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Journal articles on the topic 'Tetrahedrite-tennantite'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Lyubimtseva, N. G., N. S. Bortnikov, S. E. Borisovsky, O. V. Vikent’eva, and V. Yu Prokofiev. "Coupled dissolution–precipitation reactions of tennantite-tetrahedrite minerals in the Darasun gold deposit (Eastern Transbaikalia, Russia)." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061638-57.

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Heterogeneous rhythmic-zonal aggregates of tennantite-IV replaced partly or completely early homogeneous Zn-tetrahedrite-I and euhedral (Fe-Zn)-tennantite-I crystal were found in ores of the Darasun gold deposit. Different replacement stages of fahlore were observed. It initiates at grain boundaries and is terminated by a complete transformation into pseudomorphic newly formed (Zn-Fe)-tennantite-IV aggregates rimed with Zn-tetrahedrite-IV. These aggregates associated intimately with bournonite and galena and their deposition initiated the pseudomorph formation. EMPA revealed that (Fe-Zn)-tetrahedrite richer in As relative to Zn-tetrahedrite-I was deposited at initial stage. Tennantite with wide variation in Sb/(Sb + As) and Fe/(Fe + Zn) ratios predominantes in heterogenous zonal aggregates of (Fe-Zn)-tetrahedrite-tennantite-IV. A negative correlation between the Sb/(Sb + As) and Fe/(Fe + Zn) was found in these minerals. In each site at the contact between Zn-tetrahedrite-I and newly formed (Fe-Zn)-tetrahedrite-tennantite-IV a miscibility gap between As and Sb a sharp drop in the Sb/(Sb + As) ratio and an increase in Fe/(Fe + Zn) ratio occur. Sharp saw-shape boundaries between Zn-tetrahedrite-I and tennantite-IV and voids in newly formed aggregates are considered to be evidence for couple dissolution-precipitation reactions. The dissolution was initiated due disequilibrium between Zn-tetrahedrite-I and an undersaturated fluid resulted from deposition of galena and bournonite. Precipitation of tetrahedrite-tennantite-IV occurred under oscillation in Sb/(Sb + As) and Fe/(Fe + Zn) ratios due to the metal and semimetal contents in the fluid. Crystallization temperature of zonal-heterogenous tennantite-IV aggregates was calculated by sphalerite-fahlore geothermometer which shows (134161) 20 С. Instability of early Zn-tetrahedrite-I resulted from fluid cooling, decreasing in fluid salinity, changing in tetrahedrite and tennantite solubility due to an evolution of migration conditions of semimetals.

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2

Wei, Dongtian, Yong Xia, Jeffrey A. Steadman, Zhuojun Xie, Xijun Liu, Qinping Tan, and Ling’an Bai. "Tennantite–Tetrahedrite-Series Minerals and Related Pyrite in the Nibao Carlin-Type Gold Deposit, Guizhou, SW China." Minerals 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010002.

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A number of sediment-hosted, Carlin-type/-like gold deposits are distributed in the Youjiang basin of SW China. The gold ores are characterized by high As, Hg, and Sb contents but with low base metal contents (Cu+Pb+Zn < 500–1000 ppm). The Nibao deposit is unique among these gold deposits by having tennantite–tetrahedrite-series minerals in its ores. The deposit is also unique in being primarily hosted in the relatively unreactive siliceous pyroclastic rocks, unlike classic Carlin-type gold deposits that are hosted in carbonates or calcareous clastic rocks. In this study, we have identified tennantite-(Zn), tennantite-(Hg), and tetrahedrite-(Zn) from the tennantite–tetrahedrite-series mineral assemblage. The tennantite-(Zn) can be further divided into two sub-types of Tn-(Zn)-I; and Tn-(Zn)-II;. Tn-(Zn)-I; usually occurs in the core of a Tennantite–tetrahedrite composite and appears the darkest under the SEM image, whereas Tn-(Zn)-II overgrows on Tn-(Zn)-I and is overgrown by tetrahedrite-(Zn). Tennantite-(Hg) occasionally occurs as inclusions near the uneven boundary between Tn-(Zn)-I and Tn-(Zn)-II. An appreciable amount of Au (up to 3540 ppm) resides in the tennantite–tetrahedrite-series minerals, indicating that the latter is a major Au host at Nibao. The coexistence of tennantite–tetrahedrite-series minerals and Au-bearing pyrite indicates the Nibao ore fluids were more oxidized than the Carlin-type ore fluids. The tennantite–tetrahedrite series at Nibao evolved from Tn-(Zn)-I through Tn-(Zn)-II to tetrahedrite-(Zn), which is likely caused by Sb accumulation in the ore fluids. This indicates that the Nibao ore fluids may have become more reduced and less acidic during Au precipitation.

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3

Vrtiška, Luboš, and Jiří Sejkora. "Výrazně zonální tetraedrit-tennantit z Kramolína, rudní revír Michalovy Hory (Česká republika)." Bulletin Mineralogie Petrologie 29, no. 2 (2021): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46861/bmp.29.249.

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The crystals of significantly zonal tetrahedrite-tennantite were found in the mine dump material of the Grubenwall 42 mine, Kramolín, the Michalovy Hory ore district, western Bohemia (Czech Republic). Tetrahedrite-tennantite forms layer of tetrahedral, partly corroded crystals up to 1 mm in size on a crust of crystalline quartz in association with chalcopyrite and cerussite. Individual zones in oscillatory zoned crystals are represented by three members of tetrahedrite group minerals - tetrahedrite-(Zn), tennantite-(Zn) and rare tennantite-(Fe). The observed range of AsSb-1 substitution is unusual within a single crystal and indicates high variability of the As/Sb ratio in the hydrothermal fluids.

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4

Velebil, Dalibor, Jaroslav Hyršl, Jiří Sejkora, and Zdeněk Dolníček. "Chemismus a klasifikace minerálů skupiny tetraedritu z ložisek v Peru." Bulletin Mineralogie Petrologie 29, no. 2 (2021): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46861/bmp.29.321.

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The quantitative study of chemical composition of 42 samples of the tetrahedrite group minerals from 16 deposits in Peru provided new data enabling their detailed classification within this group. The majority of samples are usual members of tetrahedrite group: tennantite-(Zn) (Casapalca, Castrovirreyna, Huanzala, Mundo Nuevo, Palomo, Pasto Bueno, Quiruvilca, Huarón, Morococha), tetrahedrite-(Zn) (Huachocolpa, Julcani, Palomo, Pasto Bueno, San Genaro), tetrahedrite-(Fe) (Julcani, Mercedes, Quiruvilca) and tennantite-(Fe) (Milpo, Pachapaqui, Huampar, Huanzala, Quiruvilca). The recently approved new member of this group tennantite-(Cu) was found in two samples from the Julcani ore district. At sample from the San Genero mine, recently approved argentotetrahedrite-(Zn) and an unnamed new member „argentotennantite-(Fe)“ were determined.

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5

Apopei, A. I., G. Damian, N. Buzgar, A. Buzatu, P. Andráš, and S. Milovska. "The determination of the Sb/As content in natural tetrahedrite–tennantite and bournonite–seligmannite solid solution series by Raman spectroscopy." Mineralogical Magazine 81, no. 6 (December 2017): 1439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.008.

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AbstractNatural samples containing tetrahedrite–tennantite, bournonite–seligmannite and geocronite–jordanite from the Coranda-Hondol ore deposit, Romania, were investigated by Raman spectroscopy to determine its capability to provide estimates of solid solutions in three common and widespread sulfosalt mineral series. Raman measurements were performed on extended solid solution series (Td1 to Td97, Bnn25 to Bnn93 and Gcn24 to Gcn67, apfu). The tetrahedrite–tennantite and bournonite–seligmannite solid solution series show strong correlations between spectroscopic parameters ( position, relative intensity and shape of the Raman bands) and the Sb/(Sb+As) content ratio, while Raman spectra of geocronite–jordanite shows no evolution of Raman bands. In order to simplify the method used to estimate the Sb/(Sb+As) content ratio in tetrahedrite–tennantite and bournonite–seligmannite series, several linear equations of the first-order polynomial fit were obtained. The results are in good agreement with electron microprobe data. Moreover, a computer program was developed as an analytical tool for a fast and accurate determination of Sb/(Sb+As) content ratio by at least one spectroscopic parameter. These results indicate that Raman spectroscopy can provide direct information on the composition and structure of the tetrahedrite–tennantite and bournonite– seligmannite series.

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6

Vangelova, Victoria, and Georgy Lutov. "Zonal tennantite-tetrahedrites from the Chelopech deposit: a SEM-EDS study." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 83, no. 3 (December 2022): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.55.

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The composition and structure of tennantite-tetrahedrites from blocks 17 and 18 of the copper-gold high to intermediate sulphidation Chelopech deposit were determined by SEM-EDS. Based on 31 analyses is determined that the tennantites are mostly ferrous, while the tetrahedrites are zinc-rich. In zonal tennantite-tetrahedrite aggregates, sharp saw-shape chalcopyrite bands are evidence of coupled dissolution-precipitation reactions, during the replacement of the former. The fine oscillatory zoning in other tennantite crystals also is related predominantly to internal “self-organization” processes rather than external. In some cases, however, the irregular boundaries between tennantite matrix and tetrahedrite rims and strips and their variable thickness could be due to uneven penetration of fluid into the crystal along the weak zones as a result of replacement rather than overgrowth.

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7

Biagioni, Cristian, Luke L. George, Nigel J. Cook, Emil Makovicky, Yves Moëlo, Marco Pasero, Jiří Sejkora, Chris J. Stanley, Mark D. Welch, and Ferdinando Bosi. "The tetrahedrite group: Nomenclature and classification." American Mineralogist 105, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7128.

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Abstract The classification of the tetrahedrite group minerals in keeping with the current IMA-accepted nomenclature rules is discussed. Tetrahedrite isotypes are cubic, with space group symmetry I43m. The general structural formula of minerals belonging to this group can be written as M(2)A6M(1)(B4C2)X(3) D4S(1)Y12S(2)Z, where A = Cu+, Ag+, ☐ (vacancy), and (Ag6)4+ clusters; B = Cu+, and Ag+; C = Zn2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Cu+, and Fe3+; D = Sb3+, As3+, Bi3+, and Te4+; Y = S2– and Se2–; and Z = S 2–, Se2–, and ☐. The occurrence of both Me+ and Me2+ cations at the M(1) site, in a 4:2 atomic ratio, is a case of valency-imposed double site-occupancy. Consequently, different combinations of B and C constituents should be regarded as separate mineral species. The tetrahedrite group is divided into five different series on the basis of the A, B, D, and Y constituents, i.e., the tetrahedrite, tennantite, freibergite, hakite, and giraudite series. The nature of the dominant C constituent (the so-called “charge-compensating constituent”) is made explicit using a hyphenated suffix between parentheses. Rozhdestvenskayaite, arsenofreibergite, and goldfieldite could be the names of three other series. Eleven minerals belonging to the tetrahedrite group are considered as valid species: argentotennantite-(Zn), argentotetrahedrite-(Fe), kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Fe), giraudite-(Zn), goldfieldite, hakite-(Hg), rozhdestvenskayaite-(Zn), tennantite-(Fe), tennantite-(Zn), tetrahedrite-(Fe), and tetrahedrite-(Zn). Furthermore, annivite is formally discredited. Minerals corresponding to different end-member compositions should be approved as new mineral species by the IMA-CNMNC following the submission of regular proposals. The nomenclature and classification system of the tetrahedrite group, approved by the IMA-CNMNC, allows the full description of the chemical variability of the tetrahedrite minerals and it is able to convey important chemical information not only to mineralogists but also to ore geologists and industry professionals.

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8

McClary, Scott A., Robert B. Balow, and Rakesh Agrawal. "Role of annealing atmosphere on the crystal structure and composition of tetrahedrite–tennantite alloy nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 39 (2018): 10538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02762e.

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9

Staude, S., T. Mordhorst, R. Neumann, W. Prebeck, and G. Markl. "Compositional variation of the tennantite–tetrahedrite solid-solution series in the Schwarzwald ore district (SW Germany): The role of mineralization processes and fluid source." Mineralogical Magazine 74, no. 2 (April 2010): 309–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2010.074.2.309.

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AbstractThe study presents analysis from members of the tennantite–tetrahedrite solid-solution series (‘fahlore’) from 78 locations in the Schwarzwald ore district of SW Germany. Electron microprobe analysis is used to correlate the compositional variations of the fahlores with mineral association, host rock, tectonic history and precipitation mechanisms. Results indicate that most fahlores from gneiss-hosted veins do not have distinctive geochemical characteristics and range from tetrahedrite to tennantite end-member composition with variable trace-element content. However, diagenetically formed fahlore has a near-end-member tennantite composition with very small trace-element content. Red-bed-hosted fahlore formed by fluid mixing is tennantite enriched in Hg that probably has its source in the red-bed sediments. Fahlore formed from granite-related late-magmatic fluids, or from mixing of fluids of which one has equilibrated with granitic basement rocks, is typically As- and Bi-rich (up to 22.2 wt.% Bi). Gneiss-hosted fahlore formed by fluid cooling is Ag-rich near-end-member tetrahedrite. Some fahlores reflect their paragenetic association, e.g. a large Ag content in association with Ag-bearing minerals or a large Co and Ni in association with Co- and Ni-arsenides.Although they have similar compositions, gneiss-hosted fahlores show systematic variations in Ag contents and Fe/Zn ratios between the Central and the Southern Schwarzwald with Fe-rich fahlore in higher stratigraphic levels (North) and Zn- and Ag-rich fahlore in lower stratigraphic levels (South). We show that fahlore composition varies with precipitation mechanism (cooling vs. mixing vs. diagenesis), depth of formation, paragenetic association and host rock. Comparison with fahlores from other European occurrences indicates that these conclusions are consistent with fahlore systematics found elsewhere, and could be used to infer details of ore-forming processes.

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10

Shishkanova, Ksenia, Victor Okrugin, and Tatyana Philosofova. "Mineralogy of the ores on the southern flank of the Mutnovskoe gold-silver-polymetallic deposit (Southern Kamchatka)." Ores and metals, no. 3 (November 15, 2022): 78–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2022-10018.

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The Mutnovskoe deposit is one of the largest and most prospective ore deposits in South Kamchatka. The northern and southern flanks within the main veining zone Opredelyayushchaya, composed of low-sulfi (goldsilver) and sulfide-polymetallic (gold-silver-polymetallic) types of ores, respectively, are distinguished. The paper presents the results of the complex mineralogical and geochemical studies of the gold-silver-polymetallic ores of the southern flank of the deposit. Features of textures and structures, mineral, chemical compositions and genesis of the ores, as well forms of precious and base metals occurrences are shown. Typomorphic features of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, Au, Ag, Pb and Bi tellurides, native gold, Bi, Se and Ag sulfosalts are characterized. The pyrite-sphaleritequartz, sphalerite-galena-quartz, and chalcopyrite-tennantite-tetrahedrite mineral associations are distinguished. The temperatures and composition of ore-forming solutions are shown.

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11

Klünder, Maiken Hansen, Sven Karup-Møller, and Emil Makovicky. "Exploratory studies on substitutions in the tetrahedrite-tennantite solid solution series Part III. The solubility of bismuth in tetrahedrite-tennantite containing iron and zinc." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte 2003, no. 4 (April 12, 2003): 153–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0028-3649/2003/2003-0153.

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12

Celestian, Aaron J. "New Mineral Names." American Mineralogist 107, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-nmn1071218.

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Abstract This issue of New Mineral Names provides a summary of several new species in the tetrahedrite-group along with examples of how museums are sharing type and cotype specimens. Currently there are approximately 50 sulfosalt mineral species in the tetrahedrite-group that have the general formula M2(A6)M1(B4C2)X3(D4)S1(Y12)S2(Z), with A = Cu+, Ag+, ☐; B = Cu+, Ag+; C = Zn2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cu+, Fe3+; D = Sb3+, As3+, Bi3+, Te4+; Y = S2–, Se2–; Z = S2–, Se2–, ☐. All members if the tetrahedrite-group are isometric and have potential applications high efficiency thermoelectric materials. Some the type specimens of tetrahedrite, and others in this review, are shared between museums. Having newly described minerals housed at multiple museums provides easier access to specimens for researchers around the world and serves to preserve these minerals in case of loss at any one the institutions. Here we look at the descriptions of stibiogoldfieldite, graulichite-(La), tennantite-(Cu), wildcatite, ellinaite, paqueite, burnettite, saccoite, and gurzhiite.

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13

Sejkora, Jiří, Petr Pauliš, Michal Urban, Zdeněk Dolníček, Jana Ulmanová, and Ondřej Pour. "Mineralogie křemenných žil ložiska cínových rud Hřebečná u Abertam v Krušných horách (Česká republika)." Bulletin Mineralogie Petrologie 29, no. 1 (2021): 131–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46861/bmp.29.131.

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An extraordinary rich mineral assemblage (more than 35 determined mineral species) has been discovered in quartz greisen mineralization found at dump material of the abandoned Mauritius mine. This mine is situated about 1 km N of the Hřebečná village, 16 km N of Karlovy Vary, Krušné hory Mountains, Czech Republic. The studied mineralization with its textural and mineralogical character differs significantly from the usual fine-grained greisens mined in this area. The primary mineralization is represented by coarse-grained quartz and fluorapatite with sporadic zircon, monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) and very rare cassiterite. Besides common sulphides (arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite-group minerals), Bi-sulphosalts (aikinite, bismuthinite, berryite, cuprobismutite, emplectite, wittichenite) were determined. Members of the tetrahedrite group also contain increased amounts of Bi - in addition to Bi-rich tennantite-(Zn) and tennantite-(Fe), microscopic zones represented by the not approved Bi-dominant analogue of tennantite („annivite-(Zn)“) were also found. The primary mineralization was intensively affected by supergene processes. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite are replaced by Cu sulphides - especially anilite and digenite, and more rarely by geerite, spionkopite and covellite. Some of the fluorapatite grains in the vein quartz were decomposed and mrázekite, mixite, libethenite, pseudomalachite, hydroxylpyromorphite, metatorbernite as well as rare dzhalindite crystallized in the resulting cavities. However, the most abundant supergene phases are the minerals of the alunite supergroup - crandallite, goyazite, plumbogummite, svanbergite and waylandite. The detailed descriptions, X-ray powder diffraction data, refined unit-cell parameters and quantitative chemical composition of individual studied mineral phases are presented.

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14

Makovicky, Emil. "Twinning of Tetrahedrite—OD Approach." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020170.

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The common twinning of tetrahedrite and tennantite can be described as an order–disorder (OD) phenomenon. The unit OD layer is a one-tetrahedron-thick (111) layer composed of six-member rings of tetrahedra, with gaps between them filled with Sb(As) coordination pyramids and triangular-coordinated (Cu, Ag). The stacking sequence of six-member rings is ABCABC, which can also be expressed as a sequence of three consecutive tetrahedron configurations, named α, β, and γ. When the orientation of component tetrahedra is uniform, the α, β, γ, α sequence builds the familiar cage structure of tetrahedrite. However, when the tetrahedra of the β layer are rotated by 180° against those in the underlying α configurations and/or when a rotated α configuration follows after the β configuration (instead of γ), twinning is generated. If repeated, this could generate the ABAB sequence which would modify the structure considerably. If the rest of the structure grows as a regular cubic tetrahedrite structure, the single occurrence of the described defect sequences creates a twin.

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15

Makovicky, Emil, and Sven Karup-Møller. "Exploratory Studies of Substitutions In the Tetrahedrite/Tennantite–Goldfieldite Solid Solution." Canadian Mineralogist 55, no. 2 (March 2017): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1600067.

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16

Ebel, Denton S., and Richard O. Sack. "Ag-Cu and As-Sb exchange energies in tetrahedrite-tennantite fahlores." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, no. 9 (September 1989): 2301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90352-9.

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17

Levinsky, Petr, Christophe Candolfi, Anne Dauscher, Janusz Tobola, Jiří Hejtmánek, and Bertrand Lenoir. "Thermoelectric properties of the tetrahedrite–tennantite solid solutions Cu12Sb4−xAsxS13 and Cu10Co2Sb4−yAsyS13 (0 ≤ x, y ≤ 4)." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 8 (2019): 4547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp00213h.

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This work reports a detailed study of the thermoelectric properties of the tetrahedrite–tennantite solid solutions Cu₁₂Sb_4−xAs_xS₁₃ and Cu₁₀Co₂Sb_4−yAs_yS₁₃ (0 ≤ x, y ≤ 4) in a wide range of temperatures (5–700 K) with a peak ZT of 0.75 at 700 K.

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18

Pauliš, Petr, Zdeněk Dolníček, Roman Gramblička, and Ondřej Pour. "Neobvyklá žilná Cu-Zn-Ag-Pb-As-Sb-Se-Sn-Bi mineralizace z Jedové jámy u Vejprt v Krušných horách (Česká republika)." Bulletin Mineralogie Petrologie 28, no. 2 (2020): 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.46861/bmp.28.385.

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An extraordinary rich mineral assemblage consisting of 27 minerals has been newly discovered in quartz veins of the abandoned ore deposit, once exploited by the Drei König Mine, called also Giftschacht (Jedová jáma - Toxic shaft), situated approximately 2 km SE of Vejprty town. It includes 16 sulphides (plus one unnamed) with far prevailing arsenopyrite. In addition to common sulphides (chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and minerals of the tetrahedrite group), a wide suite of sulphosalts with substantial Bi-content was identified. Besides common bismuthinite and emplectite, also relatively rare Bi minerals (matildite, aikinite, hammarite, wittichenite), in the Czech Republic known from few localities only, have been found here. Bi is bound also in a rather exotic selenide bohdanowitzite and native bismuth. Bi is substantially present in some domains of tetrahedrites [tetrahedrite-(Zn), tennantite-(Zn) and tennantite-(Fe)]. In addition to local Bi enrichment, also Sn-minerals occur in the ore, represented by cassiterite and rare sulphides (kësterite and stannoidite). The presence of phosphates of the plumbogummite group [plumbogummite, goyazite and florencite-(Ce)] contributes to the remarkable mineral assemblage. From geochemical point of view, very interesting is the presence of florencite-(Ce), in which REE with dominating Ce are fixed. In addition, grains of fluorite, fluorapatite, rutile, topaz and aggregates of illite and a phase from kaolinite group are present. Supergene mineralization is represented besides limonite by abundant scorodite and rare strengite.

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19

Hathwar, Venkatesha R., Atsushi Nakamura, Hidetaka Kasai, Koichiro Suekuni, Hiromi I. Tanaka, Toshiro Takabatake, Bo B. Iversen, and Eiji Nishibori. "Low-Temperature Structural Phase Transitions in Thermoelectric Tetrahedrite, Cu12Sb4S13, and Tennantite, Cu12As4S13." Crystal Growth & Design 19, no. 7 (May 22, 2019): 3979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00385.

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20

Safarzadeh, M. Sadegh, and Jan D. Miller. "Acid bake–leach process for the treatment of arsenopyrite, tennantite, and tetrahedrite." International Journal of Mineral Processing 124 (November 2013): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2013.06.007.

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21

Vassileva, Rossitsa D., Radostina Atanassova, and Kalin Kouzmanov. "Tennantite-tetrahedrite series from the Madan Pb-Zn deposits, Central Rhodopes, Bulgaria." Mineralogy and Petrology 108, no. 4 (November 20, 2013): 515–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-013-0316-0.

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22

Charnock, J. M., C. D. Garner, R. A. D. Pattrick, and D. J. Vaughan. "EXAFS and Mössbauer spectroscopic study of Febearing tetrahedrites." Mineralogical Magazine 53, no. 370 (April 1989): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1989.053.370.06.

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AbstractEXAFS and Mössbauer data on synthetic silver-rich tetrahedrite, (Cu, Ag)10+xFe2−xSb4S13, reveal the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ the former occupying trigonal planar sites and the latter tetrahedral sites. There is also a clear relationship between increased silver substitution and an increase in Fe2+. The amount of Fe3+ incorporated in the synthetic tetrahedrites is proportional to the excess of Cu+ (Cu + Ag > 10 atoms) in the mineral, thus maintaining a charge balance. The iron in the natural tetrahedrites and the tennantite examined is mainly tetrahedrally co-ordinated Fe2+.

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23

Mochnacka, Ksenia, Teresa Oberc-Dziedzic, Wojciech Mayer, and Adam Pieczka. "Ore mineralization in the Miedzianka area (Karkonosze-Izera Massif, the Sudetes, Poland): new information." Mineralogia Polonica 43, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2012): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10002-012-0005-3.

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AbstractThe Miedzianka mining district has been known for ages as a site of polymetallic ore deposits with copper and, later, uranium as the main commodities. Although recently uneconomic and hardly accessible, the Miedzianka ores attract Earth scientists due to the interesting and still controversial details of their ore structure, mineralogy and origin. Our examination of the ore mineralization from the Miedzianka district was based exclusively on samples collected from old mining dumps located in the vicinity of Miedzianka and Ciechanowice, and on samples from the only available outcrop in Przybkowice. In samples from the Miedzianka field, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, bornite, chalcocite, digenite, arsenopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite-tennantite, bornite, hematite, martite, pyrrhotite, ilmenite, cassiterite and covellite are hosted in quartz-mica schists and in coarse-grained quartz with chlorite. In the Ciechanowice field, the ore mineralization occurs mainly in strongly chloritized amphibolites occasionally intergrown with quartz and, rarely, with carbonates. Other host-rocks are quartz-chlorite schist and quartzites. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite-tennantite, bismuthinite, native Bi, arsenopyrite, löllingite, cassiterite, cobaltite, gersdorffite, chalcocite, cassiterite, bornite, covellite, marcasite and pyrrhotite. Moreover, mawsonite and wittichenite were identified for the first time in the district. In barite veins cross-cutting the greenstones and greenschists in Przybkowice, we found previously-known chalcopyrite, chalcocite and galena. The composition of the hydrothermal fluids is suggested to evolved through a series of consecutive systems characterized, in turn, by Ti-Fe-Sn, Fe- As-S, Fe-Co-As-S, Cu-Zn-S and, finally, Cu-Pb-Sb-As-Bi compositions.

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Arlt, T., and L. W. Diamond. "Composition of tetrahedrite-tennantite and ‘schwazite’ in the Schwaz silver mines, North Tyrol, Austria." Mineralogical Magazine 62, no. 6 (December 1998): 801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646198548188.

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AbstractThe hydrothermal fahlore deposits of the Schwaz-Brixlegg district have been mined for silver and copper over many centuries and are famous as the type locality of the mercurian fahlore variety ‘schwazite’. The ore is dominantly monomineralic fahlore and occurs as stratabound, discordant vein, and breccia bodies over a 20 km belt hosted mostly by the Devonian Schwaz Dolomite. The structural style of the mineralization is similar to that of Mississippi Valley type deposits.This study presents the first electron microprobe analyses of the ores and reveals wide variations in fahlore compositions, from 35 to 100 wt.% tetrahedrite end-member in the solid solution series with tennantite. Sb and Zn contents vary between 12.1–28.0 wt.% and 0.1–7.6 wt.%, respectively. Silver contents average 0.5 wt.% and range up to 2.0 wt.%. In the breccia-hosted ores these variations clearly result from a temporal evolution in the ore-forming hydrothermal system: main-stage tetrahedrite is replaced by assemblages of Sb-, Fe-, and Ag-enriched tetrahedrite + enargite, with minor sphalerite ± stibnite ± cuprian pyrite (≤ 25 wt.% Cu). These reactions are deduced to result from either increases in aqueous sulphur activity or falling temperature. Earlier workers recognized strong geographic zonation of fahlore compositions, but our microprobe analyses refute these contentions.The 1167 new microprobe analyses of 51 fahlore samples collected underground or obtained from museum collections yield an average Hg content of 1.8 wt.%, and a maximum of 9.4 wt.%. According to modern nomenclature, not even the highest Hg value qualifies as ‘schwazite’. Moreover, it appears that the original and only analysis of ‘schwazite’, reporting 15.6 wt.% Hg (Weidenbusch, 1849), was erroneously performed on a polymineralic aggregate, rather than on a monomineralic fahlore. We conclude that the Schwaz-Brixlegg fahlores are in fact not unusually rich in mercury, and that in all probability there is not, and never has been, any ‘schwazite’ at Schwaz.

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Haga, Kazutoshi, Batnasan Altansukh, and Atsushi Shibayama. "Volatilization of Arsenic and Antimony from Tennantite/Tetrahedrite Ore by a Roasting Process." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 59, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 1396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.m2017400.

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26

Lakshmi Reddy, S., MD Fayazuddiin, N. C. Gangi Reddy, Tamio Endo, and R. L. Frost. "Electron paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption spectral studies on tetrahedrite and tennantite minerals." Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 163, no. 1 (January 2008): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420150701640033.

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27

RIVEROS, P. A., and J. E. DUTRIZAC. "THE LEACHING OF TENNANTITE, TETRAHEDRITE AND ENARGITE IN ACIDIC SULPHATE AND CHLORIDE MEDIA." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 47, no. 3 (January 2008): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.2008.47.3.235.

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Sack, Richard O., and Denton S. Ebel. "As-Sb Exchange Energies in Tetrahedrite-Tennantite Fahlores and Bournonite-Seligmannite Solid Solutions." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 389 (December 1993): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.389.07.

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AbstractReversed brackets on As and Sb partitioning between tetrahedrite-tennantite fahlores {∼CU10(Fe,Zn)2(Sb,As)4S13} and bournonite-seligmannite solid solutions {CuPb(Sb,As)S3} (400°C evacuated silica tubes, NH4Cl flux) indicate that the maximum nonidealities associated with the As-Sb substitution are about 165 (bournonite) and 250 (fahlore) cal/gfw on a per atom exchange basis. The experimental constraints are consistent with the following calibration of the As-Sb exchange reaction between these phases:wherekcal/gfw, X2= Zn/(Zn + Fe) (or one-half the number of Zn atoms/formula unit) and X3= As/(As + Sb) refer to atomic ratios in fahlore, and ΔG°23= ΔH°23= 2.59 ± 0.14 kcal/gfw (Raabe and Sack, 1984; Sack and Loucks, 1975; O'Leary and Sack, 1987; Sack, 1992).

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29

Zlatkov, Gotse. "Colusite from the Plavitsa gold deposit – a new mineral for the Republic of North Macedonia Gotse Zlatkov." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 82, no. 3 (December 2021): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2021.82.3.37.

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The Plavitsa ore deposit is a part of the Zletovo ore field. Two ore zones were established: primary (sulphide) and secondary (oxide, gold-bearing). The colusite occurs at the primary sulphide ore zone. The results of the microprobe analyses in wt%: Cu 47.38, V 3.41, Sn 8.28, As 10.75, Sb 2.01, Fe 0.11, S 29.1. LA-ICP-MS revealed contents of Te, Se, In, Ag, and Au. The micro-hardness (H) is 280–310 kg/mm2. At λ 540 and 580 nm R is 29% and 29.6%. The colusitе associates with enargite, famatinite, luzonite, bornite, barite, tennantite, tetrahedrite and tellurides of Au and Ag.

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30

Vavelidis, Michael, and Vasiπos Melfos. "Two plumbian tetrahedrite-tennantite occurrences from Maronia area (Thrace) and Milos island (Aegean sea), Greece." European Journal of Mineralogy 9, no. 3 (June 2, 1997): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/9/3/0653.

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31

Yuningsih, ST., MT., Ph.D, Euis Tintin. "ORE MINERALS FROM KUROKO TYPE DEPOSIT OF TOYA-TAKARADA MINE, HOKKAIDO, JAPAN." Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 11, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v11i2.14.

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Toya-Takarada mine is Au- and Ag-rich Kuroko-type deposit located in Takarada, Toya-mura, southwest Hokkaido, Japan. The deposits were hosted in rhyolitic tuff and mudstone of Middle Miocene age. Ore samples of fine-grained black ore, vuggy black-yellow ore, granular vuggy black ore, quartz-sulfide ore and massive quartz-barite ore were studied to identify the ore minerals association in the Toya-Takarada mine. The ore minerals are dominated by sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite with fewer amounts of electrum, tetrahedrite-tennantite, and other sulfosalt minerals with secondary mineral of covellite.The quantitative chemical analysis of ore minerals by EPMA indicated that FeS contents in sphalerite is low (0.3-1.2 mol.%) in all kinds of ore samples. Small grains of electrum as inclusions in pyrite are identified in vuggy black-yellow ore with Ag content around 32-33 atm %.In general, the silver minerals in Kuroko-type deposits occurred mainly in the black and yellow ores zone dominantly composed of sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite and barite as a form of electrum and/or argentian tetrahedrite-tennantite series. Thus, the massive quartz-barite ore sample of Toya-Takarada mine are also contain some rare silver sulfosalt minerals such as proustite, Cu-rich pearceite, geocronite-jordanite and fizelyite. Those minerals were found together in association with sphalerite. It seems that sphalerite was crystallized first followed by proustite and Cu-rich pearceite, then geocronite-jordanite and fizelyite are crystallized later.Sphalerites from quartz-sulfide ore of Toya-Takarada contain some fluid inclusions and measured homogenization temperatures are in the range of 164-247°C (av. 208°C) with salinity ranging from 1.9 to 4.7 wt.% NaClequiv. (av. 3.9 wt.% NaClequiv.). The mineral assemblage, iron content in sphalerite and silver content in electrum were indicated that sulfur fugacity was slightly higher during ore mineralization in Toya-Takarada mine.

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32

Vavelidis, M., and V. Melfos. "Bi–Ag-bearing tetrahedrite-tennantite in the Kapsalina copper mineralisation, Thasos island, Northern Greece." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 180, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7757/2004/0180-0149.

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33

George, Luke, Nigel Cook, and Cristiana Ciobanu. "Minor and Trace Elements in Natural Tetrahedrite-Tennantite: Effects on Element Partitioning among Base Metal Sulphides." Minerals 7, no. 2 (January 29, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min7020017.

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34

Lyubimtseva, N. G., N. S. Bortnikov, S. E. Borisovsky, O. V. Vikent’eva, and V. Yu Prokofiev. "Coupled Dissolution–Precipitation Reactions of Tennantite–Tetrahedrite Minerals in the Darasun Gold Deposit (Eastern Transbaikalia, Russia)." Geology of Ore Deposits 61, no. 6 (November 2019): 530–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701519060047.

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35

Klünder Hansen, Maiken, Emil Makovicky, and Sven Karup-Møller. "Exploratory studies on substitutions in tetrahedrite–tennantite solid solution. Part IV. Substitution of germanium and tin." Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 179, no. 1 (August 1, 2003): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7757/2003/0179-0043.

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36

Kharbish, Sherif, Eugen Libowitzky, and Anton Beran. "The effect of As-Sb substitution in the Raman spectra of tetrahedrite-tennantite and pyrargyrite-proustite solid solutions." European Journal of Mineralogy 19, no. 4 (September 13, 2007): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2007/0019-1737.

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37

Ebel, Denton S., and Richard O. Sack. "Arsenic-silver incompatibility in fahlore." Mineralogical Magazine 55, no. 381 (December 1991): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1991.055.381.04.

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AbstractSilver-bearing zinc-iron tetrahedrite-tennantite and freibergit fahlores approximating the simplified formula (Ag,Cu)10(Fe,Zn)2(As,Sb)4S13 have been equilibrated with excess electrum (AuxAg1−x) and chalcopyrite + pyrite + iron-bearing sphalerite (CuFeS2 + FeS2 + Fe0.05Zn0.95S) in evacuated silica tubes at 300 °C, in reversed silver-copper exchange experiments with less than 0.1 mg NH4Cl added as a transport medium. A thermodynamic formulation and parameters describing As-Ag incompatibility at 400 °C (Ebel and Sack, 1989), which incorporate large temperature dependencies of standard-state properties and composition-ordering systematics, are shown to apply equally well to these 300 °C results. A generalised graphical model for this mineral assemblage is presented, describing fahlore composition as a function of temperature and the compositions of coexisting electrum and (Fe,Zn)S, which define the Ag(Cu)−1 and Fe(Zn)−1 exchange properties controlling fahlore compositions.

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38

HAGA, Kazutoshi, Altansukh BATNASAN, and Atsushi SHIBAYAMA. "Development of Arsenic and/or Antimony Removal Process from Tennantite/Tetrahedrite via Alkaline Leaching and Precipitation Process." Journal of MMIJ 131, no. 1 (2015): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.131.27.

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39

Andreasen, Jens Wenzel, Emil Makovicky, Bente Lebech, and Sven Karup Møller. "The role of iron in tetrahedrite and tennantite determined by Rietveld refinement of neutron powder diffraction data." Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 35, no. 8 (May 1, 2008): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00269-008-0239-1.

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40

Karwowski, Łukasz, and Marek Markowiak. "Polymetallic mineralization in Ediacaran sediments in the Żarki-Kotowice area, Poland." Mineralogia Polonica 43, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2012): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10002-012-0008-0.

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AbstractIn one small mineral vein in core from borehole 144-Ż in the Żarki-Kotowice area, almost all of the ore minerals known from related deposits in the vicinity occur. Some of the minerals in the vein described in this paper, namely, nickeline, hessite, native silver and minerals of the cobaltite-gersdorffite group, have not previously been reported from elsewhere in the Kraków-Lubliniec tectonic zone. The identified minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, Co-rich pyrite, tennantite, tetrahedrite, bornite, galena, magnetite, hematite, cassiterite, pyrrhotite, wolframite (ferberite), scheelite, molybdenite, nickeline, minerals of the cobaltitegersdorffite group, carrollite, hessite and native silver. Moreover, native bismuth, bismuthinite, a Cu- and Ag-rich sulfosalt of Bi (cuprobismutite) and Ni-rich pyrite also occur in the vein. We suggest that, the ore mineralization from the borehole probably reflects post-magmatic hydrothermal activity related to an unseen granitic intrusion located under the Mesozoic sediments in the Żarki-Pilica area.

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41

Yakubovich, O. V., A. M. Gedz, I. V. Vikentyev, A. V. Kotov, and B. M. Gorokhovskii. "Migration of radiogenic helium in the crystal structure of sulfides and prospects of their isotopic dating." Петрология 27, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-590327165-86.

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The migration of helium from the crystal lattices of sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, bornite, and sphalerite) and sulfosalts (tennantite and tetrahedrite) was studied. It was shown that helium occurs in submicrometer inclusions of uranium- and thorium-bearing minerals. The curves of helium thermal desorption from the sulfide and sulfosalts were obtained by the step-heating method and analyzed on the basis of the single-jump migration model. The interpretation of these data led to the conclusion on the possibility of the U-Th-He dating of pyrite. It was shown that the migration parameters of helium in the other sulfides and sulfosalts are not suitable for their potential use as U-Th-He mineral geochronometer. Based on a comparison of data on helium migration in various minerals, it was suggested that high helium retentivity in some sulfides and arsenides (pyrite and sperrylite) is related to the type of their crystal lattice, packing density, and specific electric resistivity.

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42

Bastow, T. J., J. A. Lehmann-Horn, and D. G. Miljak. "121,123Sb and 75As NMR and NQR investigation of the tetrahedrite (Cu12Sb4S13) – Tennantite (Cu12As4S13) system and other metal arsenides." Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 71 (October 2015): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssnmr.2015.09.010.

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43

Mielczarski, J. A., J. M. Cases, M. Alnot, and J. J. Ehrhardt. "XPS Characterization of Chalcopyrite, Tetrahedrite, and Tennantite Surface Products after Different Conditioning. 1. Aqueous Solution at pH 10." Langmuir 12, no. 10 (January 1996): 2519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9505881.

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44

Mielczarski, Jerzy A., Jean M. Cases, and Odile Barres. "In SituInfrared Characterization of Surface Products of Interaction of an Aqueous Xanthate Solution with Chalcopyrite, Tetrahedrite, and Tennantite." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 178, no. 2 (March 1996): 740–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.0172.

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45

Mielczarski, J. A., E. Mielczarski, and J. M. Cases. "Infrared Evaluation of Composition and Structure of Ethyl Xanthate Monolayers Produced on Chalcopyrite, Tetrahedrite, Tennantite at Controlled Potentials." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 188, no. 1 (April 1997): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.4716.

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46

Shimizu, M., A. Kato, S. Matsubara, A. J. Criddle, and C. J. Stanley. "Watanabeite, Cu4(As,Sb)2S5, a new mineral from the Teine mine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 389 (December 1993): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.389.08.

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AbstractWatanabeite Cu4(As,Sb)2S5, in which As>Sb, is a new copper sulphosalt that occurs with quartz in a hydrothermal vein at the Teine mine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. It is silvery lead-grey in colour with lead-grey streak. VHN100 = 253-306 kg/mm2, brittle. It has no cleavage and the fracture is uneven. The measured density = 4.66(2) g/cm3. The mean of six microprobe analyses gave Cu 41.1, Ag 0.1, Mn 0.3, As 15.4, Sb 14.3, Bi 2.4, S 26.2, a total of 99.8 wt.%, corresponding to: (Cu3.94Mn0.03− Ag0.01)∑3.98(As1.25Sb0.72Bi0.07)∑2.04S4.98 (basis: total atoms = 11), or ideally, Cu4(As,Sb)2S5, with As > Sb. The X-ray powder pattern resembles that of tetrahedrite but has subsidiary diffractions and is similar to that of synthetic Cu24As12S31 (Maske and Skinner, 1971). It is indexed on an orthorhombic cell with a = 14.51 Å, b = 13.30 Å, c = 17.96 Å (all ± 0.01 Å), and Z = 16. Calculated density is 4.66 g/ cm3. It is optically similar to tetrahedrite but is grey and weakly bireflectant. No internal reflections were observed. The maximum and minimum reflectance values in air and in oil (nD = 1.515) for the COM wavelengths are: 470 nm −32.5, 31.5; 17.7, 17.0, 546 nm −32.0, 31.1; 17.0, 16.3,589 nm −31.1, 30.3; 16.1 m 15.5, 650 nm −30.0, 29.3; 15.0, 14.5%, respectively. Watanabeite forms masses composed of aggregates of minute grains up to 50 μm in diameter. Apart from some minute inclusions of emplectite, native bismuth and tennantite, it is almost monominerallic.

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47

Krismer, Matthias, Franz Vavtar, Peter Tropper, Reinhard Kaindl, and Bernhard Sartory. "The chemical composition of tetrahedrite-tennantite ores from the prehistoric and historic Schwaz and Brixlegg mining areas (North Tyrol, Austria)." European Journal of Mineralogy 23, no. 6 (December 21, 2011): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2137.

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48

Spiridonov, E. M., N. N. Krivitskaya, I. A. Bryzgalov, N. N. Korotaeva, and K. N. Kochetova. "Fülöppite Pb<sub>3</sub>Sb<sub>8</sub>S<sub>15</sub> of volcanogenic plutonogenic Darasun gold deposit, Eastern Transbaikal." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 5 (October 28, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2020-5-71-76.

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The Late Jurassic orogenic volcanogenic–plutonogenic gold deposit Darasun (the Eastern Transbaikal segment of Mongolo-Okhotsk folded zone) includes postgold ore antimony mineralization. Aggregates of rice-like quartz, minerals of jordanite–geocronite–schultzite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, calcite and Mn-Mg siderite are its earlier formations; aggregates of rice-like quartz, low-iron sphalerite, Pb-Sb sulphosalts, antimonite and berthierite are its late formations. The Darasun trend of Pb-Sb sulphosalts sequence from bulangerite to fülöppite is typical for post-magmatic hydrothermal gold deposits and differs from telethermal ones. The are two fülöppite types in Darasun ores: fülöppite enriched in arsenic (up to 7,5 %wt), which is probably the product of replacement of geocronite and fahl ore row minerals and fülöppite without arsenic associating with antimonite and calcite. The arsenic-bearing fülöppite composition is (Pb2.90Ag0.06Cu0.05)3.01(Sb7.05As0.91Bi0.04)8.00S14.99 and the composition of fülöppite without arsenic is (Pb2.83Cu0.18)3.01Sb7.98S15.01, which are close to stoichiometry. Darasun fülöppite is characterized by positive correlation of As, Bi and Ag; füloppite without arsenic is enriched in copper.

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Foit, F. F., and M. E. Ulbricht. "COMPOSITIONAL VARIATION IN MERCURIAN TETRAHEDRITE TENNANTITE FROM THE EPITHERMAL DEPOSITS OF THE STEENS AND PUEBLO MOUNTAINS, HARNEY COUNTY, OREGON." Canadian Mineralogist 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.39.3.819.

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50

Mielczarski, J. A., J. M. Cases, M. Alnot, and J. J. Ehrhardt. "XPS Characterization of Chalcopyrite, Tetrahedrite, and Tennantite Surface Products after Different Conditioning. 2. Amyl Xanthate Solution at pH 10." Langmuir 12, no. 10 (January 1996): 2531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la950589t.

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