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1
Wang, Bozeng. "Research on the Legal Model of international Anti-Terrorism Coordination." International Law Research 10, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ilr.v10n1p1.
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Terrorism seriously endangers world peace and security. In order to achieve the goal of effectively combating international terrorism, we must promote the establishment of a multi-level model of anti-terrorism cooperation. The current legal models of international counter-terrorism cooperation mainly include global counter-terrorism cooperation, regional counter-terrorism cooperation and bilateral counter-terrorism cooperation.
Global counter-terrorism cooperation led by the United Nations is the most important form of counter-terrorism cooperation. The UN has set up a Counter-terrorism Committee and a series of treaties. The United Nations demands that States should prevent and stop the financing of terrorist ACTS; Criminalizes any person or thing that, by any means, directly or indirectly, provides or raises funds for terrorist activities; (b) Immediately freeze the assets of individuals and entities that facilitate, finance or participate in terrorist ACTS; The provision of any funds and financial assets and related services to individuals and entities assisting, financing or participating in terrorist ACTS is prohibited.
Regional counter-terrorism cooperation refers to the cooperation between geographically adjacent countries to combat terrorism, which is an important part of international counter-terrorism cooperation. The main regional anti-terrorism cooperation organizations are: Association of Southeast Asian Nations, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, European Union, Organization of American States, Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
Bilateral anti-terrorism cooperation refers to the cooperation between two parties in order to form a joint anti-terrorism force. Bilateral cooperation can be between states or between states and regional organizations. Bilateral cooperation in flexible and diverse forms is also an important form of counter-terrorism cooperation.
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Tkach, Mykola, Andrii Biliuha, Olena Holota, Pavlo Parkhomenko, and Yuri Gannenko. "Struggle against financing terrorism in the world and Ukraine by the way of strengthening the state financial control and audit system." VUZF REVIEW 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.38188/2534-9228.20.1.02.
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As the title implies the article describes essential world problem – financing of terrorism. It is specially noted the role state finance control in the preditictions of financing of terrorism.
During the 21st century the topic of terrorism has become one of the most dangerous and large-scale global challenges to the world community. Since the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States of America, the phenomenon of terrorism has become more violent, bloody and cynical. The number of states that have experienced the horrific consequences of acts of terrorism is on the rise, and in turn, bears human toll, destruction of infrastructure, intimidation of people and more.
The article shows how terrorist organizations are adapting to the current situation and finding new methods and ways of meeting their specific goals with the use of different sources of funding, and what the methods of counteracting them in international practice and in Ukraine.
Also, It draws our attention to to analyze the notion of terrorist financing and international experience in opposing it.
Much attention is given to analyze the manifestations of terrorist financing in Ukraine.
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King, William Casey, and Richard Gordon. "United Nations Security Council Resolution 2462." International Legal Materials 59, no. 2 (April 2020): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2020.16.
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On March 28, 2019, less than two weeks after the Christchurch, New Zealand massacre, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2462. It stands as a signal of the United Nations' continued recognition of the critical importance of finance in combatting and countering global terrorism. Unfortunately, it may also be an indication that states are not doing what they have been urged to do in previous resolutions. The text of 2462 and its preamble are riddled with language like “Reminding,” “Reaffirming,” “Encouraging,” and “Noting with Concern,” rather than with language and ideas that break new ground.
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Mahmood, Rafel. "Islamic Governance, Capital Structure, and Equity Finance: Examining the Possibilities of American Financial Sharī'ah Boards." International Journal of Legal Information 37, no. 1 (2009): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500003437.
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AbstractIn this world of misinformation and predatory ideologies, a basic economic connection may be the difference between the success and failure of American foreign policy in the Middle East. In times of conflict, establishing the commonality of shared financial values can be the best way to build trust. It is remarkable then that the world's largest and most advanced economy has failed to develop the simple financial mechanisms—using Islamic finance and Sharī'ah boards—to connect with Muslims across the globe. Even if the United States’ central focus remains combating terrorism, it is clear that the more financial information the United States can gather, the better equipped it will be to fight the war on terror. Along with the enhanced information capital made possible through Islamic finance and Sharī'ah boards are significant reputational advantages that the United States would not otherwise have. For instance, an Islamic-American humanitarian institution could be certified by multiple clerics in Iraq, thus offering new momentum to the organization's humanitarian mission by preventing numerous belligerent attacks that terrorists might subject upon a purely American institution that lacks the legitimacy conferred through such Islamic ties.Currently, The United States' continuing domestic failure to develop a compatible framework for Islamic finance verges on negligence. This failure is strongly contrary to broader American commercial interests. Consider that economists estimate the outflow of Sharī'ah capital from Gulf countries to be approximately $1 trillion, growing at 20% per annum. Additionally, Gulf countries are currently set to spend upwards of $10 trillion on new infrastructure over the next decade using Sharī'ah compliant financing vehicles. The world currently has roughly two billion Muslims, many of which will one day demand, or at least prefer, Sharī'ah compliant financial products. If the United States does not develop the administrative and legal framework to serve this market, other foreign financial institutions surely will. In fact, economists currently value the Islamic finance industry in the United Kingdom at $12 billion. In stark contrast, in the United States this same market comprises a mere $150 million in assets. This article will examine the necessary mechanics of establishing an Islamic-American corporation in Delaware for the purposes of conducting transactions with the Middle East, and analyze in detail the essential Islamic financial governance structure-the Shari'ah board.
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Marchenko, Olena, Elvira Sydorova, Vyktoryia Shuba, and Yuliia Rodina. "Transformations of contemporary terrorism in view of legal, economic and sociocultural issues." Economic Annals-ХХI 187, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2021): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v187-04.
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The paper presents an analysis of network terrorism in its retrospective and within the practices of contemporary transformations. The risks of expansion of terrorist movements into the territory of particular states with their subsequent legitimization have been identified with regard to social consciousness, law and economy. Within the network structure of the contemporary international terrorism, which formed continuous mutations, the so-called «terrorist clusters» have taken shape, with the Middle Eastern, the North African and others among them. Centrally-managed terrorist organizations of the past were succeeded by transnational structures within the framework of a consolidated ideological, political and religious trend of conducting terrorist attacks in any part of the world. Namely, the segmented, polycentric, ideologically integrated network is currently the most prevalent and dangerous model of international terrorism while the networking principle of organization of terrorist activity remains the most effective in asymmetric confrontation with the adversaries. The transformation of terrorism in the 21st century is presented within 3 perspectives of the social being - law, economy and morals. For instance, an approach to legal treatment of manifestations of terrorism has changed dramatically. In the international law there has occurred a definitive extrapolation of the notion of crime against humanity, mainstreamed by the Nuremberg trials, to terrorist activities. Regardless of under which guise and for which purposes these crimes are being committed, they have acquired an explicit denomination as an absolute evil that implies no justification or extenuating circumstances. This standpoint is expressed in numerous international documents including the United Nations Security Council resolutions and international conventions, not to mention various national-level documents. At the same time, the severity of counterterrorism laws and international legal norms adopted by different states is often disrupted due to their inconsistency that complicates considerably the counter-terrorist activity at all levels. The sociocultural aspect of the transformation of terrorism is being investigated in the context of the confrontation between two world views - the western and the eastern (Islamic). For radical adherents of the Radicalization is occurring in hybrid living environments that include the elements of both online and offline human experience. This antagonism is currently transforming from its mentality from into the instrumental form increasingly acquiring an artificial, hybrid nature. Studies of «mutations» of terrorism with regard to economic issues have focused upon such factors of the neoliberal globalization as social injustice, urbanization and revival of colonial traditions. In recent decades the world has faced a new threat: use of counter-terrorism to justify transnational interventions into underdeveloped and unstable countries. In this way, there occurs a process of disguising the novel practices of colonization which in fact constitute the state terrorism. The scope and the forms of state terrorism vary from political and economic pressure upon the weakest of state entities to explicit use of armed violence. Within the legal environment it has become common to employ the practices of countries charging members its own population with terrorism as a tool for destabilizing the undesirable political movements as well as escalating sectarian and ethnic confrontations for the purpose of economic gains. The authors have investigated the novel trends in the financing of terrorism, particularly within the context of challenges of the post-pandemic world and have substantiated a complex approach to combating this evil suggesting its foundation to consist not in the force counteraction as is presently common, but in solving moral, socio-economic and legal contradictions within societies which may potentially become hotbeds of the terrorist threat.
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Schindler, Hans-Jakob, and Frederique Gautier. "Looting and Smuggling of Artifacts as a Strategy to Finance Terrorism Global Sanctions as a Disruptive and Preventive Tool." International Journal of Cultural Property 26, no. 3 (August 2019): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739119000225.
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Abstract:In recent years, the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)1 as well as several Al-Qaida affiliates have used the systematic and large-scale looting of antiquities as one of their income streams. Due to the large-scale and organized looting activities of these groups, in particular, in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), following various reports and recommendations by the ISIL, Al-Qaida and Taliban Monitoring Team has adopted a range of measures, chiefly among them the landmark UNSC Resolution 2347 (2017) to counter this threat. These measures demand that both member states’ regulators as well as private sector stakeholders take specific action to ensure that the art and antiquity trading industry is capable of defending itself against the misuse of their services to finance terrorism. This article outlines the various challenges member states and private industry are facing in this regard and explains how the various new UNSC provisions, including the measures outlined in UNSC Resolution 2347 (2017), could be employed effectively to counter this threat.
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Bayar, Yilmaz, Marius Dan Gavriletea, and Rita Remeikienė. "Impact of the rule of law, corruption and terrorism on tourism: Empirical evidence from Mediterranean countries." Oeconomia Copernicana 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 1009–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2023.02930.
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Research background: Tourism sector is considered as a driving force of economic development and understanding factors that deter the flow of tourists and hinder its development, which is essential for all actors involved in this industry. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of rule of law, corruption, and terrorism on tourism in 14 coastal states of the Mediterranean Sea based on the United Nations classification. Methods: The short and long-run relationships among the rule of law, corruption, terrorism and tourism are respectively analyzed through Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test and LM bootstrap cointegration test taking notice of the presence of heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Findings & value added: The causality analysis reveals that control of corruption has a significant influence on tourism only in the short run. The cointegration analysis uncovers that terrorism negatively affects the tourism in Albania, Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia, but improvements in corruption also positively affect the tourism in Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece and Italy. Last, the rule of law has a positive impact on tourism in Egypt, Greece, and Israel. In this context, the rule of law can also be a key factor for tourism development via combat with corruption and terrorism. Based on some unique characteristics, the Mediterranean region has consolidated its position as the world's leading tourist destination, but to maintain this competitive position, it is crucial to recognize and adopt strategies that respond to all key challenges faced by this sector.
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Gaviyau, William, and Athenia Bongani Sibindi. "Customer Due Diligence in the FinTech Era: A Bibliometric Analysis." Risks 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks11010011.
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This study examined the current developments in customer due diligence (CDD) in the financial technology (FinTech) era. The study of anti-money laundering (AML) and combating financing of terrorism (CFT) gained prominence after the 2007–2009 global financial crisis (GFC), in which administrative penalties were issued to financial institutions. Faced with AML regulatory compliance issues, technological solutions were or are still being developed. Thus, several technological innovation developments have shaped the future direction of the CDD aspects in the AML/CFT sphere. A bibliometric review and meta-analysis was employed for the study. The Scopus database was utilised to generate the dataset for the study, while SciVal was applied for research metric analysis. The major findings revealed that the key research themes in this area include anti-money laundering, banks and crime, and cryptocurrency, as well as blockchain and corruption. It was also established that most of the research done in this area is focused on the United Kingdom, the United States, and China. The integration of CDD with FinTech is still an emerging area that requires interdisciplinary collaborations.
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Jo, Sunggu. "Comprehensive Threats and Directions in Northeast Asia." J-Institute 8 (August 31, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/terrorism.2023.8.01.
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Purpose: In Northeast Asia, not only Japan, which dominated East Asia in World War II, China, the world's second largest economy, and North Korea, a communist country that has become a religious dictatorship due to the discontinuation of the rationing system, but also Russia's military power, which was confident of taking over Kyiv, Ukraine, in three days, shows the limitations of the impact of hard power. Therefore, this study presents six threats and discussion points of Northeast Asia through case studies and suggests the direction of Northeast Asia in the future.
Method: This study was conducted as a case study according to the purpose of the study. We selected 6 specific cases and targeted individual cases, and tried to derive phenomenological results through data collection and analysis of the collected data on social phenomena.
Results: First, the role of governments in pandemics such as Covid-19; second, drug trafficking to finance the regime of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un; third, internal agitation and Subversion of regimes in North Korea; fourth, the Korean Wave in Northeast Asia and the expansion of Chinese espionage; fifth, China's distortion of history, repression of the Xinjiang Uyghur region, and consolidation of Islamic culture; and sixth, election interference in neighboring countries, In Northeast Asia, in addition to the governments of North Korea, China, and Russia, liberal governments such as South Korea, Japan, and the United States are strengthening their intelligence capabilities to control uncertainty, but the personal information contained in the threat information is causing controversy in their countries, and the “social value” of the value conflict between threat information and personal information collection is presented as a discussion point.
Conclusion: Soft power, not hard power, will play an important role in the establishment of liberalism in Northeast Asia, the Internet and travel will play an important role in cultural transmission and experience, and North Korea, like China and Russia, will gradually move towards reform and opening up. And in Northeast Asia, through Japan and Korea, now China's educated population has increased rapidly, and economic polarization is increasing relative poverty. It is expected that the violent act, which started from extreme social anger, will further disturb the Chinese people and government. The Chinese government will try to protect these problems by expanding the social surveillance network through the public security force, but we must not overlook the historical case that the expansion of the social audit network, which did not harmonize freedom and control, has led to more serious situations such as regime change. The international community has already recognized that the problems of Northeast Asia cannot be solved by hard power, and it is now necessary to pursue peace and prosperity through political and economic union systems such as the EU. In this process, China and North Korea should have the courage to move towards liberalism, and the establishment of the EU model in Northeast Asia will mean a shift from a perception of an adversarial situation to a perception of cooperative problem solving, with win-win effects on population, energy, and environmental issues.
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Plodinec, M. John. "Stress Testing to Assess Recovery from Extreme Events." Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management 18, no. 2 (March 11, 2021): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2020-0012.
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Abstract Over the last decade, communities have become increasingly aware of the risks they face. They are threatened by natural disasters, which may be exacerbated by climate change and the movement of land masses. Growing globalization has made a pandemic due to the rapid spread of highly infectious diseases ever more likely. Societal discord breeds its own threats, not the least of which is the spread of radical ideologies giving rise to terrorism. The accelerating rate of technological change has bred its own social and economic risks. This widening spectrum of risk poses a difficult question to every community – how resilient will the community be to the extreme events it faces. In this paper, we present a new approach to answering that question. It is based on the stress testing of financial institutions required by regulators in the United States and elsewhere. It generalizes stress testing by expanding the concept of “capital” beyond finance to include the other “capitals” (e.g., human, social) possessed by a community. Through use of this approach, communities can determine which investments of its capitals are most likely to improve its resilience. We provide an example of using the approach, and discuss its potential benefits.
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Gribanova, Galina Isaakovna, and Elena Nikolaevna Karatueva. "The Specific Definition of Ecoterrorist Organizations in the USA and Russia." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 11, no. 2 (March 5, 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0034.
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Nowadays there are two main interpretations of the concept of "ecoterrorism". According to the first interpretation, environmental organizations are classified as ecoterrorist organizations that fight for animal rights and against pollution using violent methods of a criminal nature. In conformity with the second interpretation, the concept of ecoterrorism is interpreted more broadly and includes acts of deliberate damage to the environment to achieve certain political and other goals. After conducting a comparative political and legal analysis of ecoterrorist organizations in different countries (primarily, the United States and Russia) and their activities in national legislations, the authors of the article have concluded that the absence of a single and internationally recognized definition of ecoterrorism is associated with the ideological assessment of the phenomenon of "terrorism", on the one hand, and with the clash of not only different concepts but also various methodologies typical of the political and legal field of a given country, on the other hand. Due to various interpretations of environmental terrorism, a list of generally recognized international ecoterrorist organizations has not been compiled, which hinders any counteraction to ecoterrorism.
Received: 23 September 2021 / Accepted: 22 February 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022
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MacPherson, Alan. "The Impact of the U.S. Bio-Terrorism Act upon Canadian Exporters of Food Products to the United States: A Firm-Level Analysis." International Trade Journal 22, no. 1 (February 12, 2008): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853900701784052.
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Deutsch, Michael E., and Erica Thompson. "Secrets and Lies: The Persecution of Muhammad Salah (Part II)." Journal of Palestine Studies 38, no. 1 (2008): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2008.38.1.25.
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Among the handful of high-profile terrorism cases in which the U.S. government has failed to win convictions in jury trials, that of Muhammad Salah stands out. Like the cases against Sami Al-Arian, Abdelhaleem Ashqar, and the Holy Land Foundation, the case against Salah was built on the criminalization of political support for the Palestinian resistance. But while the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is at the core of all four cases, Salah's, unlike the others, was primarily about Israel: the case was manufactured in Israel, the evidence on which it was based was generated in Israel, and its prosecution depended on close U.S.-Israeli cooperation at every turn. Salah, a Palestinian-American Chicago resident and former grocer, was arrested in Israel in January 1993 while on a mission to distribute money to poverty-stricken Palestinians in the occupied territories. Accused of being a U.S.-based Hamas terrorist commander, he was interrogated by Shin Bet, tried before a military tribunal, and spent almost five years in prison in Israel. While the U.S. initially supported Salah and rejected Israel's accusations against him, in January 1995 he became (while still in prison) the first and (to date) only U.S. citizen to be branded a ““specially designated terrorist”” by his government. Upon his return home in November 1997, he was one of the main targets of an intensive terrorism funding investigation, dropped in 2000 for lack of evidence but reactivated in 2002 in the wake of 9/11. In this two-part exclusive report, Salah's lawyers recount for the first time the details of their client's labyrinthine case. Part I focused on the Israeli phase of the story, including the political context of Salah's arrest, and the investigations and legal proceedings launched against him in the United States when he returned. In essence, part I laid the foundation for the trial to come, emphasizing in particular its complex legal underpinnings and implications as well as its importance as a ““test case.”” Part II focuses on the post-9/11 period that unfolded under the George W. Bush Justice Department, starting with Salah's indictment in November 2004, continuing with the two years of contentious pretrial preparations and hearings, and ending with the trial itself. As in part I, the legal dimensions of the case are emphasized, as are the government's maneuvers to advance new standards governing the admissibility of coerced confessions and secret evidence at trial and to manipulate other established principles of the U.S. criminal justice system. This article deals solely with Muhammad Salah, but Abdelhaleem Ashqar, a former professor of business administration in Virginia, was his codefendant at trial. Both were indicted, along with twenty other coconspirators, for participation in a fifteen-year ““racketeering conspiracy”” to ““illegally finance terrorist activities”” in Israel and the occupied territories, as well as for several lesser charges. The two men had never met before the trial opened in October 2006. Despite the common charge, their cases were very different and went forward in parallel fashion, with different lawyers, witnesses, arguments, and entirely separate pretrial proceedings. When the jury trial ended in February 2007, both men were acquitted of all terrorism-related charges.
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Gerber, James, Francisco Lara-Valencia, and Carlos de la Parra. "Re-Imagining the U.S.-Mexico Border: Policies toward a More Competitive and Sustainable Transborder Region." Global Economy Journal 10, no. 4 (December 2010): 1850212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1681.
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The U.S.-Mexico border region has two important but often overlooked characteristics. First, it is the physical place of most of the integration between the United States and Mexico, including market driven integration such as trade flows, migration, and investment as well as policy driven integration such as security cooperation, infrastructure development, and emergency response. Second, the border region has a growing transnational population that lives, works, goes to school, and participates in family and social networks on both sides of the border. Recent U.S. policy has hardened the border in response to concerns about terrorism, drug and human trafficking, undocumented migration, and arms smuggling. The consequences of these policies include disruption of the on-going economic integration, large external costs imposed on the growing transnational population, and barriers to progress on a number of issues of national importance, including dispute resolution, migration, and environmental management, among others. The paper identifies and discusses the advantages of the three different definitions of the border in current usage: counties and municipios that touch the border; the 100 kilometer boundary first set by the La Paz Agreement and later amended to 300 kilometers in Mexico and 100 in the U.S.; and the ten states that are along the border. The hardening of the border is partly the result of a lack of border institutions and the inability of border residents to speak in a common voice when they talk to their capitals. This is changing, however, as new institutions such as the Border Governors Conference take on a more active role in promoting the interests of border states and border regions. An examination of a recent Delphi survey of border decision-makers shows a high degree of cross border agreement on the goals and needs of the region in key areas such as competitiveness, security, and sustainability.
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Nekit, K. H. "WAYS OF CHANGING THE LEGAL REGULATION OF CRYPTOACTIVES: AN ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPIRIENCE." Economics and Law, no. 1 (May 10, 2022): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2022.01.033.
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The proliferation of cryptocurrency transactions and the increase in their value raises the question of the need for a final solution to the problem of legal regulation of their circulation. The urgency of this task is exacerbated by the fact that leaving cryptoassets out of the legal field promotes their use in illegal activities and deprives the state of significant revenues from their proper taxation. The purpose of this article is to study the approaches to the legal regulation of the circulation of cryptoassets, which are recently formed in the world, to determine the positive experience and opportunities to borrow successful legislative decisions. The article analyzes approaches to the regulation of relations arising from cryptocurrencies in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Estonia, China, Singapore and Australia. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the European unified approach to the regulation of cryptocurrencies for all European countries, as well as cryptocurrency services. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that today the attitude to cryptocurrencies differs depending on the level of development of the country. However, recently there has been a tendency to focus efforts on the implementation of cryptoassets in the legal field and ensure legal regulation of their circulation. In general, 2020, the year of the pandemic and the transfer of life to the online format, was marked by special attention to the development of legal regulation of cryptocurrency circulation. Of particular concern to the authorities are features of cryptocurrencies such as decentralization and anonymity, which allow these assets to be used to launder criminal proceeds and finance terrorism. It is in this direction that government regulation of cryptocurrency circulation has been moving recently. Most countries in the world of cryptocurrency regulation focus on licensing cryptocurrency exchanges, identifying their users, taxing, and countering money laundering and terrorist financing. These principles are the basis of the unified approach to the regulation of cryptocurrency activities for all European countries proposed by the European Commission. It is noteworthy that both in the European unified approach to the regulation of cryptoassets and in their legal regulation in some European countries and the United States, it is proposed to classify cryptocurrencies and divide them into several categories depending on the functions they perform. These approaches to the classification of cryptoassets should be considered when determining the legal framework for regulating the circulation of cryptoassets (virtual assets) in Ukraine.
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Tanay, Assadullah, and Mohamad Khan Niazi. "Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and its Journalistic Efforts." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 3, no. 1 (February 19, 2023): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.1.21.
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The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations, with a membership of 57 states, covering four continents. The OIC is the collective voice of the Muslim world to ensure and safeguard their interest in economic socio and political areas. The OIC has Institutions, which implement its programs, established in 1969 with its headquarters in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The OIC aims to represent the Muslim world to protect and safeguard the vital interests of Muslims in the spirit of promoting international peace, security, and harmony as well as inter-faith dialogue among various people of the world. According to its charter, the OIC aims to preserve Islamic social and economic values; promote solidarity amongst member states; increase cooperation in social, economic, cultural, scientific, and political areas; uphold international peace and security; and advance education. The priority areas of the OIC-2025 Program of Action include issues of Peace and Security, Palestine and Al-Quds, Poverty Alleviation, Counter-terrorism, Investment and Finance, Food Security, Science and Technology, Climate Change and Sustainability, Moderation, Culture and Interfaith Harmony, Empowerment of Women in whole Islamic countries all around the world. From this research, we learned that who are the member countries of the Organization of Islamic Conference and what is their purpose? In this study, we found out which countries have made the OIC, what is the purpose of their agreement and unity, and what topics did they discuss and find solutions for the problems. The Islamic Summit includes Kings, Heads of State, and the Governments of Member States, and is the OIC's supreme authority. It convenes once every three years to deliberate, take policy decisions, guide on issues pertaining to the realization of objectives and consider other issues of concern to the Member States and the Ummah.
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Fazey, Cindy. "International Policy on Illicit Drug Trafficking: The Formal and Informal Mechanisms." Journal of Drug Issues 37, no. 4 (October 2007): 755–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260703700402.
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In the last 10 years the world's leading economic powers have driven important changes in international policy on illicit drug trafficking. They have set up and financed semi-formal or informal transnational groups to proactively implement policy on the ground. This is a reaction to the bureaucratic, formal mechanisms of the United Nations and its agencies, where policy is diluted by the need for consensus among 53 member states, plus various regional groupings of other countries. The new groups take a more integrated approach to the problem by going beyond trafficking into countering money laundering and controlling the sale of precursor chemicals, which criminal gangs use to synthesize drugs earlier in the supply chain to reduce the bulk of trafficked materials. The established link between organized transnational crime, drugs, and the financing of terrorism has added impetus to these efforts, but there is still a need for better cooperation on projects and to harmonize the collection of seizure statistics between key international bodies.
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KUZMINSKA, Olga, and Оlena ABESINOVA. "Improvement of regulatory and legal support of financial monitoring in Ukraine." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2021, no. 7 (September 8, 2021): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2021.07.108.
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In the publication according to the results of the analysis of the main international and national regulations of financial monitoring on the basis of the historical approach the directions of improvement of normative – legal maintenance in the field of prevention and counteraction to legalization of illegal incomes in Ukraine are outlined. The peculiarities of the main historical stages of the formation of the financial intelligence unit in Ukraine – the national center for analysis of information on suspicious transactions and other information on money laundering, terrorist financing, and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are discloses. The issues of implementation of the provisions of international normative acts regulating the sphere of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, financing of terrorism and financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction at the international level are highlighted, in particular, the standards developed by the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) and the Directives of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU, United Nations documents, international conventions ratified by Ukraine. Considerable attention is paid to the need for further harmonization of national and international legislation in the field of financial monitoring. It is proposed to take into account the conceptual principles of behavioral economics when improving the regulatory and legal support of financial monitoring (bylaws), in particular regarding the application of risk-oriented approach when analyzing and identifying suspicious financial transactions and identifying the ultimate beneficial owner of the client. The necessity of scientific research in the researched field in the traditional professional directions: “Money, finance and credit” and “Administrative law and process; finance law; information law”, and in related scientific specialties: “Economics and management of the national economy” (in the field of “Economic security of the national economy”), and “Accounting, analysis and audit (by type of economic activity)” (in the areas of “Organization of auditing: the specifics of formation and the functioning of audit services”, and “Accounting and analytical operations, their standardization and unification”) is substantiated.
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Sharman, J. C. "Shopping for Anonymous Shell Companies: An Audit Study of Anonymity and Crime in the International Financial System." Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.4.127.
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The last few years have seen an international campaign to ensure that the world's financial and banking systems are “transparent,” meaning that every actor and transaction within the system can be traced to a discrete, identifiable individual. I present an audit study of compliance with the prohibitions on anonymous shell companies. In particular, I describe my attempts to found anonymous corporate vehicles without proof of identity and then to establish corporate bank accounts for these vehicles. (Transactions processed through the corporate account of such a “shell company” become effectively untraceable—and thus very useful for those looking to hide criminal profits, pay or receive bribes, finance terrorists, or escape tax obligations.) I solicited offers of anonymous corporate vehicles from 54 different corporate service providers in 22 different countries, and collated the responses to determine whether the existing legal and regulatory prohibitions on anonymous corporate vehicles actually work in practice. To foreshadow the results, it seems that small island offshore centers may have standards for corporate transparency and disclosure that are higher than major OECD economies like the United States and the United Kingdom.
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Grant, Mark Lyall. "Updating Security and Defence Policy." National Institute Economic Review 250 (November 2019): R40—R46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011925000116.
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Executive SummaryThreats to the security of the UK are evolving with the changing nature of conflict and balance of power in the world. They are multiple and fragmented, and domestic and online as well as overseas in nature: principally state-based threats such as posed by Russian activity; terrorism; cyber-attacks; and serious organised crime. To respond, the United Kingdom will need flexible capabilities aimed at fostering infrastructural and societal resilience as much as conventional defence. Above all, the UK needs to focus on maintaining, promoting, and defending the international rules-based order, as represented by the UN and NATO among other institutions.The UK possesses significant assets to these ends, including its continuing status as one of eight acknowledged nuclear powers – a status that it should not abandon unilaterally; permanent membership of the UN Security Council; membership of the ‘Five Eyes' intelligence community; and its internationally respected armed forces.But effort and resources are required to support these commitments, for example in helping to encourage other European states to spend more on defence; in contributing to UN peace-keeping operations or other collaborative overseas actions; and most of all in ensuring that army and navy manpower is rebuilt. Two per cent of GDP is no longer sufficient for the proper defence of the nation. Even allowing for the demands of other parts of government, the target for defence spending should be raised in the next review to 2.2 per cent.The principal focus will need to be on efficiency and redeployment of resources as the current equipment-heavy procurement cycle comes to an end. In particular, investment needs to continue to be rebalanced towards new capabilities such as drone technology, offensive and defensive cyber and intelligence manpower.But, to avoid any weakening of the country's security, priority should be given to negotiating a new agreement on security and intelligence cooperation with its European allies to replace the arrangements it had within the EU.
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Korol’kova, E. "Evolution of United States’ Private Military and Security Companies: The Case of Afghanistan 2001–2021." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 20, no. 1 (2022): 122–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2022.20.1.68.7.
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The withdrawal of troops on 31 August 2021 which was carried out in accordance with the Agreement signed on 29 February 2020 between the U.S. government and the Taliban (an international terrorist organization banned in the Russian Federation) marked the end of the international military campaign in Afghanistan which lasted twenty years. Assessing the preliminary outcomes of nearly a quarter-century of the US military and their NATO allies’ presence in Afghanistan, U.S. President Joseph Biden announced the end of “an era of major military operations to remake other countries”. Though the consequences of the Western coalition campaign in the area remain to be evaluated and they are unlikely to turn out to be unequivocal, the Atlantic strategy aimed at rebuilding and democratization of Afghanistan proved itself as bankrupt. Our research focuses on the way the twenty-year military campaign in Afghanistan affected the development of the U.S. private military and security companies (PMSC) industry. For these purposes, we, firstly, studied and traced the transformation of the private military and security services market in the U.S., and examined the changes of approaches and mechanisms used to contract PMSCs. Secondly, we analyzed the way the U.S. authorities addressed the challenges new market evoked, focusing on the measures of legal regulation that were applied to PMSCs, and the way the working of the U.S. institutional mechanisms was transforming. The final part of the research contains conclusions on the perspectives for the development of the American PMSC industry after the withdrawal of the U.S. troops from Afghanistan. We believe that due to its duration and continuity, the Afghan operation ensured a launchpad for the PMSC industry and provided conditions for private military and security companies to acquire and master high-end experience which in turn, contributed to the development of a certain market that goes well beyond the involvement of conventional human capital. It provided solutions for the production, utilization, and maintenance of the equipment and technologies, allowing the minimization of the direct participation of specialists in hostilities. Alongside the development of the American PMSC industry itself, the research studies the investigations conducted by the U.S. authorities into the cases of abuse committed by the contractors during their participation in Afghan war. It discusses the way this practice encouraged the transformations of United States procedures and mechanisms aimed at reducing malpractice when performing contracts and launched changes in U.S. legislation. It also demonstrates the lessons learned by the U.S. from the contractual practice with regard to the regulation of PMSCs. The research reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the American policy regarding PMSCs during the whole period of the military conflict in Afghanistan and helps to evaluate the success of the U.S. efforts in monitoring contractors across Afghanistan. To conclude, we reckon that considerable contractual experience acquired in Afghanistan ensures technological and procedural progress of the U.S. PMSC industry. Given the enduring rivalry between the U.S., Russia, and China, including in the military and technological spheres, the twenty-year experience of direct participation in hostilities by U.S. PMSCs boosted its competitive advantage compared to Russia and China, whose PMSCs still lack such an experience.
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Adu, Yao, and Alexander Mezyaev. "The Conflict Between ECOWAS and Mali: International Legal and Political Aspects." International Organisations Research Journal 18, no. 1 (March 5, 2023): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2023-01-07.
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In recent decades, Mali has faced an unprecedented political and economic crisis due to coups, terrorist and separatist threats, and international sanctions. The role of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a subregional organization involved in the management of the Malian conflict is paramount. However, the influence of France in decision-making in the context of sanctions imposed on Mali by ECOWAS affected the authority of the West African organization. The role of France as a former colonial power in this crisis is indisputable in the context of its geopolitical engagement with its former colonies in Africa and particularly in West Africa. This article analyzes the course of the crisis, the role of the actors involved (ECOWAS, Mali, and France), and the political and legal scopes of the crisis. On the basis of structural, qualitative, and quantitative methods of assessment and comparative analyses of the ECOWAS Authority’s decisions, their legal and political meanings, the political situation on the ground, the history of conflict management in neighbouring countries such as Cote d’Ivoire and other West African states by ECOWAS, the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN), and the role of France in the crisis, the authors conclude that the ECOWAS Authority has played an important role in restoring political order in Mali. However, the authors note the failure of the Authority to reach a political agreement. Moreover, the authors agree that the ECOWAS Authority has reacted ultra vires to the Malian crisis vis-a-vis the power that is conferred by the ECOWAS instruments. And, the Authority’s blunder was not without French interference.
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Kotsur, G. "Emotions and International Relations." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 3 (2021): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.3.66.2.
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This article is the part of the recent emotional turn when the scholars of social science are paying more attention to the study of collective emotions in international affairs. The former dominance of the biological and essentialist paradigms in this field were replaced by a number of culture-centered approaches based on social constructivism, which were elaborated within two pioneering disciplines – anthropology of emotions and history of emotions. The influence of such a scientific revolution included the key axis of the common – unique with an emphasis on the latter. The IR has been also affected by an emotional turn when the field of constructivist emotional studies had been established in the early 2000s. The object of this work is the transnational structural common – collective emotional patterns that have recurrent nature and emerge beyond state borders. This part of reality has not been conceptualized by scholars. Therefore, the aim of the article is to fill an epistemological vacuum and outline the ways for conceptualization of transnational structural common. It is IR that seem to be the most suitable field to do this. The empirical case of the crisis response after terrorist attacks are analyzed as the example of the transnational structural common. This case is explored by the author through the framework of "emotion culture" by S. Koschut in combination with the concept of "emotives" by W. Reddy. Speeches by the leaders of Israel, the United States, Russia, India and France after six terrorist attacks from 1972 to 2015 allow to identify an integrated tripartite emotional structure, which is observed in each of the cases. This structure includes an emotive of pity; compensatory structure with the emotives of fighting fear through reciprocal determination; finally, an emotive of solidarity. This discursive structure functions in a stable way because the emotional code connects the type of event (terrorist attack) with the cultural script (tripartite structure). Finally, some approaches in sociological institutionalism would enrich future studies of emotion culture.
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Lowenheim, Oded. "Review: United States: Narco-Terrorism." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 57, no. 3 (September 2002): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070200205700313.
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Дроздовський, Дмитро Ігорович. "НАУКОВО-КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ СТВОРЕННЯ «THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY LITERARY FICTION»." Наукові записки Харківського національного педагогічного університету ім. Г. С. Сковороди "Літературознавство" 1, no. 99 (2022): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/2312-1076.2022.1.99.03.
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In the paper, the author has examined the principles of design and structure of key content-thematic chapters (“Sexuality”, “Identity”, “Finance”, “War/Terrorism”, etc.) in one of the fundamental literary compendiums of the recent years – “The Routledge Companion to Twenty-First Century Literary Fiction”. This edition proposes a scientific systematization of key issues related to the discourse of English-language literature of the XXI Century. The authors of the chapters pay attention to the genre of the novel, which represents the key philosophical, genological, narrative modifications in the stream of the contemporary fiction of Great Britain, the United States and some other countries. “The Routledge Companion…” summarizes the logic of the development of the contemporary literary process in English-speaking countries, emphasizing the forms of distancing from the postmodern novel and defining those worldviews, narratives and otheraspects that give grounds to talk about the emergence of the novel, which reflects a new cultural and historical period, different from the postmodern configurations. It was found out that the editors of the compendium seek to capture the logic of the literary process, while combining historical and literary facts with the delineation of theoretical problems that are reflected in the literary process. Innovative aspects have been identified, the question of the anthropocene has been outlined, the genre of comics and graphic novels and the stream of the contemporary literature has been studied, the theory of realism(s), etc. has been outlined, the way the literary compendium inspires further development of the humanities has been studied. The principles of structuring theoretical problems, the relationship between history, literary theory and philosophy of literature as key factors determining the epistemological basis of the publication have been discussed. “The Routledge Companion…” summarizes key issues related to the humanities in general and cultural studies, phenomenology and anthropology, and, therefore, the compendium is based on a comparative approach (in the broadest sense) involved in writing a 21st century history of literature. The work was prepared within the framework of the Program and Competitive Themes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine “Support of Priority Scientific Research and Scientific-Technical (Experimental) Developments of the Department of Literature, Language, and Arts of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for 2022-2023”. Title: “Scientific and conceptual principles of contemporary literary encyclopedias: world experience”.
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Simeon, James. "The Evolving Common Law Jurisprudence Combatting the Threat of Terrorism in the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada." Laws 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws8010005.
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Terrorism is a concept that defies a simple and straightforward legal definition. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that there is no Comprehensive Convention on Terrorism with a universally accepted definition of what constitutes “terrorism.” Consequently, States have devised their own definitions of what constitutes terrorism that are typically found in their criminal law. This raises the fundamental question of whether there is a convergence or divergence in jurisprudential trends on what constitutes terrorism among States? Presumably, a convergence in jurisprudential trends is more likely to contribute to combatting the threat of terrorism at the international and national levels. Accordingly, this article comparatively analyzes the definition of terrorism in three common law jurisdictions: the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. It finds that although there are a number of similarities in the definition of terrorism in these three States, they have significantly different definitions of what constitutes terrorism. The UK definition, ostensibly, has the broadest definition of terrorism of the three States. The US has, undoubtedly, the most unique, with separate definitions for “international terrorism” and “domestic terrorism.” Additionally, Canada has the most international definition of terrorism, drawing on 13 functional terrorism Conventions to define offenses such as hijacking, hostage taking, and bombing, etc. The second part of the article comparatively analyzes seven of the leading Supreme Court cases on terrorism in these three States. From the ratio or rationes decidendi in each of these cases, it draws out the twelve legal principles that underlie these judgements and finds that they are similar and overall consistent. The conclusion reached is that there is, at least in these three common law jurisdictions, an apparent convergence in jurisprudential trends in the law of terrorism. This augurs well for the development and emergence of a common definition of what constitutes terrorism at the international and transnational levels, as well as more rigorous and effective counter-terrorism laws and policies within and across States.
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Nayan, Rajiv. "Islamic terrorism and the United States." Strategic Analysis 23, no. 12 (March 2000): 2171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700160008455188.
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Steffes, Dale W. "United States Energy Dependencyand TERRORISM." Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment 21, no. 3 (January 1, 2002): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1092/q5kk-gtjr-cd8f-lbub.
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Susilowati, Ida, Nur Rohim Yunus, and Muhammad Sholeh. "United States Intervention Against Terrorism in Iraq." SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 5, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v5i1.10372.
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Abstract: Terrorism is a crime committed by a group of people to frighten, terrorize, intimidate a country's government. In the case of the September 11, 2001 terror that occurred at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States accused the al-Qaeda group of being behind the attack. Furthermore, the United States attacked Afghanistan and Iraq. America considers the attacks carried out are legitimate because they are carried out to reduce world terrorism crimes. Whereas behind that there is another motive for controlling the oil in the country that it attacked.Keywords: Terrorism, Intervention, United States. Abstrak:Terorisme merupakan kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh sekelompok orang guna menakuti, meneror, mengintimidasi pemerintahan suatu negara. Dalam kasus teror 11 September 2001 yang terjadi pada World Trade Center dan Pentagon, Amerika Serikat menuduh kelompok al-qaidah di balik serangan tersebut. Selanjutnya Amerika Serikat melakukan penyerangan terhadap Afghanistan dan Iraq. Amerika menganggap serangan yang dilakukan adalah sah karena dilakukan untuk meredam kejahatan terorisme dunia. Padahal di balik itu ada motif lain untuk menguasai minyak yang ada di negara yang diserangnya.Kata Kunci: Terrorisme, Intervensi, Amerika Serikat
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Sageman, Marc. "France / United States, two responses to terrorism." Les Cahiers de la Justice N° 2, no. 2 (August 22, 2021): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cdlj.2102.0284.
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Perry, Ronald W. "Municipal terrorism management in the United States." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 12, no. 3 (August 2003): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560310480668.
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Alfurqo, Ali. "International Terrorism: Agenda Propaganda United States and its Views by Islam." International Journal of Science and Society 2, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i1.63.
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The study of terrorism, particularly international terrorism more prominent after the September 11th 2001. Now even the agenda almost every international meeting is always related or associated with terrorism issues. Not infrequently, this raises the presumption that the agenda of terrorism is closely associated with the propaganda agenda of the United States, because the United State currently taking part in many international issues. As a comparison from another perspective, when terrorism many associated with Islamic movements, it is important also to see, how to actually study the terrorism in the eyes of Islam.
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Chomsky, Noam. "Commentary: moral truisms, empirical evidence, and foreign policy." Review of International Studies 29, no. 4 (October 2003): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210503006053.
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Many studies of world politics fail to take evidence seriously or consider basic moral truisms (for example, that the standards we apply to others we must apply to ourselves). This commentary illustrates these assessments in relation to two subjects which have attracted much interest in the West recently – terrorism and just war to combat terrorism. The evidence shows that the United States has engaged extensively in terrorism and that application of just war principles would entitle the victims of that terrorism to use force against the United States to defend themselves if the United States is accorded that right.
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MALAKHOV, H. "A new strategy for countering terrorism in the US." INFORMATION AND LAW, no. 1(40) (March 22, 2022): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2022.1(40).254350.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of a new counter-terrorism strategy in the United States. The main elements of this strategy are considered. The article assesses the degree of effectiveness of measures taken in the United States to implement counter-terrorism measures. The interaction of the subjects of the fight against terrorism within the framework of this strategy is highlighted. The role of the private sector in the fight against terrorism is noted.
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Kunreuther, Howard, and Erwann Michel-Kerjan. "Policy: Watch Challenges for Terrorism Risk Insurance in the United States." Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0895330042632717.
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This paper examines the role that insurance has played in dealing with terrorism before and after September 11, 2001, by focusing on the distinctive challenges associated with terrorism as a catastrophic risk. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (TRIA) was passed by the U.S. Congress in November 2002, establishing a national terrorism insurance program that provides up to $100 billion commercial coverage with a specific but temporary risk-sharing arrangement between the federal government and insurers. TRIA's three-year term ends December 31, 2005, so Congress soon has to determine whether it should be renewed, whether an alternative terrorism insurance program should be substituted for it, or whether insurance coverage is left solely in the hands of the private sector. As input into this process, the paper examines several alternatives and scenarios, and discusses their potential to create a sustainable terrorism insurance program in the Unites States.
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Othman, Noraini, Mohd Sharazad Saiful Bahri, Hazliana Yahaya, and Augustine Leonard Jen. "Terrorism & The Overview on Impacts Towards Government Policies in Malaysia, The United States and The United Kingdom." Journal of the Malaysian Parliament 3 (June 13, 2023): 194–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.54313/journalmp.v3i.101.
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The terrorist acts that occur around the world, with a significant incident of September 11, have brought about changes in government policies not only in Western countries but also in Malaysia. In fact, the introduction of the Security Offences (Special Measures) Act (SOSMA) 2012 in Malaysia is one of the significant legislations in combating terrorism. Anti-Terrorism legislation is, without a doubt, a sine qua non for countries in pursuit of their states’ stability and security. Therefore, this article evaluates the impacts of terrorism on government policies in Malaysia, the United States and the United Kingdom and emphasis will be placed on whether the policies, i.e., the domestic legislation carried out, manage to play a significant role in combating terrorism.
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Khan, Bushra. "JUDICIAL REVIEW OF COUNTER-TERROR LEGISLATION: THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT AND THE SUPREME COURT OF PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 04 (December 31, 2022): 1010–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i04.907.
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Since the attacks of 9/11, terrorism has emerged as a serious concern for national security. Both the United States and Pakistan have and continue to experience the scourge of terrorism and strive to grapple with it in a manner that is compliant with their constitution. Consequently, the counter-terrorism measures put in place by both states have been put to review by the highest constitutional courts of the states. This work attempts to analyze the jurisprudence of the United States Supreme court and the Supreme Court of Pakistan and examines whether the former has impacted the interpretation of the latter. Keywords: Judicial Review, Judiciary, Terrorism, Legislation
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Obado Ochieng, Mercy. "Elusive Legal Definition of Terrorism at the United Nations." Strathmore Law Journal 3, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52907/slj.v3i1.30.
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Terrorism is indisputably a serious security threat to states and individuals. Yet, by the end of 2016, there was still lack of consensus on the legal definition of terrorism at the United Nations (UN) level. The key organs of the UN, the Security Council (UNSC) and the General Assembly (UNGA), are yet to agree on a legal definition of terrorism. This disconnect is attributed partly to the heterogeneous nature of terrorist activities and ideological differences among member states. At the UN level, acts of terrorism are mainly tackled from the angle of threats to international peace and security. In contrast, at the state level, acts of terrorism are largely defined as crimes and hence dealt with from the criminal justice paradigm. This article argues that the lack of a concrete legal definition of terrorism at the UN level undermines the holistic use of the criminal justice paradigm to counter-terrorism at the state level. To effectively counter-terrorism the UNSC and the UNGA have to agree on a legal definition of terrorism in their resolutions. This will streamline efforts to combat terrorism at the state level and consolidate counter-terrorism measures at the international level. The draft comprehensive Convention on Measures to Eliminate Terrorism (the Draft Convention) should be tailored to fill gaps and provide for a progressive legal definition of acts of terrorism.
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Owojori, Abimbola Joseph. "FRIENDS OR FRENEMIES? ASSESSING THE UNITED STATES RESPONSES TO NIGERIA’S QUEST FOR ANTI-TERRORISM SUPPORT." Journal of Contemporary International Relations and Diplomacy 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/jcird.2021.0201.01-j.
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Notwithstanding decades-long strains and stresses in their relations, Nigeria is one of the foremost African partners of the United States and a major recipient of American aid in Africa. Both countries have traditionally maintained very robust bilateral relations since the former’s political independence in 1960, especially given their economic ties. Until recently, their economic ties have been very robust, thanks to Nigeria’s sweet crude that the United States largely needed for decades. However, this study examines how the generally cordial bilateral relations between the two countries have not necessarily translated to effective security and anti-terrorism cooperation. Nigeria has consistently focused on the United States for anti-terrorism support, albeit with limited responses from the latter. In this regard, the study utilised both primary and secondary sources to investigate the puzzling inconsistencies in the anti-terrorism cooperation between these supposed allies. Thus, the study revealed that since both countries have a common interest in combating terrorism, a conventional realist approach can help us put in the proper perspective some understandable strategic reasons for their somewhat difficult anti-terrorism cooperation. The study concludes that as much as Nigeria desires American support, the dynamics of their anti-terrorism cooperation will not likely change for as long as the United States does not consider combating terrorism in Nigeria to be strategic to its Homeland Security.
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Asst. Inst. Ali Hassan Yousif Fattah. "Domestic Terrorism in the United States of America after the Attacks September 11, 2001 A statistical study of the role of the extreme right))." Tikrit Journal For Political Science 2, no. 32 (June 30, 2023): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v2i32.189.
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The United States of America faces many internal threats and challenges, and terrorism is one of the most significant challenges and threats. The years following the attacks of (September 11, 2001) witnessed a substantial decrease in the rate of external (foreign) terrorism in the United States, at a time when domestic terrorism witnessed an apparent rise at unprecedented rates in the last two decades. There are four main categories of ideologies in the United States of America: the far right, the far left, religious extremism, and ethnic extremism. The far right is the first and most significant challenge and threat to the United States, as the operations and attacks of this wing have increased rapidly in terms of quality and quantity. Within this wing, there are many movements, and white extremists and anti-government extremists are considered the most critical movements. It is a statistical study that tries to shed light on domestic terrorism in the United States of America after the 11 September 2001 attacks by collecting data from American formal and informal institutions. The study utilizes the quantitative approach as a tool for analyzing these data.
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Schlager, Erika. "Counter-terrorism, human rights, and the United States." Helsinki Monitor 16, no. 1 (2005): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571814053782602.
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CAM, MARIE-ANNE. "THE IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON UNITED STATES INDUSTRIES." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 27, no. 2 (June 2008): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2008.tb01031.x.
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Nanda, Ved P. "Legal Responses to Terrorism by the United States." American Journal of Comparative Law 42, suppl_2 (1994): 717–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/42.suppl2.717.
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Eadie, Pauline. "Counter-terrorism, Smart Power and the United States." Global Policy 7, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12356.
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Pecastaing, Camille. "Of Terrorism in United States: A French Perspective." SAIS Review 22, no. 2 (2002): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.2002.0047.
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Rodda, Deepthi. "Terrorism Definiens in Terrorism Insurance." DME Journal of Law 4, no. 01 (June 30, 2023): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53361/dmejl.v4i01.05.
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The terrorism insurance market is a constantly growing industry as a result of the rise in terrorism and associated violence around the world. This trend has captured the attention of the Indian insurance sector as well. More and more people, companies, and organizations are getting insurance to protect themselves in case a terrorist attack occurs in the future. However, what exactly is terrorism insurance? Is it given under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008 or any other related and applicable national or state legislation formulated? Terrorism insurance offers coverage for damages resulting from the aforementioned terrorist acts or guarantees to hold the insurer harmless in the event of such losses. The Indian Market Terrorism Risk Insurance Pool, which is managed by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority, is now used by general insurers to offer property insurance. As foreign re-insurers withdrew their terrorist coverage following the 9/11 attacks in the United States of America, general insurers took the initiative to create the pool in April 2002. The cost of terrorism insurance, according to insurers, has decreased recently because there haven’t been any significant losses in the pool. The pool’s capacity has increased to 4,500 crore. But, the recent terrorist attacks in Paris and London as well as the ongoing enemy infiltration over our borders have stoked panic, leading to a rise in terrorism insurance in India. Despite the pool taking advantage of this fear, there is no legal framework in place to control it. While the United States and other nations have laws covering similar matters, this research study examines whether India also needs such legislation
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Katzenstein, Peter J. "September 11 in Comparative Perspective: The Antiterrorism Campaigns of Germany and Japan." Dialogue IO 1, no. 1 (2002): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s7777777702000043.
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For the United States, September 11 is a turning point.; For Japan and Germany it brought a sense of déjà vu. The United States’ experience with terrorism is not unique, but it is distinctive. How other states, here Japan and Germany, have dealt with terrorism may help put the events of September 11 and their aftermath into perspective. Japan and Germany were not as successful in stemming terrorism as their governments and people would have liked. An analysis of their policies sheds new light on this turn in world politics.
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Baccini, Leonardo, Abel Brodeur, Sean Nossek, and Eran Shor. "Terrorism and Voting Behavior: Evidence from the United States." Research & Politics 8, no. 1 (January 2021): 205316802098733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168020987333.
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This article examines the impact of terrorism on voting behavior in the United States. We rely on an exhaustive list of terror attacks over the period 1970–2016 and exploit the inherent randomness of the success or failure of terror attacks to identify the political impacts of terrorism. We first confirm that the success of terror attacks is plausibly random by showing that it is orthogonal to potential confounders. We then show that on average successful attacks have no effect on presidential and non-presidential elections. As a benchmark, we also rely on a more naïve identification strategy using all the counties not targeted by terrorists as a comparison group. We show that using this naïve identification strategy leads to strikingly different results overestimating the effect of terror attacks on voting behavior. Overall, our results indicate that terrorism has less of an influence on voters than is usually thought.
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Chandra, Vikash. "India’s Counter-Terrorism Diplomacy at the United Nations: Progress and Problems." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 76, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928419901189.
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This paper analyses India’s counter-terrorism diplomacy at the United Nations and argues that it is based on five pillars namely, normative, coercive, legal, compliance and domestic implementation, and promotion of international cooperation. The normative pillar elucidates India’s stand on de-legitimisation of terrorism, the root cause approach and sectoral versus comprehensive approach, whereas the coercive pillar divulges India’s position on counter-terrorism sanctions and the use of force. The legal measure explains India’s contribution to the development of international legal framework against terrorism through its sponsoring, co-sponsoring, draft proposal and consensus-building initiatives. Methodologically, it is based largely on the analysis of the primary archival sources, speeches of Indian delegates at the UN General Assembly, its Sixth Committee, and India’s national reports submitted to the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee and 1540 Committee. By analysing India’s counter-terrorism diplomacy at the United Nations, this paper seeks to spark a discourse among researchers working in this field with cases of India and other states as well, and pave the way for further researches on India’s counter-terrorism diplomacy at the United Nations and comparative studies with cases of other states. It concludes with observations that state sovereignty remains at the core of India’s counter-terrorism diplomacy and given the divergence of preferences of states, India’s diplomatic endeavour could not yield desired results.
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Zhao, PhD, Mei, Hanadi Y. Hamadi, PhD, D. Rob Haley, PhD, MBA, MHS, Jing Xu, PhD, MHA, Ajani (AJ) Dunn, MHA, FACHE, and Aaron Spaulding, PhD. "Hospital COVID-19 preparedness: Are (were) we ready?" Journal of Emergency Management 21, no. 7 (February 28, 2023): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0734.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Terrorist attacks and natural disasters such as Hurricanes Katrina and Harvey have increased focus on disaster preparedness planning. Despite the attention on planning, many studies have found that hospitals in the United States are underprepared to manage extended disasters appropriately and the surge in patient volume it might bring. Aim: This study aims to profile and examine the availability of hospital capacity specifically related to COVID-19 patients, such as emergency department (ED) beds, intensive care unit (ICU) beds, temporary space setup, and ventilators.Method: A cross-sectional retrospective study design was used to examine secondary data from the 2020 American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey. A series of multivariate logistic analyses were conducted to investigate the strength of association between changes in ED beds, ICU beds, staffed beds, and temporary spaces setup, and the 3,655 hospitals’ characteristics.Results: Our results highlight that the odds of a change in ED beds are 44 percent lower for government hospitals and 54 percent for for-profit hospitals than not-for-profit hospitals. The odds of ED bed change for nonteaching hospitals were 34 percent lower compared to teaching hospitals. Small and medium hospitals have significantly lower odds (75 and 51 percent, respectively) than large hospitals. For ICU bed change, staffed bed change, and temporary spaces setup, the conclusions were consistently significant regarding the impact of hospital ownership, teaching status, and hospital size. However, temporary spaces setup differs by hospital location. The odds of change is significantly lower (OR = 0.71) in urban hospitals compared with rural hospitals, while for ED beds, the odds of change is considerably higher (OR = 1.57) in urban hospitals compared to rural hospitals.Conclusion: There is a need for policymakers to consider not only resource limitations that were created from supply line disruptions during the COVID- 19 pandemic but also a more global assessment of the adequacy of funding and support for insurance coverage, hospital finance, and how hospitals meet the needs of the populations they serve.