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Kowalik, Bartosz Andrzej Warwas. "Islamic terrorism and U.S. counter terrorist policy /." Title page, table of contents and conclusion only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ark885.pdf.
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Al, kaabi Juma. "La gestion de la menace terroriste. Le système français de prévention et de répression." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3025/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur la gestion du risque terroriste en France.En tant que droit fondamental, la sécurité publique est prise en charge par l’État qui a le devoir d’assurer la défense et la protection des personnes et des biens publiques. Afin de protéger le pays contre tout risque et toute menace terroriste, la France, un des pays du monde les plus ciblés par les terroristes, a dû s’adapter aux nouvelles formes de terrorisme qui sévissent. Pour ce faire, elle a mis en place un important dispositif d’outils et de moyens de prévention et de répression pour lutter contre le terrorisme, tels que les fichiers de police informatisés. Des outils dérogatoires de prévention du terrorisme ont ainsi été créés, d’autres ont été perfectionnés. Dans ce contexte de lutte contre le terrorisme, de nombreux acteurs interviennent, au niveau local, national, mais aussi européen et international, au sein des institutions.De leur côté, les législateurs, devant les diverses formes de terrorisme, mais également face à la fréquence de tels actes et à leur violence toujours plus grande, ont dû créer de nouvelles lois relatives à la répression et à la prévention des actions terroristes.Ils se sont aussi attachés à la répression du financement du terrorisme en incriminant les personnes qui seraient, directement ou indirectement liées à des réseaux criminels. Enfin, grâce à une collaboration efficace des acteurs sur les plans international, européen et national, ainsi qu’à des outils opérationnels et des moyens de plus en plus performants, la sécurité des personnes et des biens publics est assuréeThis thesis focuses on terrorist risk management in France.As a fundamental right, public safety is supported by the State, it has the duty to defend and protect people and public property. To protect the country against all risks and terrorist threat, France, one of the most targeted countries of the world by the terrorists, had to adapt to new forms of terrorism. To do this, it has established an important tool device and means of prevention and enforcement to fight against terrorism, such as computerized police files. Derogatory tools to prevent terrorism have also been created, others have been improved. In this context of fight against terrorism, many actors involved, at local, national as well as European and international, within the institutions.For their part, legislators, facing the frequency of such acts and their ever-increasing violence, had to create new laws for the repression and prevention of terrorism.They also committed to the suppression of terrorist financing by criminalizing those who would be directly or indirectly linked to criminal networks. Finally, through effective collaboration of actors on the international, European and national, as well as operational tools and means of increasingly effective, the safety of persons and public goods is assured
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Celebi, Erdogan. "Systems approach to terrorism countering the terrorist training subsystem." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FCelebi.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analyses)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Nancy Roberts. "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-90). Also available in print.
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Villacampa, Megía Francisco. "La legislación europea ante el fenómeno del terrorismo yihadista." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Abat Oliba, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457434.
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L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és determinar si les polítiques antiterroristes empreses en la Unió Europea han disminuït l'amenaça gihadista. En primer lloc hem abordat la ideologia en què es basa el gihadisme. A continuació s'han tractat els principals instruments jurídics i policials aprovats a l'Espai de llibertat, seguretat i justícia. Finalment hem desenvolupat les estratègies que en l'àmbit de la prevenció de la radicalització s'han aprovat a nivell comunitari i estatal.
Les polítiques de prevenció juntament les de protecció, persecució i resposta conformen els pilars de la lluita antiterrorista a la Unió Europea. En l'estudi s'observa un augment de la mobilització i de les accions gihadistes. Aquesta circumstància obliga els Estats membres a millorar la cooperació judicial i policial.
El retorn dels "combatents estrangers", així com els processos ràpids de radicalització de nombrosos ciutadans europeus ho fa imprescindible .Destacamos la importància de les polítiques d'integració dirigides a la Comunitat musulmana, amb l'objectiu que els seus membres, sobretot, els més joves no es vegin atrets per l'islam rigorista, com a pas previ a convertir-se en terroristes.El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es determinar si las políticas antiterroristas emprendidas en la Unión Europea han disminuido la amenaza yihadista. En primer lugar hemos abordado la ideología en la que se basa el yihadismo. A continuación se han tratado los principales instrumentos jurídicos y policiales aprobados en el Espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia. Finalmente hemos desarrollado las estrategias que en el ámbito de la prevención de la radicalización se han aprobado a nivel comunitario y estatal. Las políticas de prevención junto las de protección, persecución y respuesta conforman los pilares de la lucha antiterrorista en la Unión Europea. En el estudio se observa un aumento de la movilización y de las acciones yihadistas. Esta circunstancia obliga a los Estados miembros a mejorar la cooperación judicial y policial. El retorno de los "combatientes extranjeros", así como los procesos rápidos de radicalización de numerosos ciudadanos europeos lo hace imprescindible .Destacamos la importancia de las políticas de integración dirigidas a la Comunidad musulmana, con el objetivo de que sus miembros, sobre todo, los más jóvenes no se vean atraídos por el islam rigorista, como paso previo a convertirse en terroristas.
The aim of this Doctoral Thesis is to determine whether anti-terrorist policies undertaken in the European Union have diminished the jihadist threat. In the first place we have approached the ideology on which jihadism is based. The main legal and police instruments adopted in the area of freedom, security and justice have been discussed below. Finally we have developed the strategies that have been approved at the community and state level in the area of radicalization prevention. Prevention policies together with protection, persecution and response form the pillars of the fight against terrorism in the European Union. The study shows an increase inmobilization and jihadist actions. This requires Member States to improve judicial and police cooperation. The return of "foreign fighters", as well as the rapid processes of radicalization of many European citizens, makes it imperative. We emphasize the importance of integration policies aimed at the Muslim community, with the aim that its members, Younger people are not attracted to rigorous Islam, as a precursor to becoming terrorists.
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Worrell, Blake Greig James Michael. "Determinants of international terrorist group formation, 1968-1999." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5107.
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Kiefer, John J. "Urban terrorism : strategies for mitigating terrorist attacks against the domestic urban environment /." Connect to this resource. (Authorized users only), 2001.
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Bittner, Jan, and Markus Lederer. "Finanzmärkte und Sicherheit : die Bekämpfung der Finanzquellen des Terrorismus." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/973/.
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Since 9/11, the fight against the financial sources of terrorism has become a major arena
for international co-operation. In the first part, the paper highlights the borderline between security studies and international political economy. The second part of the paper asks how successful the international community is in this fight.
The authors show that the idea of seizing terrorist funds and denying access to the international financial system is not a very promising one. They conclude that, so far, results have been mixed and that only a political approach to the problem promises a solution.
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Gok, Ozkan. "Structural Disadvantage, Terrorism, and Non-terrorist Violent Crime in Turkey." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258729259.
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Bhattacharya, Srobana. "WHO SUPPORTS TERRORISM? A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TERRORIST RESOURCE NETWORKS." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/781.
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Studies on civilian support for terrorist groups are limited in what they are able to say about why some terrorist groups have high civilian support while others do not. Most of these studies have focused on resource provision, overlooking the fact that it is only a strategy to extract resources in future. Additionally, these studies pay scant attention to existing resource structure, especially territorial and political control to explain terrorist-civilian interaction. The importance of territorial control and political involvement with respect to terrorism has been under studied because of the inherent clandestine and violent nature of terrorist groups. However, careful analysis of several terrorist groups reveals that these two factors are important in determining the levels of civilian support received. My findings bring the question of territorial control to the forefront and opens up avenues for more systematic analysis about this link between terrorist-civilian interaction and territorial control. My research also offers a unique lens in understanding terrorist-group behavior. While most studies highlight terrorist's interaction with national or international government, I look at terrorist's interaction with civilians, a crucial section of the audience. Furthermore, I approach this topic by emphasizing the bi-directional nature of this interaction - a. perception of civilians by the terrorist group and b. terrorist group's perception of the civilians. This dissertation argues that both these perceptions are based on the preexisting, dynamic, and acquiredconditions in whichthe terrorist groups operate. I explore six specific conditions within these three categories - terrorist groups' territorial control; political involvement; sub-group affiliations, ideological motivation, target selection and ethnic composition to understand how they affect civilian support for terrorist groups. I conduct a two step nested analysis. While most studies on terrorism rely on event count data, this methodology offers a more detailed understanding of the cases. In the first step, I conduct a fifteen case comparison to trace the necessary and sufficient conditions for high civilian support for terrorist groups. Results indicate that combinations of territorial control, sub-group affiliations and political involvement along with nationalist ideology is crucial in understanding levels of civilian support for terrorist groups. Following this, in the second step of my nested analysis, I conduct an in-depth case study of the Maoist extremist group in India. I investigate the temporal variation of civilian support for this group. The findings suggest that territorial shift and group's change in tactics affect the nature of civilian support. Following this, counter terrorism policies should take into account the nature of terrorist-civilian interactions while intervening in areas where terrorists and civilians are interacting regularly.
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Gocer, Ilyas. "Another approach to counter-terrorism: terrorists with guilty consciences." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27835.
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There are some cases in which terrorists had second thoughts about harming other people. Their conscience, specifically their guilty conscience, forced them to reconsider their plan. This raises thought-provoking questions are there other examples of terrorists pulling back from an operation because of their guilty conscience, and can countries take advantage of this phenomenon to reduce the prevalence of terrorism This thesis will answer these questions in an exploration of how exploiting guilty consciences can be an element of a countrys counter-terrorism strategy that focuses on the personal, psychological component of terrorism.
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Cliff, Amanda V. "Disinhibition and terrorism." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/896.
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The problem of understanding how terrorists are psychologically enabled to undertake violence against other human beings is one that has not been adequately examined in past research on terrorism. Indeed, while much has been researched on discovering motivations for such acts, an examination and analysis of the loss of inhibitions as a significant factor in the overall process of becoming a terrorist has been somewhat overlooked. This thesis is an attempt to remedy this shortcoming in the literature, and therefore represents an inquiry into how the process of disinhibition relates to the overall process of terrorism. By examining a number of different factors theoretically and applying them to two contemporary cases of terrorism, this thesis aims to show that there are numerous disinhibitors in relation to acts of terrorism, and that, in some situations, these disinhibitors can relatively easily come into play.
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Friis, Gustav. "#Terrorism." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341427.
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Ampofo, Lawrence. "Terrorism 3.0 : understanding perceptions of technology, terrorism and counter-terrorism in Spain." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2011. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/fd658676-8ed2-9d0c-70e2-72e7fdd8df2f/9/.
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This thesis tests whether the availability of new technologies increases the capacities of terrorist and counter-terrorist agencies to achieve their communication objectives. It focuses on the ways narratives affected the behaviour of Spanish-language audiences through an analysis of policy documents, elite interviews, and internet research methods adapted by the author. The data illuminate shifting understandings of communities of policymakers, journalists, and publics during 2004 to 2011 and is the first such study undertaken in Spain. Five themes are examined: the relation of terrorism in Spain to immigration, the formation of narratives in relation to understandings of terrorism, terrorism and cybercrime within Spain, the nature of communities in relation to understandings of terrorism in Spain and online reaction to the death of Osama bin Laden. The hypothesis is derived from: the theses of Bobbitt (2008) and Barnett (2005) concerning technology's role in the changing character of the state and terrorist organisations; terrorism studies literature concerning the role of technology in recruitment and communication; and public diplomacy studies suggesting political organisations can communicate effectively to publics through digital campaigns. The main findings are: (i) the availability of technologies has not brought success for government or terrorist organisations; (ii) government narratives were not considered persuasive by online users, refuting top-down communication models; (iii) online communities wish to engage and may contain key influencers to be conduits for government or terrorist narratives; (iv) terrorist organisations now have greater capacity to operationalise visibility and invisibility within their strategies; and (v) partly independent phenomena have been ‘commensurated' into one ‘nexus' of concern. The thesis considers how Web 3.0 is likely to bear upon these relationships, recommending that counter-terrorist practitioners conduct further internet research into the attitudes and behaviours of online users to explore ways they can be co-opted into future counter-terrorism strategies.
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Ashby, Christopher B. Brinsfield Gregory S. "Convergence and religious terrorism in America /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sep%5FAshby.pdf.
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Forsythe, Anne Cabrié. "Comparing Terrors: State Terrorism in Revolutionary France and Russia." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626669.
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Wilson, II Samuel Forrest. "Terrorist Experts' Perceptions of how the Internet has Shaped International Terrorism." ScholarWorks, 2014. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/110.
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Mass media and the Internet have emerged as enablers for terrorist planning, facilitation, and communication. The Internet allows terrorists to operate without the confines of borders and increases the potential impact on victims. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions of American terrorist experts on how terrorists' Internet use has shaped international terrorism. Stepanova's asymmetric conflict theory served as the theoretical framework of this study. Specifically, this study explored terrorists' Internet-based recruitment strategies, the ways in which those recruitment efforts were supported in the United States, the measures to counter such recruitment efforts, and the future direction of terrorist recruitment in the 21st century. Data were collected through in-depth semistructured interviews with a purposive sample of 10 American terrorist experts. Data were analyzed using thematic coding. Findings indicated that terrorists' Internet use has resulted in challenges for counterterrorism agencies in the United States and abroad due to the ability of terrorists to easily close, change, and create new websites or accounts. These findings may inform the work of domestic and international counterterrorism entities in creating policy objectives that address the fluid nature of Internet recruitment, including proactive and coordinated responses by member states. This action may improve the United States' security through more effective recognition and response to terrorist Internet tactics.
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Mobley, Blake William. "Terrorist group counterintelligence." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/443544632/viewonline.
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Greijdanus, Wouter. "Terrorism genom tiderna : En begreppshistorisk analys av terrorism." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36743.
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The following is an assignment about the use of the word terrorism throughout history. This assignment contains a conceptual historical analysis of the term terrorism. The aim of this assignment is the following: To discern, through a conceptual historical analysis, how the term terrorism has been used and how the meanings of the term terrorism has changed in time. To provide an answer to this thesis is the assignment tries to answer the following questions: 1) How can conceptual historical analysis be applied to the term terrorism? 2) How can the term terrorism be defined? 3) How has the term terrorism been used throughout history, with specific focus on the academic world and even some contemporary texts? 4) Is it possible to point out some clear changes in the use of the term from the moment of its first use until current time? 5) Which meanings has the term terrorism received and how are these meanings associated with the term terrorism? The assignment initially highlights different theories on conceptual historical research as well as links these theories to the actual term terrorism. After this some difficulties with defining terrorism as a term are pointed out and the impact this has on research within the field of terrorism. Following this is the actual analytical part which is split into three parts; the use of terrorism throughout history, implied terrorism before the term was coined and in fiction, and lastly some examples of the use of terrorism taken from older texts.
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Tench, Stephen Ashley. "Space-time modelling of terrorism and counter-terrorism." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10058705/.
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In this thesis multiple approaches are presented which demonstrate the effectiveness of mathematical modelling to the study of terrorism and counter-terrorism strategies. In particular, theories of crime science are quantified to obtain objective outcomes. The layout of the research findings is in four parts. The first model studied is a Hawkes point process. This model describes events where past occurrence can lead to an increase in future events. In the context of this thesis a point process is used to capture dependence among terrorist attacks committed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) during ``The Troubles'' in Northern Ireland. The Hawkes process is adapted to produce a method capable of determining quantitatively temporally distinct phases within the PIRA movement. Expanding on the Hawkes model the next area of research introduces a time-varying background rate. In particular, using the Fast Fourier Transform a sinusoidal background rate is derived. This model then enables a study of seasonal trends in the attack profile of the Al Shabaab (AS) group. To study the spatial dynamics of terrorist activity a Dirichlet Process Mixture (DPM) model is examined. The DPM is used in a novel setting by considering the influence of improvised explosive device (IED) factory closures on PIRA attacks. The final research area studied in this thesis is data collection methods. An information retrieval (IR) tool is designed which can automatically obtain terrorist event details. Machine learning techniques are used to compare this IR data to a manually collected dataset. Future research ideas are introduced for each of the topics covered in this dissertation.
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Philippone, Douglas S. "Hezbollah the network and its support systems, can they be stopped?" Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483483.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Freeman, Michael. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-59). Also available in print.
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Amador, Brian S. "The Federal Republic of Germany and left wing terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FAmador.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Daniel Moran, Maria Rasmussen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-68). Also available online.
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Tellidis, Ioannis. "Preventing terrorism?" Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/426.
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This study examines the debates on nationalism, terrorism and conflict resolution, and intends to identify, on the one hand, the reasons why and the instances in which nationalist discourses usurp the notions of political violence and present it as a legitimate option for opposing a State, and on the other, whether there exist circumstances where conflict resolution techniques and approaches can be useful in isolating terrorist discourses from the nationalist ones, without necessarily criminalising the latter. The study employs a critical and discourse analysis approach to explaining ethno-nationalist and terrorist phenomena, arguing that a contextualisation of the nationalist and terrorist objects of study is necessary in order to comprehensively analyse the relationship between the two, and the instances where the former gives rise to the latter. The purpose of the study is to develop a theoretical framework for the understanding of nationalism and terrorism as interconnected practices, and looks into ways in which conflict resolution can intervene and prevent the infusion of the two. In order to test this framework, the thesis examines the Basque conflict and discusses how the discriminatory practices of the Francoist dictatorship towards the Basques played a catalytic role in their acceptance of violence as a legitimate vehicle of pursuit of the nationalist aim of independence, and how the radicalisation of counter-terrorist practices after the democratic transition further distanced the civil society from both the State and the militant group. The study analyses the role of the Basque civil society, and how it became the primary actor in the transformation of the conflict by rejecting violent practices from both the State and ETA, while at the same time promoting a more civic aspect of the Basque nationalist discourse. This attitude allows the thesis to conclude that, contrary to theories of conflict resolution, the State can combat terrorism most effectively when it allies with civil society in the alteration of perceptions that perpetuate violence, but instead favour a strictly political approach to the pursuit of political objectives, like self-determination.
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Medhurs, Paul E. "Global terrorism." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568384.
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Global Terrorism is best summarised as: a self contained textbook on the subject of terrorism, versatile in its suitability for both distance and classroom learning, either according to a fixed academic schedule, or one which is self-paced. Moreover, it notably renders the subject of terrorism in both span and depth to a degree rarely, if at all, found in other contemporary works on the topic. Global Terrorism also includes some hitherto unassembled research findings, and creative invention (definitions and formula). Furthermore, serious dedication has been applied to presenting Global Terrorism in an academic format, which is demonstrated by virtue of: a) Descriptive and explanatory instructions concerning the Course Format. b) Instructions concerning the Method of Study proposed for distance learning. c) A full List of Contents detailing the entire syllabus. d) A lengthy and protracted Introduction for adequate preparatory purposes. e) 12 distinct Lessons with titles and sub titles indicating the content syllabus. f) Clear and pre-stated Scope and Objectives for each of the 12 lessons. g) Heavily illustrated throughout (475 illustrations). h) Richly presented text (frequent bulleting and numbering, and 50 tables/charts). i) Four major case studies. j) 12 historically notable Terrorist attack briefs (concise facts of the cases). k) 12 vocabulary tables (Keywords to Note). 1) Each of the 12 Lessons concluding in an End-of-Lesson Quiz (test) of 20 questions, to gauge assimilation. m) 19 Annexes: wide-ranging scientific, political, historical and other reference information and photographs. n) A Final Examination and award ofa certificate of completion for reaching a pass standard (75%). 0) The author (candidate student) standing as mentor for all enrolled students (gratis and in own time). Finally, Global Terrorism has fortunately attracted enrolments from several hundred students, both independently and through institutions such as the US Government and Universities (at Graduate and undergraduate level). Several hundreds of students have enrolled from over 20 countries, and include police, military, security and intelligence personnel, notably a number being from the UK Ministry of Defence, US State Department and Pentagon, up to and including the General Officer level. Author (candidate-student) and Global Terrorism were briefly mentioned by the United Nations Secretary-General in his report to the UN General Assembly on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (Report number A/55/179).
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Raphael, Sam. "Terrorism studies, the United States and terrorist violence in the global south." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.712011.
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Ekici, Siddik. "Needs and Membership in Terrorist Organizations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12070/.
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One key to reducing terrorism may be to understand why individuals join terror groups, and to find ways to meet their needs through alternatives to discourage membership in terrorist organizations. The study introduces the hierarchy of needs framework to capture all previous pieces of explanations on why individuals join terror groups under one big umbrella, in order to see the big picture. It does not do a meta-analysis, but rather tests the framework. This study is designed to find out what perceived needs commonly motivate individuals to join terror groups in general and specific terror groups in particular. The research uses Turkey's terrorism experience as a case study which is supported with data from real terrorist in Turkey. Findings of the descriptive analyses show that majority joined a terror group due to social and affiliative needs. The remaining analyses (bivariate, cross-tabulation and binary logistic regression) show that confitents who perceived esteem and recognition were more likely to become members of other/leftist terror groups, and that rightist terror group members in Turkey tend to have higher education. Education mainly affects a confitent's perception of two needs: social and affiliation and self-actualization. Other demographic variables (age group, region of birth, marital status) die not yield any significant relation with membership in terror groups.
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Kehl, Jones Mariel. "Direito penal (anti)terrorista: limites operativos para sua incriminação." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4865.
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Da análise da situação experimentada nos Estados democráticos de Direito após os atentados terroristas de 11 de setembro de 2001, ocorrido nos Estados Unidos, verifica-se a adoção de uma série de medidas legislativas e executivas voltadas à luta contra tal criminalidade. As legislações antiterror normalmente inserem-se no contexto do denominado Direito Penal do inimigo, em que se pretende a exclusão do delinquente da sociedade. Entretanto, é preciso encontrar limites operativos da definição de terrorismo de modo a permitir sua incriminação no marco das sociedades democráticas. Para tanto, por meio de uma abordagem fenomenológica, enquanto revisão crítica dos temas centrais transmitidos pela tradição filosófica através da linguagem, adota-se o método monográfico e, enquanto técnica de pesquisa, a documentação indireta, notadamente pesquisa bibliográfica espanhola e norte-americana, bem como análise de propostas legislativas e de textos legislativos, a fim de verificar a situação brasileira sobre o tema. Com isso, analisando o conteúdo do injusto de tal criminalidade, observa-se o ataque a bens jurídicos concretos protegidos pelos crimes comuns, à paz pública e as vias democráticas de tomada de decisões políticas. Assim, o método terrorista deve ter a intimidação massiva como forma de comissão, com violência reiterada e indiscriminada, a comissão de crimes gravíssimos como modo de execução e caráter armado enquanto meio utilizado. Para lograr êxito no ataque aos bens jurídicos, a conduta terrorista deverá ser executada por uma organização, imbuída de uma finalidade política, no sentido de impor uma determinada regulação à margem dos mecanismos democráticos de tomada de decisão política estabelecidos. A partir disso, o método terrorista serve como limite horizontal para a tipificação da conduta, ao passo que a estrutura organizativa serve como limite vertical e, por fim, o elemento teleológico, como limite transversal.
Analyzing the situation experienced in the law of democratic States after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, occurred in the United States, there is the adoption of a series of legislative and executive measures aimed at combating such crime. The anti-terror laws usually falls within the context of the enemy called Criminal Law, according to which it is intended the exclusion of the offender from society. However, it's necessary find operating limits of the definition of terrorism to allow incrimination in the context of democratic societies. Therefore, through a phenomenological approach, while critical review of the central themes transmitted by philosophical tradition through language, it was adopted the monographic method, while technical research, the indirect documentation, notably Spanish literature and American, and analysis of legislative proposals and legislation in order to verify the Brazilian situation on the topic. Thus, analyzing the content of the unjust in such crime, there was the attack on concrete legal rights protected by common crimes, public peace and democratic process of political decision-making. Thus, the terrorist method must have the massive intimidation as a form of commission, with repeated and indiscriminate violence, the commission very serious crimes as a way of implementation and armed character as a means used. To bring about the attack on the legal interests, the terrorist conduct must be performed by an organization, which must have political purpose, to impose a particular setting the margins of democratic mechanisms established political decision-making. From this, the terrorist method serves as a horizontal limit for its characterization, while the organizational structure serves as a vertical limit and, finally, the teleological element, such as transverse edge.
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Brinsfield, Gregory S., and Christopher B. Ashby. "Convergence and religious terrorism in America." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1464.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Religious terrorism, as most recently highlighted by the horrendous 9/11 attacks, is not a new phenomenon. It is not restricted to any one particular religion or belief system, nor is it reserved as a weapon against foreign lands. Domestic religious terrorism is just as prevalent throughout history and is brought about by certain converging factors at particularly susceptible times within the society, such as economic difficulties, new or modified technologies, and social uncertainties. Under these conditions, a charismatic leader with an appealing ideology and access to sufficient resources may become a very powerful threat to society, pitting the secular against the divine. This type of convergence may result in altogether new religious movements, or the unexpected growth of fringe groups that, until they act, are not even identified. Examining the historical convergences of the Reformation, First and Second Great Awakenings, and the trends of modern domestic society, we find that the threads which hold these movements together remain consistent throughout history. Enabled by the rapid growth of technology, these groups have unprecedented potential power. A group that decides to become offensive or use weapons of mass destruction, such as Japan's Aum Shinrikyo, may pose an unacceptable risk to our country.
Major, United States Air Force
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Stolz, Jennifer. "Rethinking Terrorism: Towards a Better Understanding of Categorical Terrorism." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4082.
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As terrorism continues to evolve, can we better understand when a terrorist group will utilize mass violence as opposed to targeted violence? Jeff Goodwin argues that by understanding societal factors, we can predict when a terrorist organization will choose selective or categorical terrorism. But, can we rely on these societal factors alone or can other factors allow for a more complex understanding? After testing each of the variables and additional factors against three case studies, it became apparent that Goodwin’s theory could be utilized to better understand when a terrorist organization will utilize selective versus categorical terrorism. Additionally, the presence or absence of a culture of honor may also predict the type of violence a terrorist organization will utilize. I propose that future research examine the relationship between target and violence type and a culture of honor.
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Hasler, John. "Stichwort: Der Ausschuß zur Bekämpfung des Terrorismus - Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC)." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5564/.
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Johnston, Robert W. "The resiliency of terrorist havens : a social mobilization theory approach /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FJohnston.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Letitia L. Lawson. "December 2006." AD-A462 614. Includes bibliographical references (p.67-75). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Jones-Hard, Susan G. "Bio-terrorism steps to effective public health risk communication and fear management /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/04Jun%5FJones%5FHard.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Stockton, Paul. "June 2004." Description based on title screen as viewed on February 28, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-94). Also available in print.
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Halaburda, Pablo. "Terrorism base potential in the tri-border area of Latin America." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FHalaburda.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Kalev Sepp. "December 2006." AD-A462 564. Includes bibliographical references (p.83-89). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Sousa, Alexandre Rodrigues de. "Percepção de ameaça terrorista nos jogos olímpicos: um estudo de caso sobre a cidade-sede São Paulo nas Olimpíadas Rio 2016." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-23112017-140406/.
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Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a percepção de ameaça terrorista em São Paulo, no contexto dos Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram caracterizar a percepção da população de São Paulo em relação à ameaça terrorista e dimensionar a efetividade do programa governamental de sensibilização contra ameaça terrorista concebido em proveito da segurança durante os jogos olímpicos. Ao longo de seis meses, de fevereiro a julho de 2016, o autor integrou a equipe do programa e participou da capacitação de 4.287 (quatro mil duzentos e oitenta e sete) profissionais dos setores de turismo, segurança pública e defesa. A pesquisa adota o método do estudo de caso e a base de dados é composta por 1.109 (um mil cento e nove) formulários de pesquisa. Com base em 13 (treze) características do terrorismo extraídas das obras de Alex Schmid, David Rapoport e Martha Crenshaw, o pesquisador investiga a percepção de ameaça terrorista no grupo amostral, obtendo como resultado os seguintes elementos: fanatismo e/ou extremismo religioso (85,57%); violência física e/ou psicológica (62,23%); intimidação, medo e incerteza (60,90%); objetivos políticos (55,37%); uso das redes sociais (53,22%); planejamento (51,79%); estratégia (50,77%); indivíduos isolados (45,04%); grupos não estatais (37,56%); propaganda (36,34%); vítimas aleatoriamente escolhidas (35,41%); clandestinidade (33,98%); ação tática (17,60%). Quanto ao programa governamental de sensibilização contra ameaça terrorista, os resultados apontam um aumento de 34,31% (trinta e quatro vírgula trinta e um por cento) no índice de percepção dos concludentes do curso, indicando a efetividade do instrumento.The object of this research is the perception of terrorist threat in São Paulo, in the context of the Olympic Games Rio 2016. The objectives of the research were to characterize the population\'s perception of the terrorist threat and to assess the effectiveness of the government\'s program of sensitization against terrorist threats designed to improve resilience during the Olympic Games. Over the course of six months, from February to July 2016, the author joined the program team and participated in the training of 4,287 ( four thousand two hundred and eighty-seven) professionals in the tourism, public security and defense sectors. The research adopts the case study method and the database is made up of 1,109 (one thousand one hundred and nine) research forms. Based on (13) thirteen characteristics of terrorism extracted from the works of Alex Schmid, David Rapoport and Martha Crenshaw, the researcher investigates the perception of terrorist threat in the sample group, resulting in the following elements: fanaticism and / or religious extremism (85 , 57%); physical and / or psychological violence (62.23%); intimidation, fear and uncertainty (60.90%); political objectives (55.37%); use of social networks (53.22%); planning (51.79%); strategy (50.77%); isolated individuals (45.04%); non-state groups (37.56%); advertising (36.34%); randomly selected victims (35.41%); clandestinely (33.98%); tactical action (17.60%). As for the government\'s program to raise awareness against terrorist threats, the results indicate a 34.31% (thirty-four point thirty-one percent) increase in the perception of the conclusive students of the course, indicating the effectiveness of the instrument.
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Worrell, Blake. "Determinants of International Terrorist Group Formation, 1968-1999." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5107/.
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Terrorism has become a focus of much political thought over the past few years, and with good reason, yet most quantitative studies of terrorism investigate the likelihood of a terrorist incident while ignoring the precursors to terrorist group formation. I examine cases of new terrorist group formations between the years 1968 and 1999 as a function of domestic demographic, geographic, governmental and societal factors. This is done by Poisson regression analysis, which determines the significance of the independent variables on a count of new international terrorist group formations per country year. The results indicate that higher levels of material government capability, high levels of political freedom, the availability of low-cost refuge, and a cultural tradition of terrorism all have a positive impact on the number of new terrorist group formations, while a higher degree of governmental durability has a negative impact.
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Warnes, R. J. "Mark 1 counter-terrorist : the significance of 'human factors' in effective counter-terrorism." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/812555/.
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The thesis seeks to provide a rigorous analysis of the various 'human factors' behind effective counter-terrorism, based on primary source interview data, rather than secondary source publications or open source material. Consequently the data is drawn from over 170 interviews with policing, intelligence and military specialists in seven countries: the UK, Ireland, France, Spain, Israel, Turkey and the US. Such 'human factors' can be defined as the sociological aspects associated with counter-terrorism: personal relationships, individual capabilities, effective leadership, technical interface, organisational culture and community resilience.
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Nawaz, Muhammad Asif. "How terrorism ends: the impact of lethality of terrorist groups on their longevity." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35788.
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Doctor of PhilosophySecurity Studies Interdepartmental Program
Andrew G. Long
David R. Stone
This dissertation research examines the effect of organizational lethality on the longevity of terrorist groups. The current scholarship has sought to understand the demise of terrorist groups through means such as group success, government repression, negotiations, internal conflict, reorientation of goals, defeat, leadership decapitation and loss of public support. However, little research is available on the determinants of terrorists’ target selection and its implications for the group’s longevity. This study evaluates the targeting patterns and preferences of 480 terrorist groups that were operational between 1980 and 2011 and disaggre- gates the victims of all terrorist attacks into combatant versus non-combatant target-types. It is hypothesized that organizational lethality – defined as the average number of civilian killings generated by each group in its home-base country – is associated with negative group reputation, which results in faster group mortality. Popular support for violence, however, can influence and result from terrorism at the same time and has been found to be inherently endogenous by many previous studies. Therefore, a Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Model is employed to examine this endogenous relationship, and the results confirm that there is a significant correlation between negative group reputation and group mortality. Moreover, the study differentiates between terrorist group activity – defined as average at- tacks generated by a group – and group lethality, and employs the Cox Proportional Hazard Model to estimate group duration. The study includes covariates like group size, ideology, positive consistency reputation and other factors affecting group longevity and mortality. The results imply that organizational lethality is associated with higher political risks for terrorist groups and tends to backfire by decreasing their survival probability. However, on the other hand, the study finds that an escalation in terrorist activity (launching more attacks) significantly increase the group longevity over time. The results of this study are tested by conducting group-specific case studies on the Afghan and Pakistani Taliban in Pak- istan using information collected from the English language Pakistani newspaper archives, and Harmony Database from Combat Terrorism Center at West Point, NY.
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Lennon, Genevieve. "Policing terrorist risk : 'stop and search' under the Terrorism Act 2000, section 44." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15225/.
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This thesis examines the role, use and impact of stop and search under the Terrorism Act 2000, section 44 by combining doctrinal and empirical methods, drawing upon close legal analysis of the relevant legislation, jurisprudence and secondary sources intertwined with data from forty-two semi-structured interviews, carried out with police officers, community representatives and stakeholders. Section 44 is judged against the framework principles of accountability, adherence to human rights and to the Government's self-set goals as set in CONTEST. I Section 44 is depicted as a vital tool to disrupt and prevent acts of terrorism, as evidenced by its widespread use - there were 197,008 section 44 stops carried out in 2008/09. Concerns have, however, been voiced since its inception that section 44 is being over-used and that it is being used inconsistently. Alongside issues raised around its deployment, the legality of the power, in terms of adherence to the ECHR, has been questioned. In January 2010 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the routine use of section 44 violates the right to privacy under Article 8.3 This thesis first sets out the theoretical framework, research questions and methodology. It then considers the historical development of the power to stop and search, in terms of 'normal' and 'counter-terrorist' policing, identifying trends that highlight areas of perennial concern in relation to stop and search. The focus then turns to section 44 itself. The two stage authorisation process is examined by reference to the primary legislative sources and data from the fieldwork and critiqued against the framework principles before recommendations are proposed for ways in which the power could be modified so that it adheres to the principles. The deployment of the power is then detailed and critiqued before recommendations for improving its adherence to the framework principles are suggested. The final substantive chapter looks at the impact of section 44 upon communities and groups. This draws upon secondary literature and statistics as well as the fieldwork data. The chapter concludes by highlighting the weaknesses in the current system and recommending changes. The final chapter concludes by summarising the findings in relation to each research question and assessing whether the new power under TACT section 47 A, implemented recently by the Government as an alternative to section 44, addresses the various concerns that section 44 raised.
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Faustino, Ana Catarina Bordalo. "O papel dos media no quadro do terrorismo como acção estratégica." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15796.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em EstratégiaA cobertura mediática de actos terroristas tem registado duras críticas e levantado questões quanto ao papel dos media na expansão do fenómeno terrorista. Através da aplicação de conceitos teóricos do domínio da Estratégia, e validando a hipótese de o terrorismo constituir um fenómeno de cariz estratégico, percebemos que, apesar de a cobertura mediática ser, muitas vezes, favorável ao cumprimento dos objectivos parcelares dos terroristas – atenção, reconhecimento, respeito e legitimidade -, não é determinante para a obtenção do seu objectivo final. Isto é, não tem um contributo decisivo no desenvolvimento do terrorismo. A relação entre media e terrorismo é, de facto, complexa. No entanto, os media apenas se apresentam como um meio empregue pelos grupos terroristas. Na verdade, os media são um meio explorado pela sua capacidade de difundir mensagens de forma célere, abolindo a condicionante da distância. Um meio que é simultaneamente uma força material e moral, aumentando substancialmente o potencial estratégico dos intervenientes no conflito, em especial pela possibilidade de mobilizar o factor psicológico tão caro às modalidades de acção indirectas que marcam os conflitos da actualidade. Porém, não se consideram os media decisivos na concretização da estratégia terrorista. Por um lado, pelo facto de o seu emprego enquanto meio ser muito condicionado por factores diversos do ambiente estratégico, podendo até ter impactos inesperados, nem sempre favoráveis ao actor que o empregou. Por outro, porque a mensagem transmitida, ainda que impregnada de uma interpretação feita pelo meio que a divulga, está sempre sujeita a uma camada de interpretação feita pela audiência. E esta interpretação é condicionada por factores de ordem política, social e cultural que envolvem essa mesma audiência. Deste modo, consideramos que os media são apenas um meio ao serviço da estratégia terrorista. Tal conclusão não invalida, contudo, que sejam debatidas questões relativamente à ética subjacente à cobertura mediática e à forma como os media podem guiar a sua conduta, no sentido de melhor cumprirem os seus objectivos informativos primordiais.
The media coverage of terrorist acts has experienced harsh criticism and raised questions about the role of media in the expansion of terrorism. Through the application of theoretical concepts of the strategic domain, and the validation of the hypothesis of terrorism constituting a strategic nature phenomenon, we realized that, despite being the media coverage often favorable to the fulfillment of partial terrorist objectives - attention, recognition, respect and legitimacy -, it is not decisive for achieving their ultimate goal. That is, it does not have a decisive contribution to the terrorism development. The relationship between media and terrorism is, in fact, complex. However, media present themselves only as a mean employed by terrorist groups. In fact, the media are a mean exploited for its ability to rapidly spread messages by abolishing the distance factor. A mean that is both a physical and moral strength, which substantially increases the strategic potential of the actors in conflict, especially regarding the possibility of mobilizing the psychological factor, so relevant when developing the indirect actions that characterize conflicts today. However, we do not consider the media as a decisive factor in the achievement of the terrorist strategy. On the one hand, because of the fact that media employment is conditioned by several factors of the strategic environment and may even have unexpected impacts, not always favorable to the actor who employed them. On the other, because the message conveyed, although impregnated with an interpretation provided by the media itself, it is always subject to a layer of interpretation made by the audience. And this interpretation is conditioned by political, social and cultural aspects involving that same audience. Thus, we consider that the media are only a mean which serves the terrorist strategy. Such a conclusion does not invalidate, however, a discussion on the underlying ethical media coverage and on how the media can guide their conduct, in order to better fulfill their primary information purposes.
N/A
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Best, Benjamin. "Terrorism i dagstidningar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176640.
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Levi, Michael Abraham. "Rethinking nuclear terrorism." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427845.
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Albinsson, Andreas. "Försäkring och terrorism." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Affärsrätt, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-126872.
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Sammanfattning I Europa samt i vår övriga omvärld har hotet från terrorister under de senaste åren ökat. Därför är det av betydelse att försäkringsskydd finns att tillgå när eller om vi drabbas av terroristers våldshandlingar, för att åtminstone mildra vårt ekonomiska lidande. I denna masteruppsats får läsaren bland annat bekanta sig med vilka försäkringsmöjligheter som de större försäkringsgivarna har att erbjuda privatpersoner samt företag, avseende skada som har orsakats av terrorism. I uppsatsen behandlas försäkringar där skydd mot terrorism undantas helt eller till vissa delar. Detta gör det betydelsefullt att analysera i vilken utsträckning försäkringsbolag har rätt att undanta terrorrisker samt vilket rörelseutrymme försäkringsbolag har beträffande att inte uppställa undantag för nämnda risker. Vidare framförs resonemang om hur samhället påverkas av att försäkringsskydd, i vissa fall, saknas på området samt hur rimligt det är att försäkringsbranschen saknar en gemensam definition av terrorism. Terrorism kan ibland klassificeras som krigsliknande händelse. I uppsatsen behandlas därför också frågor om hur klassificeringen teoretiskt sett kan komma att påverka försäkringsersättningen vid ett eventuellt terrorscenario.
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Östros, Anton. "Självstudier i terrorism." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-358192.
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Pezdirc, Marjetka. "The terrorism complex." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/19149.
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Discussing, defining and engaging with ‘terrorism’ has long been limited to the narrowly framed situations in which parties to an asymmetric conflict resort to the use of force and to the legitimacy they have in doing so. The problem with the limited understanding of ‘terrorism’ and ‘counterterrorism’ as ‘facts of objective reality’ is the lack of attention to the role of the extreme asymmetry of power in conflicts involving ‘terrorism’ that does not lend itself to analysis readily. This thesis introduces a new theoretical concept, the Terrorism Complex that signifies the complexity of power/knowledge relations and the complexity of power/knowledge practices that operate on a discursive and non-discursive level through time and are affected by the mechanisms of power that stem from the asymmetry of power between the actors involved in a conflict. The research into the Terrorism Complex involves an ontological and epistemological widening of the research focus to account for these effects of the interplay between power and knowledge on the production, construction and perception of ‘terrorism’. I draw on postmodern scholarship and the Critical Terrorism Studies to present a theoretical and methodological framework that is used to examine the production of knowledge in relation to the asymmetries of power. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is used as a case study for the study of power asymmetry in the political field that determines who will be labelled a ‘terrorist’ and who will be able to claim the moral high ground. The research also reveals the surprising extent to which the power over discourse obscures the role of the systemic terrorising exercise of state power in inducing ‘terrorism’. The final chapter concentrates on the media’s role in the Terrorism Complex. It applies the findings from other chapters to observe the Terrorism Complex in action.
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Barreto, Olavo Negrão Pereira. "O medo e a política antiterror do ocidente no processo de globalização /." Araraquara, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151135.
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Orientador: João Carlos Soares ZuinResumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo contemplar uma análise sociológico histórica sobre o fenômeno do terrorismo. Focalizando o espaço temporal no cenário de globalização pós-fim da Guerra Fria, seguindo-se da reconfiguração da geopolítica global, até os dias atuais onde o terrorismo, assim como a guerra, se fazem presentes na vida de todos os cidadãos, direta ou indiretamente, cotidianamente. Buscou-se uma reconstituição histórica do fenômeno, assim como os processos que foram transformando o terrorismo em um instrumento de manipulação de massa através da dispersão do medo global. Medo este que possibilitou um contexto de militarização da vida social e da desconstrução da soberania nacional e do universo do Direito.
Abstract: The present work aims to contemplate a historical sociological analysis of the phenomenon of terrorism. Focusing the temporal space in the scenario of globalization after the end of the Cold War, followed by the reconfiguration of global geopolitics, to the present day where terrorism, as well as war, are present in the lives of all citizens, directly or indirectly, every day. We sought a reconstruction of the history of the phenomenon, as well as the processes that were transforming terrorism into an instrument of mass manipulation through the dispersion of global. Fear this that allowed a context of militarization of social life and deconstruction of national sovereignty and of the universe of the Right.
Mestre
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Martinez, Peter Jr. "Combatting terrorism through study of the genetic psychology of terrorist leaders--the early development of the terrorist mind." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25739.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the necessity for law enforcement, intelligence, and other organizations responsible for collecting information on "proponents of terror," to include in target dossiers, data regarding genetic inheritance and childhood environmental influences. The author argues that without this type of information, agencies are hindered in really knowing the "proponent of terror," and thus limited in the possibilities for neutralizing the subject. The study analyzes genetic inheritance and childhood environment and presents case studies on Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Ilich Ramirez Sanchez ("Carlos"). The study concludes that genetic and childhood environmental data should be included in target dossiers of terrorists. Collection categories in genetic inheritance and environment are recommended and include, for example, material on terrorists' biological grandparents, parents, and as appropriate, on their brothers and sisters, and children.
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Hodja, Mirushe. "Les mesures de la lutte contre le terrorisme et la République de Macédoine." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE0049.
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Cette recherche, pour analyser le positionnement de la République de Macédoine envers les mesures de la lutte contre le terrorisme transnational et l’idéologie du terrorisme contemporain, commence par la détermination de la notion du terrorisme, en se basant sur des principes récurrents concernant la formation des patterns du comportement humain. Elle conduit à faire une interdépendance entre l’acteur non-étatique et l’acteur étatique au sein de l’émergence du terrorisme, lors de laquelle la construction du terrorisme à cause (des dictats) de la géopolitique fait une référence explicite à l’émergence des courants (spécifiques) de l’idéologie du terrorisme. Le travail réalisé confirme l’idée sur la causalité circulaire dans l’émergence du terrorisme et prouve l’intérêt de cette recherche par l’identification des certains conclusions et solutions visant à aider l’État macédonien et les autres États à gérer plus efficacement leur engagement sur la réduction de cette violence. Le soutien étatique aux actes terroristes des acteurs non-étatiques, le terrorisme étatique et le terrorisme sponsorisé par l’État ne révèlent qu’un segment de la chaîne de la causalité circulaire, où l’auto-organisation du terrorisme émerge en se hétéro-organisant avec la lutte contre le terrorisme (avec l’acteur étatique). Le travail introduit les notions du « post post-islamisme » et du « post neo-fondamentalisme », en tant que des nouveaux courants de l’idéologie du terrorisme. Il introduit également la technique de l’analyse des « textes » (contre)terroristes - à laquelle nous proposons l’appellation l’« intertextualité du terrorisme »In its intention to analyze the position of the R. of Macedonia towards the measures of war against international terrorism and the ideology of contemporary terrorism, this work starts by defining the notion of terrorism, based on recurrent principles concerning the formation of patterns of human behavior. It leads to interdependence between a non-state actor and a state actor within the emergence of terrorism, while the construction of terrorism, because the dictates geopolitics make explicit reference to the emergence of specific currents of ideology of terrorism. This work confirms the idea about the circular causality within the emergence of terrorism and it proves the interest of this research by identifying certain conclusions and solutions aimed at helping the Macedonian state (as well as other states) to manage their engagement more effectively towards the reduction of this violence. State support of terrorist acts of non-state actors, state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism reveal one segment of the chain of circular causality, whereby the self-organization of terrorism emerges by its hetero-organization with the war on terror (with the state actor). The work introduces the notions of “post post-islamism” and “post neo-fundamentalism” indicating the new currents of the ideology of terrorism. It also introduces the technique aimed for analyzing (counter)terrorist “texts” – to which we propose the appellation “the intertextuality of terrorism”
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Sands, Allison. "Terrorism in the 21st century the relationship between terrorism and globalization /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4146.
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Skaik, Hammam. "Terrorism, Orientation and Substantial Directions : Islamic Terrorism in the Syrian Context." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, REMESO - Institutet för forskning om migration, etnicitet och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149080.
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Terrorism and its causes have been widely discussed in academic literature, and especially the issue of Islamic terrorism has gained broad popular, academic and political interest. However, theories of terrorism do not seem to engage with the orientated aspect of terrorism and how terrorism can be ideologically orientated. The dominant understanding of terrorism in scholarly works argues that terrorism cannot be created by the state; rather it can be manipulated or triggered by it. Especially in the wake of the Arab Spring those theories do not engage in studying the interplay of state strategy and ideology in the making of the phenomenon while at the same time relegating the effect of humiliation and colonialist heritage and the industrialization of the body terrorist. This paper brings a new theoretical understanding about the causes of terrorism in the Middle Eastern context in the wake of the Arab Spring. This understanding draws from the theory of ideology by Louis Althusser, and the concept of orientation by Sara Ahmed in order to reach a better diagnosis of the phenomenon. Examining journalistic works written about terrorism in this context, this thesis identifies the processes of ideological orientation to produce terrorism.
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Kihara, Evonne W. "Impact of terrorism and counter-terrorism on the right to education." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/16771.
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After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States of America, there has been a shift in the policies of many countries to combat terrorism. Terrorism has had a devastating effect on many. These include „the enjoyment of the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of victims. In addition to these individual costs, terrorism can destabilise Governments, undermine civil society, jeopardise peace and security, and threaten social and economic development.‟ All of these also had a real impact on the enjoyment of human rights. Therefore the fight to curb further terrorist attacks is paramount. States are charged with the responsibility of curbing terrorism by their citizens. But with responsibility comes obligations to the citizenry. States should therefore not engage in policies or actions that further deprive others of their enjoyment of human rights. This is well put by Hoffman when he says „history shows that when societies trade human rights for security, most often they get neither.‟Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010.
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Lukas Muntingh at the Community Law Centre, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 2010.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Bernerson, Anna. "Terrorism, Religion and Race : A Comparison Between John Updike's Terrorist and Bernard MacLaverty's Cal." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28236.
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”Terrorism” is a term widely used today. It and its effects are portrayed and discussed innewspapers, in movies, on TV. Seeing as it seems to be present in most media, it appears quite inevitable that terrorism has also found its way into literature. Two examples of novels dealing with terrorism are the American novel Terrorist, written by John Updike in 2006 and Bernard MacLaverty's Northern Irish novel Cal, written in 1983. The novels have their similarities. They share terrorism as a major theme, and both of them have a young man as a protagonist. However, they differ in both time and place. Updike's novel is set in a post-9/11 New Jersey, while Cal takes place in a Northern Ireland divided by The Troubles. Furthermore, Updike's main character is a dedicated Muslim, while the main character of Cal is a not as dedicated Catholic. Indeed, the novels might seem similar at first, but the differences are significant.The perspective to be used in this essay is ethnic. Various theories on terrorism, manipulation and race will be used with said perspective in mind. The aim is to, with the help of relevant theories, examine and analyse the terrorism and its connection to religion and ethnicity in the two novels, in order to compare them and find out whether they portray these things in a different way or not. The question I will be asking, and thus the purpose of this essay, is whether the terrorismand its reasons, organisation – including influence by others – and connection to religion and ethnicity in the two novels mentioned above are similar or not. It is my belief that a comparative analysis of the novels will show that the terrorism and its connection to religion and ethnicity will not be the same in Cal as in Terrorist. One of the reasons for this is that they are set in environments that differ from each other not only geographically and chronologically, but also politically. Thus it seems likely that the reasons for and organisation of the terrorism will differ as well. Another reason is that the characters in Terrorist are more diverse than the ones in Cal, both in terms of religion and ethnicity. General theories dealing with reasons for terrorism, such as Kristopher K. Robison, Edward M. Crenshaw, and Craig J. Jenkins's theory on Islamist terrorism, according to which terrorism performed by Islamists is a reaction to the secular West (p. 2012), and Jeff Victoroff's rational choice theory, which suggests that terrorists are rational (p. 14), will be used to examine whether the characters of the two novels have different reasons for their terrorism or not.The next set of theories that will be used deal with influence, manipulation and brainwashing. Austin T. Turk suggests that a terrorist organisation often isolates its members inorder to ensure that they only have the required knowledge (p. 276), and since this can be used as a tool of manipulation, his theory will be used to examine, and compare, the level of influence and manipulation on the two protagonists. For similar reasons, I. E. Farber, Harry F. Harlow, Louis Jolyon West and Joel Rudinow's theories on manipulation, with and without deception, will be used in the comparative analysis. Finally, racial theories, like the theory of signs, which suggests that people have a tendency to divide others into categories based on their racial differences, along with theories on imperative patriotism and the Arab American stereotype will be used. According to Steven Salaita's imperative patriotism, only those who act and look American can be truly American (p. 154), and Jack G. Shaheen suggests that Arab Americans are, by many, thought to be violent Muslims (p. 23). Furthermore, analysts Mita Banerjee and Pamela Mansutti both suggest that there is in fact a connection between religion and race in Updike's novel (p. 16, p. 108). These theories and ideas will be used to analyse the connection between terrorism, ethnicity and religion, and then to compare the two novels, whereupon a conclusion will be drawn. I believe that this conclusion will indeed confirm my thesis.