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Cheng, Alvan, Angie Ghanem-Uzqueda, Nicole A. Hoff, Hayley Ashbaugh, Reena H. Doshi, Patrick Mukadi, Roger Budd, et al. "Tetanus seroprotection among children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2013–2014." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): e0268703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268703.
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Background Tetanus is a potentially fatal disease that is preventable through vaccination. While the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has continued to improve implementing routine vaccination activities throughout the country, they have struggled to maintain high childhood vaccine coverage. This study aims to examine the seroprevalence of tetanus in children 6 to 59 months to identify areas for intervention and improvement of vaccination coverage. Methods In collaboration with the 2013–2014 Demographic and Health Survey, we assessed the seroprevalence of tetanus antibodies among children in the DRC. Dried blood spot samples collected from children 6–59 months of age were processed using a prototype DYNEX Multiplier® chemiluminescent automated immunoassay instrument with a multiplex measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and tetanus assay. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with tetanus vaccination and seroprotection. Results Overall, 36.1% of children 6–59 months of age reported receiving at least 1 dose of tetanus vaccine while 28.7% reported receiving 3 doses; tetanus seroprotection was 40%. Increasing age in children was associated with decreased tetanus seroprotection, but increased number tetanus vaccinations received. Factors related to increased tetanus seroprotection included number of children in the household, wealth index of the family, urban residence compared to rural, level of maternal education, and province and geography. Conclusions Our findings in this nationally representative sample indicate that serology biomarkers may help identify children who are not fully immunized to tetanus more accurately than reported vaccination. While children may be captured for routine immunization activities, as children age, decreasing seroprevalence may indicate additional need to bolster routine vaccination activities and documentation of vaccination in school aged children. Additionally, the study highlights gaps in rural residential areas and vaccination coverage based on maternal education, indicating that policies targeting maternal education and awareness could improve the coverage and seroprevalence of tetanus antibodies in the DRC.
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Hirka, E. I., and M. S. Popov. "IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE TETANUS TOXOID USE FOR THE URGENT SPECIFIC TETANUS PREVENTION IN PATIENTS WITH THE WOUND INFECTION." Kharkiv Surgical School, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37699/2308-7005.3.2020.11.
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Summary. Aim. The present study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of tetanus toxoid administration during the urgent specific tetanus prevention.
Materials and methods. The determination of tetanus immunity levels in patients with the wound infection before immunization, then 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination. Studies of blood sera of patients were carried out in dynamics by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a set of test systems for determining IgG antibodies to tetanus toxoid «Clostridium tetani toxin IgG», ELISA, Nova Tec Immundiagnostica GmbH, Germany. Results of the study were measured in International Units per milliliter (IU / ml).
Results. The tetanus toxoid AP-Biolik using for the urgent specific tetanus prevention is induce protective tetanus immunity levels 2 weeks after vaccination and long-term specific immunity protection 4 weeks after vaccination.
Conclusions. The immunological efficiency of AP-Biolik using was established during its applying for urgent specific tetanus prevention in patients with the wound infection.
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Langhorst, Silvan Elias, Niklas Frahm, Michael Hecker, Pegah Mashhadiakbar, Barbara Streckenbach, Julia Baldt, Felicita Heidler, and Uwe Klaus Zettl. "Vaccination Coverage against Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis and Poliomyelitis and Validity of Self-Reported Vaccination Status in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 5 (April 23, 2022): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050677.
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease with a neurodegenerative component of the central nervous system. Immunomodulatory therapy can increase the risk of infection, which is a particular risk for MS patients. Therefore, a complete vaccination status is of utmost importance as protection against vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Our aim was to investigate the vaccination status, vaccination card knowledge and the vaccination behavior of MS patients with regard to vaccinations against tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis. Three hundred twenty-seven patients with MS were evaluated by anamnesis, clinical examination, structured interview and vaccination card control in this two-center study. Based on the recommendations of the Robert Koch Institute, we assessed the completeness of the vaccination status of the examined vaccinations. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of patients with complete/incomplete or correctly/wrongly self-reported vaccination status was performed. In the cohort analyzed, the vaccination coverage was 79.5% for tetanus, 79.2% for diphtheria, 74.8% for pertussis and 84.8% for poliomyelitis. The assumed vaccination status was higher for tetanus (86.5%) and lower for diphtheria (69.4%), pertussis (61.2%) and poliomyelitis (75.9%). Patients who were unvaccinated or only partially vaccinated against tetanus had received vaccination advice from a physician less often in the past year (13.4 vs. 36.9%, p < 0.001) and had no one to check the vaccination card more often (35.8 vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001). High sensitivity (93.7%) and low specificity (30.3%) were determined regarding the validity of self-reported tetanus vaccination status. Patients with a correctly reported tetanus vaccination status were more likely to have their vaccination card checked by a physician than those who overestimated or underestimated their vaccination status (76.7 vs. 63.0/43.8%, p = 0.002). Similar findings were seen with regard to diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccination. Patients without a regular vaccination card control (17.1%) were more likely to be male (44.6 vs. 29.4%, p = 0.037), had fewer siblings on average (1.1 vs. 1.6, p = 0.016), dealt less frequently with the issue of vaccination in the past year (32.1 vs. 69.3%, p < 0.001) and more frequently had the wish to receive vaccination advice (48.2 vs. 34.4%, p = 0.030) than patients in whom the vaccination card was checked regularly by a physician. To minimize the risk of infection in MS patients, treating physicians should provide regular vaccination counseling and perform vaccination card controls, as these factors are associated with a higher vaccination coverage and a higher validity of self-reported vaccination statuses.
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Fletcher, Meghan, Shannon Rankin, and Preeyaporn Sarangarm. "The Effect of Pharmacy-Driven Education on the Amount of Appropriately Administered Tetanus Vaccines in the Emergency Department." Hospital Pharmacy 54, no. 1 (April 18, 2018): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578718769239.
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Background: Tetanus vaccinations for wound prophylaxis are routinely administered in emergency departments (ED). Current recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding tetanus administration for wound prophylaxis differentiate between the tetanus and diphtheria (Td) and the tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap) formulations and when they should be administered. Lack of knowledge regarding these recommendations, different formulations, and techniques to locate patient immunization history can lend to increased duplicate and inappropriate vaccinations. Objective: The purpose of this prospective, interventional study with a historical control was to evaluate the impact of a pharmacy-driven education series on the proportion of duplicate and inappropriate tetanus vaccinations administered in a level I trauma center ED. Methods: Three months of tetanus vaccinations administered in the ED after this education were analyzed and compared with a historical control. The primary outcome is the percentage of vaccinations considered duplicates (previous vaccination within the past 5 years) when patients’ medical record was reviewed for immunization history. Secondary end points include the percentage of vaccinations considered nonadherent (according to current CDC-ACIP guidelines), the total cost of all duplicate vaccinations, and the percentage of vaccination orders that had the wrong formulation administered. Results: The percentage of duplicate vaccinations decreased from 9.9% (25 vaccinations) to 5.5% (14 vaccinations) (P = .067) from the preintervention group to the postintervention group. Nonadherent vaccinations compiled 3.6% versus 2.8% of the vaccinations (P = .611) and incorrect formulations given were 18.2% versus 11.4% (P = .176) in the preintervention and postintervention groups, respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that multiple formulations of tetanus vaccinations and fragmented documentation of immunizations increase the prevalence of medication errors related to tetanus vaccinations. It also indicates that interventions more enduring than education are required to prevent these errors.
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Cassimos, Dimitrios C., Evgnosia Effraimidou, Snezana Medic, Theoharis Konstantinidis, Maria Theodoridou, and Helena C. Maltezou. "Vaccination Programs for Adults in Europe, 2019." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010034.
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Background: While all European countries implement vaccination programs for children, there are gaps in terms of vaccination programs for adults. Methods: We studied the 2019 vaccination policies for adults in 42 European countries. Results: Vaccination programs for adults were in place in all countries. However, there were considerable differences between countries in terms of number of vaccinations, target populations and frame of implementation (recommended or mandatory vaccinations). In particular the following vaccination policies were in place: influenza (42 countries), tetanus (31), diphtheria (30), pneumococcus (29), hepatitis B (20), pertussis (18), measles (14), human papilloma virus (14), meningococcus tetravalent A,C,W,Y (14), rubella (13), hepatitis A (11), mumps (11), poliomyelitis (10), herpes zoster (9), varicella (8), tick-born encephalitis (8), meningococcus B (6), rabies (6), Haemophilus influenzae type b (5), tuberculosis (3), typhoid fever (3), meningococcus C (2), and yellow fever (1). Seventeen countries implement mandatory vaccinations, mainly against diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B. Conclusions: There are significant differences in vaccination programs for adults in Europe. Routine vaccination programs for adults need to be strengthened. A consensus-based vaccination program is needed.
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Seo, Seung Won, Jaewon Lee, Bong-Goo Yoo, Jehun Kim, and So-Young Huh. "Autonomic instability in severe tetanus: a case report." Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology 23, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14253/acn.2021.23.2.117.
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Tetanus is an infectious disease of the nervous system caused by Clostridium tetani, and is characterized by tonic muscle contractions, painful spasms, and autonomic dysfunction. Severe autonomic dysfunction associated with tetanus can be life-threatening. We present a 62-year-old female who experienced lockjaw after an ankle fracture. The patient was diagnosed with tetanus and received tetanus immunoglobulin and a vaccination. The patient subsequently experienced labile hypertension. This case highlights the challenge and importance of managing cardiovascular instability.
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Segarra-Newnham, Marisel. "Tracking Vaccination Rates among HIV-Positive Patients with a Computerized Reminder System." Hospital Pharmacy 38, no. 8 (August 2003): 758–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870303800814.
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Objective This study deterimined vaccination rates at a Veterans Affairs HIV clinic before and after the 1997 implementation of a computerized reminder system. Methods Before implementation of a computerized reminder system, vaccinations were not always recorded on patients' medical records. After implementation, vaccinations were documented in the computer record and the system alerted providers when patients became due for a pneumococcal vaccine, tetanus booster, or other immunization. Charts for all patients (n = 211) enrolled in the HIV clinic were assessed for vaccination dates. Vaccination rates for patients (n = 71) enrolled before 1997 were compared with rates for patients (n = 140) enrolled after the computerized system was installed. The new system enabled the clinical pharmacist to monitor vaccination rates on a quarterly basis and facilitate patient appointments. Results Vaccination rates for patients enrolled before 1997 were 100% for initial pneumococcal vaccination and 100% for tetanus. Seventy-six percent of patients due for a pneumococcal vaccine booster had received it. In contrast, patients enrolled after 1997 had vaccination rates of 94% for pneumococcal vaccine; eight recently enrolled patients did not have documentation of vaccination. The clinical pharmacist scheduled these patients and the rate increased to 97%. Due to a product shortage, only 61% of patients enrolled after 1997 had received tetanus vaccine. Conclusions A computerized reminder system allows for reliable tracking of vaccination rates and can be used by pharmacists to improve preventive care for HIV-positive patients. Overall vaccination rates were well above the national norm.
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Hao, Nguyen Van, Nguyen Ngoc My Huyen, Nguyen Thi Han Ny, Vo Thi Nhu Trang, Nguyen Van Minh Hoang, Duong Bich Thuy, Nguyen Thanh Nguyen, et al. "The Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Toxigenic Clostridium tetani Infection: A Case-Control Study." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 2 (August 11, 2021): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0146.
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ABSTRACT. Tetanus arises from wound contamination with Clostridium tetani, but approximately one fifth of patients have no discernable entry wound. Clostridium tetani is culturable from animal feces, suggesting the gastrointestinal tract could be an endogenous reservoir or direct-entry portal, but human data are lacking. In this study of 101 Vietnamese adults with tetanus and 29 hospitalized control subjects, admission stool samples were cultured for C. tetani. Anti-tetanus toxin antibodies were measured by ELISA. Clostridium tetani toxigenicity was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Toxigenic C. tetani was cultured from stool samples in 50 of 100 (50%) tetanus cases and 12 of 28 (42.9%) control subjects (P = 0.50), and stool samples of 44 of 85 (52.4%) tetanus cases with clinically identified wounds compared with 6 of 15 (47.6%) patients without clinically identified wounds (P = 0.28). Nine of 12 (75%) control subjects with toxigenic C. tetani in their stool samples lacked protective antibody concentrations. These findings fail to show evidence of an association between gastrointestinal C. tetani and tetanus infection, but emphasize the importance of increasing vaccination coverage.
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Mortelmans, Luc J. M., Colpin Gert, and Jutten Y. C. Guido. "Thrombocytopenia after tetanus vaccination." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 16, no. 6 (December 2009): 345–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mej.0b013e328321b7a4.
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Puri, Ajit S. "Tetanus Following Smallpox Vaccination." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.924.
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Moura, Sofia, and Maria do Rosário O. Martins. "Determinants of Tetanus Vaccination among Adult Immigrants: Findings from the Portuguese National Health Survey 2014." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091619.
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Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent tetanus, and in Portugal this service is provided free of charge. Despite this, immigrants reported lower tetanus vaccination coverage than did Portuguese natives. The objective of this study was to identify sociodemographic, migration-related, and access-to-care factors associated with tetanus vaccination coverage among adult immigrants, using data from the Portuguese National Health Survey 2014. For the sample of 1277 immigrants aged ≥18 years, we estimated self-reported tetanus vaccination within the preceding 10 years and its determinants using complex samples logistic regression. The overall self-reported tetanus vaccination coverage was 79.5% (95% CI: 75.8–82.8). Age (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) per 1 year age increase = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99), higher household income per adult (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19–0.96), having Portuguese citizenship (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.25–4.24), having private health insurance (aOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.06–3.71), and contact with family/general physician in the last 12 months (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.01–2.51) were associated with self-reported tetanus vaccination coverage among adult immigrants. We also found significant disparities in coverage between regions of residence. This study identified several determinants associated with self-reported tetanus vaccination coverage among adult immigrants in Portugal. These findings may help policymakers to design specific interventions to increase tetanus vaccination coverage among this population.
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Sayar, Merve Sefa, Mustafa Özgür Akca, Ali Asan, Ali Gümüş, Sibel Yorulmaz Göktaş, İsmail Necati Hakyemez, Özgür Dağlı, and Çınar Öztürk. "Tetanus immunization among healthcare professionals: cross-sectional study in Turkey." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 16, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 1596–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.16787.
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Introduction: Vaccine-preventable diseases can be effectively managed through timely vaccine booster doses. In this study, the tetanus vaccination status of healthcare professionals and their level of knowledge about tetanus vaccination were investigated
Methodology: The data were obtained through a survey questionnaire from 336 healthcare professionals. The survey participants were recruited on a voluntary basis among the personnel working in a tertiary hospital between 1 July 2021 and 30 September 2021. The participants were asked about their tetanus vaccination status and general awareness about the tetanus vaccine.
Results: The survey participants included nurses (41.4%, n = 139), doctors (39.9%, n = 134) and support unit personnel (18.8%, n = 63). The support unit personnel had insufficient knowledge about military service period, pregnancy period, vaccination of women aged 15-49 years, and the necessity of booster tetanus vaccine every 10 years. Interestingly, the nurses had significantly inadequate knowledge of geriatric tetanus vaccination.
Conclusions: Although the tetanus immunization program is widely implemented throughout the country, our study concluded that it is necessary to educate healthcare professionals on the importance of the tetanus vaccine.
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Candido, R. "The perception of Italian diabetologists on anti-influenza and anti-diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccinations in subjects with diabetes mellitus: the AMD survey." Journal of AMD 22, no. 3 (October 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36171/jamd19.22.3.03.
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Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased incidence of some infections and a greater severity and/or frequency of complications related to these diseases. Influenza is characterized by an increased severity of clinical course and risk of complications, especially in diabetic patients who are more susceptible to influenza infection. For these reasons, the Italian Vaccine Prevention Plan 2017-19 provides an active and free offer of influenza vaccine for the diabetic subjects. In addition, among the vaccinations recommended by the Italian Prevention Plan in adults, including the diabetes ones, there is the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and the decennial booster. To investigate what is the perception of Italian diabetologists on the role and importance of the influenza and the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines, AMD has promoted an online survey. Participants claimed to be aware of the importance of carrying out and recommending influenza vaccination, while awareness of the usefulness of performing and suggesting the decennial booster for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis was lower. Diabetologists attribute to patients’ resistance and lack of interest in such vaccinations the main motivation for which they are not used to recommend them, even if they acknowledge that they have little knowledge about the decennial booster of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. The survey shows that the percentage of patients with diabetes who seek advice on these vaccinations is inadequate and the diabetologists’ knowledge of the National Vaccination Prevention recommendations and the need to actively promote vaccinations is inappropriate. This survey has allowed to highlight the opinion, of a significant percentage of Italian diabetologists, on some key aspects of the vaccination therapy indicated in diabetic patient, allowing to gather important information to open a debate, to know strengths and weaknesses on this topic and implement training activities. KEY WORDS diabetes mellitus; influenza vaccine; diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine; survey.
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Amoak, Daniel, Nancy Osei Kye, Florence Wullo Anfaara, Yujiro Sano, and Roger Antabe. "Maternal Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination in Benin: Evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey." Vaccines 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010077.
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Tetanus toxoid vaccination is critical for improving maternal and child health. Yet, the prevalence and correlates of maternal tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage remain largely underexplored in Benin where infant and child mortality rates are high. Using the 2017–18 Benin Demographic and Health Survey, we apply logistic regression analysis to address this void in the literature. We find that overall maternal vaccination coverage is 69%. A range of demographic, health care, and socioeconomic factors are associated with maternal tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage. Women aged 20–34 (OR = 0.84, p < 0.05) and 35–49 (OR = 0.63, p < 0.01) are less likely to receive tetanus toxoid vaccination in comparison to those aged 15–19. Health care factors are also significantly associated with maternal tetanus toxoid vaccination, indicating that women who deliver at home (OR = 0.20, p < 0.001) and visit antenatal care fewer than eight times (OR = 0.62, p < 0.001) are less likely to receive tetanus toxoid vaccination than their counterparts who deliver in a health facility and visit antenatal care eight times or more. We also find that women with secondary (OR = 0.54, p < 0.05), primary (OR = 0.47, p < 0.01), and no education (OR = 0.47, p < 0.01) are less likely to receive tetanus toxoid vaccination compared to their counterparts with higher education. Based on these findings, we discuss several implications for policymakers.
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Veronese, Nicola, Giusy Vassallo, Maria Armata, Laura Cilona, Salvatore Casalicchio, Roberta Masnata, Claudio Costantino, et al. "Multidimensional Frailty and Vaccinations in Older People: A Cross-Sectional Study." Vaccines 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2022): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040555.
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It is known that influenza, herpes zoster, pneumococcal and pertussis infections may increase morbidity and mortality in older people. Vaccinations against these pathogens are effective in older adults. Frailty seems to be an important determinant of vaccination rates, yet data supporting this association are still missing. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of four recommended vaccinations (influenza, herpes zoster, pneumococcal and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis) and the association with multidimensional frailty assessed using a self-reported comprehensive geriatric assessment tool, i.e., the multidimensional prognostic index (SELFY-MPI). Older participants visiting the outpatient clinic of Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Palermo, Italy were included. The SELFY-MPI questionnaire score was calculated based on eight different domains, while the vaccination status was determined using self-reported information. We included 319 participants from the 500 initially considered (63.8%). Vaccination against influenza was observed in 70.5% of the cases, whilst only 1.3% received the vaccination against diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis. Participants with higher SELFY-MPI scores were more likely to report vaccination against pneumococcus (45.6 vs. 28.3%, p = 0.01), whilst no significant differences were observed for the other vaccinations. In conclusion, the coverage of recommended vaccinations is low. Higher SELFY-MPI scores and vaccination status, particularly anti-pneumococcus, appear to be associated, but future studies are urgently needed for confirming that frailty is associated with vaccination status in older people.
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Möller, Jens, Max Edmund Kraner, and Andreas Burkovski. "More than a Toxin: Protein Inventory of Clostridium tetani Toxoid Vaccines." Proteomes 7, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proteomes7020015.
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Clostridium tetani is the etiological agent of tetanus, a life-threatening bacterial infection. The most efficient protection strategy against tetanus is a vaccination with the C. tetani neurotoxin, which is inactivated by formaldehyde-crosslinking. Since we assumed that besides the tetanus toxin, other proteins of C. tetani may also be present in toxoid preparations, we analyzed commercially available vaccines from different countries in respect to their protein content using mass spectrometry. In total 991 proteins could be identified in all five analyzed vaccines, 206 proteins were common in all analyzed vaccines and 54 proteins from the 206 proteins were potential antigens. The additionally present proteins may contribute at least partially to protection against C. tetani infection by supporting the function of the vaccine against the devastating effects of the tetanus toxin indirectly. Two different label-free protein quantification methods were applied for an estimation of protein contents. Similar results were obtained with a Total Protein Approach (TPA)-based method and Protein Discoverer 2.2 software package based on the minora algorithm. Depending on the tetanus toxoid vaccine and the quantification method used, tetanus neurotoxin contributes between 14 and 76 % to the total C. tetani protein content and varying numbers of other C. tetani proteins were detected.
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MUAZZAM, MUHAMMAD, SHEHZAD ADIL MANSOOR, SUMERA BADAR, Asif Nadeem, Bilal Anwar, M. Hussain Waseer, and Shoukat Ali. "TETANUS;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 06 (December 15, 2013): 1026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.06.1740.
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Background: Tetanus still remains a major public health problem in Pakistan like in most other developing countries, with ahigh morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To study the demographic profile the clinical profile, the outcome of the tetanus patients andeffectiveness of tetanus immunization coverage in district Faisalabad. Design: Retrospective record based study. Place and Duration:Surgical unit-5 DHQ Hospital, Faisalabad from January 2010 to December 2012. Subjects and Methods: All data of 198 patients oftetanus of any age and sex, diagnosed clinically was collected, compiled and analyzed from the Medical Records Department of theHospital. Results: Out of 198 patients of tetanus,138(69.7%) were males and 60(30.3%) were females. Their ages ranged from 1 to 85years with a mean and a standard deviation respectively of 29.36 and 17.48 years.162 (81.8%) were from rural and36(18.2%) were fromurban areas. 47(23.7%) patients were having prior immunization and151(76.3%) were not immunized. The most common presentingsymptoms were trismus (47.5%), body stiffness(24.2%),fits(19.2%) and respiratory distress(9.1%). 23(11.6%) patients were havingmild disease,71(35.9%) patients were having moderate disease,71(35.9%) patients were having severe disease and 33(16.7%) werehaving very severe disease. Overall mortality rate was 41.4%. Respiratory failure was the most common cause of death and there wasstatistically significant association between mortality and increasing grades of disease. Conclusions: By making expanded programmeof immunization(EPI) more effective and removing flaws from out-dated vaccination through incomplete vaccination. By improvingawareness in public and complete vaccination through EPI program, we can reduce the incidence of tetanus.
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Chawla, Dr Anil Kumar, Chandrani Das, Paramdeep Singh, Mansha Tiwari, and Dr Seema Chaudhary. "Production of tetanus toxin by using media substantially free from meat and blood." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.14410.
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The present study was to redesign the conventional Mueller and Miller medium to produce tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani. Meat based ingredients (such as Bovine Heart/ Brain/ Liver Infusion) were replaced with vegetable peptone & alternate casein hydrolysate and scaled up from 100mL to 1000mL. Modified Mueller and Miller Medium containing vegetable peptone (substitute of BHI) and alternate casein hydrolysate were used for production and scale -up of tetanus toxin. Detoxification of tetanus toxin was carried out by using formaldehyde to produce tetanus toxoid. Purification of tetanus toxoid was achieved by fractional precipitation. It was found that under optimum conditions, use of meat free media leads to production of tetanus toxin with equal limes flocculation (Lf) titer and high antigenic content at par with conventional meat based media without any post vaccination infections. The yield of toxin was improved during scale-up of the process. The present study provides a method for growth of Clostridium tetani that maximizes tetanus toxin production without any use of animal-derived components.
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Zanetti, Giulia, Andrea Mattarei, Florigio Lista, Ornella Rossetto, Cesare Montecucco, and Marco Pirazzini. "Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors That Prevent the Neuroparalysis of Tetanus Neurotoxin." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14111134.
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Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) is a protein exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani that causes the deadly spastic neuroparalysis of tetanus. It consists of a metalloprotease light chain and of a heavy chain linked via a disulphide bond. TeNT binds to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and it is retro-axonally transported into vesicular compartments to the spinal cord, where it is released and taken up by inhibitory interneuron. Therein, the catalytic subunit is translocated into the cytoplasm where it cleaves its target protein VAMP-1/2 with consequent blockage of the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters. Vaccination with formaldehyde inactivated TeNT prevents the disease, but tetanus is still present in countries where vaccination coverage is partial. Here, we show that small molecule inhibitors interfering with TeNT trafficking or with the reduction of the interchain disulphide bond block the activity of the toxin in neuronal cultures and attenuate tetanus symptoms in vivo. These findings are relevant for the development of therapeutics against tetanus based on the inhibition of toxin molecules that are being retro-transported to or are already within the spinal cord and are, thus, not accessible to anti-TeNT immunoglobulins.
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Arnold, Jana Nele, Nils Gundlach, Irina Böckelmann, and Stefan Sammito. "Impfstatus von jungen Arbeitnehmern – Eine Erhebung bei Berufsanfängern der Bundeswehr." ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2020, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-2012-8715.
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Vaccination status of young employees: A survey of entrants in the Bundeswehr (German Federal Armed Forces) Objectives: In addition to the recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert-Koch-Institut, there are also jobrelated vaccination recommendations for special occupational groups. This applies equally to soldiers, but there is insufficient scientific data on vaccination rates. For this reason, the following study examined the extent of the vaccination gaps among young people entering the armed forces. Methods: As part of a cross-sectional study at Rotenburg (Wümme), Lower Saxony, the existing vaccination rates among soldiers in relation to tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were recorded and compared statistically between the three recruitment quarters (II/ to IV/2016). Results: The vaccination booklets of 247 recruits (age: 20.5 ± 2.7 years) from three quarters were recorded. The rate of unavailable vaccination booklets was 23.1 %. The vaccination rates were between 2 % for TBE and 75 % for measles. Whilst low vaccination protection rates were identified for TBE and hepatitis A/B in particular, the rates were also found to be as low as 44–60 % for the „typical“ tetanus, poliomyelitis and diphtheria vaccinations. There were high numbers of „expired“ full protection: these ranged from 19 % (diphtheria) to 50 % (hepatitis B). Conclusions: The results of the study indicate a clear lack of vaccination protection in a random sample of German citizens with an average age of 20 who started their service in the Bundeswehr as young professionals. Although, as expected, this was very low for vaccinations that are not standard STIKO vaccinations (hepatitis A, TBE), there were also significant vaccine deficiencies in the vaccinations recommended by STIKO in the young adults examined here. Keywords: military – vaccination – prevention – infection disease
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Simovanyan, E. M., E. L. Goncharova, and V. B. Denisenko. "Tetanus is a difficult diagnosis in children." CHILDREN INFECTIONS 18, no. 4 (December 6, 2019): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22627/2072-8107-2019-18-4-70-72.
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The sporadic incidence of tetanus, the identity of symptoms with the clinical picture of a number of common neuroinfections, the high frequency of various background pathologies create difficulties in disease diagnosing in children. On the case history example of a 3 years 9 months old child with two diseases (tetanus, enterovirus infection) that developed against the background of the active form of herpesvirus infection, an algorithm of diagnostic and therapeutic measures is presented.A differential diagnosis was made between the generalized form of tetanus and meningoencephalitis of enteroviral etiology. Lack of vaccination, living in rural areas, violation of the integrity of the skin and soil contamination testified in favor of tetanus. The clinical symptoms of tetanus were revealed: a triad of symptoms (trismus, «sardonic smile», dysphagia), tetanic cramps against a background of clear consciousness, muscle hypertonicity in the interictal period. The patient received complex treatment; 100 thousand IU of anti-tetanus serum and tetanus anatoxin were introduced. Discharged on the 23rd day of illness with recovery.
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Maltezou, Helena C., Christos Rahiotis, Maria Tseroni, Phoebus Madianos, and Ioannis Tzoutzas. "Attitudes toward Vaccinations and Vaccination Coverage Rates among Dental Students in Greece." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052879.
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Our aim was to study attitudes toward vaccinations, full vaccination rates and susceptibility rates against vaccine-preventable diseases among students attending a University Dental School. A total of 134 students were studied. Full vaccination rates were as follows: 56.5% against measles and mumps, 70.6% against rubella, 32.3% against varicella, 44.1% against hepatitis A, 45.9% against hepatitis B, and 87.7% against COVID-19. In the past decade, 63.2% of students had received a booster shot against tetanus–diphtheria, 47.8% against pertussis, and 28.1% against poliomyelitis, while 29.4% of students had been vaccinated against influenza in the past year. Susceptibility rates were 40.4% for measles, 42.4% for mumps, 28.3% for rubella, 32.3% for varicella, 55.3% for hepatitis A, 54.1% for hepatitis B, 36.8% for tetanus–diphtheria, 52.2% for pertussis, and 71.9% for poliomyelitis. Overall, 123 (91.8%) students favored mandatory vaccinations, mainly for all dentists (88.4%), while 11.6% of students favored them only for dentists who provide care to high-risk patients. In conclusion, most dental students favored mandatory vaccinations, yet we found significant vaccination gaps and susceptibility rates against vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccinations for dental students should be intensified. A national vaccination registry for healthcare personnel including dental students is urgently needed.
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Tovikkai, Dissaruj, Jakapat Vanichanan, and Kamonwan Jutivorakool. "2709. Immune Response After Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid Booster in Patients with Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency with Anti-interferon-γ Autoantibody." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S952—S953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2386.
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Abstract Background Immunization were the key of prevention in tetanus and diphtherial disease. Nevertheless, in previous observational study, low seroprotection rate of both diphtheria and tetanus were observed in Thai healthy population. Reduced-dose diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccine (dT) was recommended to all adult patients regardless of immunologic status. However, data on vaccine efficacy in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) autoantibody were limited. We therefore conducted clinical study to evaluate efficacy and safety of one dose of dT in IFN-γ autoantibody patient compared with healthy individuals at 4 weeks after vaccination. Methods Study was conducted from February to April 2019. Total 18 patients with confirmed IFN-γ autoantibody were enrolled. Baseline tetanus and diphtheria serologic study and 4 weeks after vaccination were examined. Antibody levels were measured with a solid-phase IgG-specific ELISAs (EUROIMMUN, Germany). Geometric mean titers (GMTs) were calculated using the log transformation of serological titers and from taking the antilog mean of the transformed values. Results Seroprevalence of tetanus was 94.5% in healthy population compared with 60.1% in IFN-γ autoantibody patients. While, seroprevalence of diphtheria was 27.8% and 77.8%, respectively. After vaccination, all healthy adults had reached seroprotection level in both diphtheria and tetanus. For patients with IFN-γ autoantibody, 88.9% and 94.4% had anti-tetanus toxin IgG and anti-diphtheria toxin IgG level above 0.1 IU/mL, respectively. These results indicated seroconversion rate of 71% for tetanus and 75% for diphtheria after dT vaccination. (Table 2). In the subgroup analysis, unboosted IFN-γ autoantibody patient had lower tetanus seroconversion rate compared with previously boosted patient (50% vs 100%). Active infection was also associated with lower immune response after tetanus vaccination. There was no severe adverse event in both group. Conclusion This is the first study on immune response after dT vaccination in IFN-γ autoantibody patient. Seroconversion rate of dT vaccine in IFN-γ autoantibody patient were slightly lower than healthy adults. Active infection and previously unboosted patient provided lower immune response of tetanus. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Mohammed Frage, Abeer Magthop, Prof Hatim Rahamtalla Mohamed Ahmed, and Fatima Fadol Ali Osman. "Role of Health Education in Raising Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination Coverage among Pregnant Women and Mothers with Newborns in Khartoum North-Sudan, 2019." Applied Science and Innovative Research 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/asir.v3n2p66.
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<p><em>Tetanus is an acute disease caused by the toxin of a bacterium called C</em><em>lostridium tetani which is often found in soil. It is a life-threatening bacterial disease, which causes severe mortality among maternal, neonatal, and young infant. It is so serious even it can waste pregnancy, harm her baby during pregnancy or after delivery. A quasi experimental community based study was conducted among pregnant women and mothers with newborns in Khartoum North Locality from 2015-2019 with the aim to assess the effectiveness of health education intervening in raising tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage among pregnant women and mothers with new born. 266 participants were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. The intervention that continued for six months includes; health talks, home visits, video show, presentations with power points, focus groups discussion, exhibitions, distribution of printed materials, pamphlets, brochures and posters. The data was statistically analyzed by using the (SPSS) and significant t and </em><em>c</em><em>2 - tests. The result showed a significant increase in the participants’ knowledge after the intervention towards tetanus toxoid at P value 0.00, the mode of infection with tetanus at P value 0.00, vulnerable group to tetanus at p value is 0.00, the seriousness of the tetanus at P value 0.00, neonatal tetanus at P value 0.00. There was a significant positive modification of the participants’ attitudes towards the easiness to communicate with the health workers at P value 0.00. The result showed a significant change in the participants’ practices towards vaccination against tetanus toxic at P value 0.00 and significant change towards taking vaccine dose regularly at P value 0.00. The study recommended that Federal Ministry of Health has to conduct many health education interventions to raise the tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage. </em><em></em></p>
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Booy, Robert, E. Richard Moxon, RichardT Mayon-White, StuartJ Aitken, Helen Griffiths, and HelenM Chapel. "Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccination." Lancet 339, no. 8808 (June 1992): 1538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)91302-o.
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Cutts, FelicityT, Norman Begg, and NoelW Preston. "Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccination." Lancet 339, no. 8805 (May 1992): 1355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)91999-o.
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Scherrer, Jeffrey, Joanne Salas, Timothy Wiemken, Christine Jacobs, John Morley, and Daniel Hoft. "ADULT TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, AND PERTUSSIS VACCINATION AND INCIDENT DEMENTIA." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.969.
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Abstract Adult vaccinations may reduce risk for dementia. We determined whether tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Tdap) vaccination is associated with lower risk for dementia. Analysis conducted with Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) administrative medical record data and replicated in private sector medical claims data. Patients were ≥65 years of age and free of dementia for 2 years prior to index date. Tdap vaccination in 2011 or 2012. Follow-up through 2018. Controls had no Tdap vaccination for the duration of follow-up. After controlling for confounding, patients with, compared to without Tdap vaccination, had a significantly lower risk for dementia in both cohorts (VHA: HR=0.58; 95%CI:0.54 - 0.63 and MarketScan: HR=0.58; 95%CI:0.48 - 0.70). Results were replicated in two cohorts with different clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Several vaccine types are linked to decreased dementia risk, suggesting that these associations are due to nonspecific effects on inflammation rather than vaccine-induced pathogen-specific protective effects.
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Fontanilla, Jose-Mario, Kathryn B. Kirkland, J. Gavin Cotter, and Elizabeth A. Talbot. "Ability of Healthcare Workers to Recall Previous Receipt of Tetanus-Containing Vaccination." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 31, no. 6 (June 2010): 647–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/652771.
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Vaccination of healthcare workers (HCWs) is an important strategy in the control and prevention of hospital outbreaks. The decision to vaccinate is often based on self-report of vaccination status. Self-report of previous receipt of tetanus-diphtheria or tetanus toxin vaccination was validated using an electronic medical record. Results showed that HCWs' self-report is reliable during a vaccination campaign.
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Imaralu, JO, AO Adekoya, AA Akadri, FE Bamidele, CC Nwankpa, and JO Sotunsa. "A Facility-Based Survey of Maternal Anti-Tetanus Vaccination Schedule Completion in a Nigerian University Community." Annals of Health Research 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0802-06-165.
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Background: Maternal anti-tetanus vaccination is required to prevent maternal and neonatal tetanus. In the absence of lifetime protective dosing, repeat vaccination in every new pregnancy is needed to achieve protection of the newborn against tetanus.
Objectives: To determine maternal anti-tetanus vaccination schedule completion rates and the reasons for non-completion of the schedule.
Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted among Nigerian antenatal clinic attendees using an interviewee-administered questionnaire.
Results: Most (291/347; 83.9%) respondents had received a TT vaccine in the index pregnancy, and 280/347 (80.7%) received their first TT injection at the booking visit. In comparison, 202/238 (84.9%) of those eligible had received tetanus toxoid protective immunisation (TTPDI) in the index pregnancy. Although a majority (301/347; 86.7%) of the respondents had received at least a dose of TT in a previous pregnancy, only 23/246 (9.3%) eligible pregnant women had received complete vaccination (TT5) Parity (p<0.001) and ethnicity (0.013) were the main determinants of the maternal tetanus vaccination schedule (TT5) completion. However, the socio-demographic characteristics were similar for TTPDI. The commonest reason for non-completion was forgetfulness 172/218 (78.9%), and most (287/347; 89.1%) of the respondents wished to receive telephone reminders.
Conclusions: Although neonatal tetanus protective dosing of TT in the current pregnancy was high, a low proportion of mothers completed the five doses recommended by the WHO for lifetime immunity.
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SL, Medina Zavaleta. "Parental Rejection to Vaccination. A Tetanus Case Report, La Libertad, Perú." Pediatrics & Neonatal Biology Open Access 4, no. 2 (2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/pnboa-16000141.
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Introduction : Maternal and neonatal tetanus is considered an eliminated but not eradicated disease in America. However, there are still small groups of people who delay or reject immunizations causing isolated cases or outbreaks of preventable diseases such as measles or tetanus. In Peru, the National Vaccination Scheme is mandatory in all health facilities and starts within the first hours of life, when the child does not yet have the capacity to make decisions for himself, therefore, the responsibility for their heal th lies with the parents or guardians. Objective : To report a clinical case of an under - aged patient with generalized tetanus, with a history of incomplete vaccination, emphasizing parental refusal to vaccination and medical care leading to the child’s de cease. Case Report : Three - year - old female patient, with parents of low socioeconomic and educational status, who reported incomplete vaccination scheme (only received BCG and HVB newborn vaccines) due to parents’ rejection. The patient presented an unquan tified thermal rise sensation, facial paralysis, trismus, hyperextension of both lower limbs in supine position, and hypertonicity. She was treated in Víctor Lazarte Hospital and Virgen de la Puerta Hospital for 9 days, presenting little improvement with t he support treatment. The parents requested voluntary discharge and while returning home the patient dies. In the following days the family refused to vaccinate their other children. Conclusions : The parental refusal to children’s immunization can end up in death caused by preventable diseases such as tetanus.
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Mayaki, A. M., and A. O. Talabi. "Knowledge, attitude and practice of equine vaccination among horse owners in Kano, Northern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 42, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v42i2.2688.
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Equine infectious diseases continue to be one of the most important threats to the overall health of domesticated horses and proper vaccination is one the most important preventive measure against such infectious diseases. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice of equine vaccination among horse owners. Forty horse owners completed the questionnaire and all the respondents were male with an average mean age of 41.9years and 50% were degree holders. A positive attitude 14(35%) toward equine vaccination was recorded. 10% had training on horse management and 19(47.5%) were aware of equine vaccination. Statistically significant associations were observed between practice of vaccination and awareness of equine vaccination and having vaccination programme. However no statistical association was observed between practice of vaccination and attending training on horse management. The common vaccinable diseases encountered as reported were tetanus (28/40), influenza (17/40), and AHS (6/40) with 37.5% and 2.5% of the respondents agreed that tetanus and AHS respectively are the most common cause of horse death. The diseases commonly vaccinated against were tetanus (22.5%) and influenza (5%). The use of veterinary practice is very low as 54.6% of the respondents do either vaccinate their horses by themselves or used their groom. Their knowledge of equine vaccination is generally poor particularly with tetanus vaccination, as majority cannot differentiate the usage of tetanus antitoxin and toxoid. In conclusion, we believe that the poor knowledge showed by the horse owners reflects inadequate information about the important of equine vaccination. It is therefore important for horse owners to understand good vaccination programme is a critical aspect of good managerial practices. More so there is need to work with their local veterinarians in developing vaccination programmes for the common diseases seen in the area.
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Shi, Zhongkai, Mingtao Zeng, Guang Yang, Felix Siegel, Laura J. Cain, Kent R. van Kampen, Craig A. Elmets, and De-Chu C. Tang. "Protection against Tetanus by Needle-Free Inoculation of Adenovirus-Vectored Nasal and Epicutaneous Vaccines." Journal of Virology 75, no. 23 (December 1, 2001): 11474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.23.11474-11482.2001.
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ABSTRACT The effectiveness of vaccination programs would be enhanced greatly through the availability of vaccines that can be administered simply and, preferably, painlessly without the need for timed booster injections. Tetanus is a prime example of a disease that is readily preventable by vaccination but remains a major threat to public health due to the problems associated with administration of the present vaccine. Here we show that a protective immune response against liveClostridium tetani infection in mice can be elicited by an adenovirus vector encoding the tetanus toxin C fragment when administered as a nasal or epicutaneous vaccine. The results suggest that these vaccination modalities would be effective needle-free alternatives. This is the first demonstration that absorption of a small number of vectored vaccines into the skin following topical application of a patch can provide protection against live bacteria in a disease setting.
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Boyarchuk, Oksana, Lubov Volyanska, Vira Synytska, Grygoriy Korytsky, and Emilia Burbela. "A Report of Five Child Tetanus Cases." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 15, no. 04 (July 30, 2018): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1667152.
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AbstractWe present five cases of generalized tetanus in children 5 to 13 years old, who were admitted to the intensive care unit of Ternopil Regional Children's Hospital (Western Ukraine) during the past 6 years (2012–2017). In our study, four children were unvaccinated and one received the full series of vaccinations. Proper vaccination in cases of infected wound may not prevent the development of the disease but improves the prognosis for recovery. Treatment of tetanus in Ukraine requires standardization of treatment protocols according to the World Health Organization recommendations, including making human tetanus immune globulin available, as specified by evidence-based medicine. Vaccines availability and education of physicians and parents about the benefits of immunization should be priority national health measures to prevent tetanus.
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Turan, Gökçe, and Gülnur Kul. "Tetanus immunization in pregnant women: the factors affecting maternal evaluation, tetanus vaccination and vaccination rate." Perinatal Journal 27, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/prn.19.0273003.
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Bühler, Silja, Veronika Katharina Jaeger, Sabine Adler, Bettina Bannert, Carolin Brümmerhoff, Adrian Ciurea, Oliver Distler, et al. "Safety and immunogenicity of tetanus/diphtheria vaccination in patients with rheumatic diseases—a prospective multi-centre cohort study." Rheumatology 58, no. 9 (March 15, 2019): 1585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez045.
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Abstract Objectives We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a diphtheria/tetanus vaccine booster dose in three different patient groups with rheumatic diseases on a variety of immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory medications compared with healthy controls (HCs). Methods We conducted a multi-centre prospective cohort study in Switzerland. We enrolled patients with RA, axial SpA/PsA, vasculitis (Behçet’s disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis) and HCs. Diphtheria/tetanus vaccination was administered according to the Swiss vaccination recommendations. Blood samples were drawn before vaccination, and 1 month and 3 months afterwards. Antibody concentrations against vaccine antigens were measured by ELISA. Immunogenicity was compared between patient and medication groups. A mixed model was applied for multivariate analysis. Missing data were dealt with using multiple imputation. Results Between January 2014 and December 2015, we enrolled 284 patients with rheumatic diseases (131 RA, 114 SpA/PsA, 39 vasculitis) and 253 HCs. Of the patients, 89% were on immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory medication. Three months post-vaccination 100% of HCs vs 98% of patients were protected against tetanus and 84% vs 73% against diphtheria. HCs and SpA/PsA patients had significantly higher responses than RA and vasculitis patients. Assessing underlying diseases and medications in a multivariate model, rituximab was the only factor negatively influencing tetanus immunogenicity, whereas only MTX treatment had a negative influence on diphtheria antibody responses. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were recorded. Conclusion Diphtheria/tetanus booster vaccination was safe. Tetanus vaccination was immunogenic; the diphtheria component was less immunogenic. Vaccine responses were blunted by rituximab and MTX. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, http://clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier: NCT01947465.
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Costantino, Claudio, Walter Mazzucco, Nicole Bonaccorso, Livia Cimino, Arianna Conforto, Martina Sciortino, Gabriele Catalano, et al. "Educational Interventions on Pregnancy Vaccinations during Childbirth Classes Improves Vaccine Coverages among Pregnant Women in Palermo’s Province." Vaccines 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121455.
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Maternal immunization is considered the best intervention in order to prevent influenza infection of pregnant women and influenza and pertussis infection of newborns. Despite the existing recommendations, vaccination coverage rates in Italy remain very low. Starting from August 2018, maternal immunization against influenza and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis were strongly recommended by the Italian Ministry of Health. We conducted a cross sectional study to estimate the effectiveness of an educational intervention, conducted during childbirth classes in three general hospitals in the Palermo metropolitan area, Italy, on vaccination adherence during pregnancy. To this end, a questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes, and immunization practices was structured and self-administered to a sample of pregnant women attending childbirth classes. Then, an educational intervention on maternal immunization, followed by a counseling, was conducted by a Public Health medical doctor. After 30 days following the interventions, the adherence to the recommended vaccinations (influenza and pertussis) was evaluated. At the end of the study 326 women were enrolled and 201 responded to the follow-up survey. After the intervention, among the responding pregnant women 47.8% received influenza vaccination (+44.8%), 57.7% diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination (+50.7%) and 64.2% both the recommended vaccinations (+54.8%). A significant association was found between pregnant women that received at least one vaccination during pregnancy and higher educational level (graduation degree/master’s degree), employment status (employed part/full-time) and influenza vaccination adherence during past seasons (at least one during last five years). The implementation of vaccination educational interventions, including counseling by healthcare professionals (HCPs), on maternal immunization during childbirth courses improved considerably the vaccination adherence during pregnancy.
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Rencken, Camerin, Siraj Amanullah, Annie Gjelsvik, and Shira Dunsiger. "1646. Education Level is Associated with Tetanus Vaccine Coverage: Results from the 2016 BRFSS." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S601—S602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1510.
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Abstract Background Vaccination coverage among US adults for tetanus, a potentially fatal disease, continues to be lower than the national goals. Education has been considered to have positive impact on vaccination coverage. However, recently there have been outbreaks of vaccine preventable conditions in areas with high college completion rates. This study aims to assess the relationship between education and vaccination coverage. Specifically, we looked at the association between education level and tetanus vaccination status of the US adults. Methods Data from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a self-reported annual survey for non-institutionalized adults in the United States from the Centers for Disease Control, were analyzed. The outcome was up-to-date tetanus coverage (within the last 10 years) defined by the response to: have you received tetanus vaccine since 2005? Education was stratified into four categories: (1) grade 11 or less, (2) grade 12/GED, 3) college 1–3 years, and (4) college 4 or more years. Bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression were conducted on the analytic sample (n = 417,473) using Stata 15, accounting for weighting and the complex survey design of the BRFSS. Results This study identified that 59.9% of US adults are up-to-date on the tetanus vaccine status (Table 1). Higher education level was found to be associated with increased odds of up to date tetanus vaccination. The highest odds were for those with 4 or more years of college education [aOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.26–1.35)] while the lowest odds were for those less than grade 11 education, when compared with those with a high school degree [aOR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88–0.98] (Figure 1). Other covariates identified as negatively associated with up-to-date tetanus status were race/ethnicity, female sex, unemployment, not being married, not having insurance or a personal healthcare provider, and being above 45 years of age (Figure 1). Conclusion This study identified a positive association between up-to-date tetanus status and higher education level. Introducing community-specific vaccination education programs for those without tertiary education, especially for those above age 45 and without insurance, may help increase the overall vaccination status in the United States. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Nigussie, Jemberu, Bekahegn Girma, Alemayehu Molla, and Moges Mareg. "Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination Coverage and Associated Factors among Childbearing Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2021 (November 8, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5529315.
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Background. Tetanus is a bacterial disease caused by the Clostridium tetani, which is a highly fatal, noncommunicable, and toxin-mediated disease. Globally, maternal and neonatal tetanus is a public health problem due to low maternal tetanus toxoid immunization. Ethiopia has the highest neonatal mortality and morbidity related to tetanus due to low tetanus toxoid immunization and the high number of home deliveries. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the pooled coverage of at least two doses of tetanus toxoid immunization, and the pooled effect sizes of associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods. Primary studies for this review were searched from the PubMed/MEDLINE online, ScienceDirect, Hinari, Google, and Google Scholar databases. Primary articles published from 2010 up to August 30, 2020, were included in this meta-analysis. Data were extracted in Microsoft Excel format and exported to STATA Version 14.0. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled coverage of two or more tetanus toxoid immunizations and its associated factors. Heterogeneity was evaluated by the I 2 test. Egger’s weighted regression test was used to assess publication bias. Results. We retrieved 212 records; of these, 199 articles were excluded for reasons. Finally, 14 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of receiving at least two doses of tetanus toxoid immunization coverage in Ethiopia was 52.2% (95% CI: 42.47-61.93, I 2 = 98.4 % ). Antenatal care ( OR = 7.8 (95% CI: 3.2, 19.2), I 2 = 96.3 % ), media exposure ( OR = 8.3 (95% CI: 2.1, 33.3), I 2 = 98.1 % ), distance from the health facility ( OR = 2.64 (95% CI: 1.1, 6.6), I 2 = 94.1 % ), educational status of women ( OR = 4.7 (95% CI: 2.07, 9.56), I 2 = 94.2 % ), and educational status of husbands ( OR = 2.995 (95% CI: 1.194, 7.512), I 2 = 92.5 % ) were factors significantly associated with receiving at least two doses of tetanus toxoid immunization coverage in Ethiopia. Conclusions. The coverage of tetanus toxoid immunization among childbearing women was low in Ethiopia. Strengthening maternal health service utilization (antinatal care and institutional delivery) to the nearest health facility even in health posts and empowering education for both women and their husbands is recommended to increase tetanus toxoid immunization coverage in Ethiopia.
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Vicente-Alcalde, Nancy, Tamara Martín-Casquero, Esther Ruescas-Escolano, and José Tuells. "The Survivor: A Clinical Case of Tetanus in a Non-Immunized, Parenteral Drug User, Former Female Convict with HIV and HCV." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (June 17, 2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020308.
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Tetanus is a serious and potentially fatal systemic disease, caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It is estimated that 1 million cases occur worldwide annually. Immunization programs have drastically decreased tetanus in developed countries, and the sporadic cases have been linked to injecting drug users (IDUs), immunosuppressed individuals, or those older than 65 without complete vaccination. Regrettably, it is still endemic in under-developed countries. In Spain, an average of 10 cases are notified each year, especially affecting those older than 65. The present article describes a case of a 48-year-old Spanish woman, an ex-convict and IDU with infection antecedents of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C (HCV), who was admitted to the Emergency Department of a University Hospital with cervical rigidity and trismus. In a few hours, a neurological and respiratory deterioration was observed, resulting in admittance to the intensive care unit under the suspicion of a generalized tetanus infection. The treatment included hemodynamic support and respiratory therapy, antibiotics, muscle relaxants, sedatives, and tetanus immunoglobulin. Her stay in the ICU lasted 47 days. The clinical suspicion, the antecedents of risk, and the verification of the vaccination records should provide early guidance for diagnostics and the establishment of a treatment in these cases.
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Holland, Catherine, and Ann K. Carruth. "Exposure Risks and Tetanus Immunization in Women of Family Owned Farms." AAOHN Journal 49, no. 3 (March 2001): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990104900305.
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A sampling pool of 4,808 farms in 10 parishes across southeast Louisiana was used to examine the risk factors of farm women who engage in activities putting them at risk for tetanus and to examine the circumstances related to vaccination. Data were collected, via stratified random sampling, in summer 1998 resulting in 657 completed interviews. Only 53.6% of women were current with a tetanus booster, having received their immunization within the past 10 years. Just as many women received tetanus vaccination following an injury or accident as for prevention. As women aged, they were less likely to be compliant. In the South, a number of environmental factors contribute to the risk for tetanus exposure and infection. These risk factors were examined in light of compliance with tetanus booster compliance. Increasing awareness of risk is essential because although tetanus is uncommon, the death rate from tetanus is greater than 30%.
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Kroon, F. P., M. J. D. van Tol, C. M. Jol-van der Zijde, R. van Furth, and J. T. van Dissel. "Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Subclass Distribution and IgG1 Avidity of Antibodies in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals after Revaccination with Tetanus Toxoid." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.3.352-355.1999.
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ABSTRACT In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals the amount of antibodies formed after vaccination with T-cell-dependent recall antigens such as tetanus toxoid is proportional to the peripheral blood CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts. To investigate whether the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass distribution and avidity of the antibodies produced after vaccination are affected as well, we gave 13 HIV-infected adults with low CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts (<200 × 106/liter; group I), 11 HIV-infected adults with intermediate CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts (≥200 × 106/liter; group II), and 5 healthy controls booster immunizations with tetanus toxoid. The prevaccination antibody concentrations against tetanus toxoid were similar in the HIV-infected and healthy adults. After vaccination the total IgG and the IgG1 anti-tetanus toxoid antibody concentrations were significantly lower in group I than in group II and the controls. The avidity of the IgG1 anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies formed by HIV-infected adults was within the range for healthy controls, irrespective of their CD4+T-lymphocyte counts.
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Dilber, Embiya, Tevfik Karagöz, Kudret Aytemir, Sema Özer, Dursun Alehan, Ali Oto, and Alpay Çeliker. "Acute Myocarditis Associated With Tetanus Vaccination." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78, no. 11 (November 2003): 1431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/78.11.1431-a.
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Macias, Vasco Coelho, and Daniela Cunha. "Psoriasis triggered by tetanus-diphtheria vaccination." Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 32, no. 2 (October 10, 2012): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2012.727936.
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De Francisco, A., and J. Chakraborty. "Maternal recall of tetanus toxoid vaccination." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 16, no. 1 (March 1996): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1996.11747803.
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Bleul, G. "Failure to thrive after tetanus vaccination." British Homoeopathic journal 85, no. 2 (April 1996): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(96)80203-1.
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Cozzani, E., M. Cacciapuoti, A. .Parodi, and A. Rebora. "Pemphigus following tetanus and diphtheria vaccination." British Journal of Dermatology 147, no. 1 (July 2002): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.47958.x.
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Gindi, Michael, Peter Oravitz, Regina Sexton, Mikhail Shpak, and Anita Eisenhart. "Unreliability of reported tetanus vaccination histories." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 23, no. 2 (March 2005): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2004.03.015.
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Petráš, Oleár, Molitorisová, Dáňová, Čelko, Nováková, Štefkovičová, Krištúfková, Malinová, and Lesná. "Factors Influencing Persistence of Diphtheria Immunity and Immune Response to a Booster Dose in Healthy Slovak Adults." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040139.
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We assessed the long-term persistence of humoral immunity against diphtheria in adults with childhood vaccination and the immunogenicity of a booster dose considering demographic, behavioural and vaccinating factors. We conducted a trial in 200 healthy Slovak adults aged 24–65 years, immunised against diphtheria in childhood and against tetanus at regular 10–15 year intervals, and receiving a dose of a tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccine. The response was determined by ELISA antibody concentrations of paired sera before and at 4 weeks post-vaccination. A seroprotection rate of 21% (95% confidence interval, CI 15.6–27.3%) was found in adults up to 59 years since the last vaccination with seroprotective levels of antibodies against diphtheria ≥0.1 IU/mL and a geometric mean concentration of 0.05 IU/mL. Conversely, seropositive levels ≥0.01 IU/mL were observed in 98% of adults (95% CI 95–99.5%). Booster-induced seroprotection was achieved in 78% of adults (95% CI 71.6–83.5%) clearly depending on pre-booster antibody levels correlating with age and time since the last vaccination. Moreover, only 54.2% of smokers and 53.3% of patients on statins exhibited seroprotection. Booster vaccination against diphtheria was unable to confer seroprotection in all recipients of only childhood vaccination.
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Ahmed, Mahir, Bayan Alorinan, Abdullah AlYemni, Mohammed Albakri, Mohamme Alahmari, Ayan Hassan, Abdulaziz Alrahili, Abdullah Alfawzan, Abdulrahman Alazzouni, and Abdulaziz Alansari. "Vaccines for adults: a review of recent literature." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 4947. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184601.
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Vaccinations in adults and older patients are of special importance due to two main reasons: physiological and anatomical alterations in the body as it ages, making diseases more serious and possibly fatal, and so that adult individuals have a decreased immunological response when they are exposed to infections. Major adult vaccination includes influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis, pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, and hepatitis. In this study, our aim was to understand the recent updates on adult immunization and their efficacy in disease prevention. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE from January 1994 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: adult vaccination, adult immunization, influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis, pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, preventive measures, infection prevention. Several communicable diseases that affect the elderly population which can cause significant morbidity and mortality along with excessive costs on the health care system are easily preventable with the use of vaccination. Therefore, using vaccines to prevent these diseases should be updated and encouraged by all family health care practices.
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Petrovic, Vladimir, Zorica Seguljev, Mladen Petrovic, and Svetlana Ilic. "Epidemiological characteristics of tetanus in Vojvodina." Medical review 59, no. 11-12 (2006): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0612551p.
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Introduction. Vojvodina is an endemic area for tetanus. Material and Methods. Epidemiological characteristics of tetanus were analyzed based on registered cases of disease and death in the period 1960 - 2004, and epidemiological investigation of 50 registered cases during the last 10 years of this period. Epidemiological characteristics were analyzed chronologically, demographically and topographically. Results and Discussion. During the period of observation, the incidence rate of tetanus declined steadily. Due to immunization and extremely high coverage, tetanus has been practically eliminated in the age group of younger than 29 years. Neonatal tetanus and tetanus in the age group 30-59 years has been reduced to individual cases. Today, tetanus is a problem of the elderly population. Tetanus deaths occur statistically more often among persons older than 66 years. The average case fatality rate during the period of observation was 33.1%. The vaccination history in the majority of investigated cases was unknown (52%) or they have never been vaccinated (28%) because they were mainly elderly people born before introduction of mandatory immunization. Tetanus most often occurs after minor wounds, because of which patients do not seek medical attention. In the majority of cases tetanus occurred after limb injuries. Conclusion. Tetanus in Vojvodina is a problem among immunized elderly people. It mostly occurs after minor injuries or after contamination of chronic skin lesions. Mandatory vaccination of older age groups should contribute to further reduction in the incidence rate of tetanus. .