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Čaušević, Adnan. "Quality of Test Design in Test Driven Development." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-18773.
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One of the most emphasised software testing activities in an Agile environment is the usage of the Test Driven Development (TDD) approach. TDD is a development activity where test cases are created by developers before writing the code, and all for the purpose of guiding the actual development process. In other words, test cases created when following TDD could be considered as a by-product of software development. However, TDD is not fully adopted by the industry, as indicated by respondents from our industrial survey who pointed out that TDD is the most preferred but least practised activity. Our further research identified seven potentially limiting factors for industrial adoption of TDD, out of which one of the prominent factor was lack of developers’ testing skills. We subsequently defined and categorised appropriate quality attributes which describe the quality of test case design when following TDD. Through a number of empirical studies, we have clearly established the effect of “positive test bias”, where the participants focused mainly on the functionality while generating test cases. In other words, there existed less number of “negative test cases” exercising the system beyond the specified functionality, which is an important requirement for high reliability systems. On an average, in our studies, around 70% of test cases created by the participants were positive while only 30% were negative. However, when measuring defect detecting ability of those sets of test cases, an opposite ratio was observed. Defect detecting ability of negative test cases were above 70% while positive test cases contributed only by 30%. We propose a TDDHQ concept as an approach for achieving higher quality testing in TDD by using combinations of quality improvement aspects and test design techniques to facilitate consideration of unspecified requirements during the development to a higher extent and thus minimise the impact of potentially inherent positive test bias in TDD. This way developers do not necessarily focus only on verifying functionality, but they can as well increase security, robustness, performance and many other quality improvement aspects for the given software product. An additional empirical study, evaluating this method, showed a noticeable improvement in the quality of test cases created by developers utilising TDDHQ concept. Our research findings are expected to pave way for further enhancements to the way of performing TDD, eventually resulting in better adoption of it by the industry.
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Knapp, Chris H. "Unlocking test-driven development." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2006. http://165.236.235.140/lib/CKnapp2006.pdf.
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Algan, Fatih Tuğlular Tuğkan. "Test driven software development/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/bilgisayaryazilimi/T000412.pdf.
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Kim, Sang-Gil. "DEVELOPMENT OF ECOTOXICOLOGICAL TEST USING CLOSTERIUM EHRENBERGII (AGZI-TEST)." Kyoto University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181803.
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Bujila, Razvan, and Johan Kuru. "OMSI Test Suite verifier development." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-96266.
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The purpose of the Open Mobile Service Interface (OMSI) is to simplify the device management process for mobile devices from different manufacturers with a single PC application, instead of using one unique application for every manufacturer. The different OMSI use cases include device management for application vendors, points-of-sale, repair centers or for self-service. This will lead to higher service level for end users, faster repair times, better control over service transactions, an open market for compatible applications and an easy plug-and-play installation. Manufacturers are currently in the process of developing their own specific modules and there is an increasing need for test and verification software to certify OMSI conformance. In order for phone manufacturers to be able to efficiently verify that their OMSI modules and catalogs support and comply with the OMSI standard, there is a need for automated module tests and manual catalog tests. Development of such tests is the main purpose of this Master thesis work. The implementation of the different verification processes have been divided into different sub-projects to create a more structured view of the OMSI Test Suite project and easier management. The first part of the thesis work deals with the module verification process, second part with the client verification process while the third and final part deals with the catalog verification process. The thesis work has been performed in a project form, where the development of the project plan was a part of the thesis work. The final version of the Module Interface Verifier was implemented in C#, in a Visual Studio .NET 2003 environment. The software functioned as expected, both towards a sample module and Sony Ericsson’s and Nokia’s respective modules. The Client Interface Verifier was developed in a C++ environment and functioned according to the given specifications. The Catalog Interface Verifier was developed in C# environment, built on an already existing part of the OMSI Implementation Framework.
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Shappee, Bartlett A. "Test First Model-Driven Development." Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/339.
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Test Driven Development (TDD), Model-Driven Development (MDD), and Test Case Generation with their associated practices and tools each in their own right promise to deliver robust higher quality code more economically then other approaches. These process are not mutually exclusive but are not typically used together. This thesis develops a combined approach using complimentary aspects of each of the above three process. Test cases are described, generated, and then injected back into the model, which is then used to produce the test and production code. We have enhanced a model-driven tool to support the approach, adding a test case generator, capable of understanding augmented MDD software model and utilizing the constraints captured in our test-centric language to generate model-level test cases back into the model. Our results show that, with a reduction in overall effort one can produce a tested model-based system in which its test and implementation for multiple platforms such as C and Java, using one of multiple test xUnit frameworks.
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Rosén, Annie. "Development of pharmacogenetic tests and improvement of autosomal ancestry DNA test." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57977.
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This master thesis was performed at the personal genomics company DNA-Guide Europa AB. The goal was to create DNA tests for drug response and to update the already existing DNA test for autosomal ancestry. The DNA tests for drug response: The objective of this part of the master thesis was to create individual DNA test for response to each drug within different groups of medicines. The tests were meant to interest private customers. DNA-Guide uses a microarray technique for the DNA-analysis and this delimited the choice of SNPs. Inserts, deletions, repeats and copies of a whole gene can be difficult to implement on the microarray chip. The SNPs and studies used as a base for the tests had to fulfil several criteria. The studies must be large enough to prove that the association between the genotype and the response to the drug is valid among Europeans, since it’s the clientele of the company. The found association must also be strong enough to be of interest for a DNA test at DNA-Guide. If the SNPs could be implemented on the microarray chip a customer report was created about the possible results. The report had the same structure and design as those for the existing DNA tests at DNA-Guide. The work resulted in DNA tests and reports for medicines within the seven groups of medicines; anticoagulants, medicine against high cholesterol, blood pressure lowering medicine, asthma inhalers, antidepressants, birth-control pills and antiretroviral drugs. The DNA test for autosomal ancestry: The purpose of the update was to enhance to customers understanding of their results and the construction of the test. The update resulted in a description of how the used algorithm processes the results (from the DNA analysis) and a guide to interpret the results of the test. Conclusions: Both the DNA tests for drug response and the updated DNA test for autosomal ancestry can add value for the customers at DNA-Guide. The DNA tests for drug response can offer an explanation to why a medicine does not have an effect or reveal if the customer has higher risk of adverse effects. Even though recommendations for dosage or treatment could not be provided in almost all of the created DNA tests, being aware of the higher risk can be the first step to avoid adverse effects. The update of the DNA test report for autosomal ancestry resulted in a better description of the algorithm and limitations of the test, which can enhance the customers’ understanding of their results.
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Halliday, Tracey Jaye. "The Development of a New Zealand Adult Reading Test." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2494.
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The National Adult Reading Test (NART), developed in Britain is commonly used in clinical settings to estimate premorbid intelligence in New Zealand. Research suggests psychometric tests are more accurate if normed on the population they are used with. This study attempted to establish norms for the original NART based on a New Zealand population and develop a National Adult Reading Test for use with a New Zealand population (NZART). Sixty-four university students were administered the Wechslers Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), the NART and the New Zealand Adult Reading Test (NZART). A regression equation was developed to estimate premorbid intelligence in this sample. Results indicate fewer errors occur on the NZART than the NART suggesting it may be a better indicator of premorbid intelligence for a New Zealand sample. Furthermore, the NZART was more accurate at estimating premorbid WASI IQ across all three subscales of the WASI at a range of IQ levels. Analyses were also conducted to ascertain the impact of demographic variables. Little overall difference was found in test scores in relation to gender, age or income. Although future studies need to be conducted to validate this new measure, initial results suggest that the NZART may be a more accurate predictor of premorbid IQ in a New Zealand population.
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Khan, Hassan Mahmood, and Ibrar Arshad. "Test-lists Utilization in Test Driven Development : The Role of test-lists in Requirements Traceability." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4782.
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Context: In recent times, many organizations have started using agile software development methodologies instead of using traditional methodologies. The main reason for this shift is the ability of agile approaches to cope with changes in the requirements, customer satisfaction and assurance of on-time delivery of quality products [19]. Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a software development methodology that is considered to be one of the most prominent practices of eXtreme Programming (XP) (an agile methodology) [1][9][10]. Test-list in TDD is considered as a temporary repository in which test items are stored and later by using those items test cases are developed. Requirements Traceability is also a major problem in agile development mainly because of lack of formal requirements specification and frequent requirements change. Objectives: This study explores the utilization of test-list and possibility of using test-list for requirements traceability in TDD. This study describes concept of test-list, its formation and exploring its utilization in TDD. Methods for implementing requirements traceability in and identification of possibility of utilizing test-list for requirements traceability in TDD is also explored. Methods: Methods used in this study are systematic literature review, surveys and interviews. Systematic literature review was done using seven electronic databases, including Inspec, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Springer, Science Direct and Scopus. Studies were selected on the bases of preliminary, basic and advanced developed criteria. Survey was conducted using online questionnaire from TDD practitioners. Findings from literature review and surveys were used to develop interview questionnaires. Interviews were conducted from the same practitioners that were involved in surveys. Results: Based on the findings of literature review, questionnaire and interviews, we obtained TDD practices for test-list development and requirements traceability. Analysis was performed on results of SLR and questionnaire and possibility of using test-list for requirements traceability was identified. Based on the analysis of literature review and surveys, interview questionnaire were developed to further investigate the area of interest. We have found that in literature there is no defined method to develop test-list. and survey participants also confirms it. Majority of survey participants create test-list temporarily and informal. On question of whether test-list can be use for requirements traceability around 70% of participants are agree for its use. Interview respondents also confirm the findings of survey. Conclusions: Literature has not provided any test-list development method and practitioners also have no clear guideline to develop test-list prior to Test development. Systematic literature review and practitioner’s survey and interviews confirm it. Literature is also silent for any specific requirements change management or requirements traceability method in TDD. We identified requirements traceability practices in agile and management through literature and survey. After analysis of gathered data we found TDD lacks in test-list formalization, none of the study focuses on requirements traceability in TDD. In this study our contribution is exploration of test-list creation and utilization through literature and state of the practice; after practitioners feedback we also explored that test-list can be used for requirements traceability.hasmkh@gmail.com, ibrararshad@gmail.com
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Ispir, Mustafa. "Test Driven Development Of Embedded Systems." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605630/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, the Test Driven Development method (TDD) is studied for use in developing embedded software. The required framework is written for the development environment Rhapsody.
Integration of TDD into a classical development cycle, without necessitating a transition to agile methodologies of software development and required unit test framework to apply TDD to an object oriented embedded software development project with a specific development environment and specific project conditions are done in this thesis. A software tool for unit testing is developed specifically for this purpose, both to support the proposed approach and to illustrate its application.
The results show that RhapUnit supplies the required testing functionality for developing embedded software in Rhapsody with TDD. Also, development of RhapUnit is a successful example of the application of TDD.
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Lane, Kirstin Nicole. "Development of a lymphatic stress test." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30941.
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There is a need for a test that will provide information on the lymphatic system of the upper
extremity in women with breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) and this forms the basis of
this research project. In order to determine an appropriate upper body exercise protocol that
could be combined with lymphoscintigraphy to describe lymphatic function in women treated for
breast cancer, a series of studies were completed in healthy, college-aged females. Collectively,
these studies demonstrated the following: 1) arm cranking was superior to intermittent hand
grip exercise in enhancing depot clearance rate (CR), 2) moderate intensity arm cranking
exercise was superior to low intensity arm cranking exercise in enhancing CR and uptake of
radiopharmaceuticals at the axillary lymph nodes (AX), 3) CR and AX were symmetrical
between arms, 4) a lower coefficient of variation was demonstrated with moderate intensity
exercise compared to low intensity exercise, and 5) high intra-subject reliability in arm cranking
CR. Thus, an intermittent, moderate intensity arm cranking protocol was selected to evaluate
lymphatic function in women treated for breast cancer with BCRL (BCRL), breast cancer
survivors (no BCRL), and age-matched controls. Main findings of the final project were: 1)
contralateral arm lymphatic function was similar between groups at rest or during exercise; 2)
AX and uptake of radiopharmaceuticals in the forearm (FORE) in the ipsilateral arm relative to
the contralateral arm was compromised in BCRL only; and 3) the addition of exercise increased
ipsilateral CR and AX in breast cancer survivors and increased ipsilateral CR and FORE in
BCRL subjects (an increase in FORE is not expected with exercise). These results indicate that
despite the small sample size, lymphatic function (with the exception of CR) is impaired in BCRL
at rest and during exercise compared to breast cancer survivors and controls but not different
between breast cancer survivors and controls. Clinical applications of this study are that while
breast cancer survivors have similar lymphatic function as controls, there is a highly variable
response suggesting that some breast cancer survivors may be at risk for developing BCRL.Education, Faculty of
Kinesiology, School of
Graduate
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Kimble, Phillip A. "Test Set Development System Engineering Process." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2008. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/329.
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This paper will provide guidelines for the application of the System Engineering Process to Test Set Development. It will examine how to ensure customer's needs are met and that potential problems are avoided.
Furthermore, this paper will do more than compare the SE process to the Test Set Development. The processes recommended in this paper will enhance the test set development to reduce cost and increase reliability, and the paper will show the pay off of applying sound SE concepts.
The target of this paper will be Test Set Development related to Unit-Under-Test (UUT) Development. The keys to successfully designing a test set that are hinged on the UUT design will also be identified.
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Cako, Gezim. "TOOL DEVELOPMENT FOR TEST OPTIMIZATION PURPOSES." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-54935.
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Background: Software testing is a crucial part of the system's development life-cycle, which pays off in detecting flaws and defects, alternatively leading to high-quality products. Generally, software testing is performed manually by a human operator or automatically. While many test cases are written and executed, the testing process checks if all the requirements are covered, and the system exhibits the expected behavior. A great portion of the cost and time of the software development is spent on testing; therefore, considering the type of the software, test optimization is needed and presented as a solution in cost efficiency and time-saving. Aim: This thesis aims to propose and evaluate the improved sOrTES+ tool for test optimization purposes, consisting of selection, prioritization, and scheduling of the test cases integrated into a dynamic user interface. Method: In this thesis, test optimization is addressed in two aspects, low-level requirements and high-level requirements. Our solution analyzes these requirements to detect the dependencies between test cases. Thus, we propose sOrTES+, a tool that uses three different scheduling techniques: Greedy, Greedy DO(direct output), and Greedy TO(total output) for test optimization. The mentioned techniques are integrated into a dynamic user interface that allows testers to manage their projects, see useful information about test cases and requirements, store the executed test cases while scheduling the remaining ones for execution, and also switch between the mentioned scheduling techniques regarding the project requirements. Finally, we demonstrated its applicability and compared our tool with existing testing techniques used by our industrial partner, Alstom company, evaluating the efficiency in terms of requirement coverage and troubleshooting time. Results: Our comparison shows that our solution improves the requirement coverage, increasing it by 26.4% while decreasing the troubleshooting time by 6%. Conclusion: Based on our results, we conclude that our proposed tool, sOrTES+, can be used for test optimization and it performs more efficiently than the existing methods used by industrial partner Alstom company.
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Schreier, Sebastian. "Development of a sloshing test rig." Aachen Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/997162120/04.
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Morris, Andrew Colin. "Photocalorimetry : design, development and test considerations." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2004. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/10672/.
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The goal of the project is to design and build a photocalorimeter capable of carrying out photostability testing in the pharmaceutical industry. A current challenge is to develop methods of testing the photostability of solid materials which are non-invasive, non-destructive and allow real time observations to be made. Calorimetry represents one such method. Solution-phase systems are relatively straight-forward and have been applied to calorimetry for many years requiring few assumptions about the reaction system under study to be made. Previous studies have developed iterative methods to fit experimental data to established calorimetric equations. A new approach allowing the direct calculation of reaction parameters is described in chapter two. For solids, the situation is more complicated than that for solutions and equations are more difficult to develop since additional parameters (such as the solid state fitting parameters m and ri) have to be accommodated. New theoretical approaches to data fitting in the solid state are also described in chapter two. Having previously established that the imidazole-catalysed hydrolysis of triacetin reaction is robust and reliable, new applications, such as the effect of fill-volume on the calorimetric output and thus the reaction parameters, are described in chapter three in preparation for use of the system on solid state systems. Chapter four describes the design and development of the photocalorimeter, together with improvements and modifications made to it as the project progressed, whilst chapter five describes the development of actinometric techniques. An actinometer provides a means of measuring the amount of light-energy being delivered to a target sample. Actinometric techniques are described in the literature and studies carried out on candidates for use with the photocalorimeter are outlined. Particular success was achieved with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, where results within 2% error were achieved for the actinometric experiments. The final stage of the project involves the application of the newly-developed photocalorimeter to the testing of solid samples such as nifedipine. Studies were carried out both on the photodegradation caused by white light and also using monochromatic light. This allowed "causative wavelengths" of photodegradation to be investigated using the photocalorimeter - a significant area of interest in the pharmaceutical industry and the first time quantitative data has been obtained for a solid state material using non-classical techniques. Finally, studies were carried out into establishing the photostability of an unknown solid state test material.
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Kumazawa, Takaaki. "Systematic criterion-referenced test development in an English-language program." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/119394.
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Educational AdministrationEd.D.
Although classroom assessment is one of the most frequent practices carried out by teachers in all educational programs, limited research has been conducted to investigate the dependability and validity of criterion-referenced tests (CRTs). The main purpose of this study is to develop a criterion-referenced test for first-year Japanese university students in a general English program. To this end, four research questions are formulated: (a) To what extent do the criterion-referenced items function effectively?; (b) To what extent do the facets of persons, items, sections, classes, and subtests contribute to the total score variation in two CRT forms?; (c) To what extent are two CRT forms dependable when administered as pretests and posttests?; and (d) To what extent are two CRT forms valid when administered as pretests and posttests? Two CRT forms made up of vocabulary (k = 25), listening (k = 20), and reading (k = 25) subtests were administered to 249 students using a counterbalanced design. Criterion-referenced item analyses showed that most items were working well for criterion-referenced purposes. Both univariate and multivariate generalizability studies indicated that the most of the variance was accounted for by the interaction effect, followed by the items effect, and then by the persons effect. FACETS analyses showed the separation for all the facets accounted for in the analyses and showed that item separation was greater than person separation. This indicated that the students' ability estimates were similar due to their having taken a placement test, whose results were used to form proficiency-based classes. Both univariate and multivariate decision studies indicated that the CRT forms were moderately to highly dependable. The content validity of the CRT forms was supported because the test content was strongly linked to what was taught in class. The construct validity was supported mainly because a fair amount of score gain was observed. This study elucidates how the statistical analyses used in this study can be applied to CRT development, and how CRT development can be carried out as part of curriculum development.
Temple University--Theses
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D'Andria, Gilberto Genco. "Development of an index test for granular materials - the flow index test." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21461.
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Nanukuttan, Sreejith V. "Development of a new test protocol for the permit ion migration test." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2007. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-a-new-test-protocol-for-the-permit-ion-migration-test(1c6008d6-3dba-4249-8a11-08e6a61fd295).html.
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Chloride induced corrosion of steel in concrete is one of the most common reasons for the deterioration of reinforced concrete in both marine and transportation structures. In order to assess the chloride penetration resistance of concrete, the common practice is to remove cores from the structure and test them in a laboratory to determine the chloride diffusion coefficient using the steady state diffusion test. This test is not popular due to its long test duration to achieve a steady state of flow of chlorides through the test specimen, which is used to calculate the diffusion coefficient. Therefore, applied voltage tests (known as migration tests) have become quite common, in which the transport of chlorides ions through the test specimens is accelerated by applying a potential difference across them. The measurements during either the non-steady state condition or the steady state condition are used to calculate a chloride migration coefficient, which has been reported to correlate well with the corresponding coefficient from the diffusion based tests. The chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete can also be predicted more rapidly using other indirect methods, such as the electrical resistivity test. By following the principle of the migration test, a new in situ migration test (called the Permit ion migration test) was developed at Queen's University Belfast in the late 90s. The validity of this test was established for concretes containing normal Portland cement, by comparing the in situ migration coefficient with both the coefficient of diffusion (from both steady state and non-steady state diffusion tests) and the migration coefficient from the steady state migration test. However, it was considered to be necessary to broaden its applicability for testing concretes containing supplementary cementitious materials, by repeating the validation study on concretes containing such materials. Furthermore, there was a need to redesign the apparatus to make it more reliable and user-friendly for site applications. Therefore, a detailed investigation was carried out, initially as part of a European Round Robin Test programme (viz. EU FP5 Growth Programme - Chlortest) to identify the most reliable laboratory-based methods for assessing the chloride diffusivity of concretes which are commonly used in practice. This was followed by a detailed laboratory study on concretes containing supplementary cementitious materials, such as microsilica (ms), pulverised fuel ash (pfa) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs), in addition to normal Portland cement (ope) as a control. In this investigation, not only the tests identified in the initial investigation were used, but also were additional tests such as the new Permit ion migration test and the Wenner four probe resistivity test. The results from these investigations were used to establish the validity of the Permit ion migration test for testing concretes containing supplementary cementitious materials and to improve its test protocol. As part of the Chlortest programme, a non-steady state diffusion test (to act as a reference method), a non-steady state migration test, a steady state migration test and a resistivity test were selected and a comparative (reliability) study was carried out using concretes, manufactured by four different EU countries, containing ope, pfa,ggbs and ms as binders. The results indicated that both the non-steady state migration test and the bulk resistivity test are the most reliable tests in assessing the chloride diffusivity of these. The results from the steady state migration test were found to be affected by the use of a thickness of the test sample less than the maximum size of the coarse aggregate. In the validation study that was carried out using the Permit ion migration test, the insitu migration coefficient correlated well with the non-steady state migration coefficient, the steady state migration coefficient and the bulk resistivity for a range of concrete mixes containing different types of binders, such as ope, ms, pfa andggbs. For the determination of the onset of the steady state condition and the estimation of the steady state chloride flux, it was found that the conductivity of the anolyte could effectively be used, which in turn could eliminate the need for sampling chloride solutions from the anolyte periodically. Further, there existed an excellent degree of correlation between the peak current and the steady state migration coefficient from both the steady state migration test and the Permit ion migration test, which indicated that the former could be used to predict the latter, with much lesser effort and complexity of the test protocol. On the basis of the findings from both sets of investigation, a new test protocol was developed for the Permit ion migration test and the Permit was redesigned. The new test protocol used conductivity of the anolyte instead of the chloride concentration to identify the onset of the steady state condition and there is the option to calculate the chloride migration coefficient from either the peak current or the steady state of chloride flux. The new Permit was designed to work as a stand-alone instrument onsite, with little interference from the operation once the test had been started, but at any stage a computer could be connected to view the progress of the test.
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Munir, Hussan, and Misagh Moayyed. "Systematic Literature Review and Controlled Pilot Experimental Evaluation of Test Driven Development (TDD) vs. Test-Last Development (TLD)." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4117.
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Context: Test-Driven development (TDD) is a software development approach where test cases are written before actual development of the code in iterative cycles. TDD has gained attention of many software practitioners during the last decade since it has suggested several benefits in the software development process. However, empirical evidence of its dominance in terms of internal code quality, external code quality and productivity is fairly limited. Objectives: The aim behind conducting this study is to explore what has been achieved so far in the field of Test-driven development. The study reports the benefits and limitation of TDD compared to TLD and the outcome variables in all the reported studies along with their measurement criteria. Additionally, an experiment is conducted to see the impact of Test-driven development (TDD) on internal code quality, external code quality and productivity compared to Test-Last development (TLD). Methods: In this study two research methodologies are used specifically systematic literature review according to Kitchenham guidelines and controlled pilot experiment. In systematic literature review number of article sources are considered and used, including Inspec, Compendex, ACM, IEEE Xplore, Science direct (Elsevier) and ISI web of science. A review protocol is created first to ensure the objectivity and repeatability of the whole process. Second, a controlled experiment is conducted with professional software developers to explore the assumed benefits of Test-Driven development (TDD) compared to Test-Last development (TLD). Results: 9 distinct categories related to Test-driven development (TDD) are found that are investigated and reported in the literature. All the reported experiments revealing very little or no difference in internal code quality, external code quality and productivity in Test-Driven development (TDD) over Test-Last development (TLD). However, results were found contradictory when research methods are taken into account because case studies tend to find more positive results in the favor Test-Driven development (TDD) compared to experiments possibly due to the fact that experiment are mostly conducted in artificially created software development environment and mostly with students as a test subjects. On the other hand, experimental results and statistical analysis show no statistically significant result in the favor TDD compared to TLD. All the values found related to number of acceptance test cases passed (Mann-Whitney U test Exact Sig. 0.185), McCabe’s Cyclomatic complexity (Mann-Whitney U test Exact Sig. 0.063), Branch coverage (Mann-Whitney U test Exact Sig. 0.212), Productivity in terms of number of lines of code per person hours (Independent sample Ttest Sig. 0.686), productivity in terms number of user stories implemented per person hours (Independent sample T-test Sig. 0.835) in experiment are statistically insignificant. However, static code analysis (Independent sample T-test Sig. 0.03) result was found statistically significant but due to the low statistical power of test it was not possible to reject the null hypothesis. The results of the survey revealed that the majority of developers in the experiment prefer TLD over TDD, given the lesser required level of learning curve as well as the minimum effort needed to understand and employ TLD compared to TDD Conclusion: Systematic literature review confirms that the reported benefits of TDD development compared to Test-Last development are very small. However, case studies tend to find more positive results in the favor of Test-Driven development (TDD) compared to Test-Last development (TLD). Similarly, experimental findings are also confirming the fact that TDD has small benefits over TLD. However, given the small effect size there is an indication that (Test-Driven development) TDD endorses less complex code compared to Test-Last development (TLD).Systematic literature review confirms that the reported benefits of TDD development compared to Test-Last development are very small. However, case studies tend to find more positive results in the favor of Test-Driven development (TDD) compared to Test-Last development (TLD). Similarly, experimental findings are also confirming the fact that TDD has small benefits over TLD. However, given the small effect size there is an indication that (Test-Driven development) TDD endorses less complex code compared to Test-Last development (TLD).
hassanmunirr@hotmail.com, mm1844@gmail.com
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Lay, Russell David. "Development of a Frost Heave Test Apparatus." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd992.pdf.
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Arzu, Juan Castro Beire Mack Brian. "Contingency contracting officer proficiency assessment test development." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FArzu%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010."Advisor(s): Rendon, Rene G. ; Yoder, E. Cory. "June 2010." "MBA Professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Contingency Contracting, Proficiency Assessment Test, SMCT, 51C, Soldier's Manual of Common Tasks, Contracting, individual assessment, Training Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-76). Also available in print.
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Goralczyk, Pawel, and Anders Nyström. "Effektiv applikationsutveckling med TDD – Test Driven Development." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2236.
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Test Driven Development (TDD) är en utvecklingsteknik där testning ses som en
naturlig del i utvecklingsprocessen och där tillvägagångssättet hjälper utvecklaren att
sektionera upp programkoden till mindre och mer hanterbara delar. På så sätt ger
TDD utvecklare ett stöd under programmeringsfasen så att de får fram ren och
flexibel kod som är enkel att ändra och felsöka. TDD som teknik underlättar även
möjligheterna att utveckla koden inom den tidsram som finns i och med att
betungande testfaser, som i traditionella metodiker och tekniker kan bli
tidsavgörande, istället integreras som en naturlig del i utvecklingsprocessen. Syftet
med denna uppsats är att belysa de fördelar som finns med att använda TDD vid
utveckling av nya applikationer. Vi ska ge utvecklarna som är involverade i
programmeringsfasen argument till varför TDD bör tillämpas vid utveckling av
applikationer och hur TDD kan vara ett hjälpmedel för att uppnå en bättre
kodstruktur/design för applikationen. Vi gjorde undersökningen genom att ta fram
teori inom området och utföra intervjuer baserade på den framtagna teorin. Efter att
intervjuerna hade utförts, analyserades det material som framkommit. Slutligen
presenteras ett antal viktiga argument kring varför de tillvägagångssätt som beskrivs
inom TDD kan utgöra effektiviseringar under utvecklingsprocessen. Ett av
argumenten är att användandet av omfaktorering ger utvecklaren möjlighet att städa
upp och rensa sin kod, vilket minskar risken för onödig komplexitet i koden och gör
den mer lättförståelig. Andra utvecklare kan enkelt sätta sig in i koden och
vidareutveckla den, vilket medför värdefull transparens. Omfaktorering gör med
andra ord koden enklare och tydligare att läsa, både för den som har utvecklat koden
och för dem runtomkring.
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Stenberg, Björn. "Test platform for pump controller - Platform development." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-107534.
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I detta exjobb har en testplattform skapats för att kunna testa, utvärdera och jämföra olika pumpstyrningar i torr miljö. Testplattformen består av en simulerad pumpstation till vilken befintliga pumpstyrningar av valfri modell kan kopplas, det vill säga ett Hardware-In-the-Loop-system. De främsta fördelarna med en sådan plattform är flexibilitet, snabb feedback samt möjligheten att återskapa exakt samma förutsättningar för olika pumpstyrningar. Testplattformen har implementerats i LabVIEW på en PC som kommunicerar med pumpstyrningshårdvara via ett I/O-kort för analoga och digitala signaler. Det simulerade systemet konfigureras genom val av bland annat pumpar, pumpsump, inflöde och rörsystem. Utifrån de inmatade värdena och styrsignaler från pumpstyrningen simuleras sedan bland annat systemets flöden, energier och temperaturer. Nivån i sumpen, och övriga insignaler till pumpstyrningen, återkopplas från simuleringen. Det finns även möjlighet att påverka systemet genom att applicera exempelvis ett pumphaveri eller en igensättning. Testplattformen har testkörts mot tre olika pumpstyrningshårdvaror. Testkörningarna visar att både simuleringsmodellerna och kommunikationen med styrningen via I/O-kortet fungerar. Konceptet med att testa en pumpstyrningshårdvara mot en mjukvarusimulering är ett snabbt, enkelt och kostnadseffektivt tillvägagångssätt.In this master thesis a test platform was created to be able to test, evaluate and compare different pump controllers in a dry environment. The platform consists of a simulated pump station to which optional pump controllers can be connected, i.e. a Hardware-In-The-Loop system. The largest benefits from such a platform are flexibility, rapid feedback along with the possibility to recreate the exact same conditions for different pump controllers. The test platform was implemented in LabVIEW on a PC that communicated with the pump control hardware through an I/O-card for analog and digital signals. The system is configured by setting parameters for pumps, sump, inflow, pipe system etc. The flows, energies and temperatures are simulated based on the input values and the control signals from the pump controller. The sump level and other signals needed by the controller are fed back from the simulation. There is also the possibility to affect the system by applying for example a pump failure or a clogging. Three different test runs with different pump controllers were performed. The test runs indicate that both the simulation models and the I/O-communication work. The concept of testing pump control hardware against a software simulation is a rapid, simple and cost efficient procedure.
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Nourse, Philip J. "Development of an automotive fan test facility." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0024/MQ62261.pdf.
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Gehlin, Signhild. "Thermal response test : method development and evaluation /." Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2002/39.
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Sinclair, Luke Alexander. "Development of a silica scaling test rig." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7002.
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One of the most significant problems faced in the geothermal power industry is that of scaling due to amorphous silica. The silica can deposit out of super-saturated brine in monomeric form and as colloidal particles. Deposition can occur at problematic rates on pipe surfaces and in the rocks of the
re-injection wells. Currently there are a number of methods for controlling deposition but the fundamental mechanisms that govern the transport and attachment of silica are not well understood.
Many field experiments on silica scaling have been conducted but, due to differences in brine chemistry and operational conditions, the results are hard to compare. Many laboratory experiments have also been performed but these are difficult to correlate with the field experiments. Previous research has found that hydrodynamics are important for the deposition of colloidal particles and inertial impaction was proposed to be the dominant transport mechanism.
These results were analysed and, in contradiction, the dominant transport mechanism of the particles was theoretically expected to be that of diffusion. A series of experiments were planned that could test the effect of hydrodynamics on colloidal silica deposition in cylindrical pipe flow. Three parameters were to be varied in the experiment: particle size (10nm and 100nm), Reynolds number (750 - 23,600) and viscous boundary layer thickness (0.06 - 0.38mm).
To perform this experimentation, a Silica Scaling Test Rig was designed, built and commissioned. A method for producing synthetic brine was developed which can provide sols that are stable for at least one month and have a particle size of 10-20nm. Silica deposition has successfully been obtained in
three preliminary experiments using the rig.
Without the exclusion of air from the rig significant corrosion occurs in the mild steel test piece. Protrusions that were likely to be silica deposits were found to be co-located with the corrosion, suggesting that one process promotes the other. Neither deposition nor corrosion was found on the pipe’s weld seam and heat affected zone.
Corrosion was prevented using an oxygen exclusion system and two amorphous silica deposition structures were observed: a flat plate-like structure and a globular structure that consisted of 1-5μm diameter globules that built up on each other. Other field and laboratory experiments have produced globular structures similar to those found in this research.
To perform the planned experimentation, future work is required: the silica deposition rate must be increased, colloidal silica sol stability must be improved, and some modifications must be made to the rig.
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Arzu, Juan, Brian Mack, and Beire Castro. "Contingency contracting officer proficiency assessment test development." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10512.
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MBA Professional ReportThe establishment and standardization of training tasks by the Expeditionary Contracting Command (ECC) for Contingency Contracting Officers (CCOs) in the MOS 51C SMCT, in accordance with Army training doctrine, has helped subordinate units and individual CCOs within the ECC to focus their training efforts prior to deployment. This body of knowledge is a significant step in standardizing the pre-deployment training for CCOs and preparing them for their mission once deployed. To supplement this training, an appropriate performance-assessment tool is needed to measure performance of these 36 tasks. Currently, the ECC lacks a standardized method of measuring individual skill and task proficiency in its CCOs. This research developed the questions for a written proficiency test based on the 36 tasks listed in the SMCT in accordance with conditions, standards, and performance steps for each of the 36 tasks in the SMCT. The research team vetted each of the scenarios and accompanying questions through experienced CCO focus groups within the ECC. Upon completion of the test, the research team provided a written Contracting Officer Proficiency-Assessment Test, encompassing over 1,100 questions covering each of the 36 tasks listed in the SMCT, to the Expeditionary Contracting Command.
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Fay, Terry S. "Development of an Improved Fabric Flammability Test." Digital WPI, 2002. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/896.
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"
The Navy Clothing and Textile Research Facility (NCTRF) has been conducting fabric research for many decades. This project is a joint effort in establishing new test methods for evaluating the thermal protection garments provide. As a result of this project a new full scale test facility was constructed and is now operational. In this facility, a new traversing manikin test has been developed and will hopefully become a recognized test standard in the future.
The traversing manikin test is designed to work with current test methods but also to provide a more detailed evaluation of a garment. Incorporated into the facility is the ability to reconfigure the fire source to recreate design fires that resemble those likely to occur onboard naval ships.
While the data gather thus far is limited, it is believed with future testing a large set of data will be available to allow a cross comparison of this test with established test methods. "
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Du, Toit Danielle. "The development of an ethical integrity test." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98098.
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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015ENGLISH ABSTRACT : This study investigated the growing phenomenon of counterproductive work behaviour, and how personality and integrity affects this. It was deemed important to establish what contributes to counterproductive work behaviour. The aim of this study was to develop a new ethical integrity test and to investigate existing relationships between constructs that play a significant role in behavioural integrity. These constructs include honesty, conscientiousness, and counterproductive work behaviour. This study was therefore undertaken to develop an ethical integrity test and to determine the initial construct validity of the new test. Based on existing literature, a theoretical model depicting how the different constructs are related to one another was developed and various hypotheses were formulated. Data for the purpose of the quantitative study were collected by means of an electronic web-based questionnaire. A total of 318 completed questionnaires were returned. The final questionnaire comprised the newly developed ethical integrity test, HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R), and the Interpersonal and Organisational Deviance Scale. The postulated relationships and the conceptual model were empirically tested using various statistical methods. Reliability analysis was done on all the measurement scales and satisfactory reliability was found. The content and structure of the measured constructs were investigated by means of confirmatory factor analyses. The content and structure of the newly developed Ethical Integrity Test was also investigated by means of exploratory factor analysis. The results indicated that reasonable good fit was achieved for all the refined measurement models. Subsequently, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to determine the extent to which the conceptual model fitted the data obtained from the sample and to test the hypothesised relationships between the constructs. The results indicated positive relationships between honesty and ethical integrity; conscientiousness and ethical integrity; and conscientiousness and honesty. Furthermore, the results indicated negative relationships between ethical integrity and counterproductive work behaviour; as well as honesty and counterproductive work behaviour. The present study contributes to existing literature on counterproductive work behaviour by providing insights into the relationships between honesty, conscientiousness, ethical integrity. This study developed an Ethical Integrity Test based on recent ethics literature. Preliminary evidence of reliability and construct validity for the Ethical Integrity Test was found. The limitations and recommendations present additional insights and possibilities that could be explored through future research studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Hierdie studie ondersoek die groeiende verskynsel van teenproduktiewe gedrag in die werksomgewing en hoe persoonlikheid en integriteit dit beïnvloed. Dit was dus belangrik om vas te stel wat tot teenproduktiewe werksgedrag bydra. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n etiese integriteitstoets te ontwikkel en bestaande verwantskappe tussen konstrukte wat 'n beduidende rol in teenproduktiewe werksgedrag speel, te ondersoek. Hierdie konstrukte sluit eerlikheid, konsensieusheid en integriteit in. Hierdie studie is dus uitgevoer om meer duidelikheid oor hierdie aspekte te verkry, sowel as om ‘n etiese integriteitstoets te ontwikkel. ‘n Teoretiese model wat voorstel hoe die verskillende konstrukte aan mekaar verwant is, is op grond van die navorsing oor die bestaande literatuur ontwikkel. Verskeie hipoteses is hiervolgens geformuleer. Data vir die doel van die kwantitatiewe studie is deur middel van ‘n elektroniese web-gebaseerde vraelys ingesamel. ‘n Totaal van 318 voltooide vraelyste is terug ontvang. Die finale vraelys is uit drie subvraelyste saamgestel, naamlik die nuut ontwikkelde etiese integriteitstoets, HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R), en die Interpersonal and Organisational Deviance Scale. Die gepostuleerde verwantskappe en die konseptuele model is empiries met behulp van verskeie statistiese metodes getoets. Betroubaarheidsanalise is op die betrokke meetinstrumente uitgevoer en voldoende betroubaarheid is gevind. Die inhoud en die struktuur van die konstrukte wat deur die instrumente gemeet is, is verder deur middel van verkennende en bevestigende faktorontledings ondersoek. Die resultate het redelike goeie passings vir al die hersiene metingsmodelle getoon. Daarna is struktuurvergelykingsmodellering (SVM), gebruik om te bepaal tot watter mate die konseptuele model die data pas, en om die verwantskappe tussen die verskillende konstrukte te toets. Die resultate het positiewe verwantskappe tussen eerlikheid en etiese integriteit; konsensieusheid en etiese integriteit; asook konsensieusheid en eerlikheid getoon. Die resultate het verder negatiewe verwantskappe tussen etiese integriteit en teenproduktiewe werksgedrag; asook eerlikheid en teenproduktiewe werksgedrag getoon. Hierdie studie dra by tot die bestaande literatuur betreffende teenproduktiewe werksgedrag, deurdat dit insig bied in die aard van die verwantskappe tussen die konstrukte. ‘n Etiese Integriteit Toets is ontwikkel gebasseer op onlangse etiek literatuur. Voorlopige bewyse van betroubaarheid en konstruk geldigheid is bewys in hierdie studie. Die beperkings en aanbevelings van die studie dui op verdere insigte en moontlikhede wat in toekomstige navorsing ondersoek kan word.
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Stoel-Gammon, Carol, and A. Lynn Williams. "Early Phonological Development: Creating an Assessment Test." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1999.
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This paper describes a new protocol for assessing the phonological systems of two-year-olds with typical development and older children with delays in vocabulary acquisition. The test (Profiles of Early Expressive Phonological Skills (PEEPS), ) differs from currently available assessments in that age of acquisition, based on lexical norms from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Inventories, served as the primary criterion for creating a word list. Phonetic and semantic properties of the words were also considered in selecting items for the test. Productions of words using the PEEPS protocol have been gathered from a group of children with typical development and another group with cleft lip and/or palate. By 24 months of age, the children with typical development produced more than 90% of the target words and the children with atypical development produced 73% of the words. Regarding administration, the time needed for administering the protocol decreased with age.
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Zhu, Dawei. "Supercirculation Aerodynamic-Propulsion Test Rig Instrumentation Development." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1142542776.
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Hameed, Abdul. "Development of a test of technological literacy /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148759205022833.
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Fay, Terry Stephen. "Development of an improved fabric flammability test." Link to electronic thesis, 2002. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0625102-153152.
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Stoel-Gammon, Carol, and A. Lynn Williams. "Early Phonological Development: Creating an Assessment Test." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2064.
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Beile, O'Neil Penny. "DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE BEILE TEST OF INFORMATION LITERACY FOR EDUCATION (B-TILED)." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2872.
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Few constituencies exist where it is more important to produce information literate individuals than teacher candidates, yet rarely is it suggested that practitioners entering the field are adequately prepared to teach and model information literacy to their students. As a result, information literacy has been established as a key outcome by a number of teacher education accrediting bodies and professional associations. Corollary to this initiative is the effort to develop valid instruments that assess information literacy skills. Yet, at the time of this dissertation, no rigorously reviewed instruments were uncovered that measure the information literacy skills levels of teacher candidates. The study describes the development and validation of the Beile Test of Information Literacy for Education (B-TILED). Funded in part by the Institute for Library and Information Literacy Education and the Institute of Museum and Library Services, the study is part of a national initiative spear-headed by the Project for the Standardized Assessment of Information Literacy Skills (SAILS). Test content is based on nationally recognized standards from the International Society for Technology in Education and the Association of College and Research Libraries. Procedures designed to enhance the scale's validity were woven throughout its development. 172 teacher education students at a large, metropolitan university completed a protocol consisting of 22 test items and 13 demographic and self-percept items. This instrument can be used to inform curricular and instructional decisions and to provide evidence of institutional effectiveness for program reviews.Ph.D.
Department of Educational Studies
Education
Education: Ph.D.
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Willis, Andrew. "Design and development of and instrumented microtome." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282894.
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Ping, Guoliang. "The development of a scanning tunnelling microscope." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU040138.
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A simple stand-alone Scanning Tunnelling Microscope has been designed and constructed with the aim of providing first stage toward an in-situ instrument for study of thin-film growth. It is functionally capable of STM operation (constant current, constant height, line test) and STS operation (I - V and dI/dv - V). This thesis describes mechanical design, electronic design, computer interfacing in hardware and software, and computer graphics, and presents the results of testing and some applications. The STM head mechanical design features a helical spring/diaphragm coarse approach assembly and a concentric tube scanner. An analysis of the control system indicates that an integrator and single-pole low-pass filter provides near optimal behaviour of the control loop and deals with mechanical resonance in a particularly satisfactory manner. A discussion of hardware/software tradeoff and analog/digital tradeoff leads to a stand-alone design based on a PC, giving good performance with maximum use of standard commercial components and relatively simple special-purpose interface. Commercial graphical software package UNIRAS PC-DOS is employed for image display and hardcopy output. Results show excellent repeatability and stability of STM operation, with atomic resolution.
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Isaac, Jolly. "Comparing Basic Computer Literacy Self-Assessment Test and Actual Skills Test in Hospital Employees." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3715299.
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A new hospital in United Arab Emirates (UAE) plans to adopt health information technology (HIT) and become fully digitalized once operational. The hospital has identified a need to assess basic computer literacy of new employees prior to offering them training on various HIT applications. Lack of research in identifying an accurate assessment method for basic computer literacy among health care professionals led to this explanatory correlational research study, which compared self-assessment scores and a simulated actual computer skills test to find an appropriate tool for assessing computer literacy. The theoretical framework of the study was based on constructivist learning theory and self-efficacy theory. Two sets of data from 182 hospital employees were collected and analyzed. A t test revealed that scores of self-assessment were significantly higher than they were on the actual test, which indicated that hospital employees tend to score higher on self-assessment when compared to actual skills test. A Pearson product moment correlation revealed a statistically weak correlation between the scores, which implied that self-assessment scores were not a reliable indicator of how an individual would perform on the actual test. An actual skill test was found to be the more reliable tool to assess basic computer skills when compared to self-assessment test. The findings of the study also identified areas where employees at the local hospital lacked basic computer skills, which led to the development of the project to fill these gaps by providing training on basic computer skills prior to them getting trained on various HIT applications. The findings of the study will be useful for hospitals in UAE who are in the process of adopting HIT and for health information educators to design appropriate training curricula based on assessment of basic computer literacy.
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Tort, Pugibet Albert. "Testing and test-driven development of conceptual schemas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83276.
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The traditional focus for Information Systems (IS) quality assurance relies on the evaluation of its implementation. However, the quality of an IS can be largely determined in the first stages of its development. Several studies reveal that more than half the errors that occur during systems development are requirements errors. A requirements error is defined as a mismatch between requirements specification and stakeholders¿ needs and expectations.
Conceptual modeling is an essential activity in requirements engineering aimed at developing the conceptual schema of an IS. The conceptual schema is the general knowledge that an IS needs to know in order to perform its functions. A conceptual schema specification has semantic quality when it is valid and complete. Validity means that the schema is correct (the knowledge it defines is true for the domain) and relevant (the knowledge it defines is necessary for the system). Completeness means that the conceptual schema includes all relevant knowledge. The validation of a conceptual schema pursues the detection of requirements errors in order to improve its semantic quality.
Conceptual schema validation is still a critical challenge in requirements engineering. In this work we contribute to this challenge, taking into account that, since conceptual schemas of IS can be specified in executable artifacts, they can be tested. In this context, the main contributions of this Thesis are (1) an approach to test conceptual schemas of information systems, and (2) a novel method for the incremental development of conceptual schemas supported by continuous test-driven validation. As far as we know, this is the first work that proposes and implements an environment for automated testing of UML/OCL conceptual schemas, and the first work that explores the use of test-driven approaches in conceptual modeling.
The testing of conceptual schemas may be an important and practical means for their validation. It allows checking correctness and completeness according to stakeholders¿ needs and expectations. Moreover, in conjunction with the automatic check of basic test adequacy criteria, we can also analyze the relevance of the elements defined in the schema. The testing environment we propose requires a specialized language for writing tests of conceptual schemas. We defined the Conceptual Schema Testing Language (CSTL), which may be used to specify automated tests of executable schemas specified in UML/OCL. We also describe a prototype implementation of a test processor that makes feasible the approach in practice.
The conceptual schema testing approach supports test-last validation of conceptual schemas, but it also makes sense to test incomplete conceptual schemas while they are developed. This fact lays the groundwork of Test-Driven Conceptual Modeling (TDCM), which is our second main contribution. TDCM is a novel conceptual modeling method based on the main principles of Test-Driven Development (TDD), an extreme programming method in which a software system is developed in short iterations driven by tests. We have applied the method in several case studies, in the context of Design Research, which is the general research framework we adopted. Finally, we also describe an integration approach of TDCM into a broad set of software development methodologies, including the Unified Process development methodology, MDD-based approaches, storytest-driven agile methods and goal and scenario-oriented requirements engineering methods.Els enfocaments per assegurar la qualitat deis sistemes d'informació s'han basal tradicional m en! en l'avaluació de la seva implementació. No obstan! aix6, la qualitat d'un sis tema d'informació pot ser ampliament determinada en les primeres fases del seu desenvolupament. Diversos estudis indiquen que més de la meitat deis errors de software són errors de requisits . Un error de requisit es defineix com una desalineació entre l'especificació deis requisits i les necessitats i expectatives de les parts im plicades (stakeholders ). La modelització conceptual és una activitat essencial en l'enginyeria de requisits , l'objectiu de la qual és desenvolupar !'esquema conceptual d'un sistema d'informació. L'esquema conceptual és el coneixement general que un sistema d'informació requereix per tal de desenvolupar les seves funcions . Un esquema conceptual té qualitat semantica quan és va lid i complet. La valides a implica que !'esquema sigui correcte (el coneixement definit és cert peral domini) i rellevant (el coneixement definit és necessari peral sistema). La completes a significa que !'esquema conceptual inclou tot el coneixement rellevant. La validació de !'esquema conceptual té coma objectiu la detecció d'errors de requisits per tal de millorar la qualitat semantica. La validació d'esquemes conceptuals és un repte crític en l'enginyeria de requisits . Aquesta te si contribueix a aquest repte i es basa en el fet que els es quemes conceptuals de sistemes d'informació poden ser especificats en artefactes executables i, per tant, poden ser provats. Les principals contribucions de la te si són (1) un enfocament pera les pro ves d'esquemes conceptuals de sistemes d'informació, i (2) una metodología innovadora pel desenvolupament incremental d'esquemes conceptuals assistit per una validació continuada basada en proves . Les pro ves d'esquemes conceptuals poden ser una im portant i practica técnica pera la se va validació, jaque permeten provar la correctesa i la completesa d'acord ambles necessitats i expectatives de les parts interessades. En conjunció amb la comprovació d'un conjunt basic de criteris d'adequació de les proves, també podem analitzar la rellevancia deis elements definits a !'esquema. L'entorn de test proposat inclou un llenguatge especialitzat per escriure proves automatitzades d'esquemes conceptuals, anomenat Conceptual Schema Testing Language (CSTL). També hem descrit i implementa! a un prototip de processador de tes tos que fa possible l'aplicació de l'enfocament proposat a la practica. D'acord amb l'estat de l'art en validació d'esquemes conceptuals , aquest és el primer treball que proposa i implementa un entorn pel testing automatitzat d'esquemes conceptuals definits en UML!OCL. L'enfocament de proves d'esquemes conceptuals permet dura terme la validació d'esquemes existents , pero també té sentit provar es quemes conceptuals incomplets m entre estant sent desenvolupats. Aquest fet és la base de la metodología Test-Driven Conceptual Modeling (TDCM), que és la segona contribució principal. El TDCM és una metodología de modelització conceptual basada en principis basics del Test-Driven Development (TDD), un métode de programació en el qual un sistema software és desenvolupat en petites iteracions guiades per proves. També hem aplicat el métode en diversos casos d'estudi en el context de la metodología de recerca Design Science Research. Finalment, hem proposat enfocaments d'integració del TDCM en diverses metodologies de desenvolupament de software.
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Jinghe, Ren. "Development of a Shrouded SteamTurbine Flutter Test Case." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-225857.
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A shrouded blade was designed as a test case for flutter analysis of steam turbine. Flutter is a self-excitedvibration. It can lead to dramatic blade loss and high-cycle fatigue. Shrouded blade is more complicated onflutter analysis, because the mode shapes are more complex with bending and torsion components atdifferent phases. Moreover, the blade mode shape and frequency also vary with nodal diameter. Lack ofopen resource of shrouded blade, there were less researches about shrouded blade test case on flutter. The initial blade geometry was from Di Qi’s 3D free standing blade test case. The material of the blade isTitanium. The aim of current study is to design a 3D test case for realistic shrouded blade flutter analysis. The geometryof the proposed shrouded blade test case was fully described in this thesis report. ANSYS ICEM was usedfor presenting the geometry and generating mesh. ANSYS APDL was used for structural analysis.Parameters of shroud parts were based on literature reviews and engineers’ general suggestions. The modeshapes for the first family of modes were calculated and reported.Ett höljeblad utformades som ett testfall för fladderanalys av ångturbin. Flutter är en självupphetsadvibration. Det kan leda till dramatisk bladförlust och högcykelutmattning. Höljeblad är mer kompliceratvid fladderanalys, eftersom modeformerna är mer komplexa med böjnings- och torsionskomponenter iolika faser. Dessutom varierar bladformsformen och frekvensen också med noddiameter. Brist på öppenresurs av höljet blad, det fanns mindre undersökningar om höljet blad test fall på flutter. Den ursprungligabladgeometrin var från Di Qis 3D frittstående bladprovfall. Bladets material är titan. Syftet med den aktuella studien är att designa ett 3D-testfall för realistisk hävd bladflöjtsanalys. Geometrinhos det föreslagna höljet av bladsprov beskrivs fullständigt i denna avhandlingsrapport. ANSYS ICEManvändes för att presentera geometrin och det genererande nätet. ANSYS APDL användes för strukturellanalys. Parametrar av höljesdelar baserades på litteraturrecensioner och ingenjörers allmänna förslag.Modeshistorierna för den första familjen av lägen beräknades och rapporterades.
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Sherman, Adam Grant. "Development of a test of facial affect recognition /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1994. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9510111.
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Schreier, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Development of a Sloshing Test Rig / Sebastian Schreier." Aachen : Shaker, 2009. http://d-nb.info/115983556X/34.
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TANG, Yihao, and Hui ZHU. "Test method development by use of SOM-GRNN." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-243286.
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The relationship between Objective Metrics (OM) and Subjective Assessments (SA) has been analyzed by people using different methods. This paper continues Gaspar Gil Gómez’s research over test method development by use of SOM-GRNN, aiming to find correlations between OM and SA. In this paper, CAE simulation is performed to analyze the relationship between OM and vehicle parameters. First impression test is refined and one more dataset has been added in order to populate SOM-GRNN map. This paper also conducts analysis over SOM and GRNN algorithms, and explores several possible applications using SOM-GRNN map. Finally the whole SOM-GRNN system is integrated and a User Interface is built in GUI for future research and application. The system can still be improved by populating database, refining SA evaluation method and optimizing SOM-GRNN training algorithms.Relationen mellan målmetri (OM) och subjektiv bedömning (SA) har analyserats av personer som använder olika metoder. I detta dokument fortsätter Gaspar Gil Gómezs forskning kring testmetodutveckling med hjälp av SOM-GRNN, som syftar till att finna korrelationer mellan OM och SA. I detta papper utförs CAE-simulering för att analysera förhållandet mellan OM och fordonsparametrar. Första intryckstestet är raffinerat och ytterligare en dataset har lagts till för att fylla i SOM-GRNN-kartan. I detta dokument analyseras även SOM- och GRNN-algoritmer, och undersöker flera möjliga tillämpningar med hjälp av SOM-GRNN kartan. Slutligen är hela SOM-GRNN-systemet integrerat och ett användargränssnitt är byggt i GUI för framtida forskning och tillämpning. Systemet kan fortfarande förbättras genom att fylla i databasen, förädla SA utvärderingsmetod och optimera SOM-GRNN träningsalgoritmer.
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Wang, Yao. "Simulation Method Development for Vehicle Radiated Immunity Test." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246026.
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In the past few decades, on-board electronic devices have been developingtremendously in automotive industry, and it is believed that the trendof electrication and autonomous driving will sustain in the near future.Thus, passenger cars are going to suer from more severe electromagneticenvironment, especially from an EMC's perspective.This thesis is an investigation and overview on a possible simulationmethod applied to vehicle radiated immunity test in accordance withISO 11451-2 standard. The preliminary work of geometry clean-up onthe model obtained from structural dynamics department and the overallmethod development have been discussed. The main contribution of thisthesis is to build up a feasible workow that is suitable for vehicle EMCsimulations based on FEM electromagnetic simulation software ANSYSHFSS. In addition, some potential future work within this area is alsosuggested by the author.Under de senaste decenniernas gång har elektroniken inom bilindustrinsett en kraftig utveckling, och att trenden pekar på batteridrivna och självkörande bilar som en trolig verklighet inom en snar framtid. Den utvecklingen kan också leda till att personbilar kan drabbas i en alltmer elektro-magnetisk omgivning, speciellt från EMC’s perspektiv.Denna uppsats har som syfte att undersöka och skapa en överblick genom en simulering som utfärdar ett strålningsimmunitets-test på ett fordon i enlighet med standarden ISO 11451-2. Det preliminära arbetet med geometri rening på modellen som erhållits från avdelningen för strukturdynamik och den övergripande metodutvecklingen har diskuterats. Det som med denna uppsats avser att bidra med i huvud-del är att bygga upp ett möjlig arbetsflöde som lämpar sig för EMC-simuleringar för fordon med FEM elektro-magnetiska simulations-mjukvaran ANSYS HFSS. Vidareställs frågor för ytterligare arbete och forskning av uppsats-författaren.
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Xu, Shunan S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Development and test of dynamic congestion pricing model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47759.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-137).
Dynamic congestion pricing is an approach to control the traffic flow on the network by setting variable tolls that are adjusted with time based on the traffic condition. Different models have been developed and tested in the past. However, most of these models are based on deterministic network equilibrium rather than stochastic choices of travelers, and case studies on complex networks are rare. These disadvantages limit the use of existing models. In this research, a new dynamic congestion pricing model is developed based on a discrete choice framework to capture users' personal choices. Several solution algorithms are examined and tested in a synthetic network for solving this model. Among these algorithms, SPSA is found to be the best, and is applied successfully to a real case study in Lower Westchester County in New York State. The usefulness and effectiveness of dynamic congestion pricing is also examined and discussed. The results show that dynamic congestion pricing has the potential to improve network performance.
by Shunan Xu.
S.M.
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Myburgh, W. D. "Development of a tool to test computer protocols." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53363.
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Thesis (MSc) -- Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Software testing tools simplify and automate the menial work associated with testing. Moreover, for complex concurrent software such as computer protocols, testing tools allow testing on an abstract level that is independent of specific implementations. Standard conformance testing methodologies and a number of testing tools are commercially available, but detailed descriptions of the implementation of such testing tools are not widely available. This thesis investigates the development of a tool for automated protocol testing in the ETH Oberon development environment. The need to develop a protocol testing tool that automates the execution of specified test cases was identified in collaboration with a local company that develops protocols in the programming language Oberon. Oberon is a strongly typed secure language that supports modularisation and promotes a readable programming style. The required tool should translate specified test cases into executable test code supported by a runtime environment. A test case consists of a sequence of input actions to which the software under test is expected to respond by executing observable output actions. A number of issues are considered of which the first is concerned with the representation of test case specifications. For this, a notation was used that is basically a subset of the test specification language TTCN-3 as standardised by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. The second issue is the format of executable test cases and a suitable runtime environment. A translator was developed that generates executable Oberon code from specified test cases. The compiled test code is supported by a runtime library, which is part of the tool. Due to the concurrent nature of a protocol environment, concurrent processes in the runtime environment are identified. Since ETH Oberon supports multitasking in a limited sense, test cases are executed as cooperating background tasks. The third issue is concerned with the interaction between an executing test case and a system under test. It is addressed by an implementation dependent interface that maps specified test interactions onto real interactions as required by the test context in which an implementation under test operates. A supporting protocol to access the service boundary of an implementation under test remotely and underlying protocol service providers are part of a test context. The ETH Oberon system provides a platform that simplifies the implementation of protocol test systems, due to its size and simple task mechanism. Operating system functionality considered as essential is pointed out in general terms since other systems could be used to support such testing tools. In conclusion, directions for future work are proposed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toetsstelsels vir programmatuur vereenvoudig en outomatiseer die slaafse werk wat met toetsing assosieer word. 'n Toetsstelsel laat verder toe dat komplekse gelyklopende programmatuur, soos rekenaarprotokolle, op 'n abstrakte vlak getoets word, wat onafhanklik van spesifieke implementasies is. Daar bestaan standaard metodes vir konformeringstoetsing en 'n aantal toetsstelsels is kommersiëel beskikbaar. Uitvoerige beskrywings van die implementering van sulke stelsels is egter nie algemeen beskikbaar nie. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die ontwikkeling van 'n stelsel vir outomatiese toetsing van protokolle in die ontwikkelingsomgewing van ETH Oberon. Die behoefte om 'n protokoltoetsstelsel te ontwikkel, wat die uitvoering van gespesifiseerde toetsgevalle outomatiseer, is geïdentifiseer in oorleg met 'n plaaslike maatskappy wat protokolle ontwikkel in die Oberon programmeertaal. Oberon is 'n sterkgetipeerde taal wat modularisering ondersteun en a leesbare programmeerstyl bevorder. Die toestsstelsel moet gespesifiseerde toetsgevalle vertaal na uitvoerbare toetskode wat ondersteun word deur 'n looptydomgewing. 'n Toetsgeval bestaan uit 'n reeks van toevoeraksies waarop verwag word dat die programmatuur wat getoets word, sal reageer deur die uitvoering van afvoeraksies wat waargeneem kan word. 'n Aantal kwessies word aangeraak, waarvan die eerste te make het met die voorstelling van die spesifikasie van toetsgevalle. Hiervoor is 'n notasie gebruik wat in wese 'n subversameling van die toetsspesifikasietaal TTCN-3 is. TTCN-3 is gestandardiseer deur die European Telecommunications Standards Institute. Die tweede kwessie is die formaat van uitvoerbare toetsgevalle en 'n geskikte looptydomgewing. 'n Vertaler is ontwikkel wat uitvoerbare Oberon-kode genereer vanaf gespesifiseerde toetsgevalle. Die vertaalde toetskode word ondersteun deur 'n biblioteek van looptydfunksies, wat deel van die stelsel is. As gevolg van die eienskap dat 'n protokolomgewing uit gelyklopende prosesse bestaan, word daar verskillende tipes van gelyklopende prosesse in 'n protokoltoetsstelsel geïdentifiseer. Aangesien ETH Oberon 'n beperkte multitaakstelsel is, word toetsgevalle vertaal na eindige outomate wat uitgevoer word as samewerkende agtergrondtake. Die derde kwessie het te make met die interaksie tussen 'n toetsgeval wat uitgevoer word en die stelsel wat getoets word. Dit word aangespreek deur 'n koppelvlak wat gespesifiseerde interaksies afbeeld op werklike interaksies soos vereis deur die konteks waarin 'n implementasie onderworpe aan toetsing uitvoer. 'n Ondersteunende protokolom die dienskoppelvlak van die implementasie oor 'n afstand te bereik en ander onderliggende protokoldienste is deel van 'n toetskonteks. Die ETH Oberon-stelsel help in die vereenvoudiging van die implementasie van protokol toetsstelsels, as gevolg van die stelsel se grootte en die eenvoudige taakhanteerder . Die essensiële funksionaliteit van bedryfsstelsels word uitgelig in algemene terme omdat ander stelsels gebruik kan word om toetsstelsels te ondersteun. Ten slotte word voorstelle vir opvolgwerk gemaak.
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Guest, Patrick. "Development of a photoactivity test for inorganic sunscreens." Thesis, Keele University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.643558.
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In recent years inorganic sunscreens have become much used especially for fair skinned people and children where high sun protection factors are desirable. The major pigment used is titanium dioxide and the other pigment used is zinc oxide. For cosmetic acceptability these are used as ultra-fine dispersions and re-coated in various ways to minimise unwanted photoactivity. However, methods of assessing the photoactivity of such inorganic sunscreen dispersions are far from satisfactory and those that are available only assess the photo-oxidative capacity of the sunscreen. In this work new tests have been developed which assess the photo-reductive capacity of Ti02 and ZnO. These tests have been established so that they use simple equipment and are suitable for use in an industrial based quality control laboratory.
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Gao, Feng. "Design and Development of a Micropitting Test Rig." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-182817.
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One of the common failure modes in rolling contacts, such as in gears and rolling element bearings, is micropitting which has become a big issue. It is considered as a fatigue indicator and can lead to premature gear and bearing failure. This development work requires availability of a versatile test rig which reproduces the pitting or micropitting phenomenon under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The thesis has been carried out in the Department of Machine Design at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. It is a continuation of the project in the Advanced Machine Design course or Maskinkonstruktion högre kurs HK (in Swedish) as part of the Machine Design master programme at KTH. After specifying the scope and analyzing the challenges, this work deals with design modifications and further development of the previous test rig. All the problems addressed at the beginning have been solved. At the end, the newly assembled test rig indicates a stable, quieter and well performed working status as intended. The thesis work turns out a cost-effective way of developing micro-pitting test rig. Apart from physical deliverables; feasible solutions, recommendations and relevant documents such as specifications, program codes are provided in this paper. Some experience and thoughts during the project are also discussed in detail. Based on these, the mentioned future work can be performed and promoted to an advanced level.En av de vanligaste typ av fel i rullande kontaktmekanik, såsom i kugghjul och kullager, är mikropitting. Fenomenet har nämligen blivit ett stort problem och betraktas som en tidig indikator för utmattning samt kan leda till tidiga utmattningsbrott i kugghjul och kullager. Detta utvecklingsarbete krävs en mångsidig testrigg som kan återskapa gropfrätning och mikropitting under kontrollerade förhållande I laboratorium. Denna examensarbete har genomförts inom Avdelningen för Maskinteknik vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskola (KTH). Arbetet utgör en vidareutveckling påett projekt för kursen ”Maskinkonstruktion högre kurs” inom maskindesignprogrammet. Utöver en analys av utmanningarna, det nuvarande arbetet presenterar designförändringar och vidareutveckling från det tidigare testriggen. Alla problem som påträffades har kunnat lösas. Till slut uppvisar den nymonterade testriggen alla förväntade egenskaper, nämligen stabilitet, förbättrad tysthet samt god performans. Den föreslagna metoden utgör därmed ett kostnadseffektivt sätt att utveckla testrigg för mikropitting. Arbetet består, utöver det fysiska produkten, av lösningar, rekommendationer och relevanta dokument såsom monteringsschema och programkod. En utförlig diskussion av tankar och erfarenheter från projektet presenteras. Baserat på dessa kan det nämnda arbetet genomföras och höjas till en advancerad nivå.
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Franco, R. J., and M. R. Platzbecker. "MINIATURE PENETRATOR (MINPEN) ACCELERATION RECORDER DEVELOPMENT AND TEST." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607383.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, CaliforniaThe Telemetry Technology Development Department at Sandia National Laboratories actively develops and tests acceleration recorders for penetrating weapons. This new acceleration recorder (MinPen) utilizes a microprocessor-based architecture for operational flexibility while maintaining electronics and packaging techniques developed over years of penetrator testing. MinPen has been demonstrated to function in shock environments up to 20,000 Gs. The MinPen instrumentation development has resulted in a rugged, versatile, miniature acceleration recorder and is a valuable tool for penetrator testing in a wide range of applications.
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Kayongo, Patrick. "Why do software developers practice test-driven development?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20417.
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This dissertation describes research that has been undertaken to understand factors influencing software developers' intention to perform test driven development (TDD). Unit tests are a form of testing, where tests are written for small units of software being developed. TDD is a practice where these tests are written before the functionality is written, so as to guide the design of the code for the functionality, as well as to ensure test coverage for all functionality. There has been some research conducted to understand TDD by looking at its effects on both the outcomes and the practice of software development. It has been found to increase quality by decreasing defects, while also increasing the maintainability and the changeability of the code. On the other hand, some research has also found it to increase time spent on completing tasks. Despite this, to the best of the researcher's knowledge, there hasn't been research done to understand the behavioural components of TDD, and in particular, why developers choose to practice TDD. A conceptual model based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is described and used as a lens to understand intention. TPB proposes that intention to perform a behaviour (TDD in this case) is influenced by three factors: attitude towards the behaviour, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. This dissertation seeks to build onto this model for the purpose of understanding TDD, and proposes the following determinants of the influences of intention: attitude is influenced by attitude towards time taken, differences in quality, maintainability and developer efficiency; subjective norm is influenced by the perceived perception of the environment regarding changes in quality, time taken, and maintainability of the code. Lastly, perceived behavioural control is posited to be made up of perceived difficulty of TDD, and how much experience a developer has. This model is then tested based on data collected from a n online survey distributed around the world. 779 responses were collected from developers in various countries around the world. The majority of the respondents to practice TDD, allowing us to gain greater insight into why those that practice TDD actually do so. Because the study is a psychographic study, perceptions were understood from the developers using an ordinal Likert scale. To analyse this data in order to prove the hypotheses, Chi -¬‐ square tests with contingency tables, Kruskal -¬‐ Wallis tests and ordinal logistic regression were used as statistical methods. It is found the data collected does not conform to the model, and recommendations are made for a future study to form a more comprehensive model.