Journal articles on the topic 'Terrorist financing activities'
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1
Zubrzycki, Waldemar. "The Financing of Terrorist Activities." Internal Security 14, no. 1 (October 11, 2022): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0388.
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The functioning of terrorist groups, like all other organisations, require appropriate financial resources. The phenomenon of terrorism needs a series of resources available for the terrorist organisations, including financial support. Terrorist financing is an area that cannot be completely defined, and the conclusions concerning it are often based on speculations and assumptions. However, it is known that there are many ways to obtain it, both legal and illegal. There is also no doubt that terrorists are still looking for new, hitherto unknown ways of financing their activities. It includes the direct expenditures for the attacks and the costs of establishing and maintaining the organisational infrastructure, its security logistics, and promoting their ideology. Among counterterrorism experts, one can come across the opinion that cutting off their funding sources is an effective method of dismantling terrorist organisations. Combating terrorism financing became an essential tool to counteract this menacing phenomenon. This article aims to overview how funds are raised and used by terrorist organisations. Funkcjonowanie grup terrorystycznych, podobnie jak wszystkich innych organizacji, wymaga odpowiednich środków finansowych. Zjawisko terroryzmu potrzebuje do funkcjonowania organizacji terrorystycznych wielu zasobów dostępnych dla nich, w tym wsparcia finansowego. Finansowanie terroryzmu jest obszarem, którego nie da się do końca zdefiniować, a wnioski dotyczące tego zagadnienia często opierają się na spekulacjach i przypuszczeniach. Wiadomo jednak, że istnieje wiele sposobów jego pozyskiwania, zarówno legalnych, jak i nielegalnych. Nie ulega też wątpliwości, że terroryści wciąż poszukują nowych, nieznanych dotąd sposobów finansowania swojej działalności. Obejmuje ono bezpośrednie wydatki na zamachy oraz koszty tworzenia i utrzymywania infrastruktury organizacyjnej, logistyki jej zabezpieczenia oraz propagowania swojej ideologii. Wśród ekspertów ds. przeciwdziałania terroryzmowi można spotkać się z opinią, że odcięcie źródeł ich finansowania jest skuteczną metodą likwidacji organizacji terrorystycznych. Walka z finansowaniem terroryzmu stała się podstawowym narzędziem przeciwdziałania temu groźnemu zjawisku. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie sposobów pozyskiwania i wykorzystywania środków finansowych przez organizacje terrorystyczne. Wie alle anderen Organisationen benötigen auch terroristische Organisationen für ihre Arbeit angemessene finanzielle Mittel. Das Phänomen des Terrorismus erfordert viele der Ressourcen, die terroristischen Organisationen zur Verfügung stehen, um zu funktionieren, einschließlich finanzieller Unterstützung. Die Finanzierung des Terrorismus ist ein Bereich, der nicht vollständig definiert werden kann und dessen Schlussfolgerungen häufig auf Spekulationen und Mutmaßungen beruhen. Es ist jedoch bekannt, dass es viele Möglichkeiten der Beschaffung gibt, sowohl legale als auch illegale. Es besteht auch kein Zweifel daran, dass Terroristen ständig nach neuen und bisher unbekannten Wegen zur Finanzierung ihrer Aktivitäten suchen. Dazu gehören die direkten Ausgaben für Anschläge sowie die Kosten für die Schaffung und Aufrechterhaltung der organisatorischen Infrastruktur, die Logistik für deren Sicherung und die Verbreitung ihrer Ideologie. Experten für Terrorismusbekämpfung sind der Ansicht, dass das Abschneiden der Finanzierungsquellen eine wirksame Methode zur Zerschlagung terroristischer Organisationen ist. Die Bekämpfung der Terrorismusfinanzierung ist zu einem wichtigen Instrument zur Bekämpfung dieses gefährlichen Phänomens geworden. Dieser Beitrag soll einen Einblick in die Art und Weise geben, wie terroristische Organisationen Gelder beschaffen und verwenden. Для деятельности террористических групп, как и всех других организаций, необходимы соответствующие финансовые ресурсы. Феномен терроризма требует для деятельности террористических организаций многих доступных им средств, включая финансовую поддержку. Финансирование терроризма — это сфера, которой невозможно дать полное определение, а сделанные заключения часто основаны на спекуляциях и предположениях. Однако известно, что существует много способов его получения, как законных, так и незаконных. Не вызывает сомнений и тот факт, что террористы постоянно ищут новые и ранее неизвестные способы финансирования своей деятельности. Сюда входят прямые расходы на проведение терактов, а также затраты на создание и поддержку организационной инфраструктуры, материально-техническое обеспечение безопасности и пропаганду своей идеологии. Среди экспертов по борьбе с терроризмом существует мнение, что эффективным методом борьбы с террористическими организациями является перекрытие источников их финансирования. Борьба с финансированием терроризма стала важнейшим инструментом противодействия этому опасному явлению. Цель данной статьи — дать представление о том, как террористические организации собирают и используют финансовые средства.
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Nkwede, Friday E., Joseph O. Nkwede, and Bigben C. Ogbonna. "Rethinking terrorism financing and democracy in Africa: The Nigeria case." OGIRISI: a New Journal of African Studies 16 (October 2, 2020): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/og.v16i1.9.
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Terrorism financing has become a threat to humanity and democracy in Africa. Most terrorist organizations in Africa need money to carry out their massacre activities, which threatens African democracy, political stability, and economic development. The wave of terrorism activities and terrorism financing in Africa have remained a major cause for concern. The pervasive widespread of terrorist attacks seem to have defile all situations. Apparently, in Nigeria, terrorist attack reports have become a daily menu. The lethal killings by Boko Haram in Nigeria can be likened to the era of the Nigerian Civil war. This paper therefore, compares and contrasts the terrorism financing vis-à-vis the nascent democracy in Africa with a focus on Nigerian cases of Boko Haram. Terrorism financing misrepresents democratic growth and economic development in Africa, which brought about a rise in terrorist widespread and negative financial growth and progress in Nigeria and Africa. The multi-dimensional of terrorist financing has brought difficulties to trace terrorist funds due to legitimize illegal sourcing of funds to terrorist accounts. The paper finds that the current wave of terrorism financing have made African democracy unstable and pathetically feeble.
Keywords: Terrorism, financing, security, democracy
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Naumov, Yu G., and Yu V. Latov. "The Role of Organized Crime in Financing of Terrorism and Extremism." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18326.
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In the modern world there is an active financial interaction of organized crime and terrorism (extremism). In some cases, transnational criminal organizations specializing in common crimes are becoming sponsors of terrorist and extremist organizations. More often, however, transnational terrorist and extremist organizations in search of income begin to actively participate in transnational criminal activities of a common criminal nature (drug trafficking, illegal money transfer). The article outlines the main regularities of the intertwining of criminal crafts and terrorist (extremist) activities, connected mainly with the ideas of radical Islam (Islamism). Specific examples of the activities of Russian law enforcement agencies in suppressing the financing of terrorism in the 2010s are given. It is concluded that in the coming years, Russia will be bringing closer and intertwining such institutions as Islamist terrorism, legal and illegal migration from Central Asia, smuggling of drug trafficking and criminal financial transactions (hawala).
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Ali Suleymanova, Aytac. "CRITERIA FOR SOURCES OF TERRORISM FINANCING AND TYPES OF FUNDING SOURCES." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/215-218.
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Terrorism financing is required both to fund terrorist attacks and to develop and to maintain the terrorist organization and also to create an environment to sustain their activities. Terrorist organizations raise funds through a variety of sources around the world and move these funds between jurisdictions. These funds provide the interchangeable, easily transportable means to secure all other forms of material support. The variety of funding sources depends on the scale and centralization level of terrorist organizations. Selecting any of financing sources requires the consideration of advantages and disadvantages of them. The article describes the categories of terrorist funding sources and what criteria is considered to select the fund. Key words: terrorist funding, criteria to sources, funding types, legitimate sources, illegal activities, state sponsorship, popular support [attachment=1320:MƏQALƏNİ YÜKLƏ
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Othman, Radiah, and Rashid Ameer. "Institutionalization of risk management framework in Islamic NGOs for suppressing terrorism financing." Journal of Money Laundering Control 17, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-02-2013-0006.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to propose solutions for improving internal controls and transparency to alleviate concerns of international community over alleged linked with terrorist groups. Design/methodology/approach – The authors explore the counter-insurgency theory and political process model to explain the current state of counter-terrorism activities aimed at Islamic NGOs after 9/11. Findings – The authors believe the idea of money flow disruption to be of greater importance than freezing the accounts to suppress terrorism financing. Practical implications – Islamic NGOs established for philanthropic and humanitarian aid in third world Muslim countries have been accused of being involved in terrorism financing. This revelation is to the disadvantage of the donors who do not channel their donations for such activities. The authors propose risk management framework useful at operational level to detect and prevent welfare activities financing warfare activities. Originality/value – The proposed risk management framework is to complement various regional and international initiatives championed by Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering and Financial Action Task Force to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.
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Hussain, Abid. "Pakistan on FATFs Grey List: Terrorist Financing Perspective." Global Regional Review IV, no. IV (December 31, 2019): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iv).31.
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Pakistan is facing great challenges of terrorism which have posed serious threats towards integrity and stability of the country. It is unanimously agreed that finance serves as lifeline for execution of terrorist activities. Terrorist groups generate funds through multiple sources and transfer them by exploiting the loopholes existing in financial system. Despite, Pakistan has taken sufficient steps to counter the financing of terrorism (CFT), nonetheless, money is still transmitting due to some regulatory flaws of the financial system. Owing to terrorist financing related deficiencies, Pakistan has been placed on the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) “Grey list”. FATF has warned Pakistan to be blacklisted if precipitate actions to address TF related deficiencies are not taken until February 2020. The paper evaluates the present CFT legal framework and recommends certain legal initiatives required to be taken by Pakistan prior dead line of February 2020.
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Киреев, Михаил, Mikhail Kireev, Зуфар Тагиров, and Zufar Tagirov. "TERRORISM AND ECONOMY." Services in Russia and abroad 10, no. 5 (August 29, 2016): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21195.
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The article analyzes some aspects of the financial foundations of modern terrorism, considers sources of funding terrorist organization and movements, highlights the factors affecting the development of this phenomenon, presents the author´s view on the issue of "terrorist" finances. The authors substantiate that economic factors are the terrorism foundation, in this regard terrorist activity as an economic category is considered in two aspects: financing of separated terrorist acts and in general the terrorist ideology and practice. Some of the "traditional" options for the legalization of criminal incomes by terrorists are described. The specifics of terrorist economy as rule is that criminals for illegal activity usually get income in the form of cash. However, traditional use of cash for terrorist purposes in the current conditions takes second place and supplanted by developing non-cash financial instruments. The article distinguishes the financial and organizational factors that are favorable for terrorist activities, analyzes connection and interaction of terrorism and economic and financial spheres from the perspective of the "violent entrepreneurship" theory. Violent entrepreneurship is defined as a set of solutions and strategies, allowing to convert permanently an organized force in the cash income and other benefits that have market value. The authors offer the three-stage financial model of a terrorist attack. The first stage is advancement of political, economic and other requirements with the threat to paralyze the whole economic system of the country in case of their failure. The second stage includes demonstrational attack (or its threat) to a single economic structure and paralyzation of its actions. The third stage is repetition of requirements in a more rigid form relying on the effect of real or possible demonstration of force. In conclusion, the authors forecasts the future economic goals of global terrorism. Currently, the problem of financial and economic terrorism cannot be separated from the information, and in the future, information terrorism will focus on the global economy.
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MURATZHAN, Zarina, Kakimzhan Muratzhanovich BISHMANOV, and Zhanat Rakhimzhanovna DILBARKHANOVA. "The Development of National and International Legislation in the Field of Countering the Financing of Terrorist and Extremist Activities." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).29.
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This article discusses the legal aspects of countering the financing of terrorism and extremism at the national and international levels. The economic basis for the activities of terrorist and extremist organizations is money, which in many cases is received from legalized shadow incomes. Therefore, the legalization of shadow incomes and the financing of terrorism and extremism are inseparable in the legislation of many countries and international law. This article discusses some national characteristics and international legal experience in countering money laundering and the financing of terrorism and extremism. The purpose of the present work is to analyze the possibilities of applying global experience in countering the activities of terrorist and extremist organizations by suppressing their financing and making it more difficult. The authors have examined legal acts and the opinions of researchers suggesting various methods of countering the financing of terrorism. The analysis of the above materials allowed the authors to conclude the need to use international experience to improve the legal framework for countering the financing of terrorism and extremism in Kazakhstan.
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Tierney, Michael. "#TerroristFinancing." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2018010101.
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This article describes how the internet has come to play a central role in terrorist financing endeavours. Online channels allow terrorist financiers to network with like-minded individuals, in order to increase support, raise funds, and move wealth across the international system. For instance, the Islamic State, Hezbollah, and other groups have become adept at using these channels to finance their activities. Therefore, increased examination is required of the ways in which terrorists use the internet to raise and move funds. This study assesses some of the current trends and risks associated with online terrorist financing. Some policy options are also outlined, in order to reduce the threat of terrorist financing via the internet moving into the future.
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Карлеба, Владимир Александрович. "FINANCING THE INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IN CHECHNYA IN THE LATE 20TH - EARLY 21ST CENTURIES." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 3(44) (October 11, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2021.44.3.004.
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Вопросы борьбы с терроризмом и особенно с финансированием террористической деятельности всегда имели первостепенное значение в работе спецслужб и всех правоохранительных органов мирового сообщества. Особенно успешной представляется работа российской правоохранительной системы. В 2019 г. в Российской Федерации предотвращено 57 преступлений террористического характера, в том числе 34 теракта. В результате работы спецслужб нейтрализовано 32 преступника, из них девять главарей террористических группировок, а всего за 2019 г. задержаны 41 главарь, 241 боевик и 606 пособников террористов. В период подготовки статьи стало известно, что 4 марта 2020 г. сотрудники спецслужб разоблачили террористическую ячейку в г. Тверь, 22 марта 2020 г. ликвидировали боевика, который планировал совершить террористический акт в Башкирии, 27 марта 2020 г. органами ФСБ в Краснодарском крае задержан 27-летний россиянин, у которого обнаружено и изъято взрывное устройство, а в его смартфоне обнаружена переписка с членами запрещенной в РФ группировки «Исламское государство». Возможность осуществлять террористическую деятельность напрямую зависит от ее финансирования, а поэтому спецслужбы уделяют особое внимание перекрытию каналов финансирования терроризма. Так, в начале 2019 г. УФСБ по Краснодарскому краю пресечен масштабный канал финансирования терроризма, организованный членами так называемого «Краснодарского джимада». Пособниками террористов был осуществлен перевод денежных средств в размере более 10 млн р. на счета, используемые террористической организацией «Исламское государство». В состав преступной группы входили жители Краснодарского края, республик Дагестан, Северная Осетия, граждане Азербайджана. Перечисленные примеры говорят о необходимости обобщать и распространять опыт спецслужб Российской Федерации, и особенно находящихся на Северном Кавказе, по перекрытию каналов финансирования террористической деятельности и борьбе с терроризмом. В предлагаемой статье мы рассматриваем финансовые истоки международной террористической деятельности на Северном Кавказе, а именно основные черты и особенности преступного финансирования первого в мире террористического государства «Ичкерия» на территории Чеченской республики. К сожалению, исторический опыт и уроки борьбы с международным терроризмом Российской Федерации до сих пор не усвоен ее зарубежными партнерами, что повлекло в дальнейшем создание еще более мощного террористического государства на территории Ирака и Сирии. The fight against terrorism, especially terrorist financing, has always had a high priority in the work of the special services and all law enforcement agencies of the world community. The work of the Russian law enforcement system seems to be particularly successful. In 2019 in the Russian Federation 57 of terrorist crimes were prevented, including 34 attacks. As a result of work of the security services 32 of the offender were neutralized, nine of which were leaders of terrorist groups, and in 2019 the total 41 gangleaders were arrested as well as 241 terrorist fighters and 606 accomplices of terrorists. During the preparation of the article, it became known that on March 4, 2020, the security services exposed a terrorist cell in the city of Tver, on the 22 March 2020 liquidated terrorist fighters who planned to commit terrorist acts in Bashkiria and on March 27, 2020 a 27-year-old Russian was detained by the FSB in Krasnodar region, an explosive device was discovered and seized. In his smartphone there was a correspondence with members of the «Islamic state» banned in Russia. The opportunity to carry out a terrorist activity is directly dependent on its funding, and therefore the security services are paying special attention to the overlapping of channels of financing of terrorism. So, in early 2019, the FSB in Krasnodar region prevented large-scale channel of financing of terrorism, organized by members of the so-called «Krasnodar jimad». Accomplices of terrorists were carried out the transfer of funds in the amount of 10 million rubles to the accounts used by the terrorist organization «Islamic state». The structure of the criminal group consisted of residents of the Krasnodar territory, the republics of Dagestan, North Ossetia, the citizens of Azerbaijan. These examples speak of the need to consolidate and disseminate the experience of special services of the Russian Federation, and especially those in the North Caucasus, to cut off the channels of financing terrorist activities and the fight against terrorism. In the present paper we considered the financial sources of international terrorist activities in the North Caucasus, namely the main features and peculiarities of criminal funding the world's first terrorist state «Ichkeria» on the territory of the Chechen Republic. Unfortunately, the foreign partners of Russian haven’t learnt its historical experience and lessons of the fight against international terrorism, which resulted in the further establishment of a more powerful terrorist state in Iraq and Syria.
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Amrullah, M. Arief. "The Countermeasure Of Criminal Act Of Terrorism Financing Through Money Laundering." Pattimura Law Journal 6, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/palau.v6i2.949.
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The changes in the global economy have given a benefit to the criminals. They are taking advantage by increasing the flow of goods, money, and people across the world. This reality develops into various threats to national and global interests. One of them is related to terrorism financing and money laundering, which become immortal issues that are needed prevention by cutting the chain of terrorism financing loop through money laundering. In this regard, the FATF has issued the IX Special Recommendations related to funding for terrorism and has been incorporated in the FATF Forty Recommendations on money laundering as a basic framework to find, prevent and eradicate terrorism financing and terrorist acts in general.These particular recommendations have been implemented in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 the Year 2010 Regarding Countermeasures and Eradication of Money Laundering. Furthermore, specifically regarding terrorism funding is regulated in Law Number 9 of 2013, which is the right step for Indonesia in participating in fighting terrorist groups and their financing.Therefore, bank and non-bank financial institutions must be aware of the possibility of these institutions being used as a place of money laundering to finance terrorist activities by applying the principles of Know your customer and the regulations of knowing the users.
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Rodichev, Maksim Leonidovich, Yulia Aleksandrovna Lozina, Anton Dmitrievich Krivobokov, Artyom Aleksandrovich Lobanov, and Maria Valeryevna Rodicheva. "Mechanisms for freezing terrorist assets and their using within the operational-search activity." SHS Web of Conferences 108 (2021): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110803018.
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One of the areas of focus of counterterrorism efforts is eliminating the financial capabilities of terrorism. It is performed using different mechanisms which include tools of freezing property used for acts of a terrorist nature or their financing. The results of the application of the above-mentioned mechanisms allow making a supposition of the lack of efficacy of their use. As can be seen from the above, a need for scientific studies of problems related to using tools of freezing terrorists’ assets arises in order to increase its efficiency. The purpose of this study is to identify problems arising in the field of using tools of freezing property belonging to persons involved in acts of a terrorist nature. The empirical foundation of the study was the information concerning the activity progress in the area of combating the financing of terrorism, as well as the legal instruments that regulate this work. As part of the study, the methods of theoretical modeling, analysis and synthesis of principles of law and legal interpretation were applied. The study performed allowed coming to some results not previously presented in the scientific literature. Thus, the authors drafted proposals of affording a legal opportunity for all authorities authorized to perform operational-search activity, of submitting in a proactive manner at the Rosfinmonitoring (the Federal Financial Monitoring Service of the Russian Federation) the documents containing foundations for the insertion in the List of Individuals and Groups, in respect of which there is information about their involvement in extremist activities or terrorism, as well as of introducing changes in Art. 11 of the Federal Law “Concerning operational-search activity”, which allow using the results of operational-search activity for making decisions on freezing assets belonging to persons involved in acts of a terrorist nature or its financing.
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Kibalnik, Alexei, Pavel Volosyuk, and Alexei Ivanov. "Criminal-Law Counteraction to Acts of Terrorism: Main Trends in Russian Research Dissertations (2010-2020)." Russian Journal of Criminology 15, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(1).68-81.
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The threat of terrorism is and will, in the foreseeable future, remain highly urgent for all states and societies. In this connection, numerous problems (including criminal law ones) of counteracting terrorism attract close attention of both Russian and foreign researchers who work in various fields of knowledge. Russian dissertation theses of the past decade are dominated by the idea that acts of terrorism are specific threats to security and present a general (total) danger. It is becoming more and more common within the Russian doctrine to present formalized definitions of terrorism (terrorist activities) in its criminal law sense. On the other hand, a relatively new trend is the research of terrorism (terrorist activities) and its potential consequences within the framework of contemporary global threats, specifically, the analysis of the problem of terrorist activities in connection with the activities of international terrorist organizations. The authors stress that Russian researchers pay much attention to the emergence of potentially new terrorist threats (cyberterrorism, environmental terrorism) and develop counteraction measures. Research of specific manifestations of terrorism is focused on acts of terrorism, which are viewed as the «core» of all terrorist activities. On the other hand, legislative extension of the list of terrorist crimes became an object of close attention for Russian authors. A popular trend in criminal law research is analyzing assistance to terrorism, financing terrorism, public calls for performing acts of terrorism, public justification and propaganda of terrorism. One of the most widely discussed problems is that of criminalizing organized forms of terrorist activities (creation of terrorist groups and organizations, and participation in their activities) and criminalizing the act of international terrorism. A large-scale discussion was connected with the introduction of a norm that established the criminal character of failing to report a terrorist crime. The analysis of Russian dissertation theses devoted to various aspects of criminal law counteraction to terrorism (terrorist activities) of 2010–2020 shows that Russian and foreign research shares key trends. It is concluded that, in spite of some criticism of the corresponding clauses in criminal legislation, most Russian researchers support the hard-line approach to counteracting terrorism. This approach presupposes further strengthening of repressions for crimes of terrorism, reducing or eliminating the possibility of using incentive norms of criminal legislation towards persons who committed terrorist crimes.
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Lee, Chia-yi. "Oil and Terrorism." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 5 (October 20, 2016): 903–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002716673702.
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Is there an association between oil and terrorism? If so, how are they linked to each other? While there are literature and anecdotes about oil money financing terrorism, this article identifies three mechanisms through which oil is linked to terrorism: funding, targeting, and motivating. Oil-producing countries are prone to terrorism because they are important targets of terrorists who may attack oil facilities to cause greater impact and to harm powerful countries’ overseas interests and also because oil often generates grievances or greed among local people who may in turn engage in terrorist activities. Using data on terrorist incidents and oil income, this article finds a strong, positive relationship between oil and terrorism. To test the mechanisms, this article uses both large- N and small- N data analyses, and the findings suggest that while all three mechanisms appear to explain the oil–terrorism linkage, the targeting and motivating mechanisms are more likely than the funding mechanism. Oil-producing countries have a higher tendency to sponsor terrorism, but no direct evidence indicates oil money flowing to terrorists except for money from kidnapping or extorting oil workers.
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Roberge, Ian. "Misguided Policies in the War on Terror? The Case for Disentangling Terrorist Financing from Money Laundering." Politics 27, no. 3 (October 2007): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2007.00300.x.
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In the war on terror governments have sought to tackle the issue of terrorist financing by building on the pre-existing regime against money laundering. The article argues that although there are similarities between money laundering and terrorist financing, there are also important differences between these illegal financial activities. Money laundering is ultimately about safeguarding profits, while terrorist financing aims to support groups with violent political objectives. The article suggests that each threat would be best addressed by the use of targeted strategies.
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Wang, Bozeng. "Research on the Legal Model of international Anti-Terrorism Coordination." International Law Research 10, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v10n1p1.
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Terrorism seriously endangers world peace and security. In order to achieve the goal of effectively combating international terrorism, we must promote the establishment of a multi-level model of anti-terrorism cooperation. The current legal models of international counter-terrorism cooperation mainly include global counter-terrorism cooperation, regional counter-terrorism cooperation and bilateral counter-terrorism cooperation.
Global counter-terrorism cooperation led by the United Nations is the most important form of counter-terrorism cooperation. The UN has set up a Counter-terrorism Committee and a series of treaties. The United Nations demands that States should prevent and stop the financing of terrorist ACTS; Criminalizes any person or thing that, by any means, directly or indirectly, provides or raises funds for terrorist activities; (b) Immediately freeze the assets of individuals and entities that facilitate, finance or participate in terrorist ACTS; The provision of any funds and financial assets and related services to individuals and entities assisting, financing or participating in terrorist ACTS is prohibited.
Regional counter-terrorism cooperation refers to the cooperation between geographically adjacent countries to combat terrorism, which is an important part of international counter-terrorism cooperation. The main regional anti-terrorism cooperation organizations are: Association of Southeast Asian Nations, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, European Union, Organization of American States, Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Bilateral anti-terrorism cooperation refers to the cooperation between two parties in order to form a joint anti-terrorism force. Bilateral cooperation can be between states or between states and regional organizations. Bilateral cooperation in flexible and diverse forms is also an important form of counter-terrorism cooperation.
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Hamin, Zaiton, Rohana Othman, Normah Omar, and Hayyum Suleikha Selamat. "Conceptualizing terrorist financing in the age of uncertainty." Journal of Money Laundering Control 19, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-06-2015-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the concept of terrorism, terrorism financing, the relationship between money laundering and terrorism financing and the governance of terrorism financing. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a doctrinal, content analysis and secondary data, of which the Anti-Money Laundering and Anti-Terrorism Financing Act 2001 and the Penal Code are the primary sources. The secondary sources for this paper include articles in academic journals, books and online databases. Findings Several methods are involved in the commission of terrorism financing such as raising, moving and using of funds. The activities relating to terrorism financing under the Penal Code are broader than such activities. Despite the adherence by Malaysia to international policies established by the Financial Action Task Force, terrorism financing has remained a threat that must be addressed by the relevant authorities. Practical implications This paper could be a useful source of information for the practitioners, academicians, policymakers and students studying this particular area of crime. Originality/value This paper contributes to a discourse on terrorism financing in the Malaysian context.
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Dostić, Siniša, and Dragana Vidaković. "Terrorist propaganda on the Internet." Bastina, no. 51 (2020): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina30-26323.
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The exchange of large amount of data contributed to making information technologies an integral part of the modern world, often shaping public opinion, whether through its using, or abusing. In such a sense, modern terrorism uses or abuses various possibilities of information technologies, especially Internet, for the promotion of its own activities, as well as for the recruitment. Internet usage made the eradiation of terrorism propaganda such an easy task, so Internet practically became overwhelmed by it. Attitudes and threats expressed by terrorists that put their opponents under serious pressure, as well as recruitment of new members has contributed to to an increase in the number of terrorist groups that abuse the Internet for media purposes. Additional problems stem from the impossibility of their effective and timely control in a bid to prevent abuse aimed at terrorist propaganda, but also from the fact that most propaganda activities can neither be prevented nor limited in time, since such preventions and limitations infringe human rights, such as freedom of expression, religion and others. Since propaganda itself is not prohibited, the use of propaganda for promotion, financing, recruitment, training and commission of terrorism purposes is characterized as a criminal offense. In accordance with the European legislation, in order to provide evidence of incitement to terrorism, the connection between intent and direct causality has to be specified between the alleged propaganda, actual conspiracy or commission of terrorist acts. In this regard, the aim of this paper is to point out to danger of terrorist propaganda on the Internet, as well as to its types of manifestations (symbols) in an attempt to identify it in a timely manner and to curtail it in an adequate way.
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Gruenewald, Jeff, Brent R. Klein, Grant Drawve, Brent L. Smith, and Katie Ratcliff. "Suspicious preoperational activities and law enforcement interdiction of terrorist plots." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-08-2018-0125.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a metric for validating the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR) Initiative’s (NSI) sixteen-category instrument, which is designed to guide law enforcement in the collection and analysis of suspicious behaviors preceding serious crimes, including terrorist attacks. Design/methodology/approach Data on suspicious preoperational activities and terrorism incident outcomes in the USA between 1972 and 2013 come from the American Terrorism Study (ATS). Using a mixed-method approach, the authors conduct descriptive and multivariate analyses to examine the frequencies of the least and most prevalent suspicious activities (or SAR indicators) and how they predict the likelihood of terrorism prevention. In addition, the authors contextualize how configurations of SAR indicators are associated with the successful thwarting of terrorism incidents by law enforcement using an analytical method known as conjunctive analysis of case configurations (CACC). Findings The study reveals several key findings. First, certain behaviors categorized as suspicious, such as making threats, occur more frequently than others. Second, making threats, conducting surveillance and terrorist recruitment/financing predict law enforcement interdiction in terrorism plots, while misrepresentation (or the manufacturing and use of false documents) is more associated with terrorist success. Third, prevalent SAR indicators operate differently in the context of various combinations of suspicious activities to shape the likelihood for law enforcement interdiction. Research limitations/implications The current study’s findings may not be generalizable to other forms of violent extremism and terrorism outside of the USA. Practical implications This study illuminates opportunities for the NSI to provide law enforcement with the necessary tools to reduce terrorism risk and prevent future attacks. Originality/value To our knowledge, no scholarly work to date has assessed how observable behavioral indicators of suspicious preoperational activities affect the outcomes of terrorist plots.
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NECHAEV, D. N., and T. N. BUKREEVA. "RUSSIA AND CHINA AGAINST TERRORISM: STAGES AND DIRECTIONS OF COOPERATION." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 16, no. 1 (2021): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2021-16-1-208-225.
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The purpose of the article is to determine the main prerequisites for the development of Russian-Chinese anti-terrorist cooperation, to study the international treaty base that determines the priority areas of bilateral interaction, based on the dynamics of joint anti-terrorist activities, to propose a periodization of interaction between the two countries in the area under study. The research methodology is based on a systematic analysis of bilateral cooperation between Russia and China in countering terrorism. In the course of the study, the authors analyzed the treaty base within the framework of this topic, the UN reports on terrorism and the FATF recommendations for Russia and China. As a result, on the basis of the proposed periodization, it is demonstrated that Russian-Chinese bilateral cooperation in the fight against terrorism is of an applied systemic nature and is fine-tuned in the areas of holding consultative meetings, countering the financing of terrorist activities and organizing joint military exercises. The authors revealed that the problematic area of interaction is the exchange of operational information in the framework of terrorist financing, associated with the unwillingness of the Chinese side to provide relevant information at their disposal. In conclusion, it is proved that it is advisable to expand cooperation between Russia and China in the fight against international terrorism in the direction of countering non-standard challenges and threats to the information space, biological origin, chemical impact and environmental nature.
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Novikova, Irina. "Terrorism in COVID’s shadow." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 1 (2022): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.01.07.
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This paper examines the activities of terrorist groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. The author focuses on the comparison between the opportunities offered by the pandemic to terrorist groups and the factors hampering terrorist activities. It could be expected that extremist groups may succeed in exploiting the pandemic to increase recruitment and disruption. But the predicted surge in terrorism did not happen. Coronavirus restrictions disrupted terrorist groups’ operations, travelling and fundraising. However, in some states where the spread of the disease took place in the context of ongoing armed conflict, the terrorist threat has increased. On the whole, the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic had a negative impact on public sentiment, creating a breeding ground for radicalisation on various ideological spectrums. Far-right and Islamist extremist groups have already incorporated COVID-19 into their narratives. The pandemic has provided them with new opportunities to spread extremist propaganda and ideology. The paper shows how terrorist groups have adapted and conducted their activities during the pandemic. Some terrorist and extremist threats have shifted from physical to online environment (communications, financing, propaganda, radicalisation, recruitment, etc.), and a wide range of new technologies and tools have become much more widespread. It is likely that the pandemic, ineffective governance and the withdrawal of Western counter-terrorism contingents from hot zones will contribute to the fact that terrorism (and, in particular, militant Islamism) will remain a global threat within the foreseeable future.
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Tierney, Michael. "Spotting the lone actor: combating lone wolf terrorism through financial investigations." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-08-2016-0052.
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Purpose In 2014, Paul Gill et al. introduced a study of 119 lone-actor terrorism cases, and found that lone-actor extremists could be more accurately identified by their behavioural characteristics and activities, rather than their extremist ideologies. The study was said to have significant impact on intelligence analysis in the field of counterterrorism. The purpose of this paper is to apply Gill et al.’s findings to financial intelligence investigations, to assist investigators with the detection and prevention of lone-actor terrorist financing. Design/methodology/approach This article provides an overview of the key findings provided by Gill et al. It then discusses the indicators of lone-actor terrorism in the context of financial intelligence investigations, and sets out methods to improve financial intelligence investigations to better identify and stop lone-actor terrorism in the future. Findings By applying traditional financial intelligence techniques, which focus on assessing an individual’s activity and behaviour, with open-source intelligence gathering, financial intelligence investigators will be better equipped to identify lone-actor terrorism and its financing moving forward. Originality/value This article will be of value to investigators specializing in terrorism and financial crime, as it will assist them in the identification of a proliferating security threat, the lone-actor terrorist. While the article relies on the findings provided by Gill et al., it takes a new approach by applying those findings specifically to the financial intelligence sector, to improve investigations related to terrorism.
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Babington-Ashaye, Adejoké. "Prioritizing Accountability for Sexual Terrorism on the Global Peace and Security Agenda: An Assessment of the Way Forward from National Prosecutions of Sexual Terrorism by Boko Haram to Security Council Decisiveness." Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 199–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644720x16061196655052.
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Twenty years after the United Nations (UN) Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security and twenty-five years after the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the prevalence of sexual violence by parties to armed conflicts continues unabated. Despite the responsibility of every State to address such crimes, conflict-related sexual violence has not been met with corresponding accountability. At the same time, national prosecutions of terrorist activities have largely focused on membership and financing of terrorist groups. Even though the majority of States have endorsed the historic 2013 Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict which provides that 'sexual violence committed in conflict must not be viewed as a lesser crime,' accountability for 'sexual terrorism' – defined in the article as conflict-related sexual violence and human trafficking utilized as a tactic of terrorism – has not garnered the same response as other terrorism crimes especially in Security Council resolutions.<br/> With the focus on Boko Haram, this article addresses the practicalities of national investigations and prosecutions in Nigeria of conflict-related sexual violence and human trafficking as acts of terrorism using Nigeria's 2011 Terrorism Prevention Act (TPA) and its 2013 amendment. Although these pieces of legislation make no express provision for accountability for sexual terrorism, the article proposes interpretations of provisions in the TPA that could be utilized to investigate and prosecute sexual terrorism by Boko Haram. The article also addresses some practical challenges faced by federal prosecutors in bringing such charges to court such as evidentiary practices requiring medical corroboration and it explores possible solutions to ensure accountability. Finally, the article juxtaposes Security Council resolutions on terrorist financing with resolutions on the nexus between terrorism, human trafficking, and conflictrelated sexual violence. It observes that, adopting resolutions pursuant to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Security Council gave terrorist financing a platform on which accountability was mandated. A similar platform has not been afforded to sexual terrorism and the article explores possible reasons. In the author's view, until sexual terrorism is given the same platform as terrorist financing, the push for domestic accountability for sexual terrorism remains a battle on an uphill road paved with good intentions.
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Ahmed Shaikh, Tahseen, and Fateh Muhammad Burfat. "ORGANISED CRIME IN PAKISTAN: A CRIMINOLOGICAL STUDY OF MONEY LAUNDERING." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 57, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v57i1.77.
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Organised crime is chameleonic in nature. It is transnational, dynamic, overlapped criminal activities and pervasive in nature. In the same way, money laundering is the predicate offence and it is naturally linked to other organised crimes. After the cold war, this nexus culminated during the occurrence of 9/11 in particular which was a lethal combination of money laundering (ML) and terrorist financing (TF). This combination is currently being experienced by Pakistan; where various terrorist groups are involved with direct and indirect support of proceeds from drug trafficking, assassination, land grabbing, arms smuggling and various other organised crimes routing through the abusage of financial and non-financial channels and support to terrorism. This has left serious socio-politico and economic consequences in the south Asian region and global as well. The researcher found very limited evidence of money laundering characteristics in the existing research literature on Pakistan. Thus to carry out research work on the subject was need of the hour in Pakistan. This led the researcher to find out root causes and existing weaknesses at the regime’s end in countering financial crime and financing of terrorism.
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Trăistaru, Marius. "Involving cross-border organized crime networks from ex-Soviet sources in support of terrorism and their influence on regional economic development." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0092.
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AbstractThis paper indicates how the actions of organized crime networks (especially the former the former Soviet Union) can affect, from an economic point of view, the elaboration of policies to combat transnational terrorism. Transnational organized crime poses a significant and growing threat to national and international security, with dire implications for public safety, public health, democratic institutions, and economic stability across the globe. Not only are criminal networks expanding, but they also are diversifying their activities, resulting in the convergence of threats that were once distinct and today have explosive and destabilizing effects. Ex-soviet organized crime networks represent a significant threat to economic growth and democratic institutions. Nuclear material trafficking is an especially prominent concern in the former Soviet Union. Because some terrorist-extremist organizations are criminal groups that have a specific organization, logistics, specific training and education systems that cannot work without having material and financial resources. As a result, one of the most effective ways to fight the threat of terrorist organizations is to combat terrorism financing. Within the European Union, the primary responsibility for combating terrorist financing lies with the Member States. However, the EU can and should play a supporting role in helping to respond to the transnational nature of the threat.
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Abdulatipov, A. M. "ABOUT COUNTERING THE FINANCING OF EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)." Law Нerald of Dagestan State University 35, no. 3 (2020): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2020-35-3-121-127.
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The article is devoted to the study of forms and methods of financing terrorism at the present time. This article describes the role of state authorities (including law enforcement) and local governments in countering the financing of terrorism and extremism. Based on the results of the study of analytical materials and criminal cases, the most effective measures in the mechanism for countering the financing of extremist and terrorist activities have been determined. The author notes that in order to effectively counter the financing of terrorism and extremism, the relevant state authorities need to rely not only on an understanding of traditional forms and methods of financing terrorism, but also on the results of tracking constantly developing and changing new risks. Based on the research the author made a number of conclusions and proposals of theoretical and practical importance
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Bobkier, Robert. "Contemporary narcoterrorism in Latin America. A case of Colombia and Mexico." Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy 2, no. 43 (July 31, 2022): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9795.
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At the end of the Cold War, the term "narcoterrorism" was coined. This concept originally meant ties between drug dealers and terrorist organizations and the countries of the Soviet bloc. The definition of this phenomenon, developed later, is ambiguous and means both methods attributed to terrorists, applied by drug cartels and the financing of their activities by terrorist groups through drug trafficking. This article deals with the first of these meanings and discusses the situation in two Latin American countries. The Colombian Medellin cartel was the first to use typical terrorist measures. Criminals carried out bomb attacks on public buildings, planes and attacks on politicians. In doing so, they wanted to achieve the goal of preventing the extradition of cartel leaders. Mass drug production has been going on since the 1930s in Mexico, but at the turn of 21st century, local criminal groups monopolized drug trafficking routes to the US. In 2006, an attempt by the state to combat this practice resulted in a long-term "drug war", in which several hundred thousand people were killed. There has also been an unprecedented increase in crime in the world, to the point where about 100 people are killed at the hands of the cartels in Mexico on a daily basis. The international community has almost unanimously labeled the activities of the Mexican drug cartels as terrorism. Only the opinion expressed in Mexican literature differed in that respect. The cooperation of these cartels with terrorist organizations turned out to constitute another threat to international security. This kind of cooperation can bring mutual benefits to terrorist groups and the countries supporting them – especially in the case of money laundering. The long-term operation of cartels has created the phenomenon of "drug culture" in Latin American communities, glorifying the terrorist activities of cartels and the figures of their leaders.
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Cindori, Sonja, and Jelena Slović. "Identifying Money Laundering in Business Operations as a Factor for Estimating Risk." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 3, no. 3 (2017): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.33.2001.
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Money laundering and terrorist financing can be performed in many ways, regular business operations being among them. Business activities go through a large number of business changes, which offers numerous options for money or assets to enter the company via seemingly legal business transactions, enabling money or assets to remain in regular business flows once money laundering is completed. On the other hand, the opposite scenario, in which there is interest in money to be transferred from regular flows to alternative flows, including terrorism financing, is also common. This paper will discuss legal business operations as a framework for money laundering and terrorist financing. Cash flow cycles are presented in form of an algorithm as connections between irregularly and regularly acquired assets in the process of money laundering through business operations, as well as re-entry from regular flows into alternative cash flows. The “Butterfly Diagram”, presenting groups of business changes enabling entry of larger amounts of money and assets owned by a company in order to be laundered or their exit with the effect or tax evasion or terrorism financing, evolved from the algorithm. Also, the “Butterfly Diagram” includes certain forms of legal and tax misuse which enable legalizing the specified activities. The business reality is exceptionally dynamic and needs of money launderers keep growing, this is why there is an increase in types and numbers of business transactions that can be used for money laundering or terrorism financing, resulting in the need to keep modifying the presented “Butterfly Diagram”.
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Bastrykin, Alexandr I. "Countering terrorism and extremism by the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 4 (2021): 836–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.402.
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The article provides a comprehensive analysis of one of the most complex problems of our time — terrorism. Terrorism in modern Russia and in the world poses a real threat to the security of society and the state. The work presents the activity of the National Antiterrorism Committee in coordinating and organizing interagency interaction aimed at combating terrorism, with the involvement of civil society institutions. Particular attention is given to the legal framework for countering terrorism, which includes constant monitoring and analysis of terrorist activity, Russian legislation in this field, and the preparation and adoption of relevant legal acts aimed at increasing the effectiveness of countering terrorism. The article analyzes the work of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation on the use of criminal law measures to combat terrorist crimes using specific examples and statistics. The issues of blocking the financing channels of terrorist organizations in the course of joint activities by the Investigative Committee of Russia, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the FSB of Russia and Rosfinmonitoring are also addressed. It is emphasized that effective cooperation between all interested departments makes it possible to achieve positive results in countering terrorism and extremism. The author proposes to minimize the consequences of terrorist crimes on the Internet related to the recruitment of new members of terrorist organizations, including among the youth. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to increase the role of the informational component for crime prevention. The mass media should be used more actively for timely and reliable posting of information related to actions by law enforcement to counter terrorist activities and educate citizens. This would make it possible to form a negative attitude towards radicalism in all its manifestations and reject any attempt to justify terror.
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Manh, Bui Tan. "Mobile Money Services Pose a Threat to Money Laundering Prevention." INFLUENCE : International Journal of Science Review 2, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/influence.v2i2.102.
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Mobile money service has been proved an effective tool in financial industry in recent years around the world. Although this kind of financial service brings a number of advantages, many concerns have been raised regarding potential issues that may stem from the use of mobile money. Among these concerns are the issues of using mobile money to facilitate money laundering activities and terrorist financing. In order to mitigate those potential risks for financial system in general, this paper seeks to explore the mobile money characteristics that may pose risks to anti-money laundering and terrorist financing system. This work is based on the available information from scientific research, articles and reports, and other sources.
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I., Kunitsyna, and Tushbatulina M. "Construction of the system of internal control in microfinance organizations for AML / CFT purposes." KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i2.1529.
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The article deals with the main characteristics of a microfinance market in the Russian Federation, reflects the main regulatory and legal framework for regulating the core activities of microfinance organizations and activities to counter money laundering and terrorist financing. The work shows the importance of internal control for AML / CFT. The purpose of the article is the development of a few activities that should be carried out by the internal control service in microfinance organizations for AML / CFT purposes. Keywords: Microfinance organizations, regulation, control, terrorism, money laundering, legalization.
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Tierney, Michael. "Well funded and dangerous: assessing the Islamic State’s financing operations." Journal of Money Laundering Control 20, no. 2 (May 2, 2017): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2016-0026.
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Purpose The existing literature on Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has thus far focused on the group’s contemporary or previous financing activities. However, there has not been an analysis of the ways in which ISIS’ funding is likely to change moving forward now that it has come under international scrutiny. The purpose of this paper is to assess the ways in which ISIS’ funding is likely to evolve in the future and to also suggest methods for combating its financing activities. Design/methodology/approach The paper is theoretical in nature. By assessing the existing literature on terrorist financing, it is apparent that terrorist organizations alter their funding sources and methods after coming under intense international scrutiny. Therefore, two hypotheses are put forth for the future of ISIS’ funding activities: the group will become more effective at building social support among its local population, thereby consolidating is funding sources and methods within Syria and Iraq; and the group will increasingly branch out, searching for sources from a transnational network, as its base in Syria and Iraq begins to deteriorate. Findings Community support is essential for sustaining a terrorist network. As a result, it is likely that ISIS will increasingly seek funding from a transnational network as its base of support in Iraq and Syria begins to deteriorate. There is also a distinct third possibility that the group will be able to consolidate its base while also moving abroad for financial support. This third option presents the most complicated outcome for the international community in its fight against ISIS. Originality/value This study fills a gap in the literature on terrorist financing, particularly with regards to ISIS, to assist the international community in its fight against the group both now and moving into the future.
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Chasova, Tetiana. "Use of financial monitoring in the investigation of crimes in the economic sphere." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.74.
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The scientific article analyzes the conduct of financial monitoring during the investigation of economic crimes. The position ofscientists on the definition of financial monitoring and its role in the formation of economic security of the state is studied. The mainstatements of the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention and Counteraction to Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime, Financingof Terrorism and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction” on financial monitoring and standards of the Group for Developmentof Financial Measures to Combat Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (FAT) and European Union Directive 2015/849 “On theprevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing”.Ensuring the economic security of the state is possible provided that the fight against legalization (laundering) of proceeds fromcrime. Economic crimes undermine the economic and financial system of the state, encroach on the legitimate interests of individuals.Financial monitoring is a form of financial control and its conduct as part of a criminal investigation and is a means of proof.The problem of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime in recent years has become particularly important because itthreatens the economic security of the country. That is why the state implements measures of enhanced control in this matter throughlegal regulation of financial monitoring. The purpose of criminal proceedings is to resolve controversial issues, including the appropriatefinancial monitoring of suspicious activities related to money laundering.The financial monitoring system covers all financial service providers and determines that there should be cooperation in resol -ving issues related to the legalization of proceeds from crime. The issue of the use of financial monitoring in criminal proceedings hasbeen studied by researchers and practitioners, but many issues remain unresolved.
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Chernadchuk, T. O., and V. O. Berezovska. "THE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM: THE ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION AND SOME NATIONAL ANTITERRORISM PROGRAMMES." Constitutional State, no. 48 (December 19, 2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2022.48.267964.
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Terrorist attacks strike not only the victims, their friends and families, but also the fundamental principles of the European Union. The choice of the topic of the article is caused by the fact that today the European Union recognizes money laundering, terrorist financing and international terrorism as some of the main threats to its financial system and citizens’ security. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of activities and decisions of the European Union in this area. The methodological basis of the work consists of both general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge. The EU legislation in the sphere of counter-terrorism was investigated using the analytical method, the method of abstraction gave an opportunity to assess the general current state of legal regulation of the fight against terrorism. The use of the comparative legal approach made it possible to analyze the national antiterrorist programmes of chosen European countries. The logical legal method was applied when formulating conclusions and proposals. The article deals with the issues related to the legal aspects of the fight against international terrorism. The paper investigates the steps taken by the European Union, i.e., the adoption of resolutions and strategies, the signing of treaties, the creation of institutions that function with the purpose to combat and prevent terrorist attacks, which are the constituents of the general concept of the antiterrorist system. The authors indicate the most important treaty provisions and institutions as well as their development and influence on the system of the fight against terrorism by the European Union. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of activities and decisions of the European Union in this area. It has been investigated that the external activities of the EU include the support of countries in improving their judicial systems and the potential of law enforcement authorities as well as the integration of European antiterrorist legislation into their security strategies. In the studied countries, the systematic approach to the fight against terrorism is clearly visible.
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Demirović, Lejla, Ševala Isaković-Kaplan, and Mahir Proho. "Risk Management of Preventing Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing." Journal of Forensic Accounting Profession 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 14–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jfap-2022-0007.
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Abstract Aware of the danger that the risk of money laundering and terroist financing has on the whole society, and with the aim of increasing awareness of the effective fight against the same risk in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the paper deals with the research of mechanisms for managing the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing activities. The research of this work will be focused on determining the degree of application of the requirements of the legislative and institutional framework for the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing by those obliged to apply law. Also, the paper points to the cooperation of state institutions with entities of the BiH, and examines the degree of compliance of the BiH system with international standards related to the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing. In order to assess the management of this risk as efficiently as possible, the paper will cover financial and non-financial money transfer systems, and indicate the level of measures taken in this fight by the competent institutions. For the purposes of research in the paper, the data published by the competent institutions through their reports/publications will be used, with a special focus on the data published by the Banking Agency of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as the legal entity that reported the largest number of suspicious transactions in the analyzed period. The results of the research indicate that there is no concern regarding the management of the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing in BiH, and that the risk can be quantified in the category of moderate risk.
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Naheem, Mohammed Ahmad. "Legal analysis of Qatar’santi-money laundering and combating terrorist financing legislation and regulation amidst the summer 2017 GCC crisis." Journal of Money Laundering Control 23, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-09-2017-0054.
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Purpose The recent diplomatic split between members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Qatar with accusations of terrorist financing (TF). This paper aims to study Qatar’s domestic legislations, which specifically targets money laundering and TF activities. The country has stringently worked in compliance with international standards on combating financing of terrorism (CFT) and anti-money laundering (AML) practices by imparting autonomous power to regulatory bodies, such as the Qatar Central Bank and other agencies. Design/methodology/approach This paper studies independent legislations passed under the Emir’s decree over the past decade advancing Qatar’s AML ranking, with significant effort in CFT regulations. The paper also analyses the advancement in AML/CFT regulation and their validity with respect to international standards set by various governmental, intergovernmental and non-profit agencies. Findings The analysis finds Qatar in compliance with strong AML/CFT regulations. Further, it finds the government to have provided transparent oversight to international organizations that attest to the findings of the legislative efforts. This paper disproves claims and accusations that have possibly been presented to the GCC and subsequently led members to abruptly end diplomatic relations with Qatar over allegations of TF activities, amongst others. Originality/value The paper offers insight into Qatar’s legislative and regulatory advancement with respect to the AML/CTF in the past decade. The paper also discusses Qatar’s legislative advancement in relation to the evolutions of the country’s financial system, adopting a more robust mechanism to combat financing of terrorism and ML.
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Repetskyi, Serhii. "Criminal offenses of terrorist direction in criminal legislation of foreign countries." Scientific and informational bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law named after King Danylo Halytskyi, no. 11(23) (June 11, 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33098/2078-6670.2021.11.23.181-188.
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Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the criminal offenses of terrorism in the criminal law of foreign countries and to outline the limits of the use of its positive assets. The methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of existing scientific and theoretical material and formulation of relevant conclusions. The following methods of scientific cognition were used during the research: comparative-legal, logical-grammatical, system-structural, modeling. Results In the course of the research it was recognized that in the criminal legislation of foreign countries there is no single approach to the definition of criminal offenses of terrorist orientation. In most European countries, prosecution is provided not only in the criminal code, but also in special laws to combat this phenomenon. At the same time, increased attention is paid to the fight against terrorist financing and incitement to terrorism. Also noteworthy is the attribution to terrorism of a significant number of illegal acts, which without a terrorist purpose constitute independent criminal offenses (murder, bodily harm, riots, robbery, damage to important public buildings, kidnapping, etc.). Scientific novelty. In the course of the research it is scientifically substantiated to divide the legislation on liability for criminal offenses of terrorist orientation into three models: 1) complex (combination of criminal law and specially defined for counter-terrorism legislation); 2) criminal law; 3) criminological, in which the fight against terrorism is reflected only in specialized legislation. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-making activities in further improving the national criminal law on terrorist offenses, as well as in the educational process during the teaching and study of disciplines "Special part of criminal law of Ukraine" and "Criminology".
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Hunko, Leonid. "Regulatory and Legal Provision of the Fight Against Illegal Armed Groups in Ukraine." Democratic governance 29, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/dg2022.01.096.
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Problem setting. The definition of illegal armed groups is analyzed, the content of problems that need a legal provision to combat illegal armed groups is determined. The system of Ukrainian normative legal acts and key international legal acts related to terrorism and the fight against terrorist financing is outlined. Problem statement. Armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, in particular, armed clashes and hostilities with the participation of regular or irregular forces of the Russian Federation, illegal armed groups and terrorist organizations at the Ukrainian state border, as well as provocative activities of the occupation administration of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions, and sabotage, requires measures to ensure the national security of Ukraine. The improvement of legal framework for combating the regular Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the illegal armed groups and terrorist organizations is an important component for ensuring national security. Analysis of recent research and publications. Issues related to the activities of illegal armed groups in eastern Ukraine, as well as regulatory provisions in this matter have been studied by a number of researchers. In particular, O. Fedenko and B. Panasyuk in their research consider the illegal armed groups as an instrument of hybrid warfare in eastern Ukraine. V. Kobko, V. Servatyuk and M. Polishchuk studied the structure, configuration and development of forms and methods of combat operations of the illegal armed groups. R. Dudarets investigates the creation and activity of illegal armed groups. However, based on the aggravation of the situation in eastern Ukraine and the intensification of the activity of the illegal armed groups, the legal aspects of combating the illegal armed groups need further research and improvement. Highlighting of previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. The contribution of the above-mentioned researchers is important, however it is necessary to pay attention to the need for further research in this matter. The aim of the study is to analyze the legal provisions for recognition of the Russian Federation as an aggresor at the legislative level, to classify the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine as an international conflict, to recognize the occupation administration of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions as terrorist organizations. Statement of basic materials. The escalation of the conflict in eastern Ukraine is associated with the aggressive behavior of the Russian Federation and the intensification of the activity of the illegal armed groups that supported and controlled the Russian Federation. The illegal armed groups can be defined on the basis of the UN Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, from the notes to Art. 260 (“Creation of non- statutory paramilitary or armed formations”) of the Criminal Code of Ukraine or based on the characteristics of their formation and activities. Main problems related to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation: recognition of the Russian Federation as an aggressor state in Ukraine and in the world and recognition of the occupation administrations of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions as terrorist organizations and therefore recognition of armed groups as terrorists at the legislative and international levels. Ukraine managed only to appeal to international organizations by issuing the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which had no legal consequences. The non-recognition of the occupation administrations of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions, and hence the illegal armed groups as terrorist organizations is confirmed by the fact that the occupation administrations are not included in the List of Persons Related to Terrorism or International Sanctions according to the Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. There is a certain legal inconsistency concerning which article of the Criminal Code of Ukraine should be used to prosecute illegal armed groups: Art. 258-3 (assistance to terrorist organizations) or Art. 260 (creation of paramilitary or armed formations not provided by law). In general, the legal framework for combating terrorism includes the following: the Constitution of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Combating Terrorism”, the Law of Ukraine “On Preventing and Combating Money Laundering, terrorist financing and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction “, and other laws. The European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, as well as other conventions relating to bombings, nuclear terrorism, hostage-taking, etc. are important in terms of international legal instruments. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The concept of an illegal armed group is defined in the notes to Art. 260 (“Creation of paramilitary or armed formations not provided by law”) of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In general, there may be another definition of the illegal armed group as any armed group, which is created and operates contrary to Ukrainian law in order to sabotage the current constitutional order, change the territory of the state, achieve any other anti-government political goals by using weapons, explosives and more. It is determined that the main problem lies in the fact that the conflict in eastern Ukraine is not recognized as the international armed conflict, and the occupation administrations of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions and illegal armed groups are not recognized as terrorist organizations. Further analysis and research shall be done on regulations on the fight against terrorism in general and the illegal armed groups in particular, which have already been adopted and will be adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in the future in connection with the escalation of the conflict with the Russian Federation.
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Grigor’eva, Kseniya S. "Problem of Selective Control as a Means of Countering Terrorism (On the example of Poland, Latvia, Bulgaria)." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 7, no. 4 (2019): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.4.6809.
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The use of ethnic discrimination in anti-terrorism activities is often preceded by terrorist attacks. The need for increased control over certain groups of citizens on the basis of their ethnic and / or national origin, as a rule, is justified by the extraordinary situation. However, ethnically selective control also exists where terrorist risks are low. The article discusses the relevant experience of Poland, Latvia and Bulgaria – countries where a low level of terrorist threat is officially declared. In all three countries, the main subject of ethnically selective control are people from the so-called “high-risk” countries. Discrimination against the citizens of these countries is carried out with the approval of the central authorities. The concept of “high-risk countries” is associated with the concept of “high-risk third countries” having strategic deficiencies in their anti-money laundering/counter-terrorism financing regimes”, introduced by the European Commission, as well as with the concept of “target countries” used in the United States. The inclusion of Palestine and the Caucasian republics of the Russian Federation in the list of high-risk countries suggests that in Poland, Latvia and Bulgaria Russian and Israeli methods of countering terrorism are also taken into account. Poland, Latvia and Bulgaria use similar approaches to the fight against terrorism, they are located close to each other and they have a common recent historical past. This makes it very likely either a direct exchange of experience in the implementation of ethnically selective control between them, or the incorporation of relevant experience in developing their own counter-terrorism measures.
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Hamin, Zaiton. "Recent changes to the AML/CFT law in Malaysia." Journal of Money Laundering Control 20, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-04-2015-0013.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is to examine some of the recent changes to the old anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism financing law, which is now known as the Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001. The paper will highlight the newly consolidated money laundering offences and the newly created offences including structuring of transactions or “smurfing”. Also, the transgression of cross-border movement of cash and negotiable instruments and tipping off about a money laundering disclosure will be assessed. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a doctrinal legal research and secondary data, with the new AML/CFT legislation as the primary source. For comparative analysis, legislations in the UK, Australia and New Zealand are also examined. Secondary sources include case law, articles in academic journals, books and online databases. Findings The review of the AML/CFT law is timely and indicates the Malaysian government’s efforts to adhere to international standards set by the financial action task force. However, it is imperative that the Malaysian government addresses the remaining instrumental and normative deficiencies in the AML/CFT law to ensure that the recent legal changes are sufficiently comprehensive to prevent and regulate money laundering and terrorist financing within Malaysia. Originality/value This paper is a useful source of information for legal practitioners, academicians, law enforcement, policymakers, legislators, researchers and students.
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Dingji Maza, Kangdim, Umut Koldaş, and Sait Aksit. "Challenges of Combating Terrorist Financing in the Lake Chad Region: A Case of Boko Haram." SAGE Open 10, no. 2 (April 2020): 215824402093449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020934494.
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Does counterterrorist financing (CTF) support the entire process of the global fight against terrorism? Finding answers to this question helps to address the difficulties facing relevant actors in defeating the Boko Haram (BH) terrorist group. This article examines the various funding strategies used by BH as well as the state, sub-regional and regional responses that have proven difficult in stemming the expansion of this terror group across the northeast and Lake Chad region. The study adopted qualitative research techniques through the use of Key Informant Interviews (KII) to gather data to address its central question. Findings of the article reveal that, regardless of the efforts toward containing the funding of this terror group, challenges remain in terms of the inability of relevant actors to operationalize the various CTF policies. Challenges include the institutional and techno-scientific challenges, the cui bono and prodest effect by beneficiaries of terrorism, uncoordinated CT strategies, the lack of political will by the relevant actors to address the challenge of TF and the structural conditions which render the CTF policies ineffective and help sustain the funding operations of this terror group. The study, among other things, suggests the implementation of various CTF policies and initiatives. Above all, effective border management and control besides effective intelligence and counterintelligence gathering systems to monitor and track the illicit flow of cash for terror-related activities should be an essential part of the initiatives. The strengthening of relevant institutions to address issues related to financial crimes, transnational threats, the arrest, and prosecution of sponsors of terrorism would enhance CTF. However, the CTF policies and initiatives require revitalization of the willingness of relevant actors to address the structural and systemic conditions facilitating BH funding activities across the Lake Chad region.
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Danilova, Irina, Olga Knyazeva, Svetlana Mayorova, and Liliana Peremolotova. "Environmental terrorism and socio-economic factors in the mechanism of countering terrorist crimes." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 12017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124412017.
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In the modern period of the widespread processes of globalization, integration and rapid migration, complicated foreign policy relations of a number of states belonging to transnational blocs defending opposing interests, of course, the problem of effectively countering terrorist and extremist activities, as well as preventing the spread of relevant ideologies, is becoming particularly acute. The international community, realizing the danger of terrorism and striving to develop effective measures to prevent it, has adopted a number of documents, which include United Nations conventions (for example, the International Convention for the Suppression of the Taking of Hostages, the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, the International Convention for the Suppression of financing of terrorism). The increased importance of this type of crime is also confirmed by the consolidation in federal legislation of the relevant concepts and forms in which the considered illegal activity can be carried out, the methods of its prevention and sanctions used for committing offenses of an extremist and terrorist nature. The main normative legal acts in this area are the federal laws of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ “On Countering Extremist Activity” and of March 6, 2006 No. 35-FZ “On Countering Terrorism.” For the purposes of criminal law enforcement of countering terrorism and in the interests of fulfilling international obligations, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996 (as amended on November 28, 2015, hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) establishes responsibility for the commission of crimes against international security.
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Purwanto, H. "THE CONCEPT OF SHAMING AND NAMING TO PREVENT THE FINANCING OF TERRORIST ACTIVITIES." Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 96, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2019-12.01.
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Wiśniewski, Remigiusz, and Sylwia Gwoździewicz. "PREVENTIVE ANTI-TERRORIST ACTIONS IN THE POLISH SCHOOL." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7421.
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Observing the events and crises that occur around the world in schools, there is a question: Do schools in Poland, apart from the organizational, program and legal changes, consider creating and strengthening the safety of children and young people? Especially with the exposure of new threats that may appear, defined as terrorism. After the analysis, it can be concluded that Polish schools do not teach children how to behave in the event of a terrorist threat. Preparation depends on many factors, including mainly anti-terror awareness, which depends primarily on properly organized and conducted educational and legislative activity of the state. In the presented article, the authors distinguished and characterized (author's approach) a picture of contemporary school reality in the discussed area, especially legal - development - educational contexts in which changes should occur. In the legal area, the analysis included regulated provisions of the Act of 10 June 2016 on anti-terrorist activities (Journal of Laws of 2019, item 796), the Act of 1 March 2018 on counteracting money laundering and financing of terrorism (Journal of Laws of 2019, item 1115) and the Act of 26 April 2007 on crisis management (Journal of Laws of 2019, item 139) whether they may be applicable in the discussed issues. Bearing in mind that the safety of citizens, and thus of children and young people, is a timeless problem, it should be postulated that educational institutions in Poland should as soon as possible introduce new curricula for anti-terrorism prophylaxis into their curricula.
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Botasheva, L. H., M. A. Tukhbatulina, and I. I. Kunitsyna. "Building a system of internal control of microfinance organizations in the field of AML / CFT." Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 35, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2018--3-125-132.
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The paper says the main characteristics of a microfinance market in the Russian Federation, reflects the main regulatory and legal framework for regulating the core activities of microfinance organizations and activities to counter money laundering and terrorist financing. Theworkshowsthe importance of internal control for AML / CFT. The purpose of the article is the development of a few activities that should be carried out by the internal control service in microfinance organizations for AML / CFT purposes.
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Marchenko, Olena, Elvira Sydorova, Vyktoryia Shuba, and Yuliia Rodina. "Transformations of contemporary terrorism in view of legal, economic and sociocultural issues." Economic Annals-ХХI 187, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2021): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v187-04.
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The paper presents an analysis of network terrorism in its retrospective and within the practices of contemporary transformations. The risks of expansion of terrorist movements into the territory of particular states with their subsequent legitimization have been identified with regard to social consciousness, law and economy. Within the network structure of the contemporary international terrorism, which formed continuous mutations, the so-called «terrorist clusters» have taken shape, with the Middle Eastern, the North African and others among them. Centrally-managed terrorist organizations of the past were succeeded by transnational structures within the framework of a consolidated ideological, political and religious trend of conducting terrorist attacks in any part of the world. Namely, the segmented, polycentric, ideologically integrated network is currently the most prevalent and dangerous model of international terrorism while the networking principle of organization of terrorist activity remains the most effective in asymmetric confrontation with the adversaries. The transformation of terrorism in the 21st century is presented within 3 perspectives of the social being - law, economy and morals. For instance, an approach to legal treatment of manifestations of terrorism has changed dramatically. In the international law there has occurred a definitive extrapolation of the notion of crime against humanity, mainstreamed by the Nuremberg trials, to terrorist activities. Regardless of under which guise and for which purposes these crimes are being committed, they have acquired an explicit denomination as an absolute evil that implies no justification or extenuating circumstances. This standpoint is expressed in numerous international documents including the United Nations Security Council resolutions and international conventions, not to mention various national-level documents. At the same time, the severity of counterterrorism laws and international legal norms adopted by different states is often disrupted due to their inconsistency that complicates considerably the counter-terrorist activity at all levels. The sociocultural aspect of the transformation of terrorism is being investigated in the context of the confrontation between two world views - the western and the eastern (Islamic). For radical adherents of the Radicalization is occurring in hybrid living environments that include the elements of both online and offline human experience. This antagonism is currently transforming from its mentality from into the instrumental form increasingly acquiring an artificial, hybrid nature. Studies of «mutations» of terrorism with regard to economic issues have focused upon such factors of the neoliberal globalization as social injustice, urbanization and revival of colonial traditions. In recent decades the world has faced a new threat: use of counter-terrorism to justify transnational interventions into underdeveloped and unstable countries. In this way, there occurs a process of disguising the novel practices of colonization which in fact constitute the state terrorism. The scope and the forms of state terrorism vary from political and economic pressure upon the weakest of state entities to explicit use of armed violence. Within the legal environment it has become common to employ the practices of countries charging members its own population with terrorism as a tool for destabilizing the undesirable political movements as well as escalating sectarian and ethnic confrontations for the purpose of economic gains. The authors have investigated the novel trends in the financing of terrorism, particularly within the context of challenges of the post-pandemic world and have substantiated a complex approach to combating this evil suggesting its foundation to consist not in the force counteraction as is presently common, but in solving moral, socio-economic and legal contradictions within societies which may potentially become hotbeds of the terrorist threat.
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O’Halloran, Patrick J., Christian Leuprecht, Ali Ghanbar Pour Dizboni, Alexandra Green, and David Adelstein. "The terrorist resourcing model applied to Canada." Journal of Money Laundering Control 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-12-2016-0050.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine whether the money laundering/terrorist financing (ML/TF) model excludes important aspects of terrorist resourcing and whether the terrorist resourcing model (TRM) provides a more comprehensive framework for analysis. Design/methodology/approach Research consisted of case studies of resourcing activities of four listed terrorist organizations between 2001 and 2015: the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), Hamas, a grouping of Al Qaeda-inspired individuals and entities under the heading “Al Qaeda inspired” and Hezbollah. Findings The most prevalent resourcing actors observed were non-profit organizations/associations, and the most prevalent form of resourcing was fundraising that targeted individual cash donations of small amounts. Funds were pooled, often passed through layers of charitable organizations and transmitted through chartered banks. The TRM is indeed found to provide a more comprehensive framework for identifying sources of resourcing and points of intervention. However, it does not in itself recommend effective means of response but it has implications for counter-resourcing strategies because it identifies resourcing actors and nodes where counter-resourcing could occur. Originality/value This paper advances the state of knowledge of terrorist resourcing activities in Canada and about the value of doing so through the analytical lens of the TRM as opposed to the predominant ML/TF model.
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Dobaev, Igor, Andrei Dobaev, and Tatiana Ignatova. "CRIMINOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FINANCIAL OPERATIONS BY THE HAVALA SYSTEM." Russia and the moslem world, no. 3 (2020): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rmw/2020.03.10.
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Based on the study of numerous foreign and domestic sources, the authors of this article determine the essence of financial transactions through the hawala system. It has been revealed that this system is historically determined in nature, it was used, first of all, in the countries of the Near East, Middle East and South Asia in foreign trade operations in the framework of various directions of the so-called Silk Road. This system is also practiced in our days, however, in a slightly modified form, since globalization processes fixed in recent decades throughout the world have influenced its transformation. However, in addition to traditional trading activities, hawala was often used in the criminal activities of various modern organized criminal groups (OCG), including radical Islamists. In this regard, the study of the criminological features of financial transactions through the Hawala system has gained particular relevance. At the same time, the analysis of available sources indicates the insufficient scientific development of this subject. This is especially true of the Russian Federation, which has faced since the beginning of the 90s of XX century with deviations on its territory, including numerous sabotage and terrorist acts, which were often financed through Hawala. As for the domestic law enforcement system, the term “Hawala” itself began to be used only from the middle of the first decade of the new millennium. However, in practice, the situation with countering the financing of terrorism in this area is still not up to par. By the way, in the USA they began to pay attention to this problem only after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, but so far in this country it has not been possible to completely block unwanted financial flows.
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Pajić, Denis, and Sunčica Vejzović. "Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorist Activities with Emphasis on the Role of the Financial Intelligence Department." Drustveni ogledi 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2014): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/do14117.
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IEFYMENKO, Tetiana, and Tetiana DMYTRENKO. "Modern priorities in the field of combating money laundering and terrorist financing." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2022, no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2022.02.005.
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Introduction. The introduction of international sanctions as a tool to counter military aggression by the Russian Federation in Ukraine affected the priorities of anti-legalization activities at the global level. Recently, the use of the latest technologies has attracted the attention of FATF and other international organizations. With the beginning of the unprovoked aggression against Ukraine, operative and effective assistance to the country was organized through the collection of funds by charitable crypto funds. Problem.The latest technologies have ensured the active citizenship of people from different countries of the world. On the other hand, such activity, related to the support of the Ukrainian people, also activated the criminal world, whose transactions were passed off as charitable activities. Goal. Provide a brief summary outlining national priorities as well as some practical definitions and financial red flags of financial and crypto market activity. Methods. General and special methods are used: analysis, synthesis, grouping, description, comparison, theoretical generalization, and abstract-logical. Results. Attention is focused on the urgent need for further implementation of international standards in the field of combating the use of proceeds of crime and the financing of terrorism in Ukraine, which, with Ukraine's acquisition of the status of a candidate for membership of the European Union, has become a component of the necessary steps for membership in the European community. Conclusions. The final decision on the issue of the immediate introduction of regulation of the virtual assets market, registration of its participants, interaction with foreign regulatory and law enforcement agencies of this economic sector will contribute to more effective implementation of sanctions to stop Russian aggression in Ukraine, restoration and modernization of the state, and Ukraine's integration into the European Union.