of einkorn, barley, and the hulled and hard tetraploid wheats display sufficient linkage to avoid the artifacts that we observed, is not adequately answered by Salamini et al.Key words: AFLPs, crop domestication, einkorn wheat, barley, tetraploid wheat.

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Muramatsu, Mikio. "The vulgare super gene, Q: its universality in durum wheat and its phenotypic effects in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-006.

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The genotype at the Q locus on chromosome 5A of Triticum durum Desf. (2n = 28, AABB), a species with keeled glumes and tough rachis, was studied by either crossing the species with, or substituting its 5A into, a hexaploid common wheat, T. aestivum (L.)Thell. ssp. vulgare (Vill.) MK. cv. Chinese Spring (2n = 42, AABBDD, QQ genotype). Contrary to the opinion of previous researchers that keeled-glumed wheats always have the spelta gene, q, the durum strains studied had a hypermorphic allele, the vulgare gene, Q. No speltoid plants appeared in the progeny of the crosses, and disomic substitution lines (2n = 2) had squareheaded (= vulgare type) spikes. Also, three doses of the long arm of 5A of durum produced compactoidy. Apparently, Q does not produce round glumes in the genetic backgrounds of most tetraploids except T. carthlicum Nevski. The phenotype conditioned by Q, which is evidently present in all free-threshing tetraploid wheats, is somewhat different at the tetraploid level from that in hexaploids. The presence of Q tends to magnify the differences in the degree of expression of certain minor characters.Key words: Triticum, phylogeny, vulgare gene, pleiotropic gene, dosage effect, interaction.

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Lelley, T., E. Kazman, K. M. Devos, and M. D. Gale. "Use of RFLPs to determine the chromosome composition of tetraploid triticale (A/B)(A/B)RR." Genome 38, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-031.

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Tetraploid triticale, (A/B)(A/B)RR (2n = 28), is a botanical novelty, an amphiploid composed of a diploid rye and a 14 chromosome wheat genome made up of chromosomes of the A and B genomes of tetraploid wheat. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to elucidate the chromosome composition of the mixed wheat genome of 35 different tetraploid triticale lines. Of 128 possible A/B chromosome pair combinations, only 6 were found among these lines, with a prevalence of the 1A, 2A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, and 7B karyotype. In most triticale lines stable wheat genomes made up of only homologous A or B genome chromosome pairs were identified, however, in some lines homoeologous chromosome pairs were found. In this paper we demonstrate that RFLPs can be used successfully as an alternative to C-banding for the identification of the chromosome composition of tetraploid triticale and discuss the possible selective advantage of specific chromosome composition.Key words: tetraploid triticale, mixed wheat genome, RFLR

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10

Wang, H., and J. M. Clarke. "Relationship of excised-leaf water loss and stomatal frequency in wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-012.

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Rate of water loss from excised leaves of wheat (Triticum spp.) is associated with adaptation to dry growing conditions, but the causes of observed genotypic differences are not well understood. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between stomatal characteristics and excised-leaf water status in tetraploid (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) and hexaploid (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat genotypes. Samples were taken from field and growth-room experiments to measure stomatal frequency (SF) and size, leaf water content at excision (WC0) and 30 min after excision (WC30), rate of water loss (RWL) 30-120 min after excision, epidermal conductance (ge), and relative water content (RWC). SF was not correlated with RWL in the field experiments and was negatively correlated with WC0 and WC30 in tetraploids but not in hexaploids. In the growth-room experiment, SF was positively correlated with ge 50 and 30 min after excision for tetraploid and hexaploid genotypes, respectively. SF was correlated with RWL in tetraploids (r = 0.64*, n = 12) and hexaploids (r = 0.81**, n = 12). However, there were no significant correlations between stomatal characteristics and WC0, WC30 or RWC. These results indicate that SF is perhaps one of several factors influencing genotypic differences in excised-leaf water loss. The inconsistency of this relationship may be due to the influence of other traits affecting RWL. Key words: Leaf water loss, stomata, drought, Triticum aestivum L., T. turgidum L. var. durum

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11

Padmanaban, Sriram, Peng Zhang, Mark W. Sutherland, Noel L. Knight, and Anke Martin. "A cytological and molecular analysis of D-genome chromosome retention following F2–F6 generations of hexaploid×tetraploid wheat crosses." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 2 (2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17240.

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Both hexaploid bread wheat (AABBDD) (Triticum aestivum L.) and tetraploid durum wheat (AABB) (T. turgidum spp. durum) are highly significant global food crops. Crossing these two wheats with different ploidy levels results in pentaploid (AABBD) F1 lines. This study investigated the differences in the retention of D chromosomes between different hexaploid × tetraploid crosses in subsequent generations by using molecular and cytological techniques. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the retention of D chromosomes in the F2 generation depending on the parents of the original cross. One of the crosses, 2WE25 × 950329, retained at least one copy of each D chromosome in 48% of its F2 lines. For this cross, the retention or elimination of D chromosomes was determined through several subsequent self-fertilised generations. Cytological analysis indicated that D chromosomes were still being eliminated at the F5 generation, suggesting that in some hexaploid × tetraploid crosses, D chromosomes are unstable for many generations. This study provides information on the variation in D chromosome retention in different hexaploid × tetraploid wheat crosses and suggests efficient strategies for utilising D genome retention or elimination to improve bread and durum wheat, respectively.

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KHOSRAVI, Mohammad Sadegh, Reza HEIDARI, Rashid JAMEI, Seyed Mousa MOUSAVI KOUHI, and Maryam MOUDI. "Comparative growth and physiological responses of tetraploid and hexaploid species of wheat to flooding stress." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 111, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2018.111.2.04.

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Present study is aimed to comparatively investigate the response of two ploidy levels of wheat including a tetraploid (Triticum turgidum L.) and a hexaploid (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat to different durations of flooding stress. Wheat seedlings were exposed to flooding stress for 0, 3, 6 and 9 days. Results showed that all flooding treatments significantly decreased the shoot and root length, and chlorophyll content of both species of wheat. The decrease in chlorophyll content of tetraploid wheat was more than that of hexaploid one. In both species, ADH activity of root was significantly increased under flooding stress, where the increase was more in hexaploid wheat. Flooding stress did not significantly affect root and shoot water content, root porosity, and shoot protein content of any wheat species. Tetraploid and hexaploid wheat used different mechanisms for better tolerance of flooding condition, where tetraploid wheat increased the proline content but in hexaploid wheat, an increase in soluble sugar content was observed.

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Joppa, L. R., and N. D. Williams. "Langdon durum disomic substitution lines and aneuploid analysis in tetraploid wheat." Genome 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1988): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-038.

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A complete set of disomic substitution lines have been developed in the tetraploid wheat cultivar Langdon (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). These aneuploid lines each have a pair of durum wheat homoeologues replaced by a pair of D-genome chromosomes transferred from 'Chinese Spring' hexaploid wheat. They can be used to determine the chromosomal location of genes, to transfer chromosomes from one cultivar or line of tetraploid wheat to another, to study the cytogenetics of tetraploid wheat, to determine gene linkages, and to identify chromosomes involved in translocations. Their phenotypic characteristics, their cytogenetic behavior, and suggested methods for their use are described.Key words: cytogenetics, monosomic, chromosome transmission, telosomic, chromosome substitution.

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Sodkiewicz, Wijciech, and Jan J. Rybczyński. "Embryo and endosperm development in caryopses of hybrids from crosses between tetraploid wheats and their alloplasmic lines with rye." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 52, no. 2 (2014): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1983.014.

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Data concerning the embryo and endosperm development in twenty-day-old caryopses of hybrids obtained as the result of pollination with rye pollen of tetraploid wheats (Triticum dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. durum and T. polonicum), their alloplasmic lines with T. timopheevi plasma and aIlaplasmic T. timopheevi lines with cytoplasma of the above mentioned tetraploid wheats and hexaploid wheat (T. macha) were analysed. A high variability was noted between the tetraploid wheats as regards the degree of development of the embryo and of the endosperm in the hybrid caryopses and a decisive influence of the wheat genotype on these characters. The data for alloplasmic lines showed that the cytoplasm may have a modifying effect on the expression of these genotype characters.

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Merah, Othmane, and Zephirin Mouloungui. "Tetraploid Wheats: Valuable Source of Phytosterols and Phytostanols." Agronomy 9, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040201.

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Phytosterols are known as healthy compounds obtained mainly from oilseed crops. Cereals were also studied for their sterols content. Few insights have been devoted to other tetraploid species than emmer and durum wheats. This work examined phytosterol and phytostanol content in seed of six tetraploid wheat species cultivated during two successive years under rainfed organic conditions in Auch (near Toulouse, France). Sterols (free and esterified sterols) were measured by gas-chromatography-flame ionisation detector. Mean value of sterols + stanols content was 99.5 mg 100 g−1 DW. The main sterol was β-sitosterol. Results showed a year effect on sterol content, whatever the wheat species. This could be explained by the differences in climatic conditions prevailing during plant cycle and grain filling. A large variability for sterols content was found between species and within each species. Emmer wheat revealed the lowest values for all sterols and stanols. Higher values of sterols were obtained in durum wheat. This work is the first report studying T. carthlicum, T. polonicum, T. turgidum, T. timopheevi. These species exhibited intermediate values of sterol contents between emmer and durum wheats. Wheat tetraploid species showed interesting levels of sterols and could serve as a great source of these healthy compounds mainly in Mediterranean region where they are consumed as wholegrain. Variation in climatic conditions could help to manage the level of these secondary metabolites.

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Relina, L. I. "FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF OIL FROM GRAIN OF SOME TETRAPLOID WHEAT SPECIES." Biotechnologia Acta 13, no. 2 (April 2020): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech13.02.056.

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Patil, Laxmi C., R. R. Hanchinal, and I. K. Kalappanavar. "Genetics of Free Threshability in Tetraploid Wheat." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 2642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.305.

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Asíns, M. J., and M. Pérez de la Vega. "The inheritance of tetraploid wheat seed peroxidases." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 71, no. 1 (November 1985): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00278255.

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Martínez-Moreno, Fernando, Patricia Giraldo, María del Mar Cátedra, and Magdalena Ruiz. "Evaluation of Leaf Rust Resistance in the Spanish Core Collection of Tetraploid Wheat Landraces and Association with Ecogeographical Variables." Agriculture 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040277.

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Spain has a great landrace diversity of the subspecies of the tetraploid species Triticum turgidum L., namely, durum (or durum wheat), turgidum (or rivet wheat) and dicoccon (or domesticated emmer wheat). These wheats have to confront several foliar diseases such as the leaf rust. In this work, a core collection of 94 landraces of tetraploid wheats were inoculated with three leaf rust isolates. Besides, a larger collection (of 192 accessions) was evaluated in the field. Although the majority of landraces were susceptible, approximately 20% were resistant, especially domesticated emmer wheat landraces. Several variables, such as late heading and red coat seeds were associated to resistant accessions. Regarding ecogeographic variables, a higher rainfall from October to February and more uniform temperature were found in the area of origin of resistant landraces. Based on these results, several resistant landraces were identified that potentially may be used in durum wheat breeding programs. In addition, a predictive model was elaborated to develop smaller subsets for future screening with a higher hit rate for rust resistance.

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Feldman, Moshe, and Mordechai E. Kislev. "Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 55, no. 3 (December 1, 2007): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijps.55.3-4.207.

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Sissons, M. J., and R. A. Hare. "Tetraploid Wheat—A Resource for Genetic Improvement of Durum Wheat Quality." Cereal Chemistry Journal 79, no. 1 (January 2002): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cchem.2002.79.1.78.

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Dvorak, J. "Molecular Characterization of a Diagnostic DNA Marker for Domesticated Tetraploid Wheat Provides Evidence for Gene Flow from Wild Tetraploid Wheat to Hexaploid Wheat." Molecular Biology and Evolution 23, no. 7 (May 5, 2006): 1386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msl004.

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Asakura, Nobuaki, Chiharu Nakamura, and Ichiro Ohtsuka. "RAPD markers linked to the nuclear gene from Triticum timopheevii that confers compatibility with Aegilops squarrosa cytoplasm on alloplasmic durum wheat." Genome 40, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-029.

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Alien cytoplasms cause a wide range of phenotypic alterations in the nucleus–cytoplasm (NC) hybrids in the Triticeae. Nuclear genomes of timopheevii wheat (Triticum timopheevii and Triticum araraticum) are fully compatible with the cytoplasm of Aegilops squarrosa, while those of a majority of emmer or durum wheat cultivars and more than half the wild emmer wheats are incompatible, and a maternal 1D chromosome is required to restore seed viability and male fertility in the NC hybrids. A euploid NC hybrid of Triticum durum cv. Langdon with Ae. squarrosa cytoplasm produced by introgressing the NC compatibility (Ncc) gene from T. timopheevii was used to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to it. After a survey of 200 random decamer primers, four markers were selected, all of which were completely linked in 64 individuals of a SB8 mapping population. One marker was derived from a single locus, while three others were from interspersed repetitive sequences. Also, the hybrid chromosomes and those of the parental T. durum had identical C-banding patterns. RAPD-PCR analysis of 65 accessions from wild and cultivated tetraploid wheat species showed the exclusive presence of the markers in timopheevii wheat. In conclusion, the chromosomal region flanking Ncc of T. timopheevii is highly conserved in the genome of this group of tetraploid wheats.Key words: nucleus–cytoplasm compatibility, Ncc gene, Aegilops squarrosa, Triticum timopheevii, tetraploid wheat, RAPD marker.

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Caballero, L., L. M. Martín, and J. B. Alvarez. "Variation of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in two neglected tetraploid wheat subspecies." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 44, No. 4 (January 22, 2009): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/61/2008-cjgpb.

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The genetic diversity of 140 accessions of Triticum turgidum ssp. carthlicum Nevski em. A. Löve & D. Löve and 159 accessions of T. turgidum ssp. polonicum L. em. Thell. was evaluated by the analysis of HMW glutenin subunits. Seven allelic variants were found among the carthlicum accessions: three at the Glu-A1 locus (two of them were novel alleles) and four at the Glu-B1 locus (one of them novel). More variability was found among the polonicum accessions with 16 allelic variants: six at the Glu-A1 locus (three of them novel), and ten at the Glu-B1 locus (five of them novel). Totally, ten new alleles were found, one of which appeared in both subspecies. Out of 19 different combinations of alleles detected in both subspecies, 14 were novel. Based on the available passport data, the carthlicum accessions could be separated by origin into 18 groups, and the polonicum accessions into 33 such groups. The genetic diversity was lower among the carthlicum (Ht = 0.174) than among the polonicum accessions (Ht = 0.562). In both subspecies, most diversity was present between groups differing in origin, whereas diversity within the groups was very low. The detected variability offers possibilities for the improvement of bread making quality in durum wheat through introduction of newly detected alleles and for the broadening of genetic diversity in this wheat species.

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Järve, K., I. Jakobson, and T. Enno. "Tetraploid wheat species Triticum timopheevii and Triticum militinae in common wheat improvement." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 50, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.50.2002.4.9.

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Timopheevii wheats are discussed as donors for improving the disease resistance of common wheat. Attention is paid to the comparison of the morphological and chromosomal characteristics of Triticum timopheevii and T. militinae, their crossability with T. aestivum and their response to fungal diseases. The possible origin of T. militinae from an introgressive hybridization between T. timopheevii and an unknown species is discussed. Major genes for resistance to various fungal diseases, transferred to common wheat from T. timopheevii, are listed.

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Somers, Daryl J., George Fedak, John Clarke, and Wenguang Cao. "Mapping of FHB resistance QTLs in tetraploid wheat." Genome 49, no. 12 (December 2006): 1586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-127.

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Triticum turgidum L var. durum is known to be particularly susceptible to infection by Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent for Fusarium head blight (FHB), which results in severe yield losses and grain contaminated with mycotoxins. This research was aimed at identifying FHB resistance in tetraploid wheat and mapping the location of FHB resistance genes. A tetraploid cross of durum wheat (‘Strongfield’) × Triticum carthlicum (‘Blackbird’) was used to generate a doubled-haploid (DH) population. This population was evaluated for type II resistance to F. graminearum in replicated greenhouse trials, in which heads were innoculated and the percent of infected spikelets was determined 21 days later. The population was also genotyped with microsatellite markers to construct a map of 424 loci, covering 2 052 cM. The FHB reaction and genotypic data were used to identify FHB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs). It was determined that 2 intervals on chromosomes 2BL and 6BS controlled FHB resistance in this tetraploid cross. The FHB resistance allele on chromosome 2BL (r2 = 0.26, logarithm of odds (LOD) = 8.5) was derived from ‘Strongfield’, and the FHB resistance allele on chromosome 6BS (r2 = 0.23, LOD = 6.6) was derived from ‘Blackbird’. Two other loci, on chromosomes 5AS and 2AL, were shown to regulate FHB infection and to have an epistatic effect on the FHB resistance QTL on chromosome 6BS. Further, the FHB resistance QTL peak on chromosome 6BS was clearly coincident with the known FHB resistance gene Fhb2, derived from Sumai 3. The results show that FHB resistance can be expressed in durum wheat, and that T. carthlicum and Triticum aestivum likely share a common FHB resistance gene on chromosome 6BS.

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Martinez, M., T. Naranjo, C. Cuadrado, and C. Romero. "Synaptic behaviour of the tetraploid wheat Triticum timopheevii." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 93, no. 7 (November 1996): 1139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00230137.

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Martinez, M., T. Naranjo, C. Cuadrado, and C. Romero. "Synaptic behaviour of the tetraploid wheat Triticum timopheevii." TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics 93, no. 7 (November 28, 1996): 1139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050347.

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Kolmer, J. A., and M. A. Acevedo. "Genetically Divergent Types of the Wheat Leaf Fungus Puccinia triticina in Ethiopia, a Center of Tetraploid Wheat Diversity." Phytopathology® 106, no. 4 (April 2016): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-10-15-0247-r.

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Collections of Puccinia triticina, the wheat leaf rust fungus, were obtained from tetraploid and hexaploid wheat in the central highlands of Ethiopia, and a smaller number from Kenya, from 2011 to 2013, in order to determine the genetic diversity of this wheat pathogen in a center of host diversity. Single-uredinial isolates were derived and tested for virulence phenotype to 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that differ for single leaf rust resistance genes and for molecular genotypes with 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. Nine virulence phenotypes were described among the 193 isolates tested for virulence. Phenotype BBBQJ, found only in Ethiopia, was predominantly collected from tetraploid wheat. Phenotype EEEEE, also found only in Ethiopia, was exclusively collected from tetraploid wheat and was avirulent to the susceptible hexaploid wheat ‘Thatcher’. Phenotypes MBDSS and MCDSS, found in both Ethiopia and Kenya, were predominantly collected from common wheat. Phenotypes CCMSS, CCPSS, and CBMSS were found in Ethiopia from common wheat at low frequency. Phenotypes TCBSS and TCBSQ were found on durum wheat and common wheat in Kenya. Four groups of distinct SSR genotypes were described among the 48 isolates genotyped. Isolates with phenotypes BBBQJ and EEEEE were in two distinct SSR groups, and isolates with phenotypes MBDSS and MCDSS were in a third group. Isolates with CCMSS, CCPSS, CBMSS, TCBSS, and TCBSQ phenotypes were in a fourth SSR genotype group. The diverse host environment of Ethiopia has selected and maintained a genetically divergent population of P. triticina.

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Salamini, F., M. Heun, A. Brandolini, H. Özkan, and J. Wunder. "Comment on "AFLP data and the origins of domesticated crops"." Genome 47, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-013.

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We review some concepts and methods of handling and using DNA fingerprinting in phylogenetic analyses related to crop domestication. Particular reference is made to AFLP markers and mode and place of einkorn, barley, and tetraploid wheat domestication in the Neolithic by human communities in the Fertile Crescent. The reconsideration of AFLP databases of domesticated and wild lines demonstrates that phylogenetic tree topologies, originally described for the three species, match closely the new results obtained by principle coordinate analyse.Key words: AFLPs, discontinuous markers, crop domestication, einkorn wheat, barley, tetraploid wheat.

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Bocz, Ernő. "Beginning of a New Era in Hungarian Crop Production." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 9 (December 10, 2002): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/9/3566.

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The examination of Triticum monococcum, which was observed on an ancient region, and its ancient quality made me develop a new quality analysis system.The Triticum Monococcum frames the new standard of this ancient quality.The quality of diploidea – tetraploidea – hexaploidea series, which was arisen by the wheat poliploidization, gradually decreased. The quality of diploidea species diffuse around the standard.The micronutrient content of tetraploid species gradually decrease, the hexaploid species and the Triticum Aestuvum micronutrient content 20-70% less than the ancient quality’s.

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Guo, Jingwei, Gongjun Shi, Audrey Kalil, Andrew Friskop, Elias Elias, Steven S. Xu, Justin D. Faris, and Zhaohui Liu. "Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Race 4 Isolates Cause Disease on Tetraploid Wheat." Phytopathology® 110, no. 11 (November 2020): 1781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-20-0179-r.

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The ascomycete fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is the causal agent of tan spot of wheat. The disease can occur on both common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum) and has potential to cause significant yield and quality losses. The fungal pathogen is known to produce necrotrophic effectors (NEs) that act as important virulence factors. Based on the NE production and virulence on a set of four differentials, P. tritici-repentis isolates have been classified into eight races. Race 4 produces no known NEs and is avirulent on the differentials. From a fungal collection in North Dakota, we identified several isolates that were classified as race 4. These isolates caused no or little disease on all common wheat lines including the differentials; however, they were virulent on some durum cultivars and tetraploid wheat accessions. Using two segregating tetraploid wheat populations and quantitative trait locus mapping, we identified several genomic regions significantly associated with disease caused by two of these isolates, some of which have not been previously reported. This is the first report that race 4 is virulent on tetraploid wheat, likely utilizing unidentified NEs. Our findings further highlight the insufficiency of the current race classification system for P. tritici-repentis.

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Ingvardsen, Christina R., Julio A. Massange-Sánchez, Finn Borum, Cristobal Uauy, and Per L. Gregersen. "Development of mlo-based resistance in tetraploid wheat against wheat powdery mildew." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 132, no. 11 (July 17, 2019): 3009–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03402-4.

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Chaudhary, H. K., A. Mahato, V. Kaila, S. A. Rather, and T. Tayeng. "Dihaploid induction in tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) using pollen of Imperata cylindrica." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 51, No. 4 (June 2, 2016): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/218/2014-cjgpb.

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35

Georgiev, S., and T. Dekova. "Wheat Storage Proteins: Glutenin Diversity in Sphaerococcum Mutant Forms of Tetraploid Wheats." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 19, sup2 (January 2005): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2005.10817274.

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Li, Hao, Changyou Wang, Shulan Fu, Xiang Guo, Baoju Yang, Chunhuan Chen, Hong Zhang, et al. "Development and discrimination of 12 double ditelosomics in tetraploid wheat cultivar DR147." Genome 57, no. 2 (February 2014): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2013-0153.

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As an important group in Triticum, tetraploid wheat plays a significant role in the research of wheat evolution. Several complete aneuploid sets of common wheat have provided valuable tools for genetic and breeding studies, while similar aneuploids of tetraploid wheat are still not well developed. Here, 12 double ditelosomics developed in Triticum turgidum L. var. durum cultivar DR147 (excluding dDT2B and dDT3A) were reported. Hybrids between DR147 and the original double-ditelosomic dDT2B of Langdon lost vigor and died prematurely after the three-leaf stage; therefore, the dDT2B line was not obtained. The cytogenetic behaviors and phenotypic characteristics of each line were detailedly described. To distinguish the entire chromosome complement of tetraploid wheat, the DR147 karyotype was established by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using the Aegilops tauschii clone pAsl and the barley clone pHvG38 as probes. FISH using a cereal-specific centromere repeat (6C6) probe suggested that all the lines possessed four telosomes, except for 4AS of double-ditelosomic dDT4A, which carried a small segment of the long arm. On the basis of the idiogram of DR147, these lines were successfully discriminated by FISH using the probes pAsl and pHvG38 and were then accurately designated.

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Tsunewaki, Koichiro. "Aneuploid analyses of hybrid necrosis and hybrid chlorosis in tetraploid wheats using the D genome chromosome substitution lines of durum wheat." Genome 35, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-089.

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Chromosomal locations of the Ne1 gene, one of the two complementary genes for type 1 hybrid necrosis, and two complementary genes, Cs1 and Cs2, for type 2 hybrid chlorosis in tetraploid wheats were determined by aneuploid analyses employing the D genome chromosome substitution lines of 'Langdon' durum wheat. The Ne1 gene of 'Langdon' is located on chromosome 5B, whereas the Cs1 gene of Triticum dicoccum 'Hokudai' and the Cs2 gene of T. timopheevi are located on chromosomes 5A and 4G, respectively. Chromosomes 4B and 4G show almost complete functional compensation, though they rarely pair with each other, but chromosome 4D of T. aestivum 'Chinese Spring' has only half the ability of chromosome 4G in compensating for chromosome 4B on the fertilization ability of the male gamete. The results have demonstrated the usefulness of the D genome chromosome substitution lines of durum wheat for determining the chromosomes carrying major genes in tetraploid wheat. The results of these studies support the reallocation of chromosome 4A to the B genome.Key words: durum wheat, hybrid necrosis, hybrid chlorosis, aneuploid analyses, chromosome substitution lines.

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Beyer, Benjamin M., Scott D. Haley, Nora L. V. Lapitan, Junhua H. Peng, and Frank B. Peairs. "Inheritance of Russian wheat aphid resistance from tetraploid wheat accessions during transfer to hexaploid wheat." Euphytica 179, no. 2 (November 12, 2010): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-010-0299-4.

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Mao, Haotian, Mengying Chen, Yanqiu Su, Nan Wu, Ming Yuan, Shu Yuan, Marian Brestic, Marek Zivcak, Huaiyu Zhang, and Yanger Chen. "Comparison on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Wheat with Different Ploidy Levels and Octoploid Triticale." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103006.

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To investigate the evolutionary differences of wheat with different ploidy levels and octoploid Triticale, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant defenses system were compared within and between diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat, and octoploid Triticale seedlings. The results showed that seed germination rate, chlorophyll content, and photochemical activity of photosystems, and the activities of antioxidative enzymes in hexaploid wheat and octoploid Triticale were significantly higher than in diploid and tetraploid wheat. Compared to other two wheat species and octoploid Triticale, hexaploid wheat presented lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, we found that the levels of photosystem II reaction center protein D1, light-harvesting complex II b4 (CP29), and D subunit of photosystem I (PsaD) in diploid wheat were significantly lower compared with hexaploid wheat and octoploid Triticale. Taken together, we concluded that hexaploid wheat and octoploid Triticale have higher photosynthetic capacities and better antioxidant systems. These findings indicate that different ploidy levels of chromosome probably play an important regulatory role in photosystems and antioxidative systems of plants.

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Martín, A., A. Cabrera, E. Esteban, P. Hernández, M. C. Ramírez, and D. Rubiales. "A fertile amphiploid between diploid wheat (Triticum tauschii) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum)." Genome 42, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-165.

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Alloploidy, one of the most efficient evolutionary mechanisms in nature, has not been extensively exploited in plant breeding programmes. Many genomic combinations remain to be created by plant breeders, to be used directly as new crops or indirectly to widen the genetic basis of crops. The Triticeae tribe, to which wheat belongs, is among the botanical groups in which this strategy has been successfully explored. However, there remain valuable genomic combinations that have not been obtained at the diploid level. The Agropyron complex (wheat-grasses) has recently been the focus of attention for interspecific hybridization, but intergeneric hybrids or amphiploids with wheat have not been reported at the diploid level. Here we report synthesis of a tetraploid amphiploid between Triticum tauschii and Agropyron cristatum by crossing two tetraploid accessions. Using total genome in situ hybridization (GISH) staining on metaphase I pollen mother cells, data on allosyndetic and autosyndetic chromosome pairing have been obtained. These data support the view that the A. cristatum tetraploid parent used in the synthesis of the amphiploid has a segmental alloploidy nature.

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Dvorak, Jan, Patrick E. McGuire, and Brandt Cassidy. "Apparent sources of the A genomes of wheats inferred from polymorphism in abundance and restriction fragment length of repeated nucleotide sequences." Genome 30, no. 5 (October 1, 1988): 680–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-115.

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Four hundred random DNA fragment clones of wild diploid wheat Triticum monococcum ssp. aegilopoides (syn. T. baeoticum) were screened for clones of repeated nucleotide sequences. Seven DNA fragments were isolated that were more abundant by one order of magnitude or more in the genome of diploid T. monococcum ssp. aegilopoides (genome A) than in the genome of diploid Triticum speltoides (genome BS). These clones were then used to determine which of the two wild diploid wheats, T. m. ssp. aegilopoides or T. urartu, was the ancestor of domesticated diploid wheat T. m. ssp. monococcum, wild tetraploid wheats T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides and T. timopheevii ssp. araraticum, domesticated tetraploid wheat T. turgidum, and hexaploid bread wheat T. aestivum. Three of the seven cloned repeated nucleotide sequences differentiated the genome of T. m. ssp. aegilopoides from that of T. urartu in repeated sequence abundance, restriction fragment length polymorphism, or both. The same distinctions were observed between the A genome of T. m. ssp. aegilopoides and the A genomes of polyploid wheats. From this it was concluded that the species from which T. m. ssp. monococcum was domesticated was T. m. ssp. aegilopoides but that the A genomes of the polyploid wheats are equivalent to that of T. urartu. The results presented here demonstrate the utility of polymorphism in repeated nucleotide sequences in the investigation of the origin of genomes in polyploid plants.Key words: RFLP, Triticum, wheat phylogeny.

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Relina, L. I., R. L. Boguslavskyi, L. A. Vecherska, S. Yu Didenko, O. V. Golik, T. A. Sheliakina, and V. V. Pozdniakov. "Grain quality of tetraploid wheat Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk." Plant Breeding and Seed Production, no. 114 (December 28, 2018): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30835/2413-7510.2018.152144.

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Klindworth, D. L., N. D. Williams, and L. R. Joppa. "Inheritance of supernumerary spikelets in a tetraploid wheat cross." Genome 33, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-075.

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The supernumerary spikelet (SS) trait of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.), including the four-rowed and ramified spike types, is characterized by an increased number of spikelets per spike. To determine the inheritance of this trait, the tetraploid ramified spike cultivar PI349056 was crossed reciprocally to normal-spike 'Langdon' durum, and the F1 was backcrossed to each parent. The F1, F2, F3, BC1F1, and BC1F2 were classified for SS expression. Additionally, PI349056 was crossed to the 'Langdon' 2D(2A) disomic substitution line to study linkage of SS genes. The SS trait was recessive to normal spike, and both four-rowed spike and ramified spike progeny were observed in the segregating generations. Segregation in F3 and BC1F2 families indicated that SS in PI349056 was quantitatively inherited, controlled by a major recessive gene and numerous minor genes. Normal-spiked plants selected in families homozygous for the major gene indicated that the major gene did not produce SS when the minor genes were absent. Selection of normal-spiked plants in the F3 and F4 of 'Langdon' 2D(2A) disomic substitution/PI349056 indicated that the minor SS genes were not linked to the major gene on chromosome 2A.Key words: Triticum, branched spike, ramified spike, four-rowed spike.

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44

Yang, Chuntao, Jianshu Zhu, Yun Jiang, Xiaolu Wang, Mengxue Gu, Yi Wang, Houyang Kang, et al. "100 Gy60Coγ-Ray Induced Novel Mutations in Tetraploid Wheat." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/725813.

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10 accessions of tetraploid wheat were radiated with 100 Gy60Coγ-ray. The germination energy, germination rate, special characters (secondary tillering, stalk with wax powder, and dwarf), meiotic process, and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) were observed. Different species has different radiation sensibility. With 1 seed germinated (5%),T. dicoccum(PI434999) is the most sensitive to this dose of radiation. With a seed germination rate of 35% and 40%, this dose also affectedT. polonicum(As304) andT. carthlicum(As293). Two mutant dwarf plants,T. turgidum(As2255) 253-10 andT. polonicum(As302) 224-14, were detected. Abnormal chromosome pairings were observed in pollen mother cells of bothT. dicoccoides(As835) 237-9 andT. dicoccoides(As838) 239-8 with HMW-GS 1Ax silent in seeds from them. Compared with the unirradiated seed ofT. polonicum(As304) CK, a novel HMW-GS was detected in seed ofT. polonicum(As304) 230-7 and its electrophoretic mobility was between 1By8 and 1Dy12 which were the HMW-GSs of Chinese Spring. These mutant materials would be resources for wheat breeding.

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45

Ali, Mohamed B., Amir M. H. Ibrahim, Dirk B. Hays, Zoran Ristic, and Jianming Fu. "Wild Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum turgidumL.) Response to Heat Stress." Journal of Crop Improvement 24, no. 3 (July 30, 2010): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2010.481523.

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46

Cortese, Maria Rosaria, Elena Fanelli, and Carla De Giorgi. "Characterization of nematode resistance gene analogs in tetraploid wheat." Plant Science 164, no. 1 (January 2003): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(02)00336-9.

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Teklu, Yifru, K. Hammer, X. Q. Huang, and M. S. Röder. "Analysis of Microsatellite Diversity in Ethiopian Tetraploid Wheat Landraces." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53, no. 6 (October 4, 2005): 1115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-005-1146-7.

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48

Waines, JG. "High Temperature Stress in Wild Wheats and Spring Wheats." Functional Plant Biology 21, no. 6 (1994): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9940705.

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The effect of high temperature stress on wild and spring wheats is reviewed. Wild wheats include species in the genera Aegilops L. and Triticum L. Species exist in a polyploid series, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid, based on the genome formula, n = x = 7 chromosomes. Commercial durum wheat is tetraploid with the genome formula BBAA, while bread wheat is hexaploid (BBAADD). Wheats grown at Riverside, California, from June to October exhibit heat stress at the vegetative and reproductive stages. Under high temperatures (28/15�C day/night) during the vegetative stage, many diploid species do not grow well. Wild diploid T. urartu (AA) and T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum (AA) exhibited more effects of heat stress than the goat grasses A. speltoides (SS = BB?) or A. tauschii (DD). Wild tetraploid T. turgidum L. ssp. dicoccoides Korn (BBAA) exhibited more vegetative-phase stress tolerance than the diploid wheats. Modern Mexican cultivars of durum and bread wheats showed good establishment under high field temperatures, but often tiller number was reduced, and the developmental stages were reduced in time. All the spring durum and bread wheats tested flowered and set seed. They produced anthers with fertile pollen, and they had reproductive heat tolerance. Many wild Aegilops and Triticum accessions did not boot for lack of vernalisation, or they showed reproductive heat stress. Ten wild accessions, including A. speltoides, A. longissima and A. searsii, showed normal vegetative and reproductive development and were considered heat tolerant. They came from the same geographic area in Palestine which should be searched for landraces of wheats that show heat tolerance.

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Yahiaoui, Nabila, Navreet Kaur, and Beat Keller. "Independent evolution of functionalPm3resistance genes in wild tetraploid wheat and domesticated bread wheat." Plant Journal 57, no. 5 (March 2009): 846–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03731.x.

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Yang, Z. Y., C. Y. Liu, Y. Y. Du, L. Chen, Y. F. Chen, and Y. G. Hu. "Dwarfing gene Rht18 from tetraploid wheat responds to exogenous GA3 in hexaploid wheat." Cereal Research Communications 45, no. 1 (March 2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0806.44.2016.050.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tetraploid wheat'

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