Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tests sur circuit'
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Leclerc, Normand. "Conception d'une plateforme de tests de circuits d'intégration directe sur tranche." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2003. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/779/1/LECLERC_Normand.pdf.
Feliachi, Abderrahmane. "Test basé sur la sémantique pour Circus." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821836.
Cembalo, Agostino. "Stratégie innovante d'optimisation de la traînée aérodynamique en temps réel pour l'amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique des voitures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESMA0007.
The reduction of CO2 emissions and environmental footprint represents a major challenge for the automotive industry in the 21st century, with approximately 72% of greenhouse gas emissions in the European transportation sector attributed to road transport. To address this issue, automotive manufacturers are increasingly focusing on reducing the environmental footprint of their vehicles and minimizing energy consumption. In this context, car aerodynamics plays a crucial role. This study therefore explores the challenges and opportunities associated with real-time control of vehicle’s wakes using a Predictive Control with Recursive model estimation based on a Subspace method (RSPC). We first characterize the wake of a full-scale vehicle, both in wind tunnel and on-road. The results highlight the importance of low-frequency phenomenons and quasi-static wake movements. Subsequently, we implement a control methodology aimed at regulating the angular positions of rigid flaps located at the base of the studied models to maintain a prescribed base pressure state. Among the significant results, we note that the control law succeeds in achieving defined objectives under varied conditions, including variations in yaw angle and disturbances in the underflow through the use of a movable grid placed upstream of the vehicle. The observed benefits in terms of aerodynamic drag are remarkable and model-dependent, while maintaining relatively low energy consumption. The latter varies between 0.35% and 0.6% of the dissipated aerodynamic power. In conclusion,this study opens new perspectives for vehicle aerodynamic control, offering significant opportunities for energy consumption reduction and, consequently, greenhouse gas emissions. It thus aim to mitigating the effects of climate change
Karam, Margot. "Génération de test de circuits intégrés fondée sur des modèles fonctionnels." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339935.
Karam, Margot Saucier Gabrièle Mossière Jacques Landrault Christian Courtois Bernard Costes Alain. "Génération de test de circuits intégrés fondée sur des modèles fonctionnels." S.l. : Université Grenoble 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339935.
Deobarro, Mikaël. "Etude de l'immunité des circuits intégrés face aux agressions électromagnétiques : proposition d'une méthode de prédiction des couplages des perturbations en mode conduit." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0002/document.
With technological advances in recent decades, the complexity and operating speeds of integrated circuits have greatly increased. While these developments have reduced dimensions and supply voltages of circuits, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of components has been highly degraded. Identified as a technological lock, EMC is now one of the main causes of circuits re-designs because issues related to generating and coupling noise mechanisms are not sufficiently studied during their design. This manuscript introduces a methodology to study propagation of electromagnetic disturbances through integrated circuits by measurements and simulations. To improve our knowledge about propagation of electromagnetic interferences (EMI) and coupling mechanisms through integrated circuits, we designed a test vehicle developed in the SMOS8MV® 0.25µm technology from Freescale Semiconductor. In this circuit, several basic functions such as I/O bus and digital blocks have been implemented. Asynchronous on-chip voltage sensors have also been integrated on different supplies of the chip to analyze propagation of disturbances injected on supply pins and wires of the component (DPI and BCI injection). In addition, we propose various tools to facilitate modeling and simulations of Integrated Circuit’s immunity (PCB model extraction, injection systems modeling approaches, innovative method to predict and correlate levels of voltage / power injected during conducted immunity measurements, modeling flow). Each tool and modeling method proposed is evaluated on different test cases. To assess our modeling approach, we finally apply it on a digital block of our test vehicle and compare simulation results to various internal and external measurements performed on the circuit
Velazco, Raoul. "Test et diagnostic de circuits intégrés programmables : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0143.
Jacomino, Mireille. "Sur la théorie du test des circuits digitaux : mesures de la confiance." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332734.
Jacomino, Mireille David René Courtois Bernard. "Sur la théorie du test des circuits digitaux mesures de la confiance /." S.l. : Université Grenoble 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332734.
Occello, Olivier. "Solutions non-intrusives, génériques et quasi-statiques pour le test et le calibrage de circuits intégrés en bande millimétrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALT005.
Since the early 2010s, we've been witnessing an increase in millimeter-band applications of System On Chip (SoC). The growth in working frequencies calls for innovations at various levels, ranging from the development of higher-performance technologies to more efficient testing, as well as integrated design issues for two of these emerging needs are grouped around two main applications: telecommunications and autonomous vehicles. In this thesis, we present a method for testing millimeter-band integrated circuits based on machine learning, with drastically reduced complexity. The method uses process variation sensors, which by design are non-intrusive, generic and quasi-static. The advantage of these sensors is that they provide information on process-related variations in the physical characteristics of circuits, rather than on the performance of parts of these circuits, making the approach more generic. Sensors for process variations of simple characteristics can then be measured quasi-statically, reducing the complexity of the test compared with a functional test. Finally, these sensors are generally already present on the wafer, and are already integrated and measured by the foundry for its technology monitoring, which reduces the complexity of the test, and reduces the silicon costs of measuring process variation sensors.The test method was demonstrated using two demonstrators integrated on 55 nm BiCMOS STM technology. Various avenues for LNA design were explored, particularly for passive components. The proposed method has been applied to predict the S-parameters and NF-noise figure of two LNAs at 25 and 27 GHz. A reproducibility study of the measurements was carried out, confirming our conclusions. We were thus able to predict the S parameters (Gain and Return Loss) and the noise figure (NF) of a millimeter-band LNA, based solely on PT sensor signatures, measured automatically by the foundry, at frequencies in the kilohertz range. A calibration method derived from the test method was also described. For its demonstration, a tunable LNA was designed, using a PIN diode as variable capacitor. Only the first stage of the demonstration was successfully completed, mainly due to the small data set available
Kamdem, Alain. "Etude des interactions électriques conduites sur des composants et systèmes électroniques." Caen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CAEN2008.
Over the years, industries and standards associations focused on reducing electronic device degradation due to ElectroStatic Discharge (ESD). However, ESD only represents a small part of these events. Indeed, there are few studies on Electrical OverStress (EOS) events which are responsible of an important amount of failures. The aim of this thesis is to define a clear classification among EOS events but also to study robustness and failure mechanisms in integrated circuits exposed to these events. For integrated circuits users and suppliers, electrical events are describe by the degradation and not by their root causes. This can be translated by an absence of standard presenting a test methodology or a specific characterization equipment. The test bench setup and the different waveforms used in this study are presented. Finally, these works show that to better specify devices Absolute Maximum Rating (AMR), it is necessary to deepen the knowledge of robustness threshold while understanding the failure mechanisms in ICs components
FLORENT, OLIVIER. "Une methode de test des circuits integres, basee sur un decoupage structurel peu recouvrant." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066124.
Tran, Xuan-Tu. "Méthode de test et conception en vue du test pour les réseaux sur puce asynchrones : application au réseau ANOC." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0015.
Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) are emerging as a new on-chip communication paradigm for large complex SoCs, together with the GALS paradigm, which le ad to asynchronous NoCs. Nevertheless, manufacturing test is a big challenge for asynchronous NoCs before they can be brought to market due to a lack of testing methodology and support. The objective ofthis thesis is to propose a novel testing method for asynchronous NoCs. Ln this method, to ease the test of the network infrastructure, we have developed a DIT architecture, in which each network router is surrounded by an asynchronous test wrapper in order to improve the controllability and the observability of the routers. This DIT architecture has been designed, implemented in QDI asynchronous logic, and validated with ANGC, an asynchronous NoC architecture developed at the CEA-LETI. The corresponding test pattern generation is done by analyzing both functionalities and structural implementation ofnetwork routers and links. We have also introduced a complete testing strategy to test the whole network architecture. With the generated test patterns, the testing method presents high fault coverage (99. 86%) for the ANDC architecture using a single stuck-at fault model
Bengharbi, Amar. "Contribution au test et diagnostic des circuits analogiques par des approches basées sur des techniques neuronales." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120083.
Soliman, Lélia. "Caractérisation de composants microélectroniques de test pour la technologie ULSI sur silicium." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES048.
Larguier, Laurent. "Analyse de l'impact du bruit de commutation sur les blocs digitaux des circuits intégrés CMOS." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20191.
Carbonero, Jean-Louis. "Développement des méthodes de mesures en hyperfréquences sur tranches de silicium et application à la caractérisation des technologies CMOS et BICMOS sub-microniques." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0051.
Leveugle, Régis. "Analyse de signature et test en ligne intégré sur silicium." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0014.
Boudjit, Mokhtar. "Algorithmes de testabilité basés sur la description à deux niveaux "Groupe-E-Concurrente" des fonctions logiques." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0054.
ROLLAND, LOIC. "Developpement d'un systeme expert technologique sur le test parametrique d'une filiere de circuits integres bipolaire silicium haute tension." Rennes 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN10175.
Mamgain, Ankush. "Génération sur puce de signaux sinusoïdaux à hautes fréquences en utilisant des techniques d'annulation d'harmoniques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALT024.
Built-in self-test (BIST) techniques play an important role in Analog, Mixed-signal, and RF (AMS-RF) circuits so that the yield in advanced nanometric processes can be improved. These circuits replace highly sophisticated and expensive AMS-RF testers. The stimuli generator is one of the important blocks in AMS-RF BIST circuits. In particular, many analog-RF tests require a high-quality sinusoidal signal as test stimuli. The focus of this thesis is to understand the challenges of generating a sinusoidal signal in GHz range and mitigating these challenges using the harmonic cancellation principle. In harmonic cancellation principle, a set of time-shifted periodic signals are scaled and added. In this process, harmonics of the periodic signal are cancelled and the fundamental frequency is retained at the output. Particularly in this case, a signal generator that can cancel the harmonics below the 11th harmonic. Despite its efficiency, this technique is highly susceptible to performance degradation due to mismatch and process variations. These variations affect time-shift and the duty cycle (also called timing inaccuracies) of the signal, particularly in high-frequency applications where precise control becomes increasingly challenging. To address this, a novel calibration architecture employs a coarse-fine delay cell mechanism, which effectively mitigates the impact of timing inaccuracies. One of the proposed solutions was fabricated using ST 28-nm FDSOI technology and validated. The measurement results show an SFDR greater than 60dBc for frequencies greater than 1 GHz after optimization, illustrating the potential of our architecture in enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of on-chip sinusoidal signal generation for AMS-RF integrated circuits
Verguin, Dulieux Pascale. "Industrialisation d'une méthode de localisation de défauts sur circuits intégrés par cristaux liquides." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0177.
Saadaoui, Mohamed. "Optimisation des circuits passifs micro-ondes suspendus sur membrane diélectrique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011358.
Dubois, Tristan. "Etude de l'effet d'onde électromagnétiques sur le fonctionnement de circuits électroniques - Mise en place d'une méthode de test des systèmes." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931378.
Dubois, Tristan. "Étude de l'effet d'ondes électromagnétiques sur le fonctionnement de circuits électroniques : mise en place d’une méthode de test des systèmes." Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20092.
Imaging and wireless communication systems have become essential in this day and age. Current civilian and military applications need to present great immunity against electromagnetic aggressions. However, the electromagnetic susceptibility threshold of complex electronic circuits at the center of these systems is continuously decreasing due to the increase of their operating frequencies and to the decrease of their bias currents. In this context, the aim of this research work is to highlight the effects of electromagnetic aggressions on micro-wave systems. The method of the study consists on analyzing the electromagnetic susceptibility of each circuit which composes the system and then studying the susceptibility of the complete system by associating the circuits together. Electromagnetic studies are carried out with an electromagnetic characterization bench using near field probes. Probes are made from coaxial cables and are characterized. The behavior of a Schottky diode disturbed by an electromagnetic aggression is then studied. We highlight resonance phenomena on the track of the printed board. This was a preliminary approach for studying the electromagnetic susceptibility of a phase lock loop system. Following the method previously presented, we show the different effects of electromagnetic aggressions on analog and digital electronic circuits, including an OpAmp circuit, an oscillator circuit and a phase comparator circuit. Carrying out an analysis and classification of these effects has allowed us to determine the contribution of each circuit on the susceptibility of the phase lock loop sys
Dubois, Tristan. "Étude de l'effet d'ondes électromagnétiques sur le fonctionnement de circuits électroniques – Mise en place d'une méthode de test des systèmes." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440285.
Vargas, Fabian Luis. "Amélioration de la sureté de fonctionnement de systèmes spatiaux basée sur le contrôle de courant." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0063.
Roche, Nicolas J.-H. "Caractérisation et modélisation de l'influence des effets cumulés de l'environnement spatial sur le niveau de vulnérabilité de systèmes spatiaux soumis aux effets transitoires naturels ou issus d'une explosion nucléaire." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20108.
The natural radiative space environment is composed by numerously particles in a very large energy spectrum. From an electronics component point of view, it is possible to distinguish cumulative effects and so-called Analog Single Event Transient effects (ASET). Cumulative effects correspond to continuous deterioration of the electrical parameters of the component, due to a low dose rate energy deposition (Total Ionizing Dose: TID) throughout the space mission. ASETs are caused by a single energetic particle crossing a sensitive area of the component inducing a transient voltage pulse that occurs at the output of the application. During ground testing, both effects are studied separately but happen simultaneously in flight. As a result a synergy effect, induced by the combination of the low dose rate energy deposition and the sudden occurrence of an ASET in the device previously irradiated, occurs. A study of dose-ASET synergistic effects is proposed using an accelerated irradiation test technique known as Dose Rate Switching method (DRS) tacking into account the concern of the Enhanced Low Dose Rate Sensitivity (ELDRS). A High Level Model is developed using circuit analysis to predict the synergy effect observed on a three stages operational amplifier. To predict synergy effect, the TID effect is taken into account by varying the model parameters following a variation law deduced from the degradation of the supply current which recorded during usual industrial TID testing. Finally, the Transient Radiation Effects on Electronics (TREE) phenomena induced by a Very High Dose Rate X-ray pulse environment and the dose-TREE synergy effect are then investigated using an X-ray flash facility. The classical ASETs methodology analysis can explain the shapes of transients observed
Marc, François. "Elaboration d'une méthodologie de localisation de défauts sur circuits intégrés logiques par test sous faisceau d'électrons : application à différentes fonctions électroniques." Bordeaux 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR10605.
De, Negri Victor Juliano. "Estruturação da modelagem de sistemas automaticos e sua aplicação a um banco de testes para sistemas hidraulicos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1996. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/158100.
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Proposição de modelos para análise e projeto de sistemas automatizados e de sistemas mecatrônicos visando a integração das tecnologias envolvidas. Discussão de conceitos das áreas de sistemas, metrologia, mecatrônica e informática culminando no emprego de perspectivas estrutural, funcional e comportamental para a representação dos sistemas. Estabelecimento de diretrizes para o projeto de sistemas automáticos, resultante da comparação entre a engenharia de produtos industriais e a engenharia de software. Obtenção de modelos diagramáticos para concepção de bancos de testes de componentes hidráulicos segundo especificações da ISO.
Jeuland, François. "Influence des geometries et des conditions de test sur la competition entre les mecanismes d'origines structurale et thermique dans la degradation par electromigration des interconnexions des circuits vlsi." Toulouse, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAT0002.
Dalmasso, Julien. "Compression de données de test pour architecture de systèmes intégrés basée sur bus ou réseaux et réduction des coûts de test." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20061/document.
While microelectronics systems become more and more complex, test costs have increased in the same way. Last years have seen many works focused on test cost reduction by using test data compression. However these techniques only focus on individual digital circuits whose structural implementation (netlist) is fully known by the designer. Therefore, they are not suitable for the testing of cores of a complete system. The goal of this PhD work was to provide a new solution for test data compression of integrated circuits taking into account the paradigm of systems-on-chip (SoC) built from pre-synthesized functions (IPs or cores). Then two systems testing method using compression are proposed for two different system architectures. The first one concerns SoC with IEEE 1500 test architecture (with bus-based test access mechanism), the second one concerns NoC-based systems. Both techniques use test scheduling methods combined with test data compression for better exploration of the design space. The idea is to increase test parallelism with no hardware extra cost. Experimental results performed on system-on-chip benchmarks show that the use of test data compression leads to test time reduction of about 50% at system level
Nasreddine, Bassam. "Conception d'une mémoire reconfigurable intégrée sur tranche." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1988. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00327331.
-à étudier la faisabilité de cette mémoire
-à définir l'architecture d'une telle mémoire en tenant compte du rendement
-à définir une stratégie de test pour l'ensemble du circuit
-à étudier les dispositifs de connexion/déconnexion qui permettront de réaliser physiquement la mémoire finale -à développer des algorithmes de configuration qui détermineront les groupes de cellules en paquets de 256kbits.
Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet Esprit-824. Un premier essai de fabrication a permis de caractériser les dispositifs de connexion. La mémoire de 4.5 mbits a été envoyée en fabrication fin 1987
Ruan, Jinyu Jason. "Analyse et modélisation de l'impact des décharges électrostatiques et des agressions électromagnétiques sur les microcommutateurs." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00512333.
Vargas, Fabian Luis. "Validação de protótipo e análise de falhas no teste com feixe de elétrons : um estudo visando a sua automação." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/24147.
The work reported herein describes some IC testing research. This research concerns on one hand, failure analysis and on the other hand IC prototype validation, both making use of e-beam testing techniques. The first part of this work presents a review of e-beam testing as well as describes the researches currently in progress at the TIM3-INPG Laboratory. Subjects like voltage contrast image treatment and design for testability in e-beam testing are also discussed. Considering the last theme, it was included in this work in order to provide to the IC designers, whose knowledge about the SEM problems is not enough, some ideas on the way of how to accomplish their design to make the prototype validation process as easy as possible. The second part describes practical experiments in the prototype validation domain, where two approaches were used and a real case study was presented. The first approach is based on the multiple adjacent images comparison process adaptation, firstly developed to be used in the failure analysis process. The second technique makes use of an expert system, based on the acquired knowledge of the device under test in order to provide the fault diagnosis. The performances of these two approaches are presented and discussed, as well as, the fault diagnosis to the prototype circuit is presented. As conclusion, it is proposed further developments in the prototype validation approach. These improvements deal with the automation of the entire process as well as the enhancement of the information provided at the end of the fault diagnosis process, in order to obtain a testing environment for prototype validation with high integration and automation degrees.
Mabrouk, Mohamed. "Caractérisation de lignes monolithiques sur GaAs pour circuits microondes : application à l'extraction des paramètres intrinsèques de structures MMICs en monture de test par autocalibrage TRL de 2 à 18 GHz." Grenoble INPG, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPG0067.
Douzi, Chawki. "Effet du vieillissement par fatigue électrothermique sur la compatibilité électromagnétique des composants de puissance à base de SiC." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR002/document.
This research work focuses on the electrothermal aging effect on the electromagnetic compatibility of power components based on silicon carbide SiC. It focuses on two major parts ; an experimental part and another more oriented modelization. Experimentally, this thesis studies the aging effect of SiC transistors used in static converters on the electromagnetic interferences EMI generated by these converters. The second part deals with the modeling of these transistors in order to emulate the effect of their aging on the EMI of the modules they compose. This step made it possible to validate the methodology developed for the simulation of the conducted EMI of a healthy SiC MOFSET at first and of an aged SiC MOSFET in a second time. Overall, this innovative modeling approach developed in this work helps the designers of static converters to predict the conducted EMI before and after aging without going through the measurement. This provides additional information on the evolution of the EMC signatures of such modules during its lifetime and thus to estimate the risk associated with the aging of the components
Bichebois, Pascal. "Méthodes pour améliorer les rendements grace aux techniques de controle des défauts sur plaquettes en cours de fabrication." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0028.
Macas, Vintimilla María Nestorina, and Vintimilla María Nestorina Macas. "La evaluación del desempeño docente profesional y su relación con la evaluación de los aprendizajes de los estudiantes de Educación General Básica Superior en el área de Estudios Sociales del Instituto Técnico Superior Ismael Pérez Pazmiño del circuito de la zona sur de la ciudad de Machala. Período lectivo 2013 -2014." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2015. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/handle/cybertesis/5365.
Determina la relación entre el desempeño profesional del docente con la evaluación de aprendizaje en los estudiantes de décimo año de educación general básica del Instituto Ismael Pérez Pazmiño, a fin de lograr un liderazgo, planificación, organización, comunicación y su ejecución; para mejorar la calidad educativa. El estudio corresponde al tipo de investigación aplicativa. La muestra de estudio estuvo constituida por docentes, estudiantes y autoridades de la institución en mención. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron las técnicas la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario.
Tesis
Macas, Vintimilla María Nestorina. "La evaluación del desempeño docente profesional y su relación con la evaluación de los aprendizajes de los estudiantes de Educación General Básica Superior en el área de Estudios Sociales del Instituto Técnico Superior Ismael Pérez Pazmiño del circuito de la zona sur de la ciudad de Machala. Período lectivo 2013 -2014." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/5365.
Determina la relación entre el desempeño profesional del docente con la evaluación de aprendizaje en los estudiantes de décimo año de educación general básica del Instituto Ismael Pérez Pazmiño, a fin de lograr un liderazgo, planificación, organización, comunicación y su ejecución; para mejorar la calidad educativa. El estudio corresponde al tipo de investigación aplicativa. La muestra de estudio estuvo constituida por docentes, estudiantes y autoridades de la institución en mención. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron las técnicas la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario.
Tesis
Guichard, Éric. "Contribution à l'étude de la sensibilité au vieillissement des technologies SOI durcies." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0102.
Jocomino, Mireille. "Sur la théorie du test des circuits digitaux : mesures de la confiance." Phd thesis, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332734.