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1
Poole, Imogen. "Systematics of cretaceous and tertiary Nothofagoxylon: implications for Southern Hemisphere biogeography and evolution of the Nothofagaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 15, no. 2 (2002): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb01014.
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Fossil woods with greatest anatomical similarity to modern Nothofagaceae are traditionally assigned to the organ genus Nothofagoxylon Gothan. All fossil wood records of Nothofagoxylon were re-evaluated so that recently collected specimens from the Antarctica Peninsula region could be assigned to taxa within this organ genus. Widespread synonymy was found within the published records of Nothofagoxylon, so that of the 16 described species, only seven were retained. Six of these fossil species were found to be present in Antarctica. In undertaking this review, some lauraceous woods assigned to Laurinoxylon Schuster were found to be nothofagaceous. Temporal and spatial patterns of occurrence of the Nothofagoxylon wood type help support current views that the centre of origin of the Nothofagaceae was within the Antarctic Peninsula–South America region during the Campanian followed by radiation into the lower southern latitudes throughout the Tertiary.
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Blanchette, Robert A., Kory R. Cease, André R. Abad, Todd A. Burnes, and John R. Obst. "Ultrastructural characterization of wood from Tertiary fossil forests in the Canadian Arctic." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-076.
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Micromorphological and ultrastructural characterization of fossil gymnosperm wood from Comwallis Island, Axel Heiberg Island, and Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic showed the changes that have occurred in cell walls of wood during 20–60 million years of burial. No evidence of permineralization was observed. Wood with rounded cells, thick secondary walls, and intercellular spaces was common in all samples. Secondary walls were eroded and swollen. A transition from an organized secondary wall, with altered but visible microfibrillar structure, to an electron-dense, amorphous material was evident in cell walls. The amorphous material appeared to form primarily in the secondary walls near cell lumina and along cracks that extended into the walls. The middle lamellae were often expanded in size and had convoluted shapes. Hemicellulose degradation appeared to precede cellulose degradation. Samples exhibiting cell walls with increased amorphous material had the greatest lignin and lowest cellulose concentrations. Hemicellulose concentration was extremely low in all Eocene and Paleocene samples. The lignin content of Miocene wood was 47.9%, whereas the Eocene and Paleocene samples ranged from 66 to 84%. Tracheids from extensively degraded samples were distorted and collapsed, and in some cases the cells appeared compressed together. Although the residual amorphous middle lamellae and secondary walls were fused together, the outlines of original cells were visible. Chemical analyses and ultrastructural data indicated that a nonbiological degradation was responsible for the deterioration of the arctic fossil wood samples. Key words: wood deterioration, lignin, hemicelluloses, cellulose, wood ultrastructure, coal formation, fossil wood.
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Francis, Jane E., and Imogen Poole. "Cretaceous and early Tertiary climates of Antarctica: evidence from fossil wood." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 182, no. 1-2 (July 2002): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(01)00452-7.
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Roy, S. K., and P. K. Ghosh. "Fossil wood of Euphorbiaceae from the Tertiary of West Bengal, India." Feddes Repertorium 93, no. 5 (April 18, 2008): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19820930505.
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Mangi, J., S. A. Khan, N. Soomro, H. Naz, and M. Panhwer. "WOOD OF BURSEROXYLON FOSSIL FROM BARA FORMATION OF RANI KOT FORT AREA, DISTRICT JAMSHORO SINDH, PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 36, no. 1 (October 12, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2020.36.1.1.
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The paper describes a fossil wood identifiable as Burseroxylon baranesis from Bara formation of Sindh, Pakistan. Three dimension sections (transverse, radial and tangential) were prepared from the fossil wood collected from Bara formation, Ranikot. The anatomical characters such as presence of growth rings, parenchyma scanty, paratracheal, vasicentric. Rays are homogenous rays consist of procumbent cells indicate that the species belong to the family Burseraceae of petrified Bursera wood and are assigned name as Burseroxylon on the basis of form genus. This is the first record of genus Burseroxylon from tertiary rocks of Pakistan. Presence of diffuse porous wood indicate that the plants were growing in tropical type of climate.
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Takahashi, Ken'ichi, and Mitsuo Suzuki. "Dicotyledonous Fossil Wood Flora and Early Evolution of Wood Characters in the Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan." IAWA Journal 24, no. 3 (2003): 269–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001597.
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Fossil woods are abundant in the Cretaceous Yezo Group in Hokkaido, Japan, in strata of Albian to Santonian ages. From 144 dicotyledonous samples, fourteen species representing 10 genera were identified: Castanoradix cretacea gen. et sp. nov., C. biseriata gen. et sp. nov., Frutecoxylon yubariense gen. et sp. nov., Hamamelidoxylon obiraense sp. nov., Icacinoxylon kokubunii sp. nov., I. nishidae sp. nov., Magnoliaceoxylon hokkaidoense sp. nov., Nishidaxylon jezoense gen. et sp. nov., Paraphyllanthoxylon cenomaniana sp. nov., P. obiraense sp. nov., Plataninium jezoensis sp. nov., P. ogasawarae sp. nov., Sabiaceoxylon jezoense gen. et sp. nov. and Ulminium kokubunii sp. nov. All 14 species are new and four of the 10 genera are new. Five genera (lcacinoxylon, Magnoliaceoxylon, Paraphyllanthoxylon, Plataninium and Ulminium) already are known from the Cretaceous and Tertiary, one (Hamamelidoxylon) previously is known only from the Tertiary. The species distribution by age is: Albian: one species; Cenomanian: four species in four genera; Turonian: ten species in eight genera; Coniacian: six species in five genera; Santonian: eight species in seven genera. The two specimens of Icacin oxylon kokubunii from the Albian are the oldest records of dicotyledonous woods in Japan.
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Wheeler, Elisabeth A., and Herbert W. Meyer. "A New (Hovenia) and an old (Chadronoxylon) Fossil Wood from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado, U.S.A." IAWA Journal 33, no. 3 (2012): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000096.
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A fossil wood with features similar to those of the Oligocene Hovenia palaeodulcis Suzuki (Rhamnaceae) from Japan is described from the late Eocene Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado, U.S.A. This is the first report of fossil wood of this Asian genus in North America and is further documentation of Tertiary exchange between East Asia and North America. The affinities of Chadronoxylon florissantensis, the most common angiosperm wood at Florissant, are reevaluated; its combination of features suggests relationships with two families in the Malpighiales, the Salicaceae and Phyllanthaceae. Chadronoxylon is compared with Paraphyllanthoxylon Bailey. The Eocene P. hainanensis from China has notable differences from the original diagnosis of Paraphyllanthoxylon, but shares features with Chadronoxylon warranting transfer of P. hainanensis to Chadronoxylon and the creation of Chadronoxylon hainanensis (Feng, Yi, Jen) Wheeler & Meyer, comb. nov.
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Továrková, Ingrid, Vladimír Gryc, and Jakub Sakala. "First anatomically characterized wood from the Tertiary of Moravia: Spiroplatanoxylon from the area of Austerlitz (Southern Moravia, Czech Republic)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 6 (2011): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159060367.
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A new silicified angiosperm wood from the alluvial sediments in Vážany nad Litavou (SW of Slavkov/Austerlitz near Brno, Vyškov district) is described. The wood is diffuse-porous with indistinct growth ring boundaries. Vessels are exclusively solitary with helical thickenings and scalariform perforation plates. Rays are very high and up to 18 cells wide, homocellular to slightly heterocellular. Crystals are present in axial parenchyma mostly in chambered cells, rarely in idioblasts. The fossil is attributed to Spiroplatanoxylon mueller-stollii Süss. Other species of Spiroplatanoxylon are also discussed. Wood anatomical descriptions from the eastern part of the Czech Republic published so far deal either with the Silesian Tertiary or describe only partially lignified probably Quaternary material; therefore the present paper can be considered as the first detailed anatomical description of the Tertiary wood from Moravia.
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Wheeler, Elisabeth A., and Pieter Baas. "The potentials and limitations of dicotyledonous wood anatomy for climatic reconstructions." Paleobiology 19, no. 4 (1993): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009483730001410x.
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The incidences of selected features of dicotyledonous wood that are believed to be of ecologic and/or phylogenetic significance (distinct growth rings, narrow and wide vessel diameter, high and low vessel frequencies, scalariform perforations, tangential vessel arrangement, ring porosity, and helical wall thickenings) were plotted through time (Cretaceous–Recent). There are marked differences between the Cretaceous and Tertiary in the frequency of all wood anatomical features. Incidences of features that are associated with markedly seasonal climates in extant floras do not approach modern levels until the Neogene. Correlations of wood anatomical features with ecology do not appear to have been constant through time, because in the Cretaceous different features provide conflicting information about the climate. Throughout the Tertiary the southern hemisphere/tropical and the northern hemisphere/temperate regions differed in the incidences of ecologically significant features and these differences are similar to those in the Recent flora. Possibilities for reliably using dicotyledonous wood for climatic reconstructions appear restricted to the Tertiary and Quaternary. However, at present the fossil wood record for most epochs and regions is too limited to permit detailed reconstructions of their past climate.
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Poole, Imogen, and Helmut Gottwald. "Monimiaceae sensu lato, an element of Gondwanan polar forests: Evidence from the late Cretaceous-early tertiary wood flora of Antarctica." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 2 (2001): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00022.
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Palaeofloristic studies of the Antarctic Peninsula region are important in furthering our understanding of (i) the radiation and rise to ecological dominance of the angiosperms in the Southern Hemisphere during the Late Cretaceous and (ii) the present day disjunct austral vegetation. Investigations of Upper Cretaceous and Early Tertiary sediments of this region yield a rich assemblage of well-preserved fossil dicotyledonous angiosperm wood which provides evidence for the existence, since the Late Cretaceous, of temperate forests similar in composition to those found in present-day southern South America, New Zealand and Australia. This paper describes two previously unrecognised morphotypes, which can be assigned to the Monimiaceae sensu lato, and represents the first record of this family in the wood flora of Antarctica. Specimens belonging to the first fossil morphotype have been assigned to Hedycaryoxylon SÜss (subfamily Monimioideae) because they exhibit anatomical features characteristic of Hedycaryoxylon and extant Hedycarya J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. and Tambourissa Sonn. Characters include diffuse porosity, vessels which are mainly solitary with scalariform perforation plates, opposite to scalariform intervascular pitting, paratracheal parenchyma, septate fibres and tall (>3 mm), wide multiseriate rays with a length: breadth ratio of approximately 1: 4. Specimens belonging to the second morphotype have been assigned to Atherospermoxylon KrÄusel, erected for fossil woods of the Monimiaceae in the tribe Atherospermeae (now Atherospermataceae) in that they exhibit anatomical features similar to Atherospermoxylon and extant Daphnandra Benth., Doryphora Endl. and Laurelia novae-zelandiae A.Cunn. These characters include diffuse to semi-ring porosity, scalariform perforation plates with up to 25 bars, septate fibres, relatively short (<1 mm) rays with a length: breadth ratio of between 1: 4 and 1: 11.
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Wheeler, E. A., J. McClammer, and C. A. LaPasha. "Similarities and Differences in Dicotyledonous Woods of the Cretaceous and Paleocene. San Juan Basin, New Mexico, Usa." IAWA Journal 16, no. 3 (1995): 223–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001407.
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Fossil wood is common in the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleocene of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Six types of dicotyledonous wood are recognized: Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense Bailey, Paraphyllanthoxylon anasazi sp. nov., Plataninium piercei sp. nov., Metcalfeoxylon kirtlandense gen. et sp. nov., Chalkoxylon cretaceum gen. et sp. nov., Carlquistoxylon nacimientense gen. et sp. nov. Woods with the characteristics of Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense Bailey are the most common and occur in the Cretaceous Kirtland Shale and the Paleocene Ojo Alamo Sandstone and Nacimiento Formation. This wood type's characteristics are stable from the Cretaceous to the Paleocene. There were no significant differences in the vessel diameters, vessel densities, ray sizes, or estimated specific gravities of the P. arizonense woods from the Late Cretaceous (Kirtland Shale) and Early Paleocene (Nacimiento Formation and Ojo Alamo Sandstone). Based on the samples examined for this study, dicotyledonous woods were more diverse in the Cretaceous (five types) than in the Paleocene (two types) of the San Juan Basin. Diameters of the Cretaceous woods examined ranged from 14-40cm indicating they were trees rather than shrubs; diameters of the Paleocene woods examined ranged from 10-80cm. All the woods have generalized structure with combinations of features seen in more than one extant family, order, or subclass. Information from databases for fossil and extant woods indicates that some combinations of features (e. g., solitary narrow vessels, low vessel density and scalariform perforation plates, as seen in Metcalfeoxylon kirtlandense and Chalkoxylon cretaceum), while relatively common in the Cretaceous, represent strategies of the hydraulic system that are extremely rare in the Tertiary and at present. None of the dicotyledonous woods have distinct growth rings, although some samples of Paraphyllanthoxylon arizonense from the Paleocene show variations in vessel density and vessel diameter that may correspond to seasonal variations in water availability.
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Jeong, Eun Kyoung, Kyungsik Kim, Jong Heon Kim, and Mitsuo Suzuki. "Comparison of Korean and Japanese Tertiary fossil wood floras with special references to the genusWataria." Geosciences Journal 7, no. 2 (June 2003): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02910219.
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Taylor, David W., J. Michael Moldowan, and Leo J. Hickey. "Investigation of the terrestrial occurrence and biological source of the petroleum geochemical biomarker oleanane." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008467.
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Oleanane is a triterpane that is commonly found in Late Cretaceous (Campanian) through Cenozoic marine and deltaic rocks and related oils. Based on its affinity to the β-Amyrin group of natural products and its abundance in Tertiary deltaic sediments and oils, such as in the Niger Delta, oleanane is thought to be a geochemical fossil of terrestrial flowering plants. The β-Amyrin group forms the basis of many angiosperm triterpenoids and triterpenoid saponins. These compounds appear in moderately advanced flowering plant lineages and are often used as a defense against herbivores. This group of compounds has not been reported from any other seed plant group, including conifers.We examined a suite of middle to early Cretaceous terrestrial sediments and plant fossils for the presence of oleanane. The existence of oleanane was documented by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and confirmed with Metastable Reaction Monitoring (MRM) GC-MS.Oleanane was identified from fossil bennettitaleans, an extinct group of seed plants. Cycadeoidea paynei and C. superba are permineralized fossil stems and are from the Early Cretaceous Inyan Kara Group of the Black Hills, SD. Oleanane was also found in carbonaceous compressed leaf fossils of Dioonites from the Barremian - early Aptian (Zone I) of the Potomac Group from Richmond, VA. This increases the number of seed plant groups known to have oleanane, and is of additional interest as the bennettitaleans are thought to be closely related to angiosperms.Oleanane was not found in contemporaneous fossil conifers. Our sample consisted of fossil conifer wood collected from the Campanian Magothy Beds of Martha's Vineyard, MA; the Cenomanian Raritan Formation of Sayreville, NJ; and the Barremian - early Aptian Patuxent Formation of Greenbelt, MD.Confirmed reports of oleanane have been from Late Cretaceous and younger marine sediments. We now report oleanane from Early Cretaceous terrestrial strata of the Inyan Kara Group. In addition we systematically sampled the sequence of Cretaceous terrestrial sediments of the coastal plain of the eastern U.S.A, and found oleanane in the Barremian - early Aptian (Zone I) Potomac Group. Preliminary data indicate variation in the occurrence of oleanane in contemporaneous Early Cretaceous sites from the Potomac Group. The localities accumulated in different depositional environments and the occurrence may be controlled by lithofacies.
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Schweitzer, Carrie E., and Rodney M. Feldmann. "New species of calappid crabs from western North America and reconsideration of the Calappidae sensu lato." Journal of Paleontology 74, no. 2 (March 2000): 230–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000031450.
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Analysis of dorsal carapace characters of fossil and extant genera of the Calappidae sensu lato supports Bellwood's (1996) assignment of the group into four families based upon phylogenetic analysis, which was also supported by previous larval and morphologic studies. The Calappidae sensu stricto, Matutidae, and Hepatidae, recognized by Bell wood (1996), embrace both fossil and extant genera. The Orithyiidae is known from a single extant genus. Additionally, the Necrocarcininae Förster, known only from extinct genera, is elevated to family status. New taxa includeMursia aspinaandEriosachila rossi. Zanthopsis rathbunaeKooser and Orr, 1973, is here referred toEriosachila orri, n. comb, and nomen novum. Emended descriptions are given forMursia yaquinensisRathbun, 1926, andNecrocarcinus hannaeRathbun, 1926. Biogeographic analysis indicates that each family has a distinct origination and dispersal history independent of the other families. Ecologic information for each group suggests that climatic preferences for the extant families have either remained relatively stable since the appearance of each family in the Tertiary or were broader in the past.
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Poole, Imogen, Alberta M. W. Mennega, and David J. Cantrill. "Valdivian ecosystems in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary of Antarctica: further evidence from myrtaceous and eucryphiaceous fossil wood." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 124, no. 1-2 (April 2003): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-6667(02)00244-0.
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Sakala, Jakub, Ildikó Selmeczi, and Lilla Hably. "Reappraisal of Greguss’ Fossil Wood Types and Figured Specimens from the Cenozoic of Hungary: Overview, Corrected Geology and Systematical Notes." Fossil Imprint 74, no. 1-2 (August 31, 2018): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0008.
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Prof. Pál Greguss (*1889, †1984) was a leading figure in European (palaeo)xylotomy. His collection of types and figured specimens from the Cenozoic of Hungary published in the two monographs (Fossil gymnosperm woods in Hungary from the Permian to the Pliocene and Tertiary angiosperm woods in Hungary), now stored in the Palaeobotanical Collection of the Botanical Department in the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest, is of great value. Many types were considered lost, but the present reappraisal, conducted by the first author during several visits to Budapest between 2009 and 2016, uncovered 18 types, 35 figured specimens and 1 additional specimen, 54 items in total. In the text, all specimens are briefly presented with their systematical attribution, information on their numbers, localities and their corrected geological age. The text is completed by two photo-plates and one summary table.
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Labandeira, Conrad C. "Diversity, diets and disparity: determining the effect of the terminal Cretaceous extinction on insect evolution." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007346.
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A considerable amount of research has been devoted toward evaluating the impact of the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction on terrestrial life. This research has focused primarily on terrestrial vertebrates (primarily dinosaurs), marine invertebrates (notably molluscs and foraminifera), and to a lesser extent, terrestrial vascular plants. Terrestrial arthropods, especially insects, have seldomly been investigated, principally because of an alleged depauperate fossil record. Nevertheless, within the past two decades, some of the most productive and taxonomically diverse insect faunas have originated from Cretaceous amber- and compression-fossil deposits from every continent. Whereas it was once thought that the Cretaceous represented an unknown void in the understanding of insect evolution, now it appears that many extant lineages are traceable to Cretaceous precursors.Three approaches are available for determining the extent of the effect of the terminal Cretaceous extinction event on insects. Assessed for the interval from the Early Cretaceous to the Early Paleogene, these approaches are: (1) establishing the secular pattern of familial- and generic-based taxonomic diversity (macroevolution); (2) recognizing the persistence or eradication of specific insect/vascular plant interactions, such as leaf-mining, wood-boring and pollination (behavior); and (3) establishing temporal trends in the range of mouthpart design, as an indicator of faunal disparity or structural diversity (morphology). These three operationally separate but complimentary approaches allow the advantage of using distinct data bases to bear on a common question. The body-fossil record of insects provides primary data for the taxonomic expansion, steady-state, or contraction of insect faunas. The trace-fossil record of those insect interactions that are coevolved with plant hosts reveals the temporal continuity of highly stereotyped and taxonomically obligate behaviors. Both of these are contrasted to an assessment of insectan structural disparity, herein determined from a robust data base of 30 modern insect mouthpart classes that are traced back in geologic time.A preliminary analysis of each of these three approaches indicates broad agreement–namely that insects were not dramatically affected by the terminal Cretaceous extinction event. First, insects experienced only a modest decline in diversity, about 9 percent at the family level. (The generic level is not yet analyzed.) Second, although the data base is limited, there is no indication of the extinction of major leaf-mining, wood-boring, pollinating or other plant-specific behaviors at the end of the Cretaceous. In fact, leaf-mine morphologies for three lepidopteran families with Cretaceous occurrences are apparently indistinguishable from their modern descendants. Last, of the 30 mouthpart classes occurring during the Paleogene, 28 are represented during the Cretaceous. These data provide strong evidence for a largely uninterrupted continuum of insect faunas across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary as measured by taxonomic diversity, coevolved behavior, and structural disparity.Because of abundant and often intimate associations between insects and flowering plants, these results are consistent with a gradual and not catastrophic change in terrestrial floras across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Acceptance of a catastrophic extinction of flowering plants during the terminal Cretaceous would necessitate an unprecedented level of host-switching by coevolved insects on contemporaneous plants. This is unlikely, based on evidence from the prolific literature on modern insect/plant interactions. These studies indicate the ubiquity of obligate insect specificity for various secondary chemicals on many flowering plant species.
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Mehrotra, R. C., N. Awasthi, and S. K. Dutta. "Study of fossil wood from the upper Tertiary sediments (Siwalik) of Arunachal Pradesh, India and its implication in palaeoecological and phytogeographical interpretations." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 107, no. 3-4 (November 1999): 223–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-6667(99)00029-9.
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Elayaraja, M., and D. Kumarasamy. "Charcoalified Wood of Hopenium pondicherriensis (Dipterocarpaceae) from Neyveli Lignite Formation." International Letters of Natural Sciences 75 (May 2019): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.75.36.
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The Neyveli lignite is one of the largest brown coal field of India, Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. The lignite it is one of tertiary formation found in the Neyveli, So far many mega and micro fossils reported from this formation. The Neyveli lignite well preserved and recognizable entities are mainly woody and non-woody tissues of different angiosperm plants, spore and pollen, cuticles of leaves, resins, fungal spores and fungal fruiting bodies. The present study is about the charcoalified angiospermic wood is identified as Hopenium pondicherriensis (Dipterocarpaceae). This is a first report of Hopenium pondicherriensis from the Neyveli formation.
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Staccioli, Giuseppe, Andrea Meli, and Fabio Fratini. "Investigation on Fossil Barks from an Arctic Canadian Site Constituted by a Multiple Level Tertiary Fossil Forest 45 Million Years Old." Holzforschung 56, no. 1 (February 6, 2002): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.004.
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Summary Barks from the litters of a multiple level Tertiary fossil forest from the Canadian Arctic were chemically examined and compared with coeval Arctic fossil woods. Degradation and diagenesis of the polysaccharides similarly occurred in barks and woods. However, unlike the fossil woods, the loss of polysaccharides led to materials exhibiting a marked cation exchange capacity, which is comparable to what is found for humus, the final product of diagenesis of the forest litter. Dichloromethane extracts from the barks invariably showed the presence of n-alkanes from C14 to C30, and terpenes such as cadalene, calamenene, fichtelite, sandaracopimarane, abietatriene, simonellite, diaromatic totarane, ferruginol, dehydroferruginol, and sugiol. The presence of phenol-diterpenes and/or diaromatic totarane was related to species belonging to Cupressaceae, Taxodiaceae and Podocarpaceae, in agreement with the recovery of trunks of metasequoia in some forest levels.
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Staccioli, G., A. Sturaro, and G. Parvoli. "General and Specific Biomarkers in some Tertiary Fossil Woods from Canadian Arctic." Holzforschung 52, no. 3 (January 1998): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.3.225.
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Kotyk, M. EA, James F. Basinger, and Elisabeth E. McIver. "Early Tertiary Chamaecyparis Spach from Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-007.
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Exquisitely preserved fossil remains of Chamaecyparis Spach (Cupressaceae) have been recovered from Middle Eocene sediments of the Buchanan Lake Formation, Eureka Sound Group, of Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Foliage consists of flattened, frondlike sprays considered typical for the genus. Leaves are decussate, scalelike, imbricate, appressed, and persistent. Seed cones are globose to subellipsoid, are borne on leafy peduncles, and bear 812 woody, peltate cone scales in a decussate arrangement. Seeds are two or more per scale, and winged. Within the genus, this fossil is most similar to extant Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. of Japan, although the suite of features found in the fossil does not occur in any single living species of the genus. These fossil remains are assigned to a new species, Chamaecyparis eureka Kotyk sp. nov. A review of the fossil record indicates that Chamaecyparis eureka is the oldest known member of the genus, as the Late Cretaceous taxon Chamaecyparis corpulenta (Bell) McIver appears most closely related to Cupressus nootkatensis D. Don [= Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach], and should therefore be excluded from the genus Chamaecyparis. As revealed by the fossil assemblages of the Buchanan Lake deposits, Chamaecyparis was an uncommon constituent of lowland, swampforest communities growing at high paleolatitudes (about 78°N) during a period of global warmth prior to the onset of global climatic deterioration that led to Late Cenozoic glaciation. It was one of the few evergreen taxa in a largely deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous vegetation of early Tertiary regions in the far north.Key words: fossil, Tertiary, Chamaecyparis, Cupressaceae, Arctic, Canada.
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EL-Saadawi, Wagieh, Said G. Youssef, and Marwah M. Kamal-EL-Din. "Fossil palm woods of Egypt: II. Seven Tertiary Palmoxylon species new to the country." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 129, no. 4 (June 2004): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.02.001.
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McIver, E. E., and J. F. Basinger. "Mesocyparis borealis gen. et sp. nov.: fossil Cupressaceae from the early Tertiary of Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 2338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-318.
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Fossil cedar foliage of the Cupressinocladus interruptus type, with associated seeds and cones, is locally abundant in Paleocene deposits of the Ravenscrag Formation, southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Vegetative remains of this type occur frequently in early Tertiary plant assemblages throughout the northern hemisphere, indicating that this now extinct cedar was once widespread. For the first time this cedar can be described on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive morphology. Foliage is frond-like with a characteristic opposite branching pattern. Seed cones are globose and woody and bear four equal and decussate scales with prominent umbos. Seeds bear large, equal, semicircular wings. The fossil cedar appears most closely related to extant Cupressaceae such as Thuja, Chamaecyparis, and Heyderia. Foliage closely resembles that of Thuja, while cones are most similar to those of Chamaecyparis. The fossil differs sufficiently in foliage and seed cone structure to preclude assignment to an extant genus and is here assigned to Mesocyparis borealis gen. et sp. nov. Similarities among such extant genera as Thuja, Chamaecyparis, Heyderia, and Thujopsis and the fossil Mesocyparis borealis suggest that all may belong to a single natural group. Furthermore, this group may be more closely related to the southern hemispheric genera Libocedrus, Papuacedrus, and Austrocedrus than present classification schemes imply. Our examination of the Cupressaceae indicates that a revision of present systems of classification is required to accommodate evidence from both extant and extinct cedars.
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Takahashi, Akira, and Mitsuo Suzuki. "Two new fossil woods ofAcer and a new combination ofPrunus from the Tertiary of Japan." Botanical Magazine Tokyo 101, no. 4 (December 1988): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02488089.
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McIver, E. E., and J. F. Basinger. "Fossil seed cones of Fokienia (Cupressaceae) from the Paleocene Ravenscrag Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 1609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-207.
Full textAbstract:
Foliage bearing seed cones that are remarkably similar to those of extant Fokienia (Cupressaceae) have been recovered from early Paleocene sediments of the Ravenscrag Formation, southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. The cones are borne in opposite pairs, are about 12.0 mm long and 10.0 mm wide, with 8–10 woody, decussate, peltate scales. Foliage branches oppositely and bears thin, flattened leaves in whorls of four. Although branching pattern and leaf morphology differ from that of modern Fokienia, similarity in seed cone structure allows assignment to this genus. These fossil remains indicate that cone structure comparable to modern Fokienia had evolved by the earliest Tertiary and has probably remained stable since. The vegetative remains indicate, however, that leaf and branch morphology has continued to evolve over this period of time (mosaic evolution), or that the diversity of morphological forms has in the past been greater in Fokienia and that extinction has limited this diversity. Such data reinforce the principle that seed cone structure should be the basis for identification of fossil Cupressaceae remains. Key words: Fokienia, Cupressaceae, Paleocene, fossil, seed cones, evolution.
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Terada, Kazuo, and Mitsuo Suzuki. "Revision of the so-called `Reevesia' fossil woods from the Tertiary in Japan — a proposal of the new genus Wataria (Sterculiaceae)." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 103, no. 3-4 (October 1998): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-6667(98)00039-6.
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Engel, Michael S., and David A. Grimaldi. "The first Mesozoic stephanid wasp (Hymenoptera: Stephanidae)." Journal of Paleontology 78, no. 6 (November 2004): 1192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000044000.
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The stephanid wasps are of great phylogenetic and biological significance among parasitic Hymenoptera, itself one of the major radiations of insects and of critical ecological and agricultural importance. The family, the only one of its superfamily (e.g., Gauld and Bolton, 1988; Goulet and Huber, 1993: although Rasnitsyn, 1988, 2000 includes the traditional Trigonalyoidea, Megalyroidea, Ceraphronoidea, and some extinct lineages in the Stephanoidea), is hypothesized by some authors to be basal within the diverse parasitoid lineage Apocrita (Rasnitsyn, 1975, 2000; Königsmann, 1978; Rohdendorf and Rasnitsyn, 1980; Whitfield, 1992, 1998; Vilhelmsen, 1996, 2001). Such a phylogenetic placement makes the stephanids an interesting link between the principally xylophagous wood wasps (i.e., the paraphyletic suborder Symphyta), the sole parasitic symphytan family Orussidae, and the remainder of the Apocrita (Orussidae + Apocrita = Euhymenoptera). Thus, stephanids may represent one of the earliest families of parasitoid wasps exhibiting the characteristic “wasp waist,” allowing for more control and flexibility during oviposition. Tantalizingly, the stephanids are morphologically similar to orussids in that both exhibit a characteristic series of tubercles on the head (presumably an adaptation for allowing them to move through burrows in wood after eclosion). These similarities, however, may be convergent adaptations of parasitizing wood-boring insects (a plesiomorphic biological trait across the Apocrita) and stephanids may belong to a clade of evaniomorphous wasps, albeit still relatively basal within that lineage (e.g., Rasnitsyn, 1988; Ronquist et al., 1999). In either case, Stephanidae figure prominently in cladistic studies of the Hymenoptera and are of presumably ancient origin based on their phylogenetic position (e.g., Rasnitsyn, 2000). Fossils of the family, however, are rare and until now have been restricted to Tertiary deposits.
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Crane, Peter R., and S. Lidgard. "The Cretaceous vegetational history of the tropics." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000633x.
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The mid-Cretaceous (Aptian-Turonian) was a critical interval in the modernization of terrestrial ecosystems. In particular, the rapid transition from vegetation dominated by pteridophytes (ferns, lycopods and sphenopsids), cycadophytes (true cycads, Bennettitales, “pteridosperms” with pinnate foliage) and conifers, to one dominated by angiosperms marks a pivotal change in the evolution of terrestrial floras. Current knowledge of the paleoecological circumstances of this transition is still rudimentary and based almost entirely on macrofloras and palynofloras from mid-to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Information from low paleolatitude areas is especially sparse and based almost entirely on palynofloras. Ongoing syntheses of published palynological data document the similarity of mid-Cretaceous palynofloras in a broad equatorial zone ranging from Ecuador in the west to Papua-New Guinea in the east (Africa-South America Floristic Province of Hemgreen). Palynofloras from this area are characterized by a high diversity and abundance of elaterate and ephedroid pollen grains (both probably gnetalean), low diversity of saccate conifer pollen grains and a paucity of pteridophyte spores relative to contemporaneous mid- and high latitude regions. Frequently, these palynofloras also show high levels of Afropollis and Classopollis-pollen (produced by probable winteroid angiosperms and extinct cheirolepidiaceous conifers respectively). Macrofossil floras corresponding to this low paleolatitude floristic assemblage are sparse but the assemblage of macrofossils now available from the from the Santana Formation (probable Albian) of north-eastern Brazil shows conifer leafy shoots (Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae) interspersed with macrofossils of ferns, various “pteridosperms'” occasional angiosperms, and possible Gnetales. Many of the plant fossils show structural features consistent with growth in arid environments (e.g., small leaf size, thick leaf textures, well-developed indumentum). The fossil record of woods from low latitude areas is difficult to evaluate because of uncertainties in dating many of the specimens that have been described. Previous analyses have suggested that woods from Cretaceous low-latitudes show only faint growth rings, however, in recently collected specimens from the Albian of Niger growth rings are marked. Taken together, the weight of paleobotanical data are consistent with the distribution of climatically sensitive sediments (e.g., presence of evaporites and aeolian sands, absence of well-developed coals) which has been interpreted to reflect at least seasonal aridity. Although existing paleobotanical data are sparse they provide no evidence for rainforests in low latitude areas during the mid-Cretaceous.Beginning at around the late Cenomanian palynofloras from low paleolatitudes undergo a substantial compositional change (the transition to the Palmae Floristic Province of Herngreen & Chlonova). Classpollis pollen becomes much less abundant, the diversity and abundance of putative gnetalean pollen declines, while the abundance and diversity of angiosperm pollen (particularly forms probably referable to the Palmae) increases. Fossil woods associated with Campanian and Maastrichtian palynofloras from low latitudes show only weak evidence of growth rings. These data may imply a more equable distribution of rainfall than during the mid-Cretaceous and perhaps the initial, local, development of tropical rainforest vegetation. A latest Cretaceous-Early Tertiary initiation of tropical rainforest environments has important implications for patterns of diversification, not only in angiosperms but also in several of the most diverse lineages of nonangiosperm land plants, particularly the leafy liverworts (Jungermanniales), homosporous lycopods of the genus Huperzia, heterosporous lycopods of the genus Selaginella, and the “higher” filicalean ferns. In all of these groups the majority of extant species are restricted to tropical, frequently rainforest environments. While the origin of these groups may substantially predate the Cretaceous, the bulk of their extant diversity may have arisen over the last 70–50 million years.
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Laince Pierre, Moulebe, Touati Abdelwahed, Akpoviroro Obar Eric, and Rabbah Nabila. "Mathematical modeling of re-electrification by green hydrogen storage through the PEM fuel cell integrating a 10-year economic study applied to a hotel." E3S Web of Conferences 229 (2021): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122901038.
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The energy transition to prevent global warming is the main concern. Climatic change effects show a catastrophic view to the word through the increase of temperature which promotes fire like in Siberia or ices melts by trigging the extinction of polar bears in the future, also adding the flooding in Norway. Thus, it is important to trait sectors the most polluters such as transport, industries, and residential tertiary sectors. In the perspective to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels. However, the frequently used sources of energy are unstable. They require an appropriate clean storage system and the technology of energy storage relevant as green hydrogen. In this article, we focus first on the creation complete of the model of production chain for green hydrogen by the fuel cell PEM. Then, the application of the model in one technical-economic study for energetic consumption HVAC for a hotel. We will consider the usage of thermic power resulting from the chemical reaction of the system, those powers allow us to demonstrate that the fuel cell PEM presents the brilliant performance compare to electrolysis. Through that thermic power from the fuel cells, we will expose the fact it is possible to avoid the utilization of natural gas and electricity structure for domestic hot water. This technical-economic study show that green hydrogen technology can be worthwhile for the short or middle term for the hotel industry.
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François, Charles. "Crise : Quelques réflexions systémiques sur l'anthropocene." Acta Europeana Systemica 8 (July 9, 2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/aes.v8i1.56243.
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Prior to globalization, crises were due to local or regional environmental abuses, leadership conflicts, local or regional climatic disasters, major epidemics or pandemics. The humanity of the beginning of the 21st century is facing for the first time a situation of global change on a planetary scale. The origin of this change is endogenous to the human species. Scientific and technological evolution has endowed humanity with powerful means of action that have transformed it into an important actor in the planetary ecology. This transformation is a consequence of fundamental factors that have reinforced each other. The use of fossil fuels returns to the environment gigantic amounts of solar energy fossilized in vegetable form during the billions of years of the primary, secondary and tertiary geological ages. The inevitable consequence is and will be more and more, global climate warming. This profound change could it surely causes serious adjustment disorders in all human societies. It is in this sense that the word "crisis" acquires its full and sinister meaning. A financial crisis is nothing more than the repetition of a psychosociological episode also recurrent in the evolution of the economy. A remarkable consequence is that man (biological, psychosocial) has become a "piece" of a huge machine, on a planetary scale, and his activities are increasingly conditioned by this machine created by himself. The concept of competitive advantage generally dominates economic thinking. This way of thinking reflects the historical situation of humanity. Until today, the human species could progress without limits towards greater use of its planetary environment. The waste did not have a negative ecological significance. The most sensible and appropriate objective, certainly, is not to lead all of humanity to share the waste that, by hyper-consumption, characterizes, for the moment, the societies considered as developed. A rational objective would be to guarantee to all humanity a level of life as satisfactory as possible, based on truly renewable planetary resources, assuming the need to keep the planet habitable.
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"Palynology of the James Ross Island area." Antarctic Science 4, no. 1 (March 1992): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102092000026.
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The James Ross Island area is recognized as one of the geological treasures of Antarctica. It exposes a section of over 6 km of Cretaceous and Tertiary marine sedimentary strata with an important content of reworked Upper Jurassic rocks near the base. This sequence has produced some of the most remarkable fossil finds in the Southern Hemisphere. The list is extensive and includes a wealth of marine invertebrates, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, land mammals and birds, giant penguins, whales, and fossil leaves and wood. The sediments record a long history of submarine fan, shelf and deltaic deposition in a back-arc environment, and the contained fossils provide valuable information on Cretaceous and Tertiary climates, and biological evolution at high palaeolatitudes.
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Tsao, Nai-Wen, Shih-Chang Chien, Yueh-Hsiung Kuo, and Sheng-Yang Wang. "Extractives elucidation of Taiwania cryptomerioides sapwood." Journal of Wood Science 67, no. 1 (February 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10086-021-01947-x.
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AbstractTaiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata) has long been regarded as a living fossil from the Tertiary period of Mesozoic Era for its distinguished yellowish-red color with purplish-pink streaks presented in its heartwood. With this elegant appearance that matches the color “red” for good fortune in the Taiwanese culture, Taiwania is supposed to be a popular wood in Taiwan where it is a native species of. Extractives contribute to the properties of wood. It is a fascinating subject to investigate extractives biosynthesis in the process of heartwood formation. Up to date, there is no phytochemistry study of Taiwania sapwood. In this study, three new sesquiterpenoids, Taiwania A (1), Taiwania B (2), and Taiwania C (3), together with 75 known compounds in the Taiwania sapwood. The structures of extractives were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with the literatures. This study supported secondary reaction lignans could be found in sapwood that confirmed our previous research on the Taiwania-type of heartwood formation.
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Bennike, Ole. "Late Cenozoic wood from Washington Land, North Greenland." GEUS Bulletin, December 31, 1998, 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v180.5100.
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NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example:
Bennike, O. (1998). Late Cenozoic wood from Washington Land, North Greenland. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 180, 155-158. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v180.5100
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The arctic regions are north of the tree line, but nevertheless wood is quite plentiful. Most of this wood in Greenland is driftwood that has floated across the Arctic Ocean, to be eventually deposited on beaches. Following previous deglaciations and isostatic rebound, raised beaches are common, and driftwood may be common below the marine limit. Most driftwood is of postglacial age, but pre-Holocene driftwood has been reported from Greenland and elsewhere in the Arctic.
Some of the pre-Holocene wood derives from trees that grew in the Arctic in the past, when climates were warmer than at the present. Best known are the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary diverse floras that comprise many warmth-demanding species including vines, but the wood from these time periods is more or less fossilised. Trees also grew in the Arctic much later, and some of this wood is remarkably well preserved and looks much like postglacial driftwood. Thus when the geologist Lauge Koch observed tree trunks up to 165 m above sea level in the hills of the Kap København area in eastern Peary Land (Fig. 1), he interpreted this as postglacial driftwood (Koch 1926). However, the Kap København Formation is now dated to the PlioPleistocene (Bennike 1990). Although no trees have been found in growth position in the Kap København area, it is obvious that the trees grew locally, since leaves, needles, seeds and cones are common, and the rich fossil insect fauna also comprises numerous species that are dependent on trees (Böcher 1995). At two other sites in Peary Land concentrations of pre-Holocene wood are present, namely at Jørgen Brønlund Fjord and at Baggården. The occurrence at Jørgen Brønlund Fjord is situated below the marine limit, and the wood could be driftwood, but the concentration of wood fragments is more indicative of local tree growth (Bennike 1990). At Baggården, wood is found along the shore of the lake and along Sydpaselv that drains into Øvre Midsommersø (Bennike 1990; E. Knuth, National Museum, Copenhagen, archive). A few specimens from this locality archived in the National Museum in Copenhagen (NM VIII A 4512M) are small, abraded and fragmented pieces that do not show the size of the trees.
From Washington Land, pre-Holocene wood has previously been reported from the pre-glacial Bjørnehiet Formation (GGU 211926 and 211929; Jepsen 1982), and from a gravel river bed north of Humboldt Gletscher (GGU 206054). At the latter site many wood pieces were reported at an altitude of 245–260 m above sea level (Blake 1987), which is far above the marine limit of the area. Weidick (1978) suggested that the wood is interglacial driftwood that was redeposited by glaciers, but again the concentration of wood fragments is hard to understand, so a source from local tree growth seems more likely. The wood in North Greenland bears resemblance to wood from the Beaufort Formation and related deposits in northern Canada (e.g., Matthews & Ovenden 1990; Matthews et al. 1990; Fyles et al. 1994). The Beaufort Formation is assigned to the Miocene and Pliocene. On western Ellesmere Island (Fig. 2), so-called high-level alluvium is fairly widespread. A notable occurrence here, at an elevation of approximately 400 m, is the Mid or Late Pliocene Beaver Pond peat that also contains a rich mammalian fauna, including the extinct rabbit Hypolagus that is also present in the Kap København Formation (Matthews & Ovenden 1990; C.R. Harington, personal communication 1994). During field work in Washington Land in the summer of 1997 a new locality with abundant wood was located along the river that drains into Aleqatsiaq Fjord, at c. 80°31.9′N, 65°25′W (Fig. 3), and the purpose of this note is to describe some samples of wood that were brought to Copenhagen.
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Fragiacomo, Petronilla, Giuseppe De Lorenzo, and Orlando Corigliano. "Performance Analysis of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gasifier Integrated System in Co-Trigenerative Arrangement." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 140, no. 9 (April 19, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4039872.
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The use of renewable sources, such as woody biomass waste, for energy purposes helps to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and therefore the production of associated pollutants and greenhouse gases. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are devices that convert the chemical energy of a product gas produced by a gasifier of biomass waste, before being suitably purified, directly into electric energy, with conversion efficiency, which is higher than that of other conventional energy systems. Since they operate at high temperature, they make available also thermal energy, which can be used for co- and tri-generation purposes. This paper aims at studying the arrangement of a complete trigenerative energy system composed of a gasifier of waste biomass; an energy unit represented by a SOFC system; an absorption cooling section for the conversion into cooling energy of the waste heat. In its layout, the SOFC energy unit considers the anode off gas recirculation, a postcombustor to energize the exhaust stream, and a preheater for the fresh gases entering. The integrated plant is completed by means of batteries for electric energy storage and hot water tanks and thermal energy storage. An ad hoc developed numerical modeling is used to choose the working point of the SOFC energy system at which to operate it and to analyze its energy behavior under syngas feeding. Two biomass-derived syngas are analyzed: one from woody biomass and one from urban solid waste gasification. Hence, the entire integrated plant is analyzed for both feeding types. The energy analysis of the integrated SOFC/gasifier is carried out based on a fixed quantity of biomass waste to be processed in an existing gasifier. Then, the design of the SOFC energy section is carried out. The integrated plant is then applied to a case study to satisfy the energy needs of a user of the tertiary sector. Therefore, based on this, the procedure continues with sizing the cooling section for the cooling power delivery in the warm season, the batteries to store the electric energy to be delivered, and the hot water tanks for the thermal energy storage to be delivered as heat when necessary or to feed the absorption cooling plant. The integrated SOFC/Gasifier defined can be considered as a high-efficiency tri-generator capable of accomplishing an energy valorization of high quality waste biomass.