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Journal articles on the topic 'Testis'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Trivedi, Bhargav Dharmendrabhai, and Akshat Keshubhai Vadaliya. "Study of Clinically Nonpalpable Testis." New Indian Journal of Surgery 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/nijs.0976.4747.11420.5.

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Undescended testis or cryptorchidism is a common genital problem in boys. Non palpable testis represents 25% of all undescended testis. Non palpable testis presents a unique diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Non palpable testis should be treated to enhance future chances of fertility and to place the testis at a site where it can be easily palpated because such a testis has an increased susceptibility to malignant degeneration. Aims: • Toestablishdiagnosticefficacyandaccuracy in identifying clinically non-palpable testis. • To establish therapeutic role of Open and laparoscopic management of non-palpable testis. Methods and Material: Between 2015 and 2019, 25 boys with 28 clinically non-palpable testis, aged 16 months to 65 years, underwent operative intervention in a single surgical unit at our institute. Out of the 25 patients, 22 had unilateral (11 leftsided, 11 right-sided) and three had bilateral non palpable testis. The testis was considered non palpable after thorough clinical examination, ultrasonography and examination under anaesthesia failed to detect it. Keywords: Nonpalpable Testis

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2

Chengalvarayan, G., Pradushana V P, and S. Babu Peter. "Granulocytic Sarcoma of Testis." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 12 (December 5, 2023): 2000–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr231224113527.

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3

Mitra, Arti, Prenoy Araujo, and Unmed Chandak. "A case of left undescended testis with ipsilateral ectopic kidney." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20185493.

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Undescended testis is one of the most common congenital anomalies in newborns. Incidence of this is anywhere between 1.6% and 9.0%. The incidence dramatically drops to 0.9-1.8% at 3 months of age. This is due to the spontaneous descent of the testes. The complications of undescended testes are infertility and malignant transformation. A 29-year-old unmarried male patient came to the hospital with complained of absent of left testis within scrotal sac since birth and a left inguinal swelling since 1 year with no other complaints. On examination, the left scrotal sac was empty. The right side scrotum was normal and testis was palpable within scrotal sac. On USG, examination findings were confirmed Left testis seen in relation to lower pole of left kidney in left inguinal region with normal echo texture s/o left ectopic testis. Left kidney in pelvic region at paramedian location with hilum facing anteromedially s/o left ectopic kidney. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention is key so as to preserve the undescended testis and prevent malignant change or infertility problems. It is imperative that all tests be done to assess kidney function.

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4

Bharti, Shreekant, and Narrendran AP. "Cavernous hemangioma of the testis mimicking as torsion of testis: a case report." ANNALS OF PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE 4, no. 2 (March 26, 2017): C40—C42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apalm.1054.

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5

Kikkawa, Kazuro, Yuko Ueda, Shimpei Yamashita, Yasuo Kohjimoto, and Isao Hara. "The Importance of Follow-Up and Evaluation of Intraoperative Findings to Determine Surgical Indications for Retractile Testis." Advances in Urology 2023 (September 8, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8764631.

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Objectives. Ascending testis or acquired undescended testis develops in approximately 30% of cases of retractile testis, and orchiopexy is recommended for these cases. This study aimed at assessing the intraoperative anatomical findings of ascending testis and acquired undescended testis in search of better management for retractile testis. Methods. We retrospectively collected data of patients with confirmed diagnosis of retractile testis between February 2012 and November 2021. Orchiopexy was performed for cases with ascending testis and for patients with increasing difference of right and left testicular volume. The site of gubernaculum attachment and patent processus vaginalis were evaluated during surgery. Results. A total of 119 testes in 71 patients with retractile testis were included in this study. Sixteen retractile testes in 12 patients (17%) underwent orchiopexy. The weight at birth was significantly higher, and bilateral retractile testes were significantly more common in the follow-up group than in the surgical intervention group. In the surgical intervention group, the abnormal site of gubernaculum attachment was found in 12 out of 16 testes (75%), and patent PV was found in nine out of sixteen testes (56%). Sites of gubernaculum attachment in testes with patent PV were significantly higher than in sites with closed processus vaginalis, and all testes with patent processus vaginalis had abnormal site of gubernaculum attachment. Conclusion. Patients with ascending testis and acquired undescended testis have clinical features and intraoperative abnormal findings similar to a cryptorchidism. Therefore, our surgical indication for retractile testis is considered appropriate.

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6

Shenoy, V. "Undescended testis." Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons 12, no. 1 (2007): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-9261.31095.

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7

Oliver, R. Timothy D. "Testis cancer." Current Opinion in Oncology 9, no. 3 (May 1997): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001622-199709030-00012.

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8

Whitcomb, Randall W., and Marvin L. Mitchell. "The Testis." Endocrinologist 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019616-199201000-00011.

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9

Khan, O., and A. Protheroe. "Testis cancer." Postgraduate Medical Journal 83, no. 984 (October 1, 2007): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2007.057992.

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10

Amin ElGohary, Mohamed. "Absent testis." Annals of Pediatric Surgery 9, no. 2 (April 2013): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.xps.0000426203.74016.ee.

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11

Honig, Stanton. "Testis Implant." Journal of Sexual Medicine 9, no. 1 (January 2012): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02609.x.

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12

Mäkelä, Juho-Antti, Jaakko J. Koskenniemi, Helena E. Virtanen, and Jorma Toppari. "Testis Development." Endocrine Reviews 40, no. 4 (December 26, 2018): 857–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00140.

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13

MARTIN, H. C. O. "RETRACTILE TESTIS." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 30, no. 4 (August 1994): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1994.tb00667.x.

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14

Toppari, Jorma, and Marko Kaleva. "Maldescendus testis." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 51, no. 6 (1999): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000023412.

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15

Northcutt, Robert C. "The Testis." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 65, no. 5 (May 1990): 774–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65145-3.

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16

Sokoloff, Mitchell H., Geoffrey F. Joyce, and Matthew Wise. "Testis Cancer." Journal of Urology 177, no. 6 (June 2007): 2030–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.127.

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17

Sigman, Mark. "Testis Biopsy." Atlas of the Urologic Clinics 7, no. 1 (April 1999): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1063-5777(05)70113-4.

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18

Narang, Sanjeev. "Seminoma Testis." Indian Journal of Surgery 76, no. 3 (September 11, 2012): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12262-012-0683-5.

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19

Ranawaka, Ravibindu. "Undescended testis." Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health 44, no. 3 (September 12, 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v44i3.8015.

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20

Thornhill, J. A., and J. M. Fitzpatrick. "Testis cancer." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 40, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.40.3.279-a.

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21

Edmonds, Polly M., and R. Tim D. Oliver. "Testis cancer." Current Opinion in Urology 3, no. 5 (October 1993): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042307-199310000-00015.

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22

King, L. R. "Undescended testis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 11 (September 18, 1996): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.276.11.856.

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23

MD. "Undescended Testis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 11 (September 18, 1996): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540110010005.

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24

Casale, A. J. "The Ectopic Testis: Another Form of Undescended Testis." AAP Grand Rounds 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.4-3-25-a.

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25

WOLFFENBUTTEL, K. P., D. J. KOK, J. C. DEN HOLLANDER, and J. M. NIJMAN. "VANISHED TESTIS: BE AWARE OF AN ABDOMINAL TESTIS." Journal of Urology 163, no. 3 (March 2000): 957–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67862-7.

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26

Guven, Ahmet, and Barry A. Kogan. "Undescended testis in older patients: ascending testes are common." Journal of Pediatric Urology 3 (April 2007): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2007.01.055.

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27

Joda, Ali Egab. "Five different cases of ectopic testes in children: a self-experience with literature review." World Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2, no. 3 (October 2019): e000068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/wjps-2019-000068.

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BackgroundEmpty scrotum may be due to many reasons; besides true undescended testis these are monorchia, retractile testis, atrophy of testis due to torsion and ectopic testis. The location of testis in an aberrant site after passing through the inguinal canal and leaving it via external ring is a condition called ectopic testis. The most common aberrant locations of ectopic testes are superficial inguinal pouch (Denis Browne pouch), within anterior abdominal wall, perineum, femoral canal, contralateral scrotum (transverse testicular ectopia) and prepenile area.MethodsDescription of management of five different cases of ectopic testes over a period of 10 years’ experience in pediatric surgery have been done with review of the literature about this rarity.ResultsFive different cases of ectopic testes were as follows: infants 3 months of age with right ectopic testis in anterior abdominal wall near anterior superior iliac spine, 4 months of age with left perineal testis, 6 months of age with an ectopic femoral testis on left side, 8 months of age with transverse testicular ectopia on left side and 10 months of age with right true undescended testis and left perineal testis.ConclusionsSearch for ectopic sites of testes should always be in mind during examination of patients with empty scrotum. Early surgical repair of ectopic testes is recommended, as there is no chance of spontaneous correction to the normal location. Long-term follow-up is necessary due to relatively high incidence of infertility and malignant transformation. Surgeons should be aware of the rare possibility of transverse testicular ectopia in cases of inguinal hernia with impalpable testis on the contralateral side.

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28

AHMAD, IMRAN, KHALID MAHMOOD AKTHAR, and TASSADUQ HUSSAIN. "ARSENIC INDUCED MICROSCOPIC CHANGES IN RAT TESTIS." Professional Medical Journal 15, no. 02 (March 10, 2008): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2008.15.02.2760.

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The present study was designed to observe the changes in the testis of rats due to arsenic in higherdoses. Distilled water and sodium arsenite were administrated intra-peritonealy to control and experimental groupsrespectively. Animals were sacrificed, their testis were weighed and cut into small pieces. After observing the pluckingand stringing phenomenon of the seminiferous tubules the pieces of tests were embedded in paraffin and then 5µmthick section were made. These sections were stained with PAS-sulfurous acid haematoxylin and examinedmicroscopically for qualitative assessment of germinal epithelium. Results: In the rats of experimental group meanweight and average tissue ratio of the paired testes was 1.140gm and 0.0037 respectively, which was significantly lessthan the control. There was decrease in diameter of seminiferous tubules, thickening of the basement membrane, earlyarrest of spermatogenesis, damaged leydig cells, prominent sertoli cells and collapsed blood vessels, showinggeneralized atrophy of the testes in experimental group. Conclusion: In arsenic toxicity there are atrophic changesin testis due to degenerative changes in spermatogenic and leydig cells

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29

Zain, Ahmad, Nawzat Mohammed, Sarah Fadil, and Bashar AbdulHassan. "EFFICACY OF LAPAROSCOPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF UNILATERAL NONPALPABLE TESTIS." Iraqi Journal of Medical Sciences 17, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2019): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22578/ijms.17.3-4.9.

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Background:Undescended testis is one of the most common malformations seen in the field of pediatric surgery. The most problematic aspect of undescended testis is the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable testis. Laparoscopy has been widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable testis. Objective:To evaluate the role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of unilateral nonpalpable undescended testis. Methods:This is a prospective study carried out in the period from December 2012 to December 2017 in the Pediatric Surgery Department of a tertiary hospital in Baghdad. We used laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of 40 patients aged between one and 12 years (median age 4.9 years) with unilateral nonpalpable undescended testis. Boys with a palpable testis at any point were excluded from the study. Surgical procedure was individualized according to the laparoscopic findings either by one stage laparoscopic orchiopexy, two stage Fowler-Stephens procedure or laparoscopic orchiectomy. Results:Laparoscopy was able to diagnose the site of the nonpalpable testes in all the patients. Out of 40 nonpalpable undescended testes, 26 testes (65%) were intra-abdominal (12 testes were low intra-abdominal, 14 testes were high intra-abdominal). In 9 patients, (22.5 %), the vas deferens and spermatic vessels were found entering the internal inguinal ring. In 3 patients, (7.5 %), the testes were vanishing, and the testes were absent in 2 patients (5%). All patients with low intra-abdominal testes (n=12) were subjected to one stage laparoscopic orchiopexy through the normal inguinal ring. Out of 14 patients with high intra-abdominal testes, 7 patients underwent two staged Fowler-Stephens laparoscopic procedures, while three patients were treated by laparoscopic Prentiss maneuver and the remaining 4 patients underwent immediate laparoscopic orchiectomy due to presence of an atrophied testis. Patients with the vas deferens and spermatic vessels entering the internal inguinal ring (n=9) were treated by orchiopexy via conventional inguinal approach. Conclusion:Laparoscopy for unilateral nonpalpable testis has an excellent diagnostic yield combined with high success rate following repair. Keywords:Laparoscopy, nonpalpable undescended testis, Fowler-Stephens procedure Citation:Zain AZ, Mohammed NH, Fadil SZ, Abdul-Hassan BA. Efficacy of laparoscopy in the management of unilateral nonpalpable testis. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(3&4): 223-230. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.3&4.9

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30

Kim, Mi-Hee, Myung-Ha Song, and Sang-Yull Lee. "Review of Cancer-Testis (CT) Genes." Journal of Life Science 21, no. 6 (June 30, 2011): 912–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2011.21.6.912.

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31

Kulibin, A. Yu, and E. A. Malolina. "The Rete Testis: Development and Role in Testis Function." Russian Journal of Developmental Biology 52, no. 6 (November 2021): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062360421060072.

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Abstract The rete testis connects seminiferous tubules in which germ cells develop to the efferent ducts and the epididymis, where gametes mature and gain mobility. Several recent studies have thoroughly explored the morphogenesis of this structure in mice during embryonic and postnatal periods. A part of the rete testis has been shown to derive from the precursors of gonad somatic cells before sex determination. The other part forms from embryonal Sertoli cells of testis cords adjacent to the mesonephros. The transformation of Sertoli cells into rete testis cells is apparently not limited to the embryonic stage of development and continues during postnatal testis development. Recently, it was found that the rete testis participates in the formation and maintenance of specialized Sertoli cells in terminal segments of seminiferous tubules, transitional zones. Current views suggest that the transitional zones of the seminiferous tubules may represent a niche for spermatogonial stem cells, the site of the prolonged proliferation of Sertoli cells in the pubertal and postpubertal periods of testis development, and also could be a generator of spermatogenic waves. To sum up, the rete testis transports gametes from the testis to the epididymis, maintains pressure within seminiferous tubules, regulates the composition of the testicular fluid, and impacts the spermatogenic process itself.

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32

Adamczewski, O. Karol. "Testis unus testis nullus – the Testimony of Saint Ambrose." Studia Prawnicze KUL, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/sp.10616.

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33

Kocaaslan, Ramazan, Kursat Cecen, Mehmet Uslu, Umut Karsli, Mehmet Emin Ozyalvacli, and Omer Erkam Arslan. "Perineal Ektopik Testis: Nadir Görülen bir Ektopik Testis Vakası." Istanbul Medical Journal 15, no. 1 (March 17, 2014): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/imj.2014.00710.

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34

Lais, A., S. Caterino, M. Talamo, A. Nahom, P. Bagolan, and F. Ferro. "The gliding testis: Minor degree of true undescended testis?" European Journal of Pediatrics 152, S2 (February 1993): S20—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02125428.

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35

Hiroyoshi, Satoshi. "Effects of photoperiod on the testis fusion in the Asian comma butterfly, Polygonia c-aureum Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)." ENTOMON 41, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v41i3.176.

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The progress of testis fusion in the immature stages ranging from the 4th larval instar larvae to the pupae in Polygonia c-aureum was compared between two photoperiods (short-daylength and long-daylength). In this butterfly, imaginal diapause induction is controlled mainly by photoperiod and temperature during the immature stages. The study investigated the relationship between the imaginal diapause and testis fusion. The results showed that photoperiod did not exert significant effects on the process of testis fusion, indicating that testis fusion does not relate to the imaginal diapause. A pair of testes fused to a single testis during the prepupal stage and testis torsion occurred shortly after pupation. However, though in rare cases, a few male adults which had been reared in the laboratory and caught in the field had two testes, suggesting no occurrence of testis fusion during the prepupal stage.

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36

M S, Dr Mahesh. "Malakoplakia of Testis: A Case Report." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 02 (February 28, 2017): 18153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i2.147.

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37

Calhim, Sara, and Tim R. Birkhead. "Intraspecific variation in testis asymmetry in birds: evidence for naturally occurring compensation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1665 (March 18, 2009): 2279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0134.

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In many taxa, the left and right testes often differ in size. The compensation hypothesis states that one testis of the pair serves as a ‘back-up’ for any reduced function in the other and provides a mechanism to explain intraspecific variation in degree and direction of gonad asymmetry. Although testis asymmetry is common in birds, evidence for natural testis compensation is unknown. Using a novel quantitative approach that can be applied to any bilateral organ or structure, we show that testis compensation occurs naturally in birds and can be complete when one testis fails to develop. Owing to a recurrent risk of testis impairment and an evolutionary trade-off between natural and sexual selections acting on the arrangement of internal organs in species with abdominal and/or seasonal testes, compensation adds an important, but neglected, dimension to measures of male reproductive investment.

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38

Yule, T. D., G. D. Montoya, L. D. Russell, T. M. Williams, and K. S. Tung. "Autoantigenic germ cells exist outside the blood testis barrier." Journal of Immunology 141, no. 4 (August 15, 1988): 1161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.4.1161.

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Abstract Preleptotene spermatocytes and spermatogonia are germ cells located outside the blood-testis barrier provided by the Sertoli cells. These cells have been found to express autoantigens accessible to circulating antibodies. Mice immunized with syngeneic testis with or without bacterial adjuvant had detectable IgG on cells at the periphery of seminiferous tubules. Sera from orchiectomized but not from testes-intact mice immunized with testis and adjuvants readily transferred similar IgG deposits to testes of normal recipients. When testis-specific antisera from orchiectomized mice and testis-intact mice were compared for their reactivity on prepuberal testicular cells, serum from orchiectomized donors had significantly higher reactivity. Ig was eluted from IgG-positive testes with acid buffer and was shown to be highly enriched in antibody to prepuberal testicular cells, confirming the Ag-specific nature of the IgG deposits. The testis IgG deposits reacted with antisera to IgG1 and IgG3 but not IgG2a or IgG2b. This finding can explain lack of association of C3 in the deposits. Only 30 to 40% of seminiferous tubules had IgG deposits and they coincided with stages 7 to 12 of the spermatogenic cycle. Thus, the expression of the autoantigens is stage specific. The in situ formation of immune complexes by circulating autoantibodies demonstrates conclusively that testis autoantigens are not completely sequestered, and the blood-testis barrier as an immunologic barrier is incomplete.

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39

Kervancıoğlu, Selim, Akif Sarıca, Ahmet Mete, Ayhan Özkur, and Metin Bayram. "Effect of Varicocele on Testicular Volume." European Journal of Therapeutics 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.58600/eurjther.2008-14-1-1349-arch.

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Varicocele is one of the common causes of male infertility and is characterized by an anomalous dilation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus. There are many researches reported about ipsilateral testis volume reduction in varicocele in the literature. There are few researches reported about the effect of varicocele to the contralateral testis and different results have been reported unlike each other, as some reports say that an increase in contralateral testicular volume in varicocele, the others say reduction in contralateral testicular size. In our study we aimed to detect the effects of varicocele on bilateral testicular size. The study included 89 adult patients that had undergone routine scrotal CDUS and diagnosed with only left-sided varicocele. 51 patients which have no varicocele and any other anomaly with testis were chosen for the control group. The patients diagnosed with varicocele gathered into groups as grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3. The difference between bilateral testis volume was calculated by the formula; [(right testis volume-left testis volume) / right testis volume x 100] in all patients. Right and left testis volumes, volume differences between testes among all groups (control, grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 groups), and right and left testis volumes in each group were compared. No significant difference was established statistically in comparision of testis volumes in each group, and right and left testis volumes and differences between testes volumes within groups. In conclusion, our study established that there is no effect on testis volume in varicocele.

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40

Rozanski, Thomas A., and David A. Bloom. "THE UNDESCENDED TESTIS." Urologic Clinics of North America 22, no. 1 (February 1995): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-0143(21)01021-1.

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41

Lund, Lars, Henrik Højgaard Rasmussen, and Erik Ernst. "Asymptomatic Varicocele Testis." Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 27, no. 3 (September 1993): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365599309180452.

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42

Raveendran, AV, Syed Mohammed Ismail, and KG Sajeeth Kumar. "“Snow storm” testis." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v20i1.50370.

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Testicular microlithiasis is an asymptomatic condition associated with calcification within theseminiferous tubule, natural history of which is not clearly known.Association with varioustesticular malignancies warrant regular follow up in patients with microlithiasis. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(1) 2021 p.194-196

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43

Yang, Dal Mo, Joo Won Lim, Jee Eun Kim, Ji Hye Kim, and Hyuni Cho. "Torsed Appendix Testis." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 24, no. 1 (January 2005): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2005.24.1.87.

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44

Suri, Anil, Shikha Saini, Abhilasha Sinha, Sumit Agarwal, Archana Verma, Deepak Parashar, Swarnendra Singh, Namita Gupta, and Nirmala Jagadish. "Cancer testis antigens." OncoImmunology 1, no. 7 (October 2012): 1194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/onci.20686.

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45

MATHUR, R. P. "Malakoplakia of Testis." British Journal of Urology 61, no. 3 (March 1988): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1988.tb06393.x.

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46

SCOIT, B. W., and M. J. GOUGH. "Refrigeration Engineer's Testis." British Journal of Urology 65, no. 2 (February 1990): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1990.tb14706.x.

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47

JOLLY, DAVID C. "Testis size comparisons." Nature 325, no. 6103 (January 1987): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325396a0.

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48

L L, Sailaja, and Vasanthi A. "MORPHOMETRY OF TESTIS." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 4, no. 51 (June 23, 2015): 8827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2015/1279.

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Scott, John E. S. "The Undescended Testis." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 6, no. 3 (November 12, 2008): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1964.tb10790.x.

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Oesch, Irene, and P. G. Ransley. "Unilaterally Impalpable Testis." European Urology 13, no. 5 (1987): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000472811.

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