Academic literature on the topic 'Tests sur route'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tests sur route":
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A. Dahounom, Aboudou,, and Koffi Koudouvo. "Enquête Ethnobotanique Sur Les Plantes Médicinales Utilisées Dans La Prise En Charge Traditionnelle Des Maladies Infectieuses Dans La Région Sanitaire Lomé-Commune Du Togo." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 17, no. 21 (June 30, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n21p46.
Abstract:
Afin de promouvoir la Médecine traditionnelle togolaise (MTT), préserver/conserver des savoirs et savoir-faire endogènes, une enquête ethnobotanique a été menée de Mai 2018 à Juillet 2019 pour recenser les recettes de plantes aux propriétés anti-infectieuses vendues dans les marchés de la Région Sanitaire Lomé-Commune du Togo. ATRM(Achat en Triplet de Recettes Médicinales) a été la méthode de collecte des données. Les données recueillies qui portent sur les caractéristiques ethnopharmacologiques de ces recettes, ont été traitées et analysées avec des logiciels ethnobotaniques et statistiques appropriés afin de sélectionner quelques plantes pour de futurs tests de laboratoire. Cent deux (102) recettes d’association de plantes constituées par 68 espèces appartenant à 37 familles, ont été recensées. Annonaceae et Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae (5 espèces chacune), Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, et Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (4 espèces chacune), ont été les familles les plus représentées. Anacardiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, et Leguminosae-Mimosoideae, avec respectivement 129, 75 et 63 citations, ont été les familles dont les espèces sont plus citées. Arbres (39,71%), herbes (38,24%), arbustes (14,7%), lianes (2,94%), arbrisseaux (2,94%) et palmiers (1,47%) ont été les types biologiques d’appartenance de ces espèces. Suivant les valeurs usuelles (VU), Lannea kerstingii (VU=2,29), Bridelia ferruginea(VU=2,00) et Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides(VU=1,82) ont été les espèces plus usuelles. Ecorce de tronc (53,57%), racine (16,13%), tige feuillée (6,9%), plante entière (6,65%), fruit (6,28%), et écorce de racine (6,04%) ont été les parties les plus utilisées des espèces recensées qui sont préparées par décoction (93.14%) et macération (6,86%) puis administrées exclusivement par voie orale. Bridelia ferrugiea et Chamaechrista rotundifolia ont été sélectionnées pour de futurs tests antimicrobiens. Ces résultats illustrent la richesse de la MTT en connaissances endogènes sur les plantes aux propriétés anti-infectieuses.
In order to promote traditional Togolese medicine, to preserve and conserve endogenous knowledge and expertise, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out from May 2018 to July 2019 to record the recipes of plants with anti-infectious properties sold in the markets of the Lomé-Commune Health Region of Togo. ATRM (Achat en Triplet de Recettes Médicinales) was the data collection method. The data collected about the ethnopharmacological ethnobotanical and statistical software for selection some plants for future laboratory tests. One hundred and two associations of plant’s recipes composited by 68 species belonging to 37 families were identified. Annonaceae and Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae(5 species each), Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Leguminosae-Papilionoideae(4 specie each) were the most represented families while Anacardiaceae(129 citations), Euphorbiaceae(75 citations) and Leguminosae-Mimosoideae(63 citations) were family of the most cited species. Trees(39.71%), grasses(38.24%), shrubs(14.7%), lianas(2.94%), bushes(2.94%) and palms(1.47%) were the different biological types to which these species belonged. According to the Used value(UV) Lannea kerstingii(UV=2.29), Bridelia ferruginea(UV=2.00) and Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides(UV=1.82) were the most usual species. Stem bark(53.57%), root(16.13%), leafy stem(6.9%), whole plant(6.65%), fruit(6.28%), and root bark(6.04%) were the most commonly used parts of the listed species. These recipes which are prepared by decoction (93.14%) and maceration(6.86%) are administered exclusively by oral route. Bridelia ferrugiea and Chamaechrista rotundifolia were selected for laboratory tests to evaluate their antimicrobial activities in future. Conclusion: These results illustrate the richness of traditional Togolese medicine in endogenous knowledge about anti-infectious’ medicinal plants.
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Tang, Qiong, Zhuo Fu, and Meng Qiu. "A Bilevel Programming Model and Algorithm for the Static Bike Repositioning Problem." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (June 2, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8641492.
Abstract:
In this paper, by taking the outsourcing transportation mode into account, a bilevel programming model is proposed to formulate the static bike repositioning (SBR) problem, which can be used to determine the number of bikes loaded and unloaded at each station and the optimal truck routes in bike sharing systems (BSS). The upper-level BSS providers determine the optimal loading and unloading quantities at stations to minimize the total penalties. The lower-level truck owner pursues the minimum transportation route cost. An iterated local search and tabu search are developed to solve the model. Computational tests on a set of instances from 20 to 200 bikes demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and algorithms proposed, together with some insightful findings.
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King, Hueston C. "Exploring the Maze of Adverse Reactions to Foods." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 73, no. 4 (April 1994): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139407300409.
Abstract:
Nowhere in medicine is a test or battery of tests more needed than in the diagnosis of adverse reactions to foods. Such tests are not at present a reality. Research produces tests that individually appear to show validity, but when challenged with the entire range ofpossible adverse reactions and their results, the tests fall short. Considering the range of mechanisms involved in adverse reactions to foods, this is to be expected. There is a tendency to discount positive test results when they fail to cover all of the parameters desired. The inherent weakness in any test is that all available formats explore a single or limited reaction route. The reality is the presence of multiple routes, multiple target organ s, and multiple external variable s not subject to programming into a single test. Considering the range of possibil ities, it is amazing that any existing tests show any clinical validity at all. We as scientists should not denigrate any study that shows a significant degree of reliability, even within a limited range. This simply halts progress. An encouraging study should be used as a stepping stone to a more comprehensive format for evaluating the overall range of adverse reactions and providing us with at least some inroads in coping with this most difficult problem. To quote Sir Peter Medawer on receiving the Nobel Prize in Science: “Nothing must be said or written that diminishes the likelihood that someone else will get at the truth.”
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Barner, Erica L., and Shelly L. Gray. "Donepezil Use in Alzheimer Disease." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 32, no. 1 (January 1998): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.17150.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug–drug interactions, and the therapeutic issues concerning the use of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer disease. DATA SOURCES Published articles and abstracts in English were identified by MEDLINE (January 1985–July 1997) searches using the search terms donepezil, E2020, treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and cholinesterase inhibitors. Additional articles were identified from the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. Data were also obtained from approved product labeling. DATA EXTRACTION The literature was assessed for adequate description of patients, methodology, and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: Donepezil is a cholinesterase inhibitor that is selective and specific for acetylcholinesterase. It is metabolized by hepatic isoenzymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 and undergoes glucuronidation. Information about drug interactions is limited, but a potential for drug–drug interactions does exist, given the route of elimination. Donepezil has a relative bioavailability of 100% following oral administration and is not affected by the presence of food. In 15- and 30-week trials, donepezil was effective in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease as shown by improvements on standard assessment instruments (i.e., the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale, the Clinical Interview-Based Impression of Change with Caregiver Input). Adverse effects were comparable with those of placebo, and monitoring of liver function tests is not required. CONCLUSIONS Donepezil is an effective symptomatic treatment for some patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease. Although no comparative trials have been reported, donepezil appears to be a safe alternative for tacrine, given its convenient once-daily dosing, minimal adverse effects, and lower total cost. OBJETIVO Ofrecer un resumen de la farmacología, farmacocinética, eficacia clínica, efectos adversos, interacciones, y cuestiones terapeúticas relacionadas con el uso de donepezil en pacientes con la enfermedad de Alzheimer. FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN Artículos y extractos en inglés fueron identificados a través de MEDLINE utilizando los términos donepezil, E2020, tratamiento de Alzheimer, e inhibidores de colinesterasa. Artículos adicionales fueron seleccionados a partir de la bibliografía de la literatura identificada. También se obtuvo información a partir de la marcación aprobada del producto. SELECCIÓN DE ESTUDIOS Los estudios fueron evaluados en cuanto a descripción adecuada de los pacientes, metodología, y resultados. SÍNTESIS Donepezil es un inhibidor selectivo de la colinesterasa y específico para la acetilcolinesterasa. Es metabolizado por las enzimas hepáticas CYP2D6 y CYP3A4 y experimenta glucuronidación. Aunque hay poca información acerca de interacciones con otras drogas, la potencial para estas interacciones existe, dada la ruta de eliminación. Después de administración oral, la biodisponibilidad relativa de donepezil es 100% y no es afectada por la presencia de comida. En estudios clínicos de 15 a 30 semanas de duración, pacientes con síntomas categorizadas como leve o moderados que recibieron donepezil demostraron mejoramientos en cuanto a resultados en pruebas estadardizadas. Efectos adversos fueron comparables con placebo y el uso de donepezil no requiere el monitoreo de pruebas de función hepática. CONCLUSIONES Donepezil es un tratamiento sintomático efectivo para algunos pacientes con la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Aunque no se han reportado estudios comparativos con tacrine, donepezil es un alternativo que ofrece dosificación una vez diariamente, un costo más bajo, efectos adversos mínimos y ningunos reportes de hepatotoxicidad. OBJECTIF Revoir la pharmacologie, la pharmacocinétique, l'efficacité clinique, les effets indésirables, les interactions médicamenteuses, et les buts thérapeutiques du donépézil chez les personnes avec de la maladie d'Alzheimer. REVUE DE LITTÉRATURE Les articles publiés et les RÉSUMÉs de langue anglaise ont été identifiés par une recherche dans la banque informatisee MEDLINE (1985–1997) sous les termes donépézil, E2020, traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer, et inhibiteurs de la cholinestérase. D'autres articles ont été identifiés à partir des articles déjà identifiés par cette recherche. Des données ont aussi été extraites de la monographie du produit. SÉLECTION DE LINFORMATION: Les articles ont été comparés quant à la description adéquate des patients, la méthodologie, et les résultats attendus. RÉSUMÉ Le donépézil est un inhibiteur sélectif de la cholinestérase spécifique pour l'acétylcholinestérase. Il est métabolisé par les enzymes hépatiques CYP2D6 et CYP3A4 et subit la glucuronidation. L'information sur les interactions médicamenteuses est limitée, mais des interactions médicamenteuses sont possibles compte tenu de la voie d'élimination de ce produit. La biodisponibilité du donépézil est complet 100% par la voie orale et n'est pas modifiée en présence d'aliments. Dans des essais cliniques de 15 et 30 semaines, le donépézil est efficace chez les personnes avec de la maladie d'Alzheimer l'égère à modérée, tel que montré par des améliorations sur des échelles d'évaluation (ADAS-C, CIBIC). Les effets indésirables du donépézil dans ces études sont comparables à ceux du placébo et des tests de la fonction hépatique ne sont pas requis comme avec la tacrine. CONCLUSIONS Le donépézil est un traitement symptomatique efficace chez quelques personnes avec de la maladie d'Alzheimer légère à modérée. Même s'il n'existe pas d'études comparatives, le donépézil semble une alternative sécuritaire à la tacrine, compte tenu de sa prise uniquotidienne, de ses effets indésirables minimes et de son faible coût.
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Che Rosli, Nur Hidayah, and Jasmi Ab Talib. "Geology and Engineering Geology of Granites at Grik-Baling Route, Northern Peninsular Malaysia." Platform : A Journal of Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pjstvol1iss1art4329.
Abstract:
Previous studies on the igneous rocks in Grik and Baling area has classified the rock as a part of Bintang batholith, Main Range Granite Province of Peninsular Malaysia. This research is aimed to study the geology of the igneous rock along the route and its engineering geology. Petrographic, XRF and XRD analyses have been conducted to identify the geology of the igneous rock. Schmidt hammer rebound tests, uniaxial compressive strength and Brazillian tensile strength test were conducted to determine the engineering properties of the igneous rock. Discontinuity survey was conducted to collect discontinuity properties and to perform rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR) determinations. Igneous rock in the study area is classified as coarse grain, porphyritic biotite granite (main rock type) which is the typical texture of Main Range Granite with minor phaneritic granite. Strength test and rock mass classifications were conducted only on the main rock type: porphyritic biotite granite. The rock mass has Schmidt rebound value, uniaxial compressive strength and indirect tensile strength of 41, 50.19MPa and 7.58MPa respectively. RMR of the rock mass is 77 which classify the rock mass into a good rock. However, SMR of the rock mass is 26 which fall in the category of poor and unstable rock slope with wedge failure being the most critical type of failure.
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Leung, Sophia. "Kératite provoquée par Curvularia : Un champignon parmi nous." Canadian Journal of Optometry 86, no. 1 (February 20, 2024): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjo.v86i1.5616.
Abstract:
But : Ce cas présente une kératite fongique moins fréquente causée par des espèces du type Curvularia et met en évidence la norme de soin actuelle pour la kératite fongique.
Étude de cas : Une femme caucasienne de 48 ans a été aiguillée, souffrant depuis deux semaines d’un œil droit rouge, douloureux et d’une vision floue. Lors d’un examen biomicroscopique, la présence d’un infiltrat blanc focalement élevé à bords flous irréguliers, d’un défaut épithélial sus-jacent et de lésions satellites a mené à un diagnostic clinique de kératite fongique. Les résultats de la culture ont suggéré que Curvularia était l’organisme causal le plus probable. Ce rapport présente un examen de la kératite fongique, y compris des stratégies de traitement fondées sur des tests de susceptibilité et un raisonnement fondé sur des données probantes.
Conclusion : La kératite fongique est une maladie qui peut initialement être mal diagnostiquée, et les retards dans le traitement peuvent avoir une incidence importante sur les résultats en matière de vision. La combinaison de solides connaissances cliniques, de la communication avec les laboratoires de microbiologie locaux et de la capacité d’ajuster les stratégies de traitement pendant le suivi peut contribuer à gérer efficacement cette maladie.
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CHAMP, M., and P. COLONNA. "Importance de l’endommagement de l’amidon dans les aliments pour animaux." INRAE Productions Animales 6, no. 3 (June 28, 1993): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1993.6.3.4199.
Abstract:
Les principales modifications de l’état de l’amidon, qui se produisent au cours des étapes de transformation et de fabrication des aliments pour animaux, sont l’augmentation de surface spécifique, une diminution de la cristallinité et une dépolymérisation de l’amylose et de l’amylopectine. Les différentes méthodes in vitro qui permettent d’étudier les facteurs influençant les cinétiques d’hydrolyse de l’amidon sont présentées. La microscopie permet des observations qualitatives. Les déterminations quantitatives sont fondées sur la susceptibilité aux amylases, les solubilités en milieux aqueux et alcooliques ainsi que l’absorption d’eau. Ces différents tests permettent de prédire la digestibilité de l’amidon dans la partie supérieure du tractus digestif. L’analyse par réflectance dans le moyen infra-rouge pourrait devenir un outil de contrôle en ligne.
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Hon, Chun-Yip. "Side-by-Side Comparison of Methods for Environmental Monitoring for Hazardous Drug Contamination." Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 76, no. 2 (April 3, 2023): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.3275.
Abstract:
Background: Exposure to hazardous drugs is known to have deleterious effects on health care workers. To assess risk, environmental monitoring is conducted to ascertain drug contamination on surfaces, as dermal contact is the main route of exposure. Conventional monitoring employs wipe sampling whereby the wipe must be sent to a laboratory for analysis. This means that quantitative results are not available for some time, during which the risk remains unknown. A new device, the HD Check system, developed by BD, which uses lateral-flow immunoassay technology, allows for near real-time qualitative assessment of contamination (positive or negative); however, its sensitivity relative to the traditional method is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the ability of this novel device to detect drug contamination relative to the conventional method. Methods: Five sets of different known drug concentrations were compared between the conventional wipe sampling method and the HD Check systems for methotrexate (MTX) and cyclophosphamide (CP). Stainless steel surfaces were tested, and the drug concentrations ranged from 0 ng/cm2 to twice the limit of detection (LOD) of each HD Check system. Results: For MTX, positive results were obtained in every test trial at all drug concentrations examined with the HD Check system (LOD = 0.93 ng/cm2). For CP, test results with the HD Check system (LOD = 4.65 ng/cm2) were all positive at the LOD and twice the LOD; however, at 50% and 75% of the LOD, the result was positive in only 90% (9/10) of the trials. The conventional method was able to quantify the test drug concentrations with a high level of accuracy and reproducibility. Conclusions: These results suggest the potential utility of the novel device as a screening tool for higher levels of drug contamination with MTX and CP, but additional research is needed to determine its suitability for lower concentrations, especially of CP. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : L’exposition à des médicaments dangereux est connue pour avoir des effets délétères sur les travailleurs de la santé. Pour évaluer les risques, une surveillance environnementale est menée pour vérifier la contamination des surfaces par les médicaments, car le contact cutané est la principale voie d’exposition. La surveillance conventionnelle utilise un échantillonnage par frottis, lequel doit être envoyé à un laboratoire pour analyse. Cela signifie que les résultats quantitatifs ne sont pas disponibles pendant un certain temps – temps pendant lequel le risque reste inconnu. Un nouvel appareil, le système HD Check de BD, qui utilise la technologie d’immunodosage à flux latéral, permet une évaluation qualitative en temps quasi réel de la contamination (positive ou négative); cependant, sa sensibilité par rapport à la méthode traditionnelle est inconnue. Objectif : Évaluer la capacité de ce nouveau dispositif pour détecter la contamination médicamenteuse par rapport à la méthode conventionnelle. Méthodes : Cinq ensembles de différentes concentrations connues de médicaments ont été utilisés pour comparer la méthode conventionnelle d’échantillonnage par frottis et les systèmes HD Check pour la méthotrexate (MTX) et la cyclophosphamide (CP). Des surfaces en acier inoxydable ont été testées et les concentrations de médicament variaient de 0 ng/cm2 à deux fois la limite de détection (LD) de chaque système HD Check. Résultats : Pour la MTX, des résultats positifs ont été obtenus dans chaque essai à toutes les concentrations de médicament examinées avec le système HD Check (LD = 0,93 ng/cm2). Pour la CP, les résultats des tests avec le système HD Check (LD = 4,65 ng/cm2) étaient tous positifs à la LD et au double de la LD; cependant, à 50 % et 75 % de la LD, le résultat n’était positif que dans 90 % (9/10) des essais. La méthode conventionnelle a été en mesure de quantifier les concentrations de médicament à l’essai avec un niveau élevé de précision et de reproductibilité. Conclusions : Ces résultats suggèrent l’utilité potentielle du nouveau dispositif comme outil de dépistage pour des niveaux plus élevés de contamination médicamenteuse par la MTX et la CP, mais des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer son adéquation à des concentrations plus faibles, en particulier de CP.
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Liu, Xin-Feng, John R. Fawcett, Robert G. Thorne, and William H. Frey. "Intranasal IGF-1 Protects against Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO)." Stroke 32, suppl_1 (January 2001): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.32.suppl_1.352.
Abstract:
P71 Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown to protect against stroke in rats when administered intracerebroventricularly. However, this administration method is not practical in humans as it requires surgery with the risk of infection. Intranasal (IN) delivery is a noninvasive method of bypassing the blood-brain barrier to deliver IGF-1 to the brain [Thorne et al. (1999) Growth Hormone and IGF Research 9: 387]. We have assessed the therapeutic potential of IN IGF-1 in rats following experimentally-induced focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Rats were given a total of three 75 μg doses of IGF-1 (Chiron Corp.) IN over the course of the 72 hour study: 10 minutes after the onset of two hours of MCAO and then again 24 and 48 hours later. Five neurologic tests assessing motor, sensory, vestibulomotor and somatosensory functions were performed at 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the onset of MCAO under blinded conditions. Infarct volume, hemispheric swelling and pathological changes were evaluated at 72 hours after MCAO following euthanasia and coding for blind analysis. IGF-1 treatment significantly reduced the corrected infarct volume by 71 % (p=0.002) and hemispheric swelling by 37 % (p=0.017) when compared to vehicle-treated controls. In addition, the postural reflex and flexor response tests showed significant neurologic improvement with IGF-1 treatment (p=0.016 and 0.019 respectively). The adhesive-backed paper test showed borderline significance in both the contact and removal times (p=0.0573 and p=0.042 respectively). The forelimb placing and beam balance tests showed a clear recovery trend but did not reach statistical significance. While IGF-1 does not significantly cross the blood-brain barrier following traditional peripheral routes of administration, it can be delivered to the brain directly from the nasal cavity following intranasal administration. IN IGF-1 reduced both infarct volume and cerebral edema and also significantly reduced neurologic deficits following MCAO. Our study indicates IN delivery of IGF-1 holds significant promise as a noninvasive and efficacious method for treating stroke.
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Ragani, Jennifer, Q. Wang, Sébastien Gravier, and Jean Jacques Blandin. "High Temperature Forming Maps of Various Bulk Metallic Glasses." Key Engineering Materials 433 (March 2010): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.433.345.
Abstract:
Due to their brittleness, bulk metallic glasses (BMG) are generally difficult to form at room temperature. Casting of BMG is one way to get components but an alternative route is to use the capacity to reach particularly large strains when the glasses are deformed in their supercooled liquid region (SLR). The experimental window (temperature, time) in which high temperature forming can be carried out is directly related to the glass resistance to crystallization. Such forming windows have been identified for various bulk metallic glasses (mainly zirconium and magnesium based BMG) thanks to compression tests in the supercooled liquid region. The effects of partial crystallization on the high temperature rheologies are also discussed. Finally, forming experiments were carried out in the selected windows.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tests sur route":
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Cembalo, Agostino. "Stratégie innovante d'optimisation de la traînée aérodynamique en temps réel pour l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique des voitures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESMA0007.
Abstract:
La réduction des émissions de CO2 et de l’empreinte environnementale représente un défi majeur pour l’industrie automobile au XXIe siècle, avec environ 72% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans le secteur des transports européens attribuées au transport routier. Pour répondre à cette problématique, les constructeurs automobiles mettent de plus en plus l’accent sur la réduction de l'empreinte environnementale de leurs véhicules ainsi que sur la minimisation de la consommation d'énergie. Dans cette optique, l'aérodynamique des voitures joue un rôle crucial. Cette étude explore donc les défis et opportunités associés au contrôle en temps réel du sillage des véhicules en utilisant une commande prédictive avec une estimation récursive du modèle basée sur la méthode des sous-espaces (RSPC). Nous caractérisons tout d'abord le sillage d’une voiture en pleine échelle, à la fois en soufflerie et sur route. Les résultats soulignent l'importance des phénomènes à basse fréquence et des mouvements quasi-statiques du sillage. Ensuite, nous mettons en œuvre une méthodologie de contrôle visant à réguler les positions angulaires de volets rigides situés au culot des modèles étudiés afin de maintenir un état de pression imposé au culot. Parmi les résultats significatifs, nous notons que la loi de commande parvient à atteindre les objectifs définis dans des conditions variées, y compris face à des variations d'angle de dérapage et des perturbations de l'écoulement de soubassement grâce à l'utilisation d'une grille mobile placée en amont du véhicule. Les bénéfices observés en termes de traînée aérodynamique sont remarquables et dépendent du modèle étudié, tout en maintenant une consommation énergétique relativement faible. En effet, la consommation énergétique du système varie entre 0.35% et 0.6% de la puissance aérodynamique dissipée. En conclusion, cette étude ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour le contrôle aérodynamique des véhicules, offrant des opportunités significatives de réduction de la consommation d'énergie et, par conséquent, des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Elle essaye ainsi de contribuer à atténuer les effets du changement climatiqueThe reduction of CO2 emissions and environmental footprint represents a major challenge for the automotive industry in the 21st century, with approximately 72% of greenhouse gas emissions in the European transportation sector attributed to road transport. To address this issue, automotive manufacturers are increasingly focusing on reducing the environmental footprint of their vehicles and minimizing energy consumption. In this context, car aerodynamics plays a crucial role. This study therefore explores the challenges and opportunities associated with real-time control of vehicle’s wakes using a Predictive Control with Recursive model estimation based on a Subspace method (RSPC). We first characterize the wake of a full-scale vehicle, both in wind tunnel and on-road. The results highlight the importance of low-frequency phenomenons and quasi-static wake movements. Subsequently, we implement a control methodology aimed at regulating the angular positions of rigid flaps located at the base of the studied models to maintain a prescribed base pressure state. Among the significant results, we note that the control law succeeds in achieving defined objectives under varied conditions, including variations in yaw angle and disturbances in the underflow through the use of a movable grid placed upstream of the vehicle. The observed benefits in terms of aerodynamic drag are remarkable and model-dependent, while maintaining relatively low energy consumption. The latter varies between 0.35% and 0.6% of the dissipated aerodynamic power. In conclusion,this study opens new perspectives for vehicle aerodynamic control, offering significant opportunities for energy consumption reduction and, consequently, greenhouse gas emissions. It thus aim to mitigating the effects of climate change
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Izar, Juliana Gama. "O ensino superior em Angola e no Brasil: a cooperação acadêmica entre a Universidade Lueji A\'Nkonde (ULAN) e a Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (FEUSP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-10022017-132543/.
Abstract:
A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise das contribuições e limitações oriundas da cooperação acadêmica estabelecida entre universidades de países distintos. Com o emprego da triangulação metodológica, buscou-se recuperar as diferentes concepções de universidade e configurações tomadas ao longo do percurso histórico para responder a seguinte questão: faz-se possível que países com temporalidade e características distintas possam construir ações conjuntas e colaborar entre si? A partir do estudo da história do Ensino Superior no Brasil e em Angola e da análise do convênio de cooperação acadêmica entre a Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (BR) e a Universidade Lueji ANkonde (AO), a pesquisa busca responder esta questão levando em consideração as possibilidades e dificuldades originadas deste processo no desenvolvimento de projetos e ações que têm em comum o objetivo da produção de um conhecimento sem fronteiras.This research aims to analyze the contributions and limitations arising from the academic cooperation established between universities in different countries. With the use of methodological triangulation, it sought to recover the different university concepts and configurations taken along the historic route to answer the question: is it possible that countries with temporality and distinct characteristics can build joint actions and cooperate with each other? From the study of the history of higher education in Brazil and Angola and analysis of academic cooperation agreement between the Faculty of Education, University of São Paulo (BR) and the University Lueji A\'Nkonde (AO), the research seeks to answer this issue taking into account the possibilities and difficulties arising from this process in the development of projects and actions that have in common the goal of producing a borderless knowledge.
3
Robache, Frédéric. "Évaluation sur simulateur de conduite du comportement humain en situation de pré-crash : application à l'amélioration des airbags." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0013/document.
Abstract:
Les constructeurs automobiles sont tenus de respecter des minima sécuritaires vérifiés lors de crash-tests normalisés, d'où un nombre de scénarios de tests limité ne tenant pas compte des particularités individuelles. Ce mémoire propose d'évaluer le comportement humain réel en phase de pré-crash sur simulateur de conduite. L'expérimentation, intégrant un scénario d'accident difficilement évitable, a permis d'étudier le comportement de 76 conducteurs dont 40 sur simulateur dynamique. Pour ce groupe, 43 voies de mesures centrées sur le conducteur ont été intégrées au protocole. Parmi les résultats obtenus, on retiendra la possible détection précoce de l'accident, pour la moitié des conducteurs, sur la base de leur interaction avec le véhicule. Les manœuvres d’évitement amènent 25% des sujets à positionner l'avant-bras devant le volant au moment de l’impact. Cette situation peut compromettre l'efficacité des airbags, ce qui est vérifié sur banc statique, par le déploiement d'airbags face à un mannequin de type Hybrid III-50%. La projection du bras entraine un impact de 120g à la tête. De plus, l'intégration de membres supérieurs issus de SHPM montre que la situation provoque des fractures de l'avant-bras. Un modèle numérique a été conçu pour estimer les effets de la position atypique lors d'un crash frontal à 50km/h. L'accélération de la tête atteint 270g, synonyme de risques lésionnels élevés. Enfin, une modification technologique des airbags est proposée, basée sur l'hypothèse que la détection à distance peut permettre un déclenchement anticipé et plus lent des airbags. Testée expérimentalement et numériquement, cette évolution permet de respecter les critères lésionnelsAutomakers are lawfully required to achieve a minimum level of security which is checked during standardized crash tests. This results in a limited number of scenarios, which do not take individual specificities into account. This dissertation evaluates real human behaviour during the pre-crash phase, by means of a driving simulator. The experiment, integrating an unavoidable accident, studied the behaviour of 76 drivers, of which 40 drivers on a dynamic simulator. Concerning this group, 43 acquisition channels dedicated to drivers were added. From the results, one can retain that the crash can be predicted for half of the drivers through the observation of their behaviour and their interaction with the car. Due to swerving manoeuvres, 25% of the drivers have their forearm just in front of the steering wheel at the time of crash. This situation may compromise the efficiency of the airbags, that is verified experimentally on a static bench, by the deployment of airbags in front of a Hybrid III-50% dummy. The throwing of the arm causes an impact of 120 g to the head. In a second stage, the integration of left upper limbs from PMHS reveals that the situation is likely to generate fractures in the forearm. A numerical model has been designed to estimate the consequences of the atypical position during a frontal crash at 50km/h. The head acceleration reaches 270 g, synonymous with high lesion risks. Finally, a technological modification of the airbags is proposed to reduce this risk. The assumption is made that the use of remote sensors technologies can allow an early detection of the crash and therefore slower triggering of airbags. Tested experimentally and then numerically, this technical evolution reduces the violence of the impact to respect the injury criteria
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Goubel, Clément. "Modélisation d’essais de choc sur dispositifs de retenue de véhicules : Application aux dispositifs mixtes acier-bois." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10333/document.
Abstract:
En France, un tiers des personnes tuées sur la route le sont lors d’un accident sur un obstaclefixe. Dans 90% des cas, ces accidents surviennent après une perte de contrôle du véhicule.Les dispositifs de retenue de véhicule ont pour but de maintenir les véhicules en perdition surla chaussée en limitant la sévérité de l’impact.Ces dispositifs doivent subir des essais de chocs normatifs afin de pouvoir être installés sur lebord des routes européennes et d’évaluer leurs performances en termes de sévérité et dedéflexion.Les tolérances existantes sur les paramètres d’essai (véhicule, masse du véhicule, vitesse,angle et point d’impact …) et les incertitudes sur les caractéristiques mécaniques desmatériaux constituant le dispositif ont un effet sur les performances de ce dispositifs etdoivent être prises en compte lors des calculsLes dispositifs mixtes (acier-bois) présentent une difficulté supplémentaire en raison del’hétérogénéité du matériau et de sa sensibilité aux variables d’environnement telles que latempérature et l’humidité.Afin de prendre en compte cette variabilité et d’évaluer son impact sur les performances d’undispositif, des essais dynamiques sur des échantillons de structure ont été réalisés et modélisésnumériquement.Enfin, un modèle complet d’un dispositif de retenue de véhicule a été effectué et corrélé surun essai de choc réel à l’aide d’une méthode prenant en compte la variation de paramètresphysiques liés à l’apparition des modes de ruine de la structure. Une fois corrélé, le modèle aété utilisé afin d’évaluer l’incidence de la modification des caractéristiques mécaniques dubois liée aux variations des conditions environnementalesIn France, one third of the people dying on the roads are killed after impacting against ahazard. In 90% of the reported cases, these accidents result from loss of control. VehicleRestraint Systems (VRS) are specially designed to restrain an errant vehicle and to limitimpact severity.Before being installed on the roadsides, these devices have to be crash-tested according tostandards in order to evaluate their safety and deflexion performances.Tolerances exist on impact parameters (vehicle, vehicle mass, impact speed, impact angle,impact point …) and material’s mechanical characteristic uncertainties have an effect towardsdevice performances and have to be taken into account during numerical simulations.Steel-wood structures present an additional numerical challenge due to wood heterogeneityand its sensibility to environment variables such as temperature and moisture content.In order to assess the effect of this variability toward safety performances, three point bendingdynamic experiments on structural samples are performed and modelled.Finally, a complete model of a vehicle restraint system is built and validated according to realcrash test results thanks to a parametric method. This method takes into account the variabilityof the parameters associated to the failure modes of the structure. Once validated the model isused to assess the effect of wood mechanical properties modifications due to environmentvariable variations
5
Wone, Moussa. "Contribution à la modélisation du comportement hydrique et mécanique des remblais routiers en matériaux fins." Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENPC9525.
Abstract:
Afin de mieux estimer les tassements et la stabilité des ouvrages géotechniques au cours du temps, une modélisation du comportement couple (mécanique, écoulement de l'eau et écoulement de l'air) des milieux poreux non saturés est développée. A partir des équations d'équilibre, de continuité et de comportement des trois phases du sol, nous avons d'abord établi un système non linéaire tant du point de vue mécanique que du point de vue des écoulements. Ce modèle est discrétisé dans l'espace, par éléments finis, et dans le temps, par un schéma implicite. Le traitement numérique de ce problème conduit, d'une part, à la création d'une nouvelle famille d'éléments de consolidation bidimensionnelle des sols non saturés dans le code de calcul par éléments finis Cesar-LCPC et, d'autre part, à la mise au point d'un algorithme itératif combinant la méthode des rigidités variables pour le traitement des non linéarités liées à l'écoulement des fluides et la méthode des contraintes initiales pour le traitement des non linéarités mécaniques. La programmation de cet algorithme a été effectuée dans le module CSNS (consolidation des sols non saturés) de Cesar-LCPC. La modélisation effectuée et sa programmation, qui tient compte, entre autres, du phasage de la construction du remblai et des conditions aux limites de diverses natures, ont été testées sur un ouvrage réel (remblai autoroutier). La confrontation des résultats numériques et expérimentaux sur cet ouvrage a montré que cette approche de couplage des écoulements de l'eau et de l'air et des déformations du sol produit des résultats encourageants tant du point de vue mécanique que du point de vue des écoulementsA coupled model for three-phase unsaturated porous media, with allowance for both the stress-strain relationships of the soil and the flow of water and air, is presented. It is aimed at improving the settlement predictions and stability analyses of geotechnical structures. A system of non linear equations, both of the stress-strain relationships and for the flow of fluids, is first derived, on the basis of the static equilibrium equations, of the continuity equations and of the constitutive relationships of each of the three phases. This system of equations is then solved using the finite element method and an implicit integration scheme for time dependency. This work resulted in the implementation in the finite element program CESAR-LCPC of a new family of elements, devoted to the two-dimensional consolidation analysis of unsaturated soils, and of an iterative algorithm, combining the method of variable stiffness for the flow nonlinearities and the initial stres method for the material nonlinearities. A new subroutine of CESAR-LCPC, terme CSNS (for Consolidation of Unsaturated Soils) was created for performing this type of analysis. The subroutine CSNS takes into account the staged construction of the geotechnical structures and can accomodate any type of boundary conditions. It was checked against the observed behaviour of a test section of an existing motorway. The comparison of the observed and calculated displacements and water pressures in the embankment gave encouraging insight into the capabilities of the method
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Al-Simaani, Amy. "L’impact de la prématurité sur l’oxygénation musculaire à long terme : une étude pilote." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24487.
Abstract:
La naissance prématurée (<37 semaines de gestation) touche près de 10% de la population canadienne chaque année et induirait des altérations permanentes dans la structure et la fonction des organes. Nous avons démontré que de jeunes adultes nés ≤29 semaines de gestation présentent une capacité aérobie à l'effort réduite, un facteur prédictif de la qualité de vie et de la mortalité. Cette capacité dépend de l'intégrité des systèmes impliqués dans le transport et la consommation de l'oxygène, comme le système musculosquelettique. Cependant, l’oxygénation musculaire a été très peu étudiée chez les individus nés prématurément. Ainsi, nous postulons que les jeunes adultes nés très prématurément (PT) démontrent une oxygénation musculaire squelettique réduite et altérée par rapport aux jeunes adultes nés à terme (T). Cette étude pilote porte sur 16 jeunes adultes PT et 35 témoins T ayant entre 18 et 29 ans. L'oxygénation musculaire a été mesurée en continu par spectroscopie proche infrarouge (Artinis, Oxymon III, Leiden, Pays- Bas) sur le vastus lateralis et le gastrocnémien lors d’un test d’épreuve à l’effort. La comparaison entre les groupes a été fait par test-U Mann-Whitney pour données non paramétriques. Au niveau des mesures d’oxygénation musculaire, nous n’avons pas détecté de différences dans la variation relative d’hémoglobine oxygénée, désoxygénée et totale dans les deux muscles. Bien que la naissance prématurée pourrait affecter l’intégrité du muscle squelettique, nous n’avons pas décelé de différence dans l’oxygénation à l’effort chez les PT comparés aux T.Premature birth (<37 weeks of gestation) affects about 10% of the Canadian population each year and induces permanent alterations in the structure and function of organ systems. We have shown that young adults born ≤29 weeks of gestation have a reduced aerobic exercise capacity, a strong predictor of quality of life and mortality. Aerobic capacity depends on the integrity of the systems involved in the transport and consumption of oxygen, such as skeletal muscles. However, muscle oxygenation has not yet been studied in individuals born prematrurely. Thus, we postulate that young adults born very prematurely (PT) have reduced and impaired skeletal muscle oxygenation compared to young adults born at term (T). This pilot study examined 16 young adults PT and 35 controls T between 18 and 29 years of age. Muscle oxygenation was measured continuously by near-infrared spectroscopy (Artinis, Oxymon III, Leiden, Pays-Bas) on the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius during a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Comparison between both groups was accomplished by the Mann-Whitney U-test for non-parametric data. In terms of muscle oxygenation, we did not detect any differences in the relative variation of oxygenated, deoxygenated and total hemoglobin change in both muscles. Although premature birth would appear to affect the integrity of skeletal muscle, we did not find a difference in its oxygenation during exercise in PT compared with T young adults.
Books on the topic "Tests sur route":
1
Muqaddasī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Un Palestinien sur la route: Le monde musulman vers l'an mil. [Paris, France]: Sindbad, 2008.
2
Muqaddasī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Un Palestinien sur la route: Le monde musulman vers l'an mil. [Paris, France]: Sindbad, 2008.
Book chapters on the topic "Tests sur route":
1
Shavlinsky, Maxim S. "‛Hram Solntsa’ (‛The Temple of the Sun’) by Ivan Bunin — an Unfinished Project for the Exploration of the East." In I.A. Bunin and his time: Context of Life — History of Work, 934–52. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/ab-978-5-9208-0675-8-934-952.
Abstract:
The paper proposes to consider the “eastern” texts of Bunin as a single text and to trace the metamorphosis of poetics from the topos of Middle East to the Buddhist topos. To solve this problem, Bunin’s texts are examined in the historical context of the life and works of the writer. In 1899, Bunin had a “cherished dream” — to travel by sea to the shores of the Pacific Ocean (to Japan). The route from Odessa to Vladivostok becomes the main one against the background of all the “eastern” travels of the writer. Such a route was presented in the contemporary guidebooks of the “Dobrovol’nyi flot” (“Volunteer Fleet”) and the “Russkoe Obshchestvo Parokhodstva i Torgovli” (“Russian Society of Shipping and Trade”). Those guidebooks are considered as sources of the book “Hram Solntsa” (“The Temple of the Sun”), which is confirmed by a comparative analysis of the texts. In addition, the author analyzes historical works about the East known to Bunin (Maspero, Olesnitsky) and modern travelogues (Kondurushkin, Loti, Fedorov). These works are also considered the sources of the book “Hram Solntsa” (“The Temple of the Sun”). In 1911 both biographically and artistically, Bunin moves further to the East — to Ceylon. The article analyzes the essays from the book “Hram Solntsa” (“The Temple of the Sun”), as well as from the “Gorod Tsaria Tsarei” (“The City of the King of Kings”), which was included in the book in 1931. “Gorod Tsaria Tsarei” (“The City of the King of Kings”) seems to us a linking work to open a new, eastern stage of Bunin’s work. However, the project for the exploration of the East at all levels, biographical and creative, was not implemented. Bunin never made it to Japan, and an oriental novel was never written.
2
McNeilly, Mark. "Speed and Preparation." In Sun Tzu and The Art of Modern Warfare, 96–124. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133400.003.0005.
Abstract:
Abstract Speed is the essence of war. Take advantage of the enemy’s un preparedness; travel by unexpected routes and strike him where he has taken no precautions. (XI.29) In war, speed is essential. Armies must move rapidly to secure ground that favors them in battle, maneuver quickly around the enemy to hit his flanks, exploit breakthroughs, and pursue enemies in retreat. Furthem1ore, the very nature of warfare is constant change, which tests a leader’s and an am1y’s ability to quickly respond, adjust, and take advantage of it. Speed in warfare provides four advantages: it is a substitute for resources, it shocks and surprises the enemy, it is critical to exploiting weaknesses and opportunities, and it builds momentum (see Figure 4. r). Let us examine each aspect of speed in detail.
3
Gunn, Geoffrey C. "Geographic Imaginaries of an Austral Land." In Imagined Geographies, 132–51. Hong Kong University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528653.003.0007.
Abstract:
Practically unique in the history of world expansion down until the eighteenth - even early nineteenth century - the continent of Australia remained a geographical imaginary, more easily mapped on paper than actually attested through discovery. Certainly that description applied to the Malacca-based “cosmographer” Manuel Godinho de Erédia and to a French school of cartography. We have no specific evidence, but it undoubtedly applied to Chinese seafarers reaching Timor and the Timor Sea zone. In sum, this chapter raises the possibility of an Asian discovery of the Great South Land. It tests this against the case of China and, in more detail, against the experience of Sulawesi-based Macassan seafarers. Additionally, it gives credence to prior Portuguese discovery narratives as with those entering the cartographic imaginings of Erédia, placing him ahead of pioneering Portuguese and Dutch voyages plying midlatitude routes eastward across the Indian Ocean. Ultimately, the chapter puts to rest the notion of a proven Chinese discovery of Australia while conceding that it remains an imaginary at the same time.
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Beinart, William, and Lotte Hughes. "Imperial Travellers." In Environment and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0010.
Abstract:
In a global maritime empire, travel was intrinsic. As sailors and slavers, traders and hunters, Europeans traversed colonized space and literacy gave them the power to record what they saw and found. In their mapping and classification of lands and peoples, many of these travellers helped to commodify and package the resources of empire. In their fulsome descriptions of the riches of overseas territories, they made these lands and all that they contained desirable to prospective hunters, settlers, speculators, and administrators. The direct uses that imperial powers made of traveller’s accounts were hinted at in 1887 by British explorer and geologist Joseph Thomson, in a note to the second edition of his best-selling Through Masai Land. “Then [1885] Masai land was for the first time made known to the world; now it has come within the “sphere of British influence”—a delicate way, I suppose, of saying that it now practically forms a part of our imperial possessions.’ In fact British East Africa, of which Maasailand formed a large part, was not established for another eight years, in 1895. But Thomson anticipated accurately: having ‘discovered’ and mapped a direct route from the coast to Lake Victoria, which cut right across Maasailand to Uganda, and described the rich pickings (including fertile land, valuable pastures, water sources, timber, and game animals) that lay along the route, he had paved the way for European trade and takeover. Sir John Kirk, British agent and consul at Zanzibar, wrote that Thomson’s ‘admirable description is the only reliable one we yet possess of the region thus secured to us, if we choose to avail ourselves of the opportunity’. Britain, anxious about Germany’s competitive ambitions, duly took it. From the mid-eighteenth century a particular kind of traveller did more than most to promote the natural potential of empire: those who combined touring with botany and other scientific, or quasi-scientific, enquiries. The avid collection of specimens—from fauna and flora through, in some cases, to human body parts—had become an adjunct to the European adventurer’s taxonomy of the natural world. Since European expansion coincided with the development of print, as illustrated in our chapter on hunting, the production and publication of texts became a by-product of travel.
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Singh, Nidhi, Seema Joshi, and Jaya Pandey. "Applications of Computational Toxicology in Pharmaceuticals, Environmental and Industrial Practices." In Computational Toxicology for Drug Safety and a Sustainable Environment, 1–20. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815196986123010004.
Abstract:
Computational toxicology is a rapidly developing field that uses computational logarithms and mathematical models for a better understanding of the toxicity of compounds and test systems. This recent branch is a combination of various fields encompassing chemistry, computer science, biology, biochemistry, mathematics, and engineering. This chapter focuses on the usage of computational toxicology in various fields. This multifaceted field finds application in almost every pharmaceutical and industrial process which in turn offers safer environmental practices. Computational toxicology has revolutionized the field of drug discovery as it has helped in the production of significantly efficient drug molecules through time-saving and cost-effective methods. It has also proved a boon for various industries ranging from often-used cosmetics to daily-use food products, as toxicological assessment of chemical constituents in them provides quicker and safer production. All these computational assessments thereby save a lot of chemical wastage and thus give a helping hand in exercising healthy environmental practices. Besides this, pollutant categorization and waste management through computational tools have also been favoured by many agencies that work for environmental sustainability. Thus, to sum up, computational technology has completely transformed the processes and practices followed in pharmaceutics, environment protection and industries, and paved the way for efficient, cost-effective, and less hazardous routes.
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Nabhan, Gary P. "Cultural Dispersal of Plants and Reptiles." In Island Biogeography in the Sea of Cortés II. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133462.003.0022.
Abstract:
The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (MacArthur and Wilson 1967) gives little attention to the human forces that have contributed to shape the biota of archipelagos. Most of the studies that have been done to test the theory, however, concentrated mostly on natural forces and less on the ancient influences of sea-faring cultures on island biodiversity. Although many biologists have followed MacArthur and Wilson’s lead by charting the natural processes shaping the island biogeography of the midriff islands in the Sea of Cortés (Soulé and Sloan 1966; Case and Cody 1983), the cultural dispersal of native plants and animals across the gulf has hardly been taken into account in these pattern analyses of the region’s biota. Nevertheless, new opportunities have emerged. Analyses made possible by novel genetic tools can now be combined with recent revelations of oral history from Seri Indian seafarers who have frequented the midriff islands and who know of their ancestors’ activities on the islands. Archaeologists have found indigenous remains on San Esteban, Ángel de la Guarda, San Lorenzo Norte and Sur, and Tiburón, with dateable occupation sequences on San Esteban for a minimum of 350 years (Bowen 2000). We can now begin to reconcile data from cultural geography, genetics, and biogeography to track cultural dispersal with new precision. A cohesive but curious story has begun to emerge from this unlikely partnership of genetic analyses performed in laboratories and oral history documentation in the field: historic seafarers of this arid region have carried with them flora and fauna that became established on islands other than those accessible by natural routes of dispersal (Grismer 1994; Petren and Case 1996, 1997; Nabhan in press). This should come as no surprise to scientists who read beyond their own area of interest: similar cultural dispersal dynamics have been documented in Polynesia and Melanesia (McKeown 1978; Fisher 1997; Austin 1999) and in Central America and the Caribbean (Bennett 1992; Case 1996). Factoring indigenous cultural dispersal into island biogeography has led to very different views of biotic origins and migrations than those offered by a purely biological perspective.
Conference papers on the topic "Tests sur route":
1
Mevel, B., and J. L. Guyader. "Experimental Routes to Chaos in Ball Bearings." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34928.
Abstract:
In a previous paper [1], the theoretical prediction of a ball bearing motion was studied and different routes to chaos described. The aim of this paper is to study experimentally routes to chaos in a ball bearing and to observe whether theoretical predictions of the phenomena are realistic. An experimental test bench was built and a technique to observe Poincare´ maps is proposed. The experience clearly shows the appearance of instability in the bearing motion, and two different routes to chaos are described as expected in theory. The first route is related to the first resonant frequency of the bearing. It is a sub-harmonic route. The second route, related to the second resonant frequency, is a quasi-periodic route.
2
Chen, Jiaxin, Susumu Sato, Chanpaya Eang, Kotaro Tanaka, and Takeshi Tange. "Real-world Cold Start Emissions Evaluation for Direct-injection Gasoline Vehicle with PEMS and SEMS." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0379.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test method has been introduced after 2017 to regulate the vehicle emissions in real-world driving situations by means of on-board emissions measurements. This paper aims to estimate the detailed on-board gaseous emissions from a light-duty direct-injection gasoline vehicle simultaneously using both portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) and sensor-based emissions measurement system (SEMS). Test route is typical urban route and tests environment factors followed the RDE regulation. Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) emissions were analyzed according to cold start once and followed by hot start conditions. The mass emissions of gas components were calculated based on the exhaust flowrate obtained from OBD parameters, NH<sub>3</sub> emission was calculated based on NO sensor’s data. Two drivers participated in the tests and their emissions difference has been compared. The results indicating cold start caused much more emission than hot start in CO, NOx and NH<sub>3</sub>; and aggressive driving behavior would cause more emissions. Simultaneous tests gave chances to better combine the advantages of both measurement systems, and figure out the cause of NH<sub>3</sub> emission, two different patterns of NH<sub>3</sub> emission which depending on cold/hot start method have been found, and the results showed CO emission and catalytic temperature can both be crucial factors to form NH<sub>3</sub> in exhaust gas.</div></div>
3
Böhm, Angelo Mario, Hauke Herrnring, and Franz von Bock und Polach. "Lessons Learned: The Influence of Testing Properties on Uniaxial Compression Tests of Ice." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-78068.
Abstract:
Abstract This paper describes the influence of testing properties (test rig stiffness and PID controller settings) on the uniaxial compression test of granular laboratory-made ice in a single-factor design experiment. Global warming causes the decline of sea ice in the Arctic regions. Enabling the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage to be more accessible for the shipping industry and therefore reduces the energy consumption compared to the Suez Canal Route. Nevertheless, ice will remain an interacting element with ships and structures in Polar and Sub-Arctic regions. A good assessment of forces exerted by the ice on the offshore structure or the ship is essential for designing these arctic structures. Ice-structure interactions depend on the mechanical properties of the ice, which are still not fully explored but can be determined by experimental testing. Over the years, many experiments have been conducted with similar test setups but different testing properties. Therefore the influence of the test properties on the compressive strength of ice is analyzed and discussed by comparing the results of different test settings in this paper. The tests are conducted in a single-factor design experiment. The applied velocities range from 0.01 mm/s to 500 mm/s, causing the ice to behave ductile at lower velocities and brittle at higher velocities.
4
Goloviznina, V. S., and E. V. Kotelnikov. "Automatic Summarization of Russian Texts: Comparison of Extractive and Abstractive Methods." In Dialogue. RSUH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2022-21-223-235.
Abstract:
This paper investigates the problem of creating summaries of Russian-language texts based on extractive (TextRank and LexRank) and abstractive (mBART, ruGPT3Small, ruGPT3Large, ruT5-base and ruT5-large) methods. For our experiments, we used the Russian-language corpus of news articles Gazeta and the Russianlanguage parts of the MLSUM and XL-Sum corpora. We computed ROUGE-N, ROUGE-L, BLEU, METEOR and BERTScore metrics to evaluate the quality of summarization. According to the experimental results, the methods are ranked (from best to worst) as follows: ruT5-large, mBART, ruT5-base, LexRank, ruGPT3Large, TextRank, ruGPT3Small. The study also highlights the salient features of summaries obtained by various methods. In particular, mBART summaries are less abstractive than ruGPT3Large and ruT5-large, and ruGPT3Large summaries are often incomplete and contain errors.
5
Mannucci, Aldo, Ettore Anelli, Fabio Zana, Claudio Tommasi, Mariano Armengol, Laura Alleva, and Giorgio Porcu. "Bends for Critical Line Pipe Projects: Advantages of the Off-Line Full Quenching and Tempering." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79800.
Abstract:
Recent trends for linepipe projects reflect a sustained increasing complexity: Sour Service (SS), High Temperature & High Pressure (HT/HP) field conditions, deep and ultra-deep water oil and gas transportation, Artic and Artic “alike” areas. This reflects into stringent requirements for manufacturing and testing of the concerned products, which are not only the straight pipes but also a number of accessories, among which bends are the ones presenting the most complex combination of critical issues. As long as a whole chain reliability standpoint is assumed as the main concern, the design, production and supply of the bends have become a key stage within a linepipe project. Bends for linepipe projects are produced in general by hot induction bending (HIB). Two different fabrication routes can be clearly identified: HIB followed by Stress Relieving (SR) and HIB followed by off-line full quenching and tempering (Q&T). The first method is known as “Traditional route (TR)”, while the second one as “Quenching-Tank (QT)”. A large investigation program was carried out involving the most recognised benders in Europe. The matrix of industrial trials comprised a dimensional size range from 168 to 406 mm OD, 8 to 34 mm WT; X60 to X70 steel grades, different bending and post-bending heat treatments conditions and mother pipe chemistries. For each analysed item, the final bend, the corresponding mother pipe and samples taken in as-bent / as-quenched (TR / QT) conditions were fully characterised in terms of mechanical properties, hardness profiles and microstructure features. As a result, a much better performance was found for the bends produced by the off-line full Q&T method, principally due to the better quenching efficiency with respect to the in-line system. Production of bends through out the traditional method can be seen as a reliable option for bends which are not going to face hard conditions in the field, and therefore the corresponding specification requirements are no stringent as well (i.e. X52 grade or lower, Charpy tests required at 0°C or higher temperature, no corrosion tests required, etc.). If either stringent conditions are required or X60-X80 steel grades are involved, the off-line quenching tank route becomes the reliable option.
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Kant, Chander, Prashant Kumar, Shyamsher Saroj, Ajay Arora, Dr Maya Chakradhar, M. Sithananthan, Ajay Harinarain, Mukul Maheshwari, and Mrinmoy Kalita. "Comparative Study of Real Driving Emission with Different Gasoline & Diesel Fuel Blends Using Portable Emission Measurement Equipment on IOCL Faridabad Specific RDE Compliant Route." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-26-0356.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">India has recently shifted from BSVI 1.0 emissions norms to BSVI 2.0 RDE (Real Drive Emission) norms ready with implementation of conformity factors for the measurement of on-road emissions. The discrepancies between emission values measured in the laboratory (under controlled ambient conditions) and actual emission values on the road (under real driving conditions) will be reduced with the implementation of BSVI 2.0.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Fuel impacts the vehicular tail pipe emission in a greater way and various regulated emission pollutants are reduced significantly. Government initiated fuel formulations like oxygenated fuels (E10 & E20) and OMCs (IOCL) initiated differentiated diesel fuels plays significant role in achieving the targets for real driving emissions. Current study was performed on BSVI gasoline port fuel injection vehicle, gasoline direct injection vehicle and diesel vehicle on RDE compliant route (Faridabad specific – route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) with different set of test fuels as per IRDE BS6 2.0 (Indian Real Drive Emissions) norms. The on-road emissions data was generated with AVL make RDE PEMS equipment (Portable Emission Measurement System) along with post processing of the collected data as per RDE test procedure.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The test vehicle was driven on-road as per RDE compliant route & boundary conditions and conformity factors were calculated in each case for CO & NO<sub>x</sub> pollutants. Reference CO2 values were measured on standard regulatory legislative test cycle i.e., Modified Indian Driving Cycle on chassis dynamometer. Distance specific as well as CO2 window specific emissions were measured during the whole RDE trip and the RDE test passed with all fuel formulations and significant reduction was observed in major regulated tail pipe emissions. The study supports the fact that various novel fuel formulations can support the automotive OEM’s in meeting the stricter RDE emission regulation in terms achieving the better conformity factors for the emitted tail pipe emission.</div></div>
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Babu, M. Ashok, M. Yuvaraju, K. Ajay Babu, G. Rama Krishna, Devarakonda Sameer Kumar, and Vemula Venkata Kondaiah. "Micro Structural and Hardness Study of Al 6065 and CaSiO<sub>3</sub> Composite with Stir Casting Route." In 1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Emerging Technologies. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1n17p0.
Abstract:
Present usage of Metal Matrix Composites is high in engineering applications. Especially, Al 6065 aluminum alloy is finding suitable for many applications of engineering components. In this work, a metal matrix composite has prepared with the pure Al 6065 aluminum alloy as matrix and Calcium silicate (CaSiO3) as reinforcement using bottom pour stir casting machine. The percentage of Calcium silicate (CaSiO3) has been increased from 1 % to 4 % in steps of 1% by weight. The reinforcement has been distributed over the matrix for which micro structural analysis and hardness test has been performed. The hardness values are found to be increasing with increase of reinforcement.
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Dev, Shouvik, Aidu Qi, Andrew Anderson, Austin Dahlseide, Brett Smith, Simon-Alexandre Lussier, Hongsheng Guo, and Deborah Rosenblatt. "Highway Exhaust Emissions of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Heavy-Duty Truck." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2120.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Diesel-fueled heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) can be retrofitted with conversion kits to operate as dual-fuel vehicles in which partial diesel usage is offset by a gaseous fuel such as compressed natural gas (CNG). The main purpose of installing such a conversion kit is to reduce the operating cost of HDVs. Additionally, replacing diesel partially with a low-carbon fuel such as CNG can potentially lead to lower carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions in the tail-pipe. The main issue of CNG-diesel dual-fuel vehicles is the methane (CH<sub>4</sub>, the primary component of CNG) slip. CH<sub>4</sub> is difficult to oxidize in the exhaust after-treatment (EAT) system and its slip may offset the advantage of lower CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of natural gas combustion as CH<sub>4</sub> is a strong greenhouse gas (GHG). The objective of this study is to compare the emissions of an HDV with a CNG conversion kit operating in diesel and dual-fuel mode during highway operation.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Road tests were conducted on a three-axle Class-8 highway semi-trailer tractor hauling a two-axle loaded box trailer. The gross combined weight of the tractor-trailer was 34,470 kg (~76,000 lbs). The tractor was powered by an inline 6-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine with EAT system, and met EPA 2010 emission regulations. The primary components of the conversion kit were: CNG tank, regulator, and mixing manifold with solenoid CNG injectors. CNG was injected into the intake manifold of the engine downstream of the intercooler. The CNG injection map was based on the throttle position, engine speed, load, and intake boost pressure. Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) were used to analyze the exhaust gas before and after the EAT system. The vehicle’s onboard diagnostic (OBD) data was also recorded concurrently. The highway test route was 74 km long and the average road speed was ~102 km/h.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Results showed that up to 34% of the diesel consumption could be replaced by CNG. When compared to diesel-only, the CO<sub>2</sub> and total hydrocarbon emissions of the dual-fuel case were lower and higher, respectively. Engine-out black carbon emissions were lower for the dual-fuel case in comparison to diesel, while tail-pipe nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were higher. Distinct differences in the exhaust temperature profiles were observed as well.</div></div>
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Lin, Yu Hsien, Ming Chung Fang, and Hui Hua Chang. "A Searching Technique for Obstacle-Avoidance of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles by Using the Self-Tuning Fuzzy Controller." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24387.
Abstract:
This study develops a heuristic searching technique for obstacle-avoidance of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in varying ocean environments by using the self-tuning fuzzy controller. The corresponding hydrodynamic coefficients for the AUV are obtained by the test of Planar Motion Mechanism (PMM), which serves as the important data inputs for the control system. Subsequently, the self-tuning fuzzy controller would be adopted to command the propulsion of AUVs. The function of obstacle-avoidance is based on the underwater image detection method with the BK triangle sub-product of fuzzy relations which can evaluate the safety and remoteness of the candidate routes and the successive optimal strategic routing can then be selected. In the present simulations, the current effect is used to investigate the maneuvering performance of obstacle-avoidance. Eventually, the present study indicates that the self-tuning fuzzy controller, combined with the image detection technique based on BK triangle sub-product of fuzzy relations, is verified to be a useful searching technique for obstacle-avoidance of AUVs in depth variation.
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Yasuda, Akihiro, and Sherif Rashed. "Efficient Collapse Analysis of Ductile Components Subjected to Impact Loads." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54480.
Abstract:
In collapse analysis of mechanical or structural components made of ductile materials and subjected to impact loads, it is necessary to consider material tearing (cracking and crack propagation). Traditional methods that focus on material behavior at crack tip require very fine FE meshes and are not suitable for impact analysis where explicit integration codes, for very good reasons, are used. On the other hand, in methods which utilize surface separation such as the interface element approach or node break approach, crack propagation route needs to be known beforehand. In this paper, the development of an efficient 3-D Finite element for such collapse analysis is reported. This element utilizes the ISUM concept and may be used in relatively coarse meshes at crack tips. Stress-strain relationship takes account of element size and strain rate effects. Crack propagation through the element (tearing of the element) is based on the sum of the strain energy and surface creation energy, and takes account of the effects of element size and strain rate on the tearing energy. Comparison of test and analysis results of a conical impactor dropped on a circular steel plate is utilized to confirm the validity of the element.