Journal articles on the topic 'Terrorism'
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1
Cunha, Alexandre Mendes, Frederico Canuto, Lucas Linhares, and Roberto Luís Monte-Mór. "O terror superposto: uma leitura do conceito lefebvriano de terrorismo na sociedade urbana contemporânea." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2003): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2003v5n2p27.
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O trabalho visa introduzir o conceito de terrorismo e sociedade terrorista no pensamento de Henri Lefebvre, buscando suas relações com a realidade contemporânea. São assim apresentados alguns conceitos centrais ao pensamento lefebvriano, como vida quotidiana, sociedade burocrática do consumo dirigido e seus mecanismos de coerção, e a questão urbana pensada como espaço de abertura, desdobramento/superação da virtualidade do terrorismo contemporâneo. O texto traz considerações sobre o problema recente do terrorismo, analisando o tempo presente – e a realidade urbana em particular – como sobreposição de terrorismos: dos atentados e da lógica própria de reprodução de uma sociedade super-repressiva. O tema da abertura é discutido então a partir da inspiração lefebvriana e de um diálogo possível com trabalhos recentes de Nestor Garcia Canclini, James Holston e Noam Chomsky.Palavras-chave: terrorismo; sociedade terrorista; questão urbana; Henri Lefebvre. Abstract: The paper aims at introducing Henri Lefebvre’s concepts of terrorism and terrorist society in its relations with the contemporary world. Key Lefebvrian concepts such as everyday life and bureaucratic society of organized consumption and its coercive mechanisms, and the urban society taken as space of openness, a possibility of unfolding/overcoming virtual contemporary terrorism. The paper presents considerations about current terrorist problems by analyzing the present scenario – and the urban society in particular – as a superimposition of terrorism: terror attacks and the logic proper to the reproduction of a super-repressive society. The openness is thus discussed from both a Lefèbvrian conceptual inspiration and a possible dialogue with recent works of Nestor Garcia Canclini, James Holston, and Noam Chomsky. Keywords: terrorism; terrorist society; the urban question; Henri Lefebvre.
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Coteño Muñoz, Alejandro. "Terrorismo individual = Individual terrorism." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 15 (October 1, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2018.4356.
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Resumen: Los atentados perpetrados por actores solitarios en los últimos años han despertado el interés del legislador por la figura del terrorismo individual. No obstante, aunque este se regula en las últimas reformas penales, no se ha dispuesto una definición del mismo en términos positivos, sino que ésta únicamente se dispone en términos negativos con respecto al terrorismo colectivo. Así las cosas, en este trabajo se delinean los criterios para determinar cuándo un acto de terrorismo entra dentro del terrorismo individual y se aplican estas herramientas en tres casos paradigmáticos de lo generalmente conocido como “lobo solitario”. Por último, se aportan tres clasificaciones diferentes del terrorista individual a fin de apuntalar una base sólida que permita una aproximación a sus distintos niveles de peligrosidad criminal.Palabras clave: Terrorismo individual, organización terrorista, grupo terrorista, lobos solitarios, pertenencia.Abstract: The attacks perpetrated on recent years by lone actors have aroused the interest of the lawmaker for the concept of individual terrorism. However, although it has been regulated in the last criminal reforms, a definition of it has not been positivized, a definition of it has not been provided in positive terms, but only in negative terms regarding collective terrorism. In this context, this study outlines the criteria to determine when an act of terrorism falls into individual terrorism and these tools are applied to three paradigmatic cases of what is generally known as lone wolves. Finally, three different classifications of the individual terrorist are provided to underpin a solid basis for an approach to their different levels of criminal dangerousness.Keywords: Individual terrorism, terrorist organization, terrorist group, lone wolves, membership.
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Cutrale, Elisabetta. "El terrorismo yihadista = The jihadist terrorism." UNIVERSITAS. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política, no. 30 (June 25, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/universitas.2019.4837.
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RESUMEN: En el escrito, después de una introducción general para comprender la problemática del mundo islámico y aclarar algunas definiciones, se lleva a cabo una investigación sobre el fenómeno del terrorismo yihadista, empezando con un breve excursus sobre el debate en torno a la definición de terrorismo internacional. Posteriormente, se analiza la estrutura del Estado islámico y cómo ha evolucionado durante la ultima década, el concepto de radicalización y, considerando diferentes estudios y estadísticas, intenta aclararse cuales puedan ser las causas de la desviación terrorista, llegando a la conclusión que se trata de un fenómeno complejo que implica un análisis de diferentes cuestiones tanto históricas, como sociales y psicológicas.ABSTRACT: Following a general introduction to understand the issues of the Islamic world and the meaning of some key words, the writing carries out an investigation into the phenomenon of the jihadist terrorism. Beginning with a brief on the debate on the definition of international terrorism, the article looks into the islamic state system, its evolucion during the last period and the increasing of violent radicalization. Considering severals studies and statistics, it tries to clarify the causes of the terrorist deviation, reaching the conclusion that it is a complex phenomenon that embraces historical, social and psychological matters. PALABRAS CLAVE: terrorismo, fundamentalismo islámico, violenta radicalización, terrorista, IslamKEYWORDS: terrorism, islamic fundamentalism, violent radicalization, terrorist, Islam
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Ducol, Benjamin. "Les dimensions émotionnelles du terrorisme : Émotions, radicalisation violente et engagement terroriste." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 2, no. 2 (October 4, 2013): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v2i2.3769.
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Par une volonté louable de rompre avec des approches psychologisantes du phénomène terroriste dominantes au cours des années 1960-70, les recherches contemporaines en matière de terrorisme(s) et de violence(s) politique(s) ont très largement mis l’emphase sur la figure du « terroriste » comme acteur rationnel et stratégique. Face aux limites des approches rationalistes de l’engagement radical qui envisagent de manière réductionniste les individus au travers d’un calcul rationnel univoque en terme de coûts et d’incitatifs à l’action, il nous apparaît important de réintégrer dans les réflexions théoriques sur les phénomènes terroristes, les émotions afin d’en interroger le rôle dans la production d’une trajectoire violente et/ou terroriste Notre article se propose donc ici d’effectuer une revue de la littérature non-exhaustive des travaux actuels autour du rôle des émotions en matière de terrorisme, et d’éclairer les voies de recherches futures à la lumière de travaux déjà engagés dans le champ de la sociologie des mouvements sociaux, des nouveaux mouvements religieux ou encore de la sociologie cognitive. Au travers de ce « retour des émotions » qui traverse les sciences sociales et plus globalement le champ de la connaissance contemporaine, nous pensons qu’il s’avère en effet possible de dégager des pistes de recherches fructueuses permettant d’affiner notre regard sur les phénomènes terroristes et les logiques de radicalisation violente.Contemporary research on terrorism(s) and political violence(s) have largely put the emphasis on the figure of the "terrorist" as rational and strategic player, in a break with psychoanalytical approaches to terrorism that were dominant from the 1960-1970’s. Giventhe limitations of rationalist approaches to radical commitment, and considering how reductionist is the understanding of individual participation to terrorism related activities through a rational calculation framework in terms of costs and incentives to action, it is important to reintegrate in the theoretical reflections on terrorist phenomena how emotions can play a role in leading potential terrorists down a violent path. This paper presents acritical assessment of current academic work surrounding the issue of violent radicalization and involvement in terrorism, and engages in a theoretical debate thathighlights potential future research that could better integrate a prominent role foremotions in our understanding the process of terrorist radicalization and clandestine political violence.
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Damayanti, Angel, and Melda Yanny. "Gender-Based Counter-Terrorism Policing." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 08 (August 22, 2022): 1210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i8.sh01.
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Since 2016, terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia have made women the executor of terror acts who carry out heinous attacks on targets, even through suicide bombings. This violence is actually manifested by women who are often perceived as gentle, motherly, and far from anarchic actions and act as wives who support the terrors of their husbands. This paper tries to explain the shift in the role and involvement of women in acts of terrorism carried out by the transnational terrorism group ISIS and its networks in Indonesia. This research explores the characteristics of terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia, the cases that occurred, the background of life, and the process of radicalization targeting women. By using a qualitative methodology in the form of case studies and gender concepts with a counter-terrorism approach, this article offers a solution in the form of gender-based counter-terrorism policing as a sharper and more focused approach to preventing acts of terrorism carried out by female terrorists.
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Ali Suleymanova, Aytaj. "ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM AND THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1373." SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/133-135.
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Terrorism financing is a global phenomenon that not only threatens States’ security, but can also undermine economic development and financial market stability. Terrorists require financing to recruit and support members and conduct operations. Thus, preventing terrorists from accessing financial resources is crucial to successfully counter the threat of terrorism. It is therefore of highest importance to stop the flow of funds to terrorists. The article describes the core elements of the main international instruments on the field of the fight against terrorist financing, similarities and differences between these norms. Key words: financing terrorism, terrorist financing convention, terrorist acts, criminalization of financing terrorism, Resolution 1373
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Ginting, Jamin, and Patrick Talbot. "Fundraising Aspect of International Terrorism Organization in ASEAN: Legal and Political Aspects." Lex Scientia Law Review 7, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i1.60074.
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Since the Bali Bombing I and Bali Bombing II Tragedy, the seriousness of combating international terrorism have become increasingly apparent. Each member of ASEAN hand in hand together enforces both international cooperation and bilateral cooperation to prevent and counteract, through appropriate domestic measures, the financing of terrorists and terrorist organizations, whether such financing is direct or indirect through organizations. International community efforts to combat terrorism activities, not only comprise the criminalization of terrorists the act criminalization financing of terrorism, and the criminalization of terrorist financing. Since that moment, the topic of money laundering is an inherent element of organized crime, with its strong linkage to terrorism, has found and always will find new methods to satisfy the also new necessities for financing terrorism. ASEAN already make a policy about terrorism which is the convention on counter-terrorist called ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT). The convention of ACCT, in article 6 Areas of Cooperation, ASEAN emphasizes the prevention of giving the fund to the terrorist group. Indonesia had given responses to financing terrorism by ratifying The International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999, and subsequently with the enacted Law Number 6 Year 2006 and also enacted the new Prevention and Eradication Money Laundering Offence, Law Number 8 of 2010.
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Pavlik, Mihail, and Konstantin Borichev. "The terrorism of individuals: the main trends and features of counteraction." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-1-106-112.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the current phenomenon – «the terrorism of individuals». In particular, it is presented the definition of the concept in question, its main specificity and current trends. The article describes the terrorist acts committed by loner terrorists in the period from 2017 to 2020 in Europe, as well as an analysis of similar crimes from 2000 to 2014. Special attention is paid to the role of international terrorist organizations in their work with their followers in the form of individual terrorists.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.
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Seo, Bong-Sung, and Jae-Hyun Kim. "A Study on Changes in Terrorism Environment and Implications in the New Normal Era." Korean Association for Terrorism Studies 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46350/kats.2023.16.4.119.
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Recently, the threat of violent extremism that promotes terrorism is transcending borders and is rapidly spreading in the online space with the changing security crisis situation in the international community. Terrorists bent on violent extremism occur in crowded places targeting an unspecified number of people which is a potential risk factor for terrorist attacks. In particular, there is a tendency for the boundaries between crime and terrorism to become blurred as the motivation for terrorism expands, and like the lone wolf type, the evolution of terrorist threats is linked to radicalization. Unlike traditional criminal crimes, the radicalization of terrorists in the past was mainly accomplished through terrorist group recruitment through propaganda and instigation, and terrorist training and instructions. Therefore, Counter-terrorism measures also prevented the inflow of terrorist organization members and terrorist propaganda and inciting ideologies into the country. However, there are limitations due to changes in the security paradigm, and information sharing, and cooperation from the international community are absolutely necessary, and domestic positive law must also implement a policy of preventing information related to terrorism in online spaces.
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Eid, Mahmoud. "Cyber-Terrorism and Ethical Journalism." International Journal of Technoethics 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jte.2010100101.
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Terrorism has been a constant threat in traditional and contemporary societies. Recently, it has been converged with new media technology and cyberspace, resulting in the modern tactic, cyber-terrorism, which has become most effective in achieving terrorist goals. Among the countless cyber-terrorist cases and scenarios of only this last decade, the paper discusses four cyber-terrorism cases that represent the most recent severe cyber-terrorist attacks on infrastructure and network systems—Internet Black Tigers, MafiaBoy, Solo, and Irhabi 007. Regardless of the nature of actors and their motivations, cyber-terrorists hit very aggressively causing serious damages. Cyber-terrorists are rational actors who use the most advanced technology; hence, the critical need for the use of counter-threat swords by actors on the other side. Given that terrorist goals are mostly dependent on the media’s reactions, journalistic practices are significant and need to be most effective. A major tool that can help journalists in their anti- and counter-terrorist strategies with cyber-terrorists is rationalism, merged with the expected socially responsible conduct. Rational behaviour, founded in game theory, along with major journalistic ethical principles are fundamental components of effective media decision-making during times of terrorism.
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Rewizorski, Marek. "Terroryzm jako ewoluujące zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa współczesnego świata. Pomiar i ocena zjawiska." Cywilizacja i Polityka 15, no. 15 (October 26, 2017): 316–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5474.
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In the face of increasing domestic and transnational terrorism (involving more than one country, cross-boarder), questions arise about which type of terrorism - internal or external - becomes greater threat to security? How do terrorists adapt to internal (defensive) security measures and external (offensive) means used by states in the war on terror? How does the transformation of terrorism into a motivational dimension, and therefore the values and principles used by terrorists as a justification for the use of violence, especially the departure from secular political ideologies to religious justification, affect the evolution of terrorism as a threat to individuals and their groups? Who or what is the target of attacks by modern terrorist groups? The purpose of this article is to answer the above questions based on the extensive literature and data on terrorism from two databases, The International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorist Events (ITERATE), and Global Terrorism Database (GTD). Theoretical considerations will be based on the model of the economic rationality of terrorist activity presented by William M. Landes in 1978.
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Tofangsaz, Hamed. "Terrorism or not terrorism? Whose money are we looking for?" Journal of Financial Crime 22, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2014-0005.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the counter-terrorism financing regime provides a solid platform for a better understanding of who should be considered terrorists or what forms terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist groups, the financing of which is the subject matter. In the absence of an internationally agreed definition of terrorism, the question which needs to be posed is whether there is a clear and common understanding of what constitutes terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist groups, the financing of which needs to be stopped. That is, from a criminal law perspective, whether the Terrorist Financing Convention, as the backbone of the counter-terrorist financing regime, clarifies what types of conduct, by who, in what circumstances and when, against whom (targets or victims) and with what intention or motivation should be considered terrorism? Design/methodology/approach – It will be explained how and why it has been difficult to reach an agreement on the definition of terrorism. The endeavour of the drafters of the Terrorist Financing Convention and others involved in countering terrorist financing to establish a general definition of terrorism will be examined. Findings – The record of attempts to define the elements of terrorism proves that it is hardly possible to reach an agreement on a generic definition of terrorism because the concept of terrorism is elusive and subject to various understandings. Even the definition provided by the Terrorist Financing Convention, is not convincing. Originality/value – With regard to the findings, this paper calls for further research on the legal consequences of the implementation of the terrorist financing-counter measures, while the scope of terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist organizations have been left vague.
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Sutrisno, FX Andy. "The Urgency of Indonesia Social Media Regulation in the Vortex of Terrorism." Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v1i1.28.
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Social media becomes a very important and strategic tool for terrorists to do propaganda, recruitment, funding, and facilitation of other terrorist activities. Both international level and national level, no regulation explicitly regulates the use of social media for terrorism. Since many incidents of terrorism using social media in Indonesia, the more vigorous terrorists’ propaganda and recruitment through social media, and considering opened terrorist access to pursue their targets, especially the youth generation, it is vital to specifically regulate social media and terrorism. Although social media and terrorism issues need to be addressed by the increasing of local government’s role in combating terrorism and the strengthening parental supervision in the use of social media by children, the need for social media and terrorism regulation is an urgent matter to do first, as a guide to tackling the social media use in the vortex of terrorism.
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Szkurłat, Izabela. "The Phenomenon of Terrorism as a Threat to International Security." Security Dimensions 31, no. 31 (September 30, 2019): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0252.
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The article presents terrorism as a threat to international security in the 21st century. The problem with defining terrorism has been present for many years and the available definitions are developed based on the main features of terrorism. The article emphasises that terrorism has evolved through the 20th and 21st centuries. Terrorist incidents have become more unpredictable in terms of place and time, and so did methods of carrying out the attacks. The further section describes the impact of terrorist attacks on public opinion and the perception of terrorism. The consequence of presenting terrorist incidents in the media is the widespread sense of threat of terrorism. Terrorists use the mass media to convey their ideologies and the medium that is most used by them is the Internet. Based on examples, the author demonstrates that terrorism has an influence on policies adapted by countries and is an economic threat. Finally, the article states that despite the lower frequency of incidents in Europe, terrorism is still a problem and subsequent terrorist incidents are only a matter of time. Fewer terrorist attacks in Europe do not mean that terrorist organisations are weaker.
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Wang, Yaojie, Xiaolong Cui, and Peiyong He. "Winning the War on Terror." International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 17, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitwe.288038.
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From the perspective of counter-terrorism strategies, terrorist risk assessment has become an important approach for counter-terrorism early warning research. Combining with the characteristics of known terrorists, a quantitative analysis method of active risk assessment method with terrorists as the research object is proposed. This assessment method introduces deep learning algorithms into social computing problems on the basis of information coding technology. We design a special "Top-k" algorithm to screen the terrorism related features, and optimize the evaluation model through convolution neural network, so as to determine the risk level of terrorist suspects. This study provides important research ideas for counter-terrorism assessment, and verifies the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed scheme through a number of experiments, which greatly improves the efficiency of counter-terrorism early warning.
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Sandler, Todd, and Khusrav Gaibulloev. "Terrorism: Rationality, Externalities, and Policy." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569212x15664519360452.
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Abstract This article provides a selective overview of the economic study of terrorism. After defining key terms - terrorists’ rationality, domestic and transnational terrorism, and counterterrorism measures, we present two models of terrorists’ behavior. The first model depicts a choice-theoretic model of how terrorist groups allocate their resources among attack modes or target types. The second model is a strategic analysis involving the terrorist group and a targeted government. Extensions to these base models are then discussed. The latter part of the article investigates the dilemma that terrorism poses to liberal democracies. We conclude by examining myriad externalities associated with counterterrorism measures.
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Tulga, Ahmet Yiğitalp. "Constructivism, Identity, and Discourse in Terrorism." Journal of Politics and Policy 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jppol.2022.004.02.01.
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Terrorism is a phenomenon with a long history. Scholars from many different disciplines research terrorism. One of the disciplines studying the phenomenon of terrorism is International Relations. Significantly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the discipline's interest in terrorism increased dramatically. However, increasing academic studies since the early 2000s did not lead to an increase in the contribution of the field to Terrorism Studies. The state-centric perspective of Neorealism and Neoliberalism is a fundamental reason behind this problem. Constructivism offers an alternative to the state-centric view. In this context, I examine the role of identity and discourse on terrorism by adopting the Constructivist perspective. Within this scope, the manifestos of eight different terrorists within three various terrorist organizations were examined. In parallel, news about the terrorists whose manifestos were examined was analyzed. Using text analysis, results suggest that both terrorists and the media divide the world into two "us" and "them." The results of this study provide interesting insights and empirical implications on International Relations. In this research, I give an overview of this research area. I then discuss this research's primary results and explain why the Constructivist approach, identity, and discourse are essential in terrorism research.
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Gruenewald, Jeff, Grant Drawve, and Brent L. Smith. "The Situated Contexts of American Terrorism: A Conjunctive Analysis of Case Configurations." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 6 (April 16, 2019): 884–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819842900.
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This study examines how combinations of situational factors are associated with patterns of terrorist success and failure. We apply Sacco and Kennedy’s criminal event perspective and Clarke and Newman’s situational crime prevention approach to the study of terrorist opportunity structures. Using data from the American Terrorism Study (ATS), we employ conjunctive analysis to investigate how opportunities for terrorist attacks and prevention are situationally positioned. We ask, “What combinations of terrorists’ ideological and situational factors are associated with terrorist outcomes in the United States?” While our findings generally show that the simplest forms of terrorism, including combinations of lone actors using unsophisticated weapons against nonhuman targets after little preparation, are associated with successful outcomes, there is heterogeneity in situated opportunities for preparing for and committing terrorism across terrorism movements. Our findings add insights into terrorism prevention strategies and help build a foundation for future comparative research on terrorism outcomes.
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Hanson, Michael. "State Sponsorship: An Impediment to the Global Fight against Terrorism." Groningen Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/grojil.7.2.132-144.
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Following the terrorist attack on the United States of America on 11 September 2001, global efforts against terrorism have increased. Notwithstanding these efforts, terrorist attacks continue across the globe amidst accusations that some States provide support for terrorists. This work examines the State sponsorship of terrorist groups in light of the global fight against terrorism. The methodology used here is doctrinal. This work finds that the continuous provision of resources to terrorist groups by some States against the dictates of relevant existing international legal setups operates as an impediment to the global fight against terrorism. It concludes that cutting off State support for terrorists remains the sine qua non for achieving success in the global war against terror. To do this requires the strengthening of international laws on terrorism, increasing diplomatic relations to expose involved States, imposing and enforcing strong sanctions against supporting States, reduction of such States’meddling in activities of other countries, increased assistance to failed States and decreased assistance to involved States.
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Lee, Chia-yi. "Oil and Terrorism." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 5 (October 20, 2016): 903–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002716673702.
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Is there an association between oil and terrorism? If so, how are they linked to each other? While there are literature and anecdotes about oil money financing terrorism, this article identifies three mechanisms through which oil is linked to terrorism: funding, targeting, and motivating. Oil-producing countries are prone to terrorism because they are important targets of terrorists who may attack oil facilities to cause greater impact and to harm powerful countries’ overseas interests and also because oil often generates grievances or greed among local people who may in turn engage in terrorist activities. Using data on terrorist incidents and oil income, this article finds a strong, positive relationship between oil and terrorism. To test the mechanisms, this article uses both large- N and small- N data analyses, and the findings suggest that while all three mechanisms appear to explain the oil–terrorism linkage, the targeting and motivating mechanisms are more likely than the funding mechanism. Oil-producing countries have a higher tendency to sponsor terrorism, but no direct evidence indicates oil money flowing to terrorists except for money from kidnapping or extorting oil workers.
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Korenkov, Oleksandr, Olena Balatska, and Yuliya Rashchupkina. "Separatism and Jihadism: Interaction in the Context of Terrorist Activity." Studia Polityczne 50, no. 2 (October 28, 2022): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/stp.2022.50.2.05.
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According to the well-known concept of consequential waves of terrorism, proposed by American researcher David C. Rapoport, since 1979, the world has encountered a wave of religious terrorism. Religiously motivated terrorists are the most dangerous and cruel terrorists who continue to lead the world. All four terrorist groups responsible for 55 per cent of total deaths in 2019 are jihadists (Global Terrorism Index 2020). The Taliban, Boko Haram, ISIL, and Al-Shabaab all fight for the establishment of their own quasi-state entities within the borders of existent sovereign states. This political objective associates the jihadists with another ideological movement – separatist-terrorists – in Rapoport’s model. Despite apparent distinctions in ideological foundations and political agendas, these two movements are similar in their struggle for self-determination within the borders of sovereign states. In this article, we use data from the Global Terrorism Database to compare how these two ideological movements with similar political objectives influence each other in the area of terrorist activity. Having analysed and reviewed information about 3,617 terrorist organisations that committed at least one terrorist attack from 1970 to 2018, we check how jihadist and separatist-terrorist activities were interrelated and how this interrelation manifested itself in different countries.
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Kochoi, Samvel. "The Concept of Counteracting Terrorism in the Russian Federation: Prospects for Improvement Using the Experience of Fighting Against Religious Terrorism." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(1).30-37.
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The article analyzes the necessity of amending the current Terrorism Counteraction Concept and of incorporating in it the experience of fighting against the international terrorist organization «The Islamic State». The author gives a positive answer to this question based on the research he has conducted. The article analyzes key measures of preventing terrorism (religious terrorism), while considerable attention is paid to information measures. It is concluded that «clarification of the essence of terrorism» (as a measure included in the Terrorism Counteraction Concept of the Russian Federation) is impossible without providing the society with stable and comprehensive information about the crimes (genocide, crimes against peace and security of humankind, war crimes) committed by terrorists and without condemning them. This work should be primarily aimed at those groups of people (ethnic and confessional) who are the main target for international terrorist organizations trying to recruit new terrorists under the guise of religion.
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Gu, Jun. "Terrorism Situation and Counter-Terrorism Police Cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia." Asia Social Science Academy 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2022.7.3.33.
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New changes of terrorism situation in South Asia and Southeast Asia could be seen from the increase of numbers of terrorist attacks, the increase retaliatory terrorist attacks and the increase of the combined risks and linkage effects of terrorism and other non-traditional security issues. The terrorist threat in South Asia and Southeast Asia is expected to continue in the near future because the threats severely posed by the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan, the interaction and allying of terrorist organizations and terrorists’ exploitation of advanced technology. However, the practice of counter-terrorism police cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia was weak and fragile due to the poor performance of ASEAN counter-terrorism cooperation, the police cooperation within the framework of international organizations and cooperation at the bilateral and small multilateral level has not really meet the current challenges. The solutions offered in this paper are 4 ways to improve counter-terrorism police cooperation in South Asia and Southeast Asia: build a comprehensive and efficient counter-terrorism police cooperation mechanism, a stable and practical coordination mechanism, a joint counter-terrorism intelligence fusion center, a quality and level counter-terrorism police training mechanism of South Asia and Southeast Asia.
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Gaibulloev, Khusrav, and Todd Sandler. "What We Have Learned about Terrorism since 9/11." Journal of Economic Literature 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 275–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181444.
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This overview examines critically the post-9/11 empirical literature on terrorism. Major contributions by both economists and political scientists are included. We focus on five main themes: the changing nature of terrorism, the organization of terrorist groups, the effectiveness of counterterrorism policies, modern drivers or causes of terrorism, and the economic consequences of terrorism. In so doing, we investigate a host of questions that include: How do terrorist groups attract and retain members? What determines the survival of terrorist groups? Is poverty a root cause of terrorism? What counterterrorism measures work best? In the latter regard, we find that many counterterrorism policies have unintended negative consequences owing to attack transference and terrorist backlash. This suggests the need for novel policies such as service provision to counter some terrorist groups’ efforts to provide such services. Despite terrorists’ concerted efforts to damage targeted countries’ economies, the empirical literature shows that terrorism has had little or no effect on economic growth or GDP except in small terrorism-plagued countries. At the sectoral level, terrorism can adversely affect tourism and foreign direct investment, but these effects are rather transient and create transference of activities to other sectors, thus cushioning the consequences. (JEL F21, F52, H56, K42, Z31)
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Stankiewicz, Wojciech. "Book Review: “The Faces of Terrorism”, edited by Sebastian Wojciechowski, Institute of Political Science and Journalism at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland 2006, pp. 216." Polish Political Science Yearbook 35, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2006014.
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Terrorism in a contemoprary world plays a vital role. It becomes more and more dangerous due to technical development and access to information on terrorist means and methods allows better communication between terrorist groups. Contemporary political terrorism characterises variety and diffi culty far more developed now then centuries ago. Terrorists are able to interfere into politics of diff erent countries, using terrorism actions to achieve particular goals. The increase of confl icts and tensions on ethics, religion, ideology or sociolology made it possible for terrorism to appear in new forms and become a solution for current global issues.
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Gwaliba, Nanfuma Catherine. "Legal Strategies and Transnational Cooperation in Countering Terrorism:A Case Study of Uganda's Framework." IDOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 1 (April 9, 2024): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosrjhss/2024/91.8.150000.
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Terrorism remains a global threat, with terrorists operating across borders and targeting innocent civilians. While criminal law traditionally operates within national boundaries, the challenge of terrorism necessitates a reevaluation of legal frameworks to effectively combat this phenomenon. This article explores the legal framework for countering terrorism in Uganda, emphasizing the need for enhanced national and regional cooperation to strengthen criminal justice structures. It examines international and regional human rights instruments, victim rights, criminal justice responses to terrorism, and the role of international cooperation in combating this transnational threat. Additionally, it discusses the adoption of administrative measures within a rule of law framework to prevent individuals from engaging in terrorist activities. The study underscores the importance of addressing terrorism through both legal and operational means to ensure the safety and security of citizens. Keywords: Counterterrorism, Legal framework, Terrorism, Terrorist-attacks, Victims of terrorism.
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Barczak, Tristan. "Terrorisierte Legislative und das Lemma des Terrorismus oder: Der Wandel einer politischen Vokabel zum Rechtsbegriff." Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft 102, no. 4 (2019): 362–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-7869-2019-4-362.
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Up until very recently, the term »terrorism« was unknown in German law. Although »terrorism« has been an integral part of the political vocabulary in the field of internal and judicial policy for decades, it was unheard-of in the German legal system. As a legal concept, criterion or normative approach it did not exist, neither in constitutional law nor in ordinary statutory law (Criminal law/Police law). Meanwhile, however, terrorist threats and terrorist offenses are leaving a mark on German legislature. If a »terrorised legislator« embeds the term into the law for the first time, a precise legal definition of terrorism is indispensable. This is because it determines which actions count as »acts of terrorism« as well as who is regarded as a »terrorist«. Moreover the definition of terrorism triggers a range of controversial extensions of police and prosecutorial powers.
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Akbar, Zarina, and Indah Fujiati. "Family Resilience in the Family of a Terrorist." Jurnal Psikologi 20, no. 1 (April 10, 2021): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jp.20.1.50-61.
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Acts of terrorism carried out by terrorists have an impact on the families of the terrorists, especially if their familiesremain stay in their environment. The families of the terrorists experience many changes following the terrorismcommitted by their family member(s) and even putting the families in a crisis. This research aims to obtain adescription of family resilience in the families of terrorists following a terrorism. This research uses a qualitativeapproach with a case study method. The data collection techniques used were direct observation and interviewwith the family (both parents of the terrorist/perpetrators). Data triangulation was done with the significant others(cousins of the terrorist/perpetrator and local public figures). The research subjects were a particular familyconsisting of a father, a mother, and a child (the child was the perpetrator of a terrorism). The results showed thatthe resilience aspects of the belief system in the family of the terrorist can interpret all events well, organizationalpatterns that can adapt to situations but with a less open communication to one another. The family of the terroristhave gone through the process of becoming resilient and have used the strength and resources available to thefamily to increase resilience in the family, especially with respect to the social stigma of society given to thefamily following the terrorism.
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Yordanova, Steliana, Ralitsa Yotova, Stoyan Boyanov, and Stoyan Garov. "TERRORISM – A BARBARIC TOOL AND ITS DISPROPORTIONATE COUNTERACTION IN THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HAMAS AND ISRAEL." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 4 (June 22, 2024): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2024vol4.8222.
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Terrorism and its means have been applied since Ancient times, and over the years the human development and technologies have transformed it into a serious threat to the civilians, societies, countries and even to the international security. The globalisation of terrorism demands new approaches for the effective counteraction, in accordance to the dynamically changing security environment of the 21st century. Meanwhile, with the escalation of the conflict between Hamas and Israel, the issue about the terrorism threat took the headlines, both in the information space and at the highest political level. The discussion focuses on the specific methods of combating terrorism and the permissible level of violence that should be applied in this fight. This paper seeks to answer important questions regarding security by presenting an analysis of some basics concerning the phenomenon of "terrorism". For this purpose, the applied methods of the research include careful examination of terrorism’s evolution throughout history, the factors that have influence over terrorists’ attitude, the motivation which fuels one’s decision to become a part of a terrorist group and its most striking recent manifestation. Furthermore, the paper puts the emphasis on the necessity of developing new counter-terrorism strategies along with incorporation of the newest technologies in the security sector.
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Robet, Robertus, Rusfadia Saktiyanti Jahja, Meila Riskia Fitri, and Abdul Rahman Hamid. "Requisites of Deradicalisation: Study on the De-Ideologisation of Indonesian Ex-Terrorists." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 6, no. 5 (May 15, 2024): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2024.4.5.8.
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Studies on terrorism in Indonesia heavily emphasize a security-first approach, which has had profound implications for counter-terrorism strategies, policies, and terrorist imprisonment. This approach, however, fails to properly grasp the internal “deep experience” of terrorists. There are currently 289 terrorist convicts serving their prison sentences in 113 Correctional Institutions throughout Indonesia. Until 2017, over 60 convicted terrorists have been documented for recidivist behaviour and repeating their crimes. This phenomenon raises the question of the possibility of de-ideologization of terrorists in incarceration and if Indonesia’s criminal justice system is truly effective in deradicalizing terrorists. Our study explores this question by interviewing three different groups: ex-terrorists who have served their prison sentence, terrorists who were still incarcerated in prison, and former sympathizers of ISIS who had been deported back from Syria to Indonesia. We explored the social elements and actors that constituted their radical view, their experiences in prison, and the factors that had led them to abandon terrorist activities or disavow their support for ISIS. We conclude that social-legal policies aiming to effectively reduce the ideological reproduction of terrorism cannot be carried out using a heavy-handed security approach, but sociological insights are required to grasp the allure and kernel of truth behind terrorist acts.
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Al-Dawoody, Ahmed. "International Terrorism and the Jurisdiction of Islamic Law." International Criminal Law Review 15, no. 3 (March 23, 2015): 565–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01503004.
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This article investigates the jurisdiction of Islamic law to international terrorism under the four Sunni schools of Islamic law. International terrorism refers to the following three cases: 1) terrorist acts committed outside of the Islamic state by its citizens; 2) terrorist acts committed outside the Islamic state by its non-citizens; and 3) terrorist acts committed inside the Islamic state by its non-citizens. It starts with studying the classical Muslim jurists’ tripartite division of the world into the ‘house of Islam’, ‘house of war’, and ‘house of peace’ to find out the boundaries of the jurisdiction of Islamic law and its position on the extradition of international terrorists. It examines the definition and elements of terrorism to find out the relevance of applying Islamic law to the modern form of acts of terrorism. It argues for the universal jurisdiction of Islamic law to acts of international terrorism.
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Ilić, Aleksandra. "Discourse on modern terrorism." Crimen 12, no. 3 (2021): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/crimen2103309i.
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In this paper author discusses the characteristics of discourse on modern terrorism. When it comes to the terrorism ordinary people gain knowledge mostly through media. The influence of specific image of terrorism is not limited to citizens who live in countries which faced with a terrorist threat or concrete attack but goes further to the different part of the world, some of them very far from the possibility of terrorist attack. Demystification of discourse on modern terrorism begins with analysis of the phenomenological dimension of modern terrorism, in terms of being defined and assigned. We can talk about two different approaches: older and newer, in understanding the terrorism. The new approach gains momentum with the events of 11 September and took shape after similar events on European continent. At the core of understanding of modern terrorism is the discourse on religious-based Islamic terrorism. Specific discourse on modern terrorism affects how it is understood by the general public, and it influences, in particular, the creation of stereotypes about a modern terrorists and the spread of fear of terrorism. The formation and maintenance of stereotypes about modern terrorism, which emphasizes the role of Islam and members of the Islamic community in planning and carrying out terrorist actions, creates a growing gap among people, especially in countries affected by terrorist attacks. The discourse on modern terrorism also implies an appropriate perception of the risk of terrorism all over the world. From that point of view risk of terrorism is real and constant. Similar situation is in Serbia and in that sense the results of limited research about perception of terrorism in Serbia presented in work show to a certain extant the existence of such global influence.
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Edi Prastiyo, Wawan, and I. Ketut Rai Setiabudhi. "Children Involvement in Terrorism Activities: Perpetrator or a Victim? (A Study in the Circle of Violence)." PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 8, no. 2 (2021): 213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v8n2.a3.
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Terrorism is an extraordinary crime since it violates human rights. However, it will be different if children commit it. The legal approach is not necessarily taken against children who become terrorists. The problem of children's involvement in terrorist activities does not end there. Another important issue that must also be considered is children of terrorist parents. They must be rescued from a violent social environment. In this study, we will discuss the position of children as victims in the cycle of violence of terrorism and criminal policies in overcoming the involvement of children in terrorism activities. This research is normative legal research that examines the availability of provisions regulating the involvement of children in terrorism activities. Legal materials come from primary and secondary legal materials that are collected through literature study. Children who become terrorists are actually victims indoctrinated to commit terrorism which is believed as a struggle. Therefore, a human rights approach is needed to provide child protection. The criminal policy in tackling the involvement of children in terrorism activities is carried out by regulating the rehabilitation of radicalized children who are perpetrators and the placement of children whose parents are members of terrorism networks in a safe place.
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Махненко, С. И. "Genesis of the economy of terrorism and its main effects." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 8(121) (July 26, 2020): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2020.121.8.035.
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В настоящей статье анализируются исторические и правовые аспекты экономики терроризма с целью изучения генезиса понятия «экономика терроризма». Производится сравнение между различными современными трактовками терроризма, террористов и террористических действий. Делается попытка выделить экономический компонент в террористической деятельности. This article analyzes the historical and legal aspects of the economy of terrorism in order to study the Genesis of the concept of "economy of terrorism". A comparison is made between various modern interpretations of terrorism, terrorists and terrorist actions. An attempt is made to identify the economic component of terrorist activities.
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Capone, Francesca. "COUNTERING “FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS”: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE FRAMEWORK ESTABLISHED BY THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 25, no. 1 (October 18, 2016): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000114a.
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Terrorism constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security. The newest challenge posed by this threat is represented by the phenomenon of “foreign terrorist fighters”. Current estimates place the number of foreigners who have joined the ongoing armed conflicts in the Middle East between 20,000 and 30,000. How many of these foreign fighters also fall within the definition of foreign terrorist fighters (i.e. those travelling abroad with a “terrorist” intent) provided by UN Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) is very difficult to assess. In primis because the resolution refers to “terrorists”, “terrorist acts”, and “terrorist training” without actually defining “terrorism” and thus leaving to each Member State the task to determine the breadth and the contours of this concept. Secondly because the text lacks legal certainty with regard to many other crucial aspects, e.g., the relationship between counter-terrorism and international humanitarian law, the interpretation of the term “State of residence”, and the risk of abuse of refugee status. These shortcomings not only jeopardize the ability to implement a uniform approach, but they also increase the likelihood of fostering abusive responses. This article argues that Resolution 2178 has not been adopted in a legal vacuum, on the contrary it extensively builds on the anti-terrorism framework established by previous Security Council resolutions and thus it inherits and exacerbates many old and unresolved issues. Ultimately, the present article seeks to determine to what degree the new set of binding obligations placed upon Member States to thwart the phenomenon of foreign terrorist fighters is effective and it discusses the extent to which it could enhance or hinder counter-terrorism’s compliance with international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international refugee law.
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Csomós, István. "Az erőszak kockázatértékelése – pszichológiai szempontok." Scientia et Securitas 4, no. 1 (August 31, 2023): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/112.2023.00147.
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Összefoglalás. Jelen tanulmány célja áttekintést adni arról, hogy a pszichológiai szempontok milyen módon használhatók fel az erőszakos magatartás kockázatának felmérése során a terrorizmus elleni küzdelemben. Ezzel az elméleti vizsgálódással azt kívánom bemutatni, hogy a pszichológiának milyen szemlélete van az erőszakos cselekmények, a szélsőséges, radikális gondolkodásmód hátterének megismerésében. Számos felfogás létezik a terrorista magatartás okainak és személyiségjellemzőinek leírására, amelyek alapján megállapítható, hogy nem létezik az ún. terrorista személyiség. Nincsenek olyan tulajdonságok, amelyek alapján egyértelműen meg lehet állapítani a különbséget a terroristák és az átlagnépesség között, nem létezik egyetlen közös terrorista profil. Az erőszakos magatartás kockázati tényező megismeréséhez az előzetes felmérésnek éppen ezért kiemelt jelentősége van a terrorcselekmények megelőzése szempontjából. Summary. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the ways in which psychological aspects can be used to assess the risk of violent behaviour in the fight against terrorism. Through this theoretical exploration, I aim to show how psychology can be used to understand the background of violent acts against the background of extremist, radical mindsets. There are several conceptions of the causes and personality traits of terrorist behaviour, which suggest that there is no such thing as a terrorist personality. There are no characteristics that can be used to clearly distinguish between terrorists and the general population, there is no single common terrorist profile. Understanding the risk factors for violent behaviour in advance is therefore of particular importance for the prevention of terrorist acts. The different theoretical approaches to specific cases, at the individual level, do not always provide an explanation. However, without knowledge of the research on the subject it is more difficult to understand the motives that lead people to act cruelly towards others. There are many theories about the psychology of terrorism, but relatively few controlled ones, empirical studies. Terrorism was previously considered a pathological manifestation of psychological and behavioural deviance. Based on psychoanalytic concepts, the psychopathology of terrorism was thought to be rooted in unconscious motives from childhood. However, the psychological analysis is relevant to risk assessment because the terrorist can be very diverse in temperament, ideologies, thinking characteristics and cognitive abilities. Psychological aspects are an important part of the various risk analysis methods. In developing the use of specific methods, I believe it is important to ensure that they are effective in helping to prevent terrorist acts in practice. The ideas expressed in this study perhaps demonstrate that it is a very versatile method. It is essential that, with the spread of the Internet and globalisation, more and more potential terrorists and radicalisers are coming to the attention of the intelligence and counter-intelligence services. Psychological aspects will continue to play an essential role in the development of risk analysis methods, given that the commission of a terrorist act is always the result of extreme human violence.
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Zapata, Gabriel Darío Paredes. "Terrorism in Colombia." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000807.
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AbstractColombia is a poor country that has been plagued by ongoing violence for more than 120 years. During the 1940s, subversive terrorist groups emerged in rural areas of the country when criminal groups came under the influence of Communism, and were later transformed into contemporary groups, such as the Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN) or National Liberation Army and Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionares de Colombia (FARC) or Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia). Paramilitary terrorist groups emerged in response to subversive groups and were later transformed into contemporary groups, such as the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) or United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia.Terrorism has placed an enormous burden on modern Colombia. From 1995 to 2002, 9,435 people were killed by terrorism-related events, of which 5,864 were killed by subversive terrorist activities and 3,571 were killed by paramilitary terrorist activities. In 2002, at least nineteen attacks produced 10 or more casualties, of which 18 were bombings. In 2002, terrorists killed at least 12 mayors, 71 legislators, and internally displaced 300,000 persons from their homes. Since terrorist groups in Colombia are typically supported by drug manufacturing and trafficking, it has been difficult at times to distinguish violence due to terrorism from violence due to illicit drug trafficking. Terrorism has also had a major adverse effect on the economy, with restricted travel, loss of economic resources, and lack of economic investment. In addition to political, military, and commercial targets, terrorists have specifically targeted healthcare infrastructure and personnel.At the national and local levels, much emergency planning and preparedness has taken place for terrorism-related events. The Centro Regulador de Urgencias (CRU) or Emergency Regulation Center in Bogota plays a major role in coordinating local prehospital and hospital emergency response in the capital city and the national level where necessary.
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Cassim, Fawzia. "Addressing the spectre of cyber terrorism: a comparative perspective." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 2 (May 25, 2017): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i2a2494.
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This article looks at the definition of cyber terrorism and terrorist use of the Internet. The article evaluates cyber terrorist threats facing countries such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, India and South Africa. The article also examines measures introduced by the respective governments in these countries to counteract cyber terrorist threats. Finally, the article will propose a way forward to counteract such possible threats in the future. The face of terrorism is changing. The convergence of the physical and virtual worlds has resulted in the creation of a “new threat” called cyber terrorism. Cyber terrorism is one of the recognised cyber crimes. The absence of suitable legal frameworks to address cyber terrorism at national and regional levels, the lack of adequate safeguards, the lack of cyber security strategies and the pre-occupation of countries with internal factors have all contributed to the creation of an environment that can be easily infiltrated by cyber terrorists. The horrific events of 9/11 provided the impetus for many countries to introduce anti-terrorist legislation. The United States of America, United Kingdom, India and South Africa have introduced legislation to address the threat of cyber terrorism.
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Mir Miskeen Ali and Dr. Ramesh Kumar. "Terrorism and Human Rights: A Critical Study." legal researchd development an international refereed e Journal 7, no. I (September 30, 2022): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53724/lrd/v7n1.09.
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This research paper deals with the Menace of terrorism in the world and the use of media by terrorist groups, National Security Laws, which include different activities to combat the fear of terrorism. It also includes the different laws of a state to maintain peace and protect people not to be provoked by religion. Terrorism is one of the fears for people across the world are fighting to overcome. Several countries have become victims of terrorism. ISIS was the largest terrorist group all over the world causing damage to the countries. This research paper also deals with different laws and acts in respect of fighting against terrorism such as IPC (Indian Penal Code), POTA (the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002). Terrorists are none other than us, who have been misguided. Unemployment, poverty, and conflict are a few examples that give birth to terrorists. Unlike some other countries, India is a socialist country where no religion is superior, but still, people fight over the name of religion. This research paper also talks about the and about the Abrogation of Article 370 and its impact on terrorism. Nowadays, it has become a compelling duty for countries to protect the basic right of human beings and to provide security without jeopardizing them as terrorism constitutes a threat to the country.
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Early, Bryan R., Matthew Fuhrmann, and Quan Li. "Atoms for Terror? Nuclear Programs and Non-Catastrophic Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism." British Journal of Political Science 43, no. 4 (March 5, 2013): 915–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000712341200066x.
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Does the diffusion of nuclear programs encourage nuclear and radiological (NR) terrorism? It is argued that a country's vulnerability to NR terrorism grows as the size of its nuclear program increases. The presence of expansive nuclear infrastructure facilitates terrorists’ efforts to steal or acquire nuclear and radiological materials, increases the targets open to attack, and amplifies the potential economic and social-psychological consequences of related terrorist attacks. It is also argued that countries can reduce the likelihood of NR terrorism by improving nuclear security and reducing corruption. An empirical analysis of NR terrorist incidents during 1992–2006 supports for these arguments. The findings offer empirically grounded insights into the future risks of nuclear terrorism, and possible solutions are offered.
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Margalith, Ilana, Nili Tabak, and Tal Granot. "Student Nurses' Care of Terrorists and Their Victims." Nursing Ethics 15, no. 5 (September 2008): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733008092869.
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Sabar, Alexander, Muhammad Mustofa, and Adrianus Eliasta Meliala. "Re-imaging and re-conceptualize Hyper Terrorism in Indonesia: based on the Baudrillard framework." Technium Social Sciences Journal 41 (March 9, 2023): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v41i1.8537.
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Hyper-Terrorism in Indonesia has a strong relationship with the phenomenon of cyber terrorism. One of the primary uses of the internet by terrorist groups is to spread propaganda. Propaganda is a utility of hyperspace that is very useful for terror groups, especially in Indonesia. Propaganda carried out by terrorists is generally multimedia communication in the form of instructions, practical and ideological explanations, and justification or promotion of terrorist activities. These can take the form of virtual messages, presentations, electronic magazines, fatwas of ulama-supporting terrorists, audio-video files, and video games, all developed by terrorist organizations and their sympathizers. The terrorist group uses the internet for funding, training, and propaganda (including recruitment, radicalization, and incitement). In Jeans Baudrillard's concept, communication technology has given birth to a world of media that exists in parallel with reality, breaking the traditional linguistic relationship of sign and meaning, which he calls simulacra with hyperreality as the main characteristic. The big problem now is that there is no in-depth study on the definition of Hyper-Terrorism or the parameters in categorizing information as hyper-terrorism as a feature of the 'Simulacrum of Terror.' Examining the stages in the simulacrum of terror by Baudrillard, there is a missing stage between the results of media reproduction and the phenomenon of the simulacrum of terror. This research will take up the gap that Baudrillard missed. Then it becomes crucial to study academically, especially regarding the phenomenon of Hyper-Terrorism itself, namely hyperreality in terrorism propaganda, where the reproduction of information that is published globally brings up a relative representation.
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Ikeke, Mark Omorovie. "Moral Cosmopolitanism and the Challenge of Global Terrorism." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.5.1.737.
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The world is bedevilled by terrorism. Of the most recent treats and challenges that the world faces there seem to be none bigger than terrorism. There is hardly a week that passes when you do not hear of terrorist attacks in one place of the order. Terrorist attacks have been perpetuated in places like Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Somalia, Yemen, and Pakistan, the United States, Britain, Canada, France, Italy and so forth. The effects and impact of terrorism are incalculable. Thousands of lives and properties have been lost to terrorism. If terrorism is not mitigated or stopped it has the capacity to plunge the world into a new dark age. The paper examines the reality, effects, and causes of terrorism. It uses critical analytic and evaluative methods to examine terrorism from the lens of moral cosmopolitanism. The paper proposes that the idea of moral cosmopolitanism that affirms the common humanity of all humans and obligates each human to come to the help of others, even strangers can help to combat global terrorism. The paper finds that there is need to educate, conscientize, and persuade global terrorists with the value of moral cosmopolitanism. If this can be done it will greatly help in mitigating global terrorist attacks.
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Киреев, Михаил, Mikhail Kireev, Зуфар Тагиров, and Zufar Tagirov. "TERRORISM AND ECONOMY." Services in Russia and abroad 10, no. 5 (August 29, 2016): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21195.
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The article analyzes some aspects of the financial foundations of modern terrorism, considers sources of funding terrorist organization and movements, highlights the factors affecting the development of this phenomenon, presents the author´s view on the issue of "terrorist" finances. The authors substantiate that economic factors are the terrorism foundation, in this regard terrorist activity as an economic category is considered in two aspects: financing of separated terrorist acts and in general the terrorist ideology and practice. Some of the "traditional" options for the legalization of criminal incomes by terrorists are described. The specifics of terrorist economy as rule is that criminals for illegal activity usually get income in the form of cash. However, traditional use of cash for terrorist purposes in the current conditions takes second place and supplanted by developing non-cash financial instruments. The article distinguishes the financial and organizational factors that are favorable for terrorist activities, analyzes connection and interaction of terrorism and economic and financial spheres from the perspective of the "violent entrepreneurship" theory. Violent entrepreneurship is defined as a set of solutions and strategies, allowing to convert permanently an organized force in the cash income and other benefits that have market value. The authors offer the three-stage financial model of a terrorist attack. The first stage is advancement of political, economic and other requirements with the threat to paralyze the whole economic system of the country in case of their failure. The second stage includes demonstrational attack (or its threat) to a single economic structure and paralyzation of its actions. The third stage is repetition of requirements in a more rigid form relying on the effect of real or possible demonstration of force. In conclusion, the authors forecasts the future economic goals of global terrorism. Currently, the problem of financial and economic terrorism cannot be separated from the information, and in the future, information terrorism will focus on the global economy.
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Rafique, Naila. "COUNTERING MEASURES OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research 2, no. 02 (December 30, 2019): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.2.2.6.
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Terrorism and sectarian violence has started since the creation of the Pakistan. Terrorism is the deliberate use of unlawful force or violence to achieve goal that is political or ideological nature. Special Anti-terrorist courts enforce the Anti-terrorism laws of the Pakistan and system nominates organizations and people consisted with terrorism. Different factors are responsible to make Anti-Terrorism law. A number of extremist challenges faced by Pakistan that are ethnic and religious groups. The Pakistan government established committees to encourage sectarian harmony and religious tolerance. Pakistan support Taliban in Afghanistan, which make the way safe for militancy and also for terrorists. The anti-terrorism law has massive implication on Pakistan by different ways. Pakistan has been effected economically, politically, socially and militarily. According to Pakistan Finance Ministry, that counter terrorism campaign has caused unemployment in affected areas, which increased poverty. The listing of these proscribes organizations is also one of the factor to make anti-terrorism law. To gauge the impacts of anti-terrorism law, so there is technological impediment inhabits a particular incident of terrorists. Due to this hurdle unintended results happened and they transferred the attack. This law also desisted the activities of those groups who are involved in funds rising, money laundering and participation in terrorist activities. This law has sustainable effect on civil freedom rights and values. Some decision maker was also condemned this act on account of personal liberties. The additional powers of this act have been produced inimical result to combat terrorism.
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Tella, Oluwaseun. "Boko Haram Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: The Soft Power Context." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 6 (November 2, 2017): 815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909617739326.
Full textAbstract:
Given terrorists’ use of violence in pursuit of their objectives and violent counter-terrorism measures, terrorism is not often associated with soft power. Nevertheless, terrorist organisations subscribe to ideologies that are appealing to certain individuals and/or segments within their immediate environment and beyond. Similarly, counter-terrorism initiatives that embrace the utility of soft power might be more successful than those that rely on the use of naked force. While the soft power of terrorist organisations has received scant attention, there has been modest scholarly inquiry into a soft power approach to counter-terrorism. However, no comprehensive research has been conducted on the place of soft power in Boko Haram’s activities and the Nigerian government’s efforts to end their campaign. This article offers a new perspective to the burgeoning literature on Boko Haram terrorism by examining whether or not it possesses elements of soft power that are appealing to certain Nigerians. It also examines if the Nigerian government has adopted a soft power approach in its counter-terrorism efforts. The article concludes that effectively tackling the sect will require a smart power strategy.
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Penny, Christopher K. "De-Conflicting Canada’s Anti-Terrorism Legislation: Khawaja and the Ongoing Challenges of the ‘Armed Conflict’ Exclusion." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 27, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v27i2.4533.
Full textAbstract:
The definition of ‘terrorist activity’ is fundamental to Canada’s anti-terrorism legislation. Following the recent trial of Momin Khawaja before the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, it is clear that the ‘armed conflict’ exclusion – exempting wartime activities undertaken in accordance with international law – poses serious challenges to the coherence of this legislative regime, threatening the effectiveness of future domestic terrorism prosecutions. This article examines the ‘armed conflict’ exclusion and its judicial treatment in Khawaja, identifying key challenges and making specific recommendations to address them. Coupled with other issues arising from the ‘armed conflict’ exclusion, Khawaja serves to highlight a clear and pressing need for amendment of the statutory definition of ‘terrorist activity.’La définition d’ « activité terroriste » est un élément fondamental de la législation canadienne contre le terrorisme. Suite au récent procès de Momin Khawaja devant la Cour supérieure de justice de l’Ontario, il est clair que l’exclusion « conflit armé » - qui fait exemption d’activités en temps de guerre entreprises conformément au droit international – présente des défis importants à la cohérence de ce régime législatif, menaçant l’efficacité de poursuites contre le terrorisme au Canada à l’avenir. Cet article examine l’exclusion « conflit armé » et le traitement juridique que l’on en fait dans Khawaja, identifiant des défis-clés et faisant des recommandations précises pour en traiter. En conjonction avec d’autres questions que soulève l’exclusion « conflit armé », Khawaja sert à mettre en évidence un besoin clair et pressant de modification à la définition statutaire d’ « activité terroriste ».
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Nyabwengi, Catheline Bosibori. "Women Terrorists and Violent Actors in the Lens of the Media in Kenya: 1980-2019." East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajis.5.1.540.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the increasing role of women in violence and terrorist-related activities across the globe, stereotypes depicting violence and terrorism as a male sphere continue to shape and, in some cases, prevent the authentic presentation of women terrorists and violent actors. Essentially, war and violence are attributed to men and masculine traits. Accordingly, women are mainly presented as intrinsically vulnerable, coerced actors, or violence victims in violence and terrorism. The media plays an essential role in disseminating information about terrorism and violence to the public. However, it does not operate in a vacuum, and thus, reportage of violence and terrorism at times reflects the prevailing cultural gender stereotypes of war and violence. This paper explores how the media present women terrorists and violent actors in Kenya. It also explores how this presentation impacts security initiatives and counter-terrorism strategies in the country. The paper uses accessible evidence from media reports on various female terrorists, terrorist attacks, and security operations to examine these aspects. It argues that the media labels women terrorists as vulnerable and focuses on their age, physical outlook, and statuses rather than the violent act perpetrated. Such presentation paints an image of irrational, naïve, coerced female terrorists and victims of violence. Accordingly, the paper recommends that the media-mediated images must not influence the implementation of anti-terror and violence policies since they do not necessarily reflect the reality on the ground.
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Vasilev, Artem Alekseevich, and Daria Numman Mansur. "Terrorist activity in Germany: approaches to defining the term and structure, nature and features." Мировая политика, no. 2 (February 2024): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2024.2.70874.
Full textAbstract:
The relevance of the research topic lies in the increased danger of terrorist acts in the world. The object of the research presented in the article is terrorism. The subject of the study is terrorist activity in Germany. The purpose of the article is to characterize the phenomenon of terrorist activity in Germany by analyzing theoretical and conceptual approaches to the definition of terrorism and its organizational structures after World War II. Main tasks: to define the term "terrorism", to analyze the structure of terrorism based on theoretical and conceptual approaches, to identify the features and nature of terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany. The research is based on the network theory proposed by S. Stohl and M. Stohl. In the article are used diverse approaches to the definition of the term and structure of terrorism, and also identifies the nature and features of terrorist activity in Germany. The author uses statistical data, analytical reports and scientific literature. The main conclusions of the study are the establishment of the fact that it will take more time for the problem of terrorism to receive a clear legal description both in Germany and in international law, the structural feature of terrorist activity in Germany is represented by party organizations that were active in the second half of the twentieth century, as well as diaspora and religious networks of terrorists, features of terrorism: they are "vindictive", "diaspora-based" and religious in nature. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the wide use of versatile approaches to determining the level structure of terrorist activity in the world, in the European Union, as well as at the state level. Moreover, the author has identified the main features of terrorism in Germany since the second half of the twentieth century.
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Langa, Mmaphuti Felicia. "An Assessment of South Africa’s Vulnerability to Terrorism Financing and the Counter-Terrorist Financing Framework." Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies 3, no. 4 (2023): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2023.3.4.198.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorism financing poses a direct threat to South Africa’s national security as well as the integrity and reputation of its financial system. Terrorism financing has the potential to finance and enable terrorist activities locally and abroad. Over and above posing a security threat, it also impacts the integrity of non-financial institutions such as charities and non-profit organizations which could be exploited, often unwittingly, for the financing of terrorism. Terrorist groups make use of multiple methods to raise move, store and/or use funds and exploit the inherent vulnerabilities of countries’ regulatory, financial, law enforcement and security frameworks. Their techniques vary and depend on the sophistication and objectives of terrorists, terrorist organizations and their sympathizers. Terrorism financing investigations are usually extremely complex, particularly with regard to the identification of financiers and ultimate end-users of the generated funds. This is due to the myriad financial transaction mediums such as cash and crypto assets, the international nature of transfers between financial jurisdictions, the informal financial sector (e.g. Hawala), as well as the capacity and capability challenges faced by financial institutions, regulators, supervisory bodies and law enforcement agencies. Funds intended for terrorism related activities may be derived from legitimate as well as from illicit sources, making terrorism financing particularly difficult to detect, disrupt and prevent. The constant evolution of terrorism financing methods in response to new and increasingly sophisticated countermeasures remains a continual challenge locally and for international financial oversight bodies such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and its regional-style bodies. This paper will investigate and assess South Africa’s vulnerability to terrorism financing and the counter-terrorist financing framework to effectively combat terrorism financing. The key issues to be appraised include an assessment of factors that contribute to SA’s vulnerability to terrorism financing. A counter-terrorist financing framework adopted by SA.