Journal articles on the topic 'Terrorism Rome'
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1
Strechie, Mădălina. "Forms of Terrorism in Ancient Rome." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0027.
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Abstract Terrorism is an old phenomenon in human civilization. Terminologically, it comes from Latin, but this scourge also fully manifested itself in Roman civilization, throughout its history. This study seeks to fill a bibliographic gap on this criminal phenomenon, most studies of it starting with the Middle Ages, without any reference to Ancient Rome, which is unfair, especially since Rome was confronted with this phenomenon, which it defined terminologically and to which it responded with the necessary force, thus transforming its defence policy. The first forms of terrorism emerged in Rome during the Kingdom, when, at the beginning of its political organization, Rome faced numerous terrorist manifestations, especially from outside the Roman state. The Gauls were, at the beginning of the Republic, genuine agents of terrorism in Rome through their plundering expeditions that caused real terror. Etruscan pirates were terrorists, too, for the Roman trade, the struggle of the plebeians and their withdrawal with barricades in order to obtain political rights meant real political terror at that time, then Spartacus’ revolt and his march which spread terror throughout Rome, the civil wars which bled Rome became genuine forms of internal terrorism, especially because of the assassination of Roman state leaders, as well as the corruption masterly unmasked by Cicero. The forms of external terrorism were also present, the most notorious episode being the Punic wars, in particular the war of Hannibal, the most effective terrorist for Rome, the Dacians’ plundering expeditions in the Roman garrisons in Moesia, the battles with the Parthians and the Britons are as many forms of the terrorism that Rome faced during its history, which compelled it into creating new forces capable of responding to this new way of fighting. We believe that the Praetorian Guard, with all its units, was the most effective counter-terrorist force in combating the terrorist phenomenon strongly manifested in Rome. Therefore Rome, knowing the phenomenon, defined it most precisely, a definition that still applies today.
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Möttö, Jessica. "International Terrorism: What are the Current Legal Challenges in Bringing Terrorists to Justice?" Groningen Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (July 15, 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/59db68e6ad2da.
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International terrorism has faced a definitional deadlock. While various international conventions have emerged condemning acts of terrorism and states have enacted counterterrorism legislation, a single universal definition on the crime of terrorism has yet to be agreed upon. The cause of a definitional deadlock can be boiled down to the famous idea that one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter thus; acts seen as justified by some are viewed as crimes by others. Few individuals labelled as terrorists would call themselves as such. However, both the International Criminal Court (ICC) as well as domestic courts are affected by the definitional deadlock. Despite extensive discussions on the inclusion of terrorism within the Rome Statute, the lack of a commonly agreeable definition on terrorism eventually made the inclusion impossible. Therefore, the ICC can only bring terrorists to justice when acts of genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes have occurred. On the other hand, states rely on co-operation, mutual trust and the exchange of information when prosecuting international terrorists. Due to the lack of a common definition on terrorism, states have taken fragmented approaches and counterterrorism strategies vary considerably between states. While in some states no counterterrorism measures exist at all, other states have taken on considerably broad laws. This makes effective cross-border co-operation challenging or even impossible. Conclusively, reaching a common definition on a crime of international terrorism cannot be stressed enough. It will allow for a new discussion to take place with regards to the creation of a crime of terrorism in the Rome Statute. Furthermore, state authorities would be restricted in the use of overly broad legislation as national laws can be harmonised to a greater extend.
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Caplan, Harold. "Modernization of the 1952 Rome Convention and Protocol." Air and Space Law 32, Issue 1 (February 1, 2007): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2007003.
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These notes are offered to ICAO Council, Legal Committee and Special Group as an aid to re-examination of some basic policy issues. The proposal to prepare two unlinked Conventions is welcome in principle. In particular, a Convention dealing solely with surface damage or injuries caused by aircraft accidents has the best potential to satisfy the mandate for a modern version of the 1952 Rome Convention PROVIDED THAT it can be applied to all civil aircraft in a contracting State, and does not contain concepts derived from the passenger liability provisions of the 1999 Montreal Convention. However, the proposal for a separate Convention imposing liability on aircraft operators for the consequences of terrorism is unjust, deeply flawed and inconsistent with the well-established policy of a large number of States who already accept a duty to ensure that human victims are fairly compensated if criminal terrorists do not pay. In addition, leading developed nations with experience of terrorism have devised a variety of forms of public/private partnership – all of which include some kind of State support for the property insurance of terrorism risks. Hence, although there may be a case for international agreement on compensation for the consequences of terrorism generally, there is no justification for one restricted to aviation: it is simply not needed. Moreover, there are no precedents which might support proposals for collective States’ responsibility for the consequences of terrorism in any one State.
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A'yun, Qurrata. "Law Enforcement of Terrorism Crimes Associated with Foreign Terorist Fighter ISIS Cases." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 23, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v23i1.19000.
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This study aims to discuss the position of terrorism in international criminal law and law enforcement against terrorism crimes committed by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syiriah (ISIS) Foreign Terrorist Fighter (FTF). The research method used in this research study is a normative juridical legal research method. In some literature, crimes of terrorism in international criminal law are categorized as extraordinary crimes because of their systematic, organized and widespread nature. Law enforcement against the FTF ISIS for crimes of terrorism can basically be carried out by means of preventive measures as preventive and repressive measures as penal measures which in this case can be prosecuted based on the legal rules of the perpetrator's country of origin and allowed to make arrests, prosecutions and punishments or attempts. Extradition if necessary. In addition, law enforcement based on international criminal law can also be pursued if the crimes of terrorism committed by the perpetrators cause things that have an impact on the international community and qualify as stipulated in the Rome Statute.
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Muhammadin, Fajri Matahati. "TERRORISM AND THE CRIME OF AGGRESSION UNDER THE ROME STATUTE." Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 27, no. 1 (February 23, 2015): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.15901.
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Terrorism seems to be accepted as a grave act of international concern, but has not yet been accommodated explicitly in the International Criminal Court (ICC). This article explores the prospect of including terrorism under the crime of aggression in cases transcending boundaries, by examining whether terrorism can fit into its’ elements. While terrorism can be conducted by state and non-state actors, it will be shown that it is possible for states committing terrorism to have their officials prosecuted for the crime of aggression. For the more infamous terrorism by non-state actors, however, do not seem to satisfy the required elements. Terorisme sudah diterima sebagai kejahatan yang menjadi perhatian internasional, tetapi belum diakomodasi secara eksplisit dalam hukum pidana internasional melalui Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC). Artikel ini akan mengamati kemungkinan memasukkan terorisme dalam tindak pidana agresi, terutama dalam kasus terorisme yang melampaui batas-batas Negara. Artikel ini akan mengamati konsep tindak pidana agresi dalam Statuta Roma, dan melihat apakah terorisme dapat memenuhi unsur-unsurnya. Ternyata walaupun terorisme oleh actor non-negara lebih terkenal, tapi konsep terorisme dapat memuat terorisme oleh Negara juga. Akan dijelaskan bagaimana kejahatan agresi bisa jadi dikenakan pada terorisme oleh Negara, tetapi justru tidak pada terorisme oleh aktor non-negara.
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Ducol, Benjamin. "Les dimensions émotionnelles du terrorisme : Émotions, radicalisation violente et engagement terroriste." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 2, no. 2 (October 4, 2013): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v2i2.3769.
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Par une volonté louable de rompre avec des approches psychologisantes du phénomène terroriste dominantes au cours des années 1960-70, les recherches contemporaines en matière de terrorisme(s) et de violence(s) politique(s) ont très largement mis l’emphase sur la figure du « terroriste » comme acteur rationnel et stratégique. Face aux limites des approches rationalistes de l’engagement radical qui envisagent de manière réductionniste les individus au travers d’un calcul rationnel univoque en terme de coûts et d’incitatifs à l’action, il nous apparaît important de réintégrer dans les réflexions théoriques sur les phénomènes terroristes, les émotions afin d’en interroger le rôle dans la production d’une trajectoire violente et/ou terroriste Notre article se propose donc ici d’effectuer une revue de la littérature non-exhaustive des travaux actuels autour du rôle des émotions en matière de terrorisme, et d’éclairer les voies de recherches futures à la lumière de travaux déjà engagés dans le champ de la sociologie des mouvements sociaux, des nouveaux mouvements religieux ou encore de la sociologie cognitive. Au travers de ce « retour des émotions » qui traverse les sciences sociales et plus globalement le champ de la connaissance contemporaine, nous pensons qu’il s’avère en effet possible de dégager des pistes de recherches fructueuses permettant d’affiner notre regard sur les phénomènes terroristes et les logiques de radicalisation violente.Contemporary research on terrorism(s) and political violence(s) have largely put the emphasis on the figure of the "terrorist" as rational and strategic player, in a break with psychoanalytical approaches to terrorism that were dominant from the 1960-1970’s. Giventhe limitations of rationalist approaches to radical commitment, and considering how reductionist is the understanding of individual participation to terrorism related activities through a rational calculation framework in terms of costs and incentives to action, it is important to reintegrate in the theoretical reflections on terrorist phenomena how emotions can play a role in leading potential terrorists down a violent path. This paper presents acritical assessment of current academic work surrounding the issue of violent radicalization and involvement in terrorism, and engages in a theoretical debate thathighlights potential future research that could better integrate a prominent role foremotions in our understanding the process of terrorist radicalization and clandestine political violence.
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Damayanti, Angel, and Melda Yanny. "Gender-Based Counter-Terrorism Policing." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 08 (August 22, 2022): 1210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i8.sh01.
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Since 2016, terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia have made women the executor of terror acts who carry out heinous attacks on targets, even through suicide bombings. This violence is actually manifested by women who are often perceived as gentle, motherly, and far from anarchic actions and act as wives who support the terrors of their husbands. This paper tries to explain the shift in the role and involvement of women in acts of terrorism carried out by the transnational terrorism group ISIS and its networks in Indonesia. This research explores the characteristics of terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia, the cases that occurred, the background of life, and the process of radicalization targeting women. By using a qualitative methodology in the form of case studies and gender concepts with a counter-terrorism approach, this article offers a solution in the form of gender-based counter-terrorism policing as a sharper and more focused approach to preventing acts of terrorism carried out by female terrorists.
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Pavlik, Mihail, and Konstantin Borichev. "The terrorism of individuals: the main trends and features of counteraction." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-1-106-112.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the current phenomenon – «the terrorism of individuals». In particular, it is presented the definition of the concept in question, its main specificity and current trends. The article describes the terrorist acts committed by loner terrorists in the period from 2017 to 2020 in Europe, as well as an analysis of similar crimes from 2000 to 2014. Special attention is paid to the role of international terrorist organizations in their work with their followers in the form of individual terrorists.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.
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Sutrisno, FX Andy. "The Urgency of Indonesia Social Media Regulation in the Vortex of Terrorism." Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v1i1.28.
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Social media becomes a very important and strategic tool for terrorists to do propaganda, recruitment, funding, and facilitation of other terrorist activities. Both international level and national level, no regulation explicitly regulates the use of social media for terrorism. Since many incidents of terrorism using social media in Indonesia, the more vigorous terrorists’ propaganda and recruitment through social media, and considering opened terrorist access to pursue their targets, especially the youth generation, it is vital to specifically regulate social media and terrorism. Although social media and terrorism issues need to be addressed by the increasing of local government’s role in combating terrorism and the strengthening parental supervision in the use of social media by children, the need for social media and terrorism regulation is an urgent matter to do first, as a guide to tackling the social media use in the vortex of terrorism.
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Stankiewicz, Wojciech. "Book Review: “The Faces of Terrorism”, edited by Sebastian Wojciechowski, Institute of Political Science and Journalism at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland 2006, pp. 216." Polish Political Science Yearbook 35, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2006014.
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Terrorism in a contemoprary world plays a vital role. It becomes more and more dangerous due to technical development and access to information on terrorist means and methods allows better communication between terrorist groups. Contemporary political terrorism characterises variety and diffi culty far more developed now then centuries ago. Terrorists are able to interfere into politics of diff erent countries, using terrorism actions to achieve particular goals. The increase of confl icts and tensions on ethics, religion, ideology or sociolology made it possible for terrorism to appear in new forms and become a solution for current global issues.
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Ponomarev, Vladimir. "Russian Media as Actor of Informational Counter-Terrorism Who Forms Antiterrorist Consciousness." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 9, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2020.9(4).687-699.
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The article deals with the problems of terrorist acts coverage by the Russian media, informational counter-terrorism and formation of anti-terrorist consciousness. The relevance of the study is explained by the fact that terrorism, being a socially dangerous phenomenon that openly demonstrates violence and intimidation towards the public, aims at producing a certain informational effect, which terrorists consider necessary. Therefore, improving the mechanisms of counter-terrorism, including informing the public, is of vital importance. In this relation, mass media should be viewed as both a means of influencing collective consciousness and a tool of information transfer via verbal communication. The article describes the role of mass media in the tragical events of the early XX century in Russia, as well as their missteps and mistakes. The author also analyzes social realia of the present and notes that the contemporary terrorists thrive on publicity. Therefore, those terrorists who do not have access to broadcasting will not get coverage of their actions, which will lead to a considerable decrease in the number of attacks. The author states the necessity of coordinated actions of the authorities, the public and the media aimed at developing a single policy to prevent terrorists from using mass media. Meanwhile, the constitutional principle of freedom of speech should be a priority. The article proposes recommendations on how to increase the efficiency of the media in the sphere of counter-terrorism, and emphasizes their role in forming anti-terrorist consciousness.
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Nyabwengi, Catheline Bosibori. "Women Terrorists and Violent Actors in the Lens of the Media in Kenya: 1980-2019." East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajis.5.1.540.
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Despite the increasing role of women in violence and terrorist-related activities across the globe, stereotypes depicting violence and terrorism as a male sphere continue to shape and, in some cases, prevent the authentic presentation of women terrorists and violent actors. Essentially, war and violence are attributed to men and masculine traits. Accordingly, women are mainly presented as intrinsically vulnerable, coerced actors, or violence victims in violence and terrorism. The media plays an essential role in disseminating information about terrorism and violence to the public. However, it does not operate in a vacuum, and thus, reportage of violence and terrorism at times reflects the prevailing cultural gender stereotypes of war and violence. This paper explores how the media present women terrorists and violent actors in Kenya. It also explores how this presentation impacts security initiatives and counter-terrorism strategies in the country. The paper uses accessible evidence from media reports on various female terrorists, terrorist attacks, and security operations to examine these aspects. It argues that the media labels women terrorists as vulnerable and focuses on their age, physical outlook, and statuses rather than the violent act perpetrated. Such presentation paints an image of irrational, naïve, coerced female terrorists and victims of violence. Accordingly, the paper recommends that the media-mediated images must not influence the implementation of anti-terror and violence policies since they do not necessarily reflect the reality on the ground.
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Jazic, Aleksandar. "Terrorist propaganda and the role of media." Medjunarodni problemi 62, no. 1 (2010): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1001113j.
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The author considers the basic elements of terrorist propaganda and targets terrorist groups wish to achieve by informing mass media on their acts. In the field of propaganda, they endeavor to point to their presence, objectives and positions by committing certain acts. Every terrorist act is planned so to make its symbolism clearer pointing to the positions of terrorists on some political issue. In order to commit a successful terrorist act it is necessary to carry out a long-term planning in the sphere of propaganda. For that purpose terrorists apply various strategies and tactics. The information of the public in some country on the committed terrorist act is the basic objective of terrorist groups. For this reason they attempt to, above all, attract attention of mass media. In the field of information, terrorism could be best fought by the establishment of co-operation between the government and media that should exchange information. This also implies that media should be more involved in the public diplomacy. .
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Priyanto, Sapto, Mohammad Dermawan, and Arthur Runturambi. "Prevention of Terrorism Attacks by Identifying Terrorist Activities." International Journal of Smart Security Technologies 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsst.2020010104.
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Terrorism causes material and non-material losses for affected victims of that attack. Victims of terrorist attacks are not only immediate victims, but also indirect victims. Terrorist attacks can be prevented if terrorist activities are identified in advance. This research differs from previous studies because it identifies terrorist activities before the attack. People's attention to safety in their environment can also play a role in anticipating terrorist attacks. Based on chronology with a chronological analysis, it is possible to know that the perpetrators conducted a survey on the target of the attack. In conducting surveys, the perpetrators will be disguised, so to look ordinary, and exploit the negligence of officers. Acts of terrorism can be prevented by raising security concerns about suspicious activities terrorists conducted before the attack, and by keeping the pace and addressing terrorism issues at both national and international levels.
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Hashmat Ullah Khan and Gohar Rehman. "China’s Role in War on Terror." Central Asia 86, Summer (November 28, 2020): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-86.71.
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Terrorism being the primary threat to China's national security therefore counter terrorism has turned out to be the main point of China’s domestic and foreign policy. The major terrorist threat that China faces is posed by Uyghur separatist fighters of Xinjiang. They claim and fight for a separate independent state called “East Turkistan”. The Xinjiang issue is the major anxiety and the focal point of China’s war on terror. To stop extremism and terrorism in Xinjiang China has adopted a multi-dimensional approach i.e. Strike Hard Campaign, diplomatic actions to isolate terrorists and get the help of other countries, religious, economic and social anti-terrorist policies to eradicate the roots of terrorism from society. China is also cooperating with the countries including US, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asian Republics, and many others in fighting against terrorism. From the platform of Shanghai Cooperation Organization China is also playing important role in counterterrorism. China major interest in war on terror is to stop the spread of extremism and terrorism within her borders particularly in Xinjiang province, as well as to make sure that neighbouring countries not become safe haven and base camp for the Uyghur militants. The main objective of this paper is to analyses the phenomena of terrorism in Xinjiang and China’s role in war on terror.
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Kurdyukova, E. A., and R. R. Sherkhov. "The phenomenon of female terrorism in Russia." Law Нerald of Dagestan State University 40, no. 4 (2021): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2021-40-4-115-119.
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The article examines the reasons for the emergence of female terrorism, the role of women in terrorist organizations of the Russian Empire and modern Russia, provides statistical data on the dynamics of terrorist acts committed by women suicide bombers, analyzes the motivational attitudes of the criminal activities of women in the world terrorist movement, reveals the criminological portrait of female terrorists
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ABBAS, ALI HAIF. "EVIDENTIALITY IN PUTIN'S POLITICAL SPEECHES ON TERRORISM." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 28 (August 6, 2017): 681–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss28.33.
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This research attempts to study evidentiality through analysing some selected quotations of Vladimir Putin's political speeches on terrorism. Violence crisis has been escalated since 2013 and till now in Iraq and Syria due to the emergence of different terrorist organisations. It is extremely important to know the reasons behind the growth and development of terrorism in recent years. If one takes the definitions which dealt with terrorism in the world, he/she can find that there is no fixed definition to terrorism. What is considered a terrorist in some countries is considered a fighter (mujahid) in others. Thus, killing thousands of Iraqis from the point of view of some states is resistance and Jihad, while these same actions are classified as "terrorist acts" when implemented in other countries. The financing of terrorist groups is behind the continuation of the terrorist-brutal operations on innocent civilians. The study aims at understanding the concept of evidentiality and its role in political discourse analysis. The study also aims to make everything clear to the public regarding the reasons which led to the emergence of terrorist organisations and the countries that support them based on the facts which Putin will present through his speeches. In order to achieve the aims, the study offers two hypotheses: Putin is certain from his information sources regarding the countries which finance the terrorists. Putin also uses different evidentials to reinforce the accuracy of his information. The study introduces the concept of evidentiality, its approaches, and significance in detail. In order to solve the problem of the study and achieve its aims, the researcher adopted two models: Chafe (1986) and Mushin (2001). Based on the analysis of data, the study explored that there are countries clearly support and finance terrorists, and Putin uses different evidential markers to reinforce the sources of his information. The study addresses these countries to stop financing terrorists
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Lutz, Brenda J., and James M. Lutz. "Political Violence in the Republic of Rome: Nothing New under the Sun." Government and Opposition 41, no. 4 (2006): 491–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00201.x.
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AbstractAt various times the Roman Republic faced outbreaks of domestic political violence, including riots and intimidation, assassinations and conspiracies to overthrow the government. Violence was particularly noticeable in the Early Republic and the Late Republic. These activities were quite similar to the terrorism and violence used by mobs and groups during the French Revolution and the tactics of fascists and leftists in Europe in the 1920s or 1930s. More accurately, the actions of mobs and others during the French Revolution and leftists and fascists in Europe were very similar to the techniques used in the Roman political system in the last five centuries BCE.
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Hellin Garcia, Maria Jose. "Legitimization and delegitimization strategies on terrorism." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 301–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.23.2.05hel.
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This article examines the role of Building Metaphors in the political discourse of the former Spanish president José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. More specific, it analyzes how Building Metaphors serve as legitimization and delegitimization strategies used by the Government and its anti-terrorist plight. The corpus of investigation comprises all political speeches on terrorism during Zapatero’s two terms in office (from April 2004 to December 2011). I argue that the use of Building Metaphors is a strategy of Zapatero’s whereby the solid ground of the Government’s anti-terrorist initiative is juxtaposed with terrorism’s lack of foundation. Findings suggest that the following conceptual metaphors are used as framing devices: POLITICS IS BUILDING, POLITICAL ENTITIES ARE BUILDINGS, THE GOVERNMENT IS THE BUILDER, TERRORISM IS THE DESTROYER, DEMOCRACY IS A STANDING BUILDING WITH SOLID FOUNDATIONS, TERRORISM IS A BUILDING WITH NO FOUNDATIONS, DEMOCRATIC VALUES ARE CONNECTORS, and TERRORIST VALUES ARE OBSTRUCTORS.
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Intan, Benyamin Fleming, and Calvin Bangun. "Principled Pluralism and the Prevention of Religious Terrorism in Indonesia." Religions 13, no. 5 (May 9, 2022): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13050429.
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A number of religious terrorism acts closely related to the 9/11 event had happened in Indonesia and disrupted the nation’s stability and harmony. The hard-power approach that the Indonesian government had hitherto employed to curb terrorism had not succeeded in eradicating religious terrorist groups entirely. A soft-power approach is needed to contest the indoctrination that the terrorist exercised on their followers and to halt the recruitment of new terrorists. Although the savageness of religious terrorism has given religion a terrifying impression, taking a shortcut by restricting the role of religion to the private sphere—as applied by secular countries—has not proven successful. Rejecting the solution offered by secular countries, this article offers the idea of principled pluralism with its vision of religious freedom as a soft-power solution in treating religious terrorism. By opposing tyranny and authoritarianism, religious freedom would hopefully break the chain of consolidation maintained by religious terrorists with their followers. By using principled pluralism as a hermeneutical lens to read Pancasila, this article argues that civil society is the only channel for religion to contribute significantly to Indonesian society.
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Stenvall, Maija. "An actor or an undefined threat?" Studying Identity: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges 2, no. 2 (November 18, 2003): 361–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.2.2.10ste.
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The paper studies the use of the word terrorist in the dispatches of two major international news agencies, AP and Reuters. It can be assumed that the attacks on September 11, 2001, have changed the role of terrorist and affected the meaning of the word. While terrorists have been traditionally construed as violent actors, they are now, more and more, seen as a static threat. The paper examines three collocations — terrorist attack, terrorist threat and terrorist suspect — as grammatical metaphors (cf. Halliday 1994); the collocation terrorist network is analysed as a conceptual metaphor (cf. Lakoff and Johnson 1980). Linguistic strategies manifested in the data form a pattern that I call “anti-terrorism discourse”. Modality and general vagueness of the language are conspicuous features in the news agency dispatches on terrorism; the reports focus on what may happen or may have happened. This can be argued to undermine the factuality of news agency discourse.
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Sheraz, Muhammad, Usman Hameed, and Zarfishan Qaiser. "A THREAT ASSESSMENT OF BIOTERRORISM FROM AL-QAIDA TO ISLAMIC STATE." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i3.239.
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The paper will focus on explaining the nature, extent and evolution of terrorism through the role of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and nuclear weapons (CBRN) such as Bio-Chemical Weapons (BCWs). It will further discuss the role of religious terrorist organizations, such as Al Qaeda and ISIS/Deash in re-defining terrorism in contemporary era by acquiring BCWs. Moreover, it will underscore the lethality and level of threat posed by BCW’s when employed by the non-state actors. Additionally, it will highlight various motivating factors including political, religious, and psychological which can act as a driving force for the terrorists and non-state actors to use BCWs. Lastly, it will suggest that a change in the means and methods of terrorism predominantly comprising of BCWs as a weapon of choice for the terrorists is on the cards and it is likely remaining the feature of international politics in the days and years to come if the international treaty regime on BCWS does not adequately address the phenomenon of non-state actors. Keywords: Terrorist Organizations, Bio-Chemical Weapons, Al Qaeda, Islamic State, Rational Actors, Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, Chemical Weapon Convention, CBRN.
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Ilić, Aleksandra. "Discourse on modern terrorism." Crimen 12, no. 3 (2021): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/crimen2103309i.
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In this paper author discusses the characteristics of discourse on modern terrorism. When it comes to the terrorism ordinary people gain knowledge mostly through media. The influence of specific image of terrorism is not limited to citizens who live in countries which faced with a terrorist threat or concrete attack but goes further to the different part of the world, some of them very far from the possibility of terrorist attack. Demystification of discourse on modern terrorism begins with analysis of the phenomenological dimension of modern terrorism, in terms of being defined and assigned. We can talk about two different approaches: older and newer, in understanding the terrorism. The new approach gains momentum with the events of 11 September and took shape after similar events on European continent. At the core of understanding of modern terrorism is the discourse on religious-based Islamic terrorism. Specific discourse on modern terrorism affects how it is understood by the general public, and it influences, in particular, the creation of stereotypes about a modern terrorists and the spread of fear of terrorism. The formation and maintenance of stereotypes about modern terrorism, which emphasizes the role of Islam and members of the Islamic community in planning and carrying out terrorist actions, creates a growing gap among people, especially in countries affected by terrorist attacks. The discourse on modern terrorism also implies an appropriate perception of the risk of terrorism all over the world. From that point of view risk of terrorism is real and constant. Similar situation is in Serbia and in that sense the results of limited research about perception of terrorism in Serbia presented in work show to a certain extant the existence of such global influence.
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Zapata, Gabriel Darío Paredes. "Terrorism in Colombia." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000807.
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AbstractColombia is a poor country that has been plagued by ongoing violence for more than 120 years. During the 1940s, subversive terrorist groups emerged in rural areas of the country when criminal groups came under the influence of Communism, and were later transformed into contemporary groups, such as the Ejercito de Liberacion Nacional (ELN) or National Liberation Army and Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionares de Colombia (FARC) or Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia). Paramilitary terrorist groups emerged in response to subversive groups and were later transformed into contemporary groups, such as the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) or United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia.Terrorism has placed an enormous burden on modern Colombia. From 1995 to 2002, 9,435 people were killed by terrorism-related events, of which 5,864 were killed by subversive terrorist activities and 3,571 were killed by paramilitary terrorist activities. In 2002, at least nineteen attacks produced 10 or more casualties, of which 18 were bombings. In 2002, terrorists killed at least 12 mayors, 71 legislators, and internally displaced 300,000 persons from their homes. Since terrorist groups in Colombia are typically supported by drug manufacturing and trafficking, it has been difficult at times to distinguish violence due to terrorism from violence due to illicit drug trafficking. Terrorism has also had a major adverse effect on the economy, with restricted travel, loss of economic resources, and lack of economic investment. In addition to political, military, and commercial targets, terrorists have specifically targeted healthcare infrastructure and personnel.At the national and local levels, much emergency planning and preparedness has taken place for terrorism-related events. The Centro Regulador de Urgencias (CRU) or Emergency Regulation Center in Bogota plays a major role in coordinating local prehospital and hospital emergency response in the capital city and the national level where necessary.
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Dugan, Laura, and Erica Chenoweth. "Moving Beyond Deterrence." American Sociological Review 77, no. 4 (July 31, 2012): 597–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122412450573.
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Rational choice approaches to reducing terrorist violence would suggest raising the costs of terrorism through punishment, thereby reducing the overall expected utility of terrorism. In this article, we argue that states should also consider raising the expected utility of abstaining from terrorism through rewards. We test effects of repressive (or punishing) and conciliatory (or rewarding) actions on terrorist behavior using the newly developed GATE-Israel dataset, which identifies events by Israeli state actors toward Palestinian targets on a full range of counterterrorism tactics and policies from 1987 to 2004. Results show that repressive actions are either unrelated to terror or related to subsequent increases in terror, and conciliatory actions are generally related to decreases in terror, depending on the tactical period. Findings also reveal the importance of understanding the role of terrorists’ constituencies for reducing violence.
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Fenton, Adam, and David Price. "ISIS, Jihad and Indonesian Law: Legal Impacts of the January 2016 Jakarta Terrorist Attacks." Issues in Legal Scholarship 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ils-2016-0255.
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AbstractA terrorist attack in Jalan Thamrin Central Jakarta on 14 January 2016, killed eight people, including the four attackers, and injured over 20 others. While the attack was amateurish and failed to achieve the mass casualties no doubt sought by the planners, it successfully garnered considerable media coverage and galvanised Indonesia’s policy and law makers to act on revisions to the country’s anti-terrorism laws. The paper discusses the attack itself, which reveals aspects of current terrorist strategies, transnational planning, funding and communications, and links to ISIS. It argues that the attack illustrates weaknesses in Indonesia’s treatment of convicted terrorists, notably in sentencing, corrections and rehabilitation. The paper then discusses the role of the media and securitization theory to explain the timing and momentum for law reform. It concludes with a discussion of likely revisions to the terrorism laws, including possible significantly increased police powers and a potential role for the Indonesian military in counter-terrorism operations unprecedented in the post-
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Bobkier, Robert, and Piotr Herman. "Sicarii by Flavius Josephus. Premodern terrorists or the founding myth of modern Israel?" Res Politicae 13 (2021): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/rp.2021.13.08.
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Contemporary international terrorism differs a little from the acts of violence that took place in ancient history. The first known example of the use of political terrorism was Sicarii, a Jewish sect operating in Palestine and Egypt in the years 66–73 CE. Virtually all information about this group comes from Flavius Josephus, a first-century Romano-Jewish historian and military leader. The term sicarii itself has a Latin etymology and means murderers or assassins. It comes from the word sica, meaning dagger. It appeared in legal Latin in 81 BCE together with the Act Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis, which was one of the first legal regulations in the field of serious organized crime. The Sicarii, however, fought in their own country with the intention of liberating it from the rule of a foreign power, Rome. To this day, it remains unresolved whether the Sicarii and Zealots belonged to the same political group that used terrorism for political purposes: killings, arson, poisoning water supplies, and even the seizure of the mountain fortress of Masada, ending in mass suicide. And the myth of the desperate courage of the defenders of Masada became the glue of the national consciousness of the citizens of the modern state of Israel.
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Vasnetsova, Anastasiya Sergeevna, and Viktor Viktorovich Merkur'ev. "Combating corruption-related crimes in the context of counterterrorism efforts." Полицейская и следственная деятельность, no. 4 (April 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7810.2020.4.33967.
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The authors study in details such aspects of the problem as the processes of criminal concrement of organized crime, corruption and terrorism, in which organized crime plays the role of initiating (defining) factor of emergence of corruption interconnections of government institutions and terrorist groups. It means that terrorist activity, possessing a range of common features typical for, among other things, organized crime, is impossible without corruption-related contacts in government institutions and self-government bodies. Therefore, long-term functioning of terrorist groups means the presence of a corruption element. The authors study the common patterns of using corruption-related practices by terrorists and substantiate the list of corruption-determined terrorist threats. The authors formulate the suggestions about the extension of the list of risks connected with the corruption-based financing of terrorism. Corruption in government institutions, local self-government bodies and security agencies is a fueler for the development of terrorism, acting, on the one hand, as a reason for its emergence, and on the other hand, as an indispensable condition of its existence. The recognition of corruption as an independent risk factor of the creation of favorable conditions for the financing of terrorism will help to improve counterterrorism efforts. The authors note that the terrorist threat increases with the level of corruption. Thus, the fight against corruption should remain one of the key directions of national policy, and the effectiveness of these counterterrorism efforts will affect the reduction of terrorist threat level for the state.
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Caplan, Harold. "Liability for Third Party Damage on the Ground — Some fundamental issues for consideration by the Council of ICAO prior to a Diplomatic Conference." Air and Space Law 33, Issue 3 (June 1, 2008): 183–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2008017.
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The previous issue of this Journal contained two original articles of outstanding importance: – One by the distinguished Chairman of an ICAO group, explaining for the first time the thinking behind two Conventions proposed by his group to govern the liability of civil aircraft operators for damage to persons and property on the ground caused by an aircraft in flight. – The other by an eminent member of the Editorial Board – offering independent reflections on the group’s proposals. In advance of a Diplomatic Conference, the present article [March 2008] attempts to analyze and evaluate both articles and the accompanying draft texts. States would be free to adopt either or both the proposed Conventions. Unfortunately, both proposals are flawed. The draft with the best potential for ratification is referred to as the ‘General Risks’ Convention. It is dedicated to accidents which are not caused by unlawful interference with aircraft. This is marred principally by: – A failure to preserve or update provisions of the 1952 Rome Convention with continuing relevance – such as air carrier defences in the event of armed conflict; and – applying the concept of limits and defences designed for passenger liability to the completely different circumstances of third parties on the ground. The other draft text, dealing with crashes caused by unlawful interference with aircraft (e.g. terrorism) is inspired by the highest humanitarian considerations. It aims to strike a fair balance between the needs of victims and those of air transport. The basic flaws in this draft are that: – In relation to terrorism, air transport itself is a victim; and – leading nations are already committed to the provision of compensation for death and injury caused by violent crime (including terrorism), and to give support for terrorism risks in the insurance of property. Furthermore there appears to have been no consideration of apparent conflicts with the 1944 Chicago Convention (including prior Council policy), a United Nations Resolution of 1985 and (in relation to EU members) a Directive of 2004 requiring States to assume responsibility for compensating victims of violent crime (including terrorism). Suggestions are offered to promote ratification of two unlinked international agreements: – The proposed ‘General Risks’ Convention; and – a new Terrorism Compensation Treaty for consideration by the United Nations.
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Talbot, Steven. "‘Us’ and ‘Them’: Terrorism, Conflict and (O)ther Discursive Formations." Sociological Research Online 13, no. 1 (January 2008): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1689.
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Research into terrorism has traditionally examined the relationship between terrorist activity and a variety of economic, religious, and geopolitical issues associated with modernity and globalisation, in an attempt to understand and explain this global phenomenon. This paper extends this inquiry further by exploring the extent to which the construction of Self and Other dichotomies are used as instruments for domination, self actualisation, and mobilisation within discourses of terrorism and security. The paper proposes that issues of Otherness are a vital and often missing component in understanding terrorism and counter-terrorist activity. In doing so, it argues that the construction of ‘polarised collective identities’ which accentuate perceived (cultural) differences between terrorists and their intended targets (and their respective host nations) play an integral role in shaping how we identify and respond to emerging threats. Furthermore, it is suggested that the construction and maintenance of these identities not only has a tendency to homogenise populations, but also creates antagonistic and conflict-orientated relationships resistant to resolution.
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Cremer, Ulrich. "Nach dem 11. September." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 32, no. 127 (June 1, 2002): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v32i127.701.
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After September 11 the military factor has increased, in NATO countries additional funds are allocated to arming. Unfortunately UN lose ground, as neither US nor NATO accept the UN monopoly on the use of force any more. NATO war against Yugoslavia in 1999 - not based on UN security council mandate - was not an exception. September 11 has catalyst function for political and military development already under way since 1991 when NATO updated Strategie Concept in Rome, decided for out-of.area missions and already saw the risk of terrorist acts. New NATO means an aggressive military network of meanwhile 46 nations in Europe including Russia. The war against terrorism smoothes the way for global „North Alliance" menacing the South. In future, the cooperation NATO-Russia will intensify. Within NATO the predominance of US over Western Europe is increasing. US leadership is not challenged in the next years as the EU plans for autonomous intervention forces still lade military key capabilities. As NATO provides for interoperability between NATO members and NATO Partnership for Peace countries as well it will maintain its important function for US. Thus, they will not give up NATO.
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Wirandari, Ningsih, and Zuli Qodir. "Women as Terrorists: a Motivational Factor Becomes a Terrorist In Indonesia." Substantive Justice International Journal of Law 5, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v5i1.162.
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This study aims to determine whether women's motivation to become terrorists can threaten state security in Indonesia. This article shows that women are actors who play an active role in several acts of terrorism in the country. Factors that cause this to become a terrorist are low family, political and social economics, cultural influences, and ideology of religious beliefs. Terrorist acts carried out by women involve suicide bombings, destruction of public facilities, and destruction of houses of worship in several areas affected by terrorist acts. Researchers conducted research by analyzing data obtained from social media sources for data collection. After the data was received, it was processed through NVivo 12 Plus to make it more interesting. The theory used in this study uses the ladder of terrorism theory. The limitation of this research is that it uses only a few social media as data sources, so further research is expected to add richer data to expand the study.
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Kokoeva, Louisa, Angelina Kolieva, and Yaroslav Garmyshev. "Improvement of Terrorism-Related Criminal Liability." Всероссийский криминологический журнал 13, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(1).125-131.
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The authors use international experience to review main trends in improving terrorism-related criminal liability in Russia, analyze key international legal acts as well as Russian laws that form the basis for counteracting terrorism. They state that the federal law «On Counteracting Terrorism» eliminated a number of legal problems and contradictions in the counter-terrorism legislation and practice of counter-terrorism work. The authors pay attention to specific modern features of terrorist acts, including the use of the Internet technologies to recruit potential criminals. They study problems in international counter-terrorism cooperation. The authors note that the legal basis for counteracting terrorism at the municipal level is far behind the regional and federal levels and suggest how legislation for terrorism-related crimes and their subject composition could be improved. They show that it is necessary to hold close relatives of terrorists responsible for crimes against public safety if their knowledge about the crime or aid to criminals has been proven. It is noted that it is necessary to strengthen the system of preventive measures aimed at determining the causes and conditions contributing to terrorism. The role of special services in preventing terrorist attacks should decline while the impact of educational institutions, public organizations, the church and mass media should increase. Besides, the authors note that victimological influence is very promising for improving the effectiveness of terrorism counteraction and suggest making a number of amendments in the current Russian criminal legislation.
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Rabie, Ziad M. "Jordan Role in Compacting International Terrorism." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 9 (October 30, 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n9p65.
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<p class="Body">Many Arabic countries are suffering from big waves of International terrorism, to a point that it requires from all countries to unify their efforts in compacting the international terrorism; Jordan in other hand had played a great role in compacting it, and as a result many laws had been issued in Jordan criminalizing such terrorist acts.</p><p class="Body">Not only that, but Jordan had joined the international coalition to compact the International terrorism effectively; as a result, the Jordanian forces are participating effectively in targeting many terrorist locations around the world, on the other hand it was targeted by many terrorist attacks resulted in many deaths and casualties among Jordanian citizens.</p><p class="Body">In this research I addressed the International terrorism concept and the laws issued in Jordan to compact terrorism, in addition pinpointing the acts that are considered terrorist acts.</p>the research ended with a conclusion that include the most important recommendations from the restate point of view.
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Nyakomitah, Kenwilliams, Panuel Mwaeke, and Lydia Mareri. "Media’s Role in Televised Media Coverage and Its Influence on Terrorist Attacks in Nairobi County, Kenya." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 6 (December 8, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2021.1.6.171.
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With the turn of the century, Kenya’s capital, Nairobi, has had its share of terrorist activity. Due to their nature, global media houses have centred on these occurrences as they have formed the focal point during their immediacy. This has led to the rise of media; in all its variety, as a reliable ate truthful source of information: on the other hand, terrorists have used the media as a veritable and strong propaganda tool. This is in line with the main aim and intent of terrorism; the spread of fear and it also feeds to the belief by various terrorist groups that media is one of their biggest investments. This study sought to examine media’s role in televised media coverage and it’s influence on terrorist attacks in Nairobi County, Kenya. The sample size for the study was derived from 110 officers from the Anti-Terror Police Unit, a section of the Directorate if Criminal Investigations and informants numbering to 14 from television editors, freelance reporters, and across civil society. The data was collected through questionnaires and interview guides for the officers from ATPU and respondents from the media and civil society respectively. It was further analysed using SPSS and presented through the use of frequency distribution tables and bar graphs; other modes include inferential statistics of linear regression and Chi square. The study revealed that there was a significant effect on the security situation in Nairobi due to televised media coverage of terrorist attacks. The study revealed a significant relationship between media coverage of terrorist incidents and increased insecurity in Nairobi. (χ2 = 9.499a, p = 0.023). The recommendations include the development of proportionality in the reporting on terrorist attacks. This is because an overemphasis on terrorist threats has an inadvertent advancement of terrorism and terrorist activities. There is therefore a need for care by journalists lest they be used as vehicles of propaganda by terrorists. This is due to the power that is inherent in misinformation in denying the general public independent reporting and the resultant understanding that comes with it. It is recommended that there be a limit as to the amount and type of information released to the media and eventually to the public in the event of a terrorist attack; this helps in averting the spread of terrorist propaganda and the misinformation of the public.
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Zelenkov, Mikhail. "A set of factors contributing to modern religious terrorism." Вопросы безопасности, no. 5 (May 2020): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2020.5.33775.
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The object of this research is the religious terrorism. The subject is the factors contributing to this process. Based on the results of systemic analysis of the causes that incite a person towards religious terrorism, the author attempts to determine those that play a fundamental role in this asocial process and conduct their classification. The methodological framework is comprised of retrospective analysis of the scientific and publicistic texts that reveal the essence and content of religious terrorism, socio-psychological characteristics of the extremists. The systemic comprehensive approach allows revealing and substantiating the leading factors in the process of radicalization of an individual, classifying them into three groups, as well as creating a set of key factors encourage a modern person to take the path of becoming a member of the religious terrorist organization. Mathematical model that describes the functionality of such complex is built in accordance with the method of mathematical modelling. The novelty of this work and acquired results are defined by the original approach towards determining the key factors of religious terrorism of the XXI century. The author examines the correlation between these factors within a single structure, which allows to continuously replenish the ranks of religious terrorists. The developed mathematical model reveals interdependence between the process of joining a religious terrorist organization and the key factors contributing to this action. The acquired results are valuable for the development of anti-terrorist activity in modern world, as well as creating a system of parrying the existential threats to an individual, adequate to the religious terrorism of the XXI century.
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Zelenkov, Mikhail. "A set of factors contributing to modern religious terrorism." Вопросы безопасности, no. 1 (January 2021): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.33775.
Full textAbstract:
The object of this research is the religious terrorism. The subject is the factors contributing to this process. Based on the results of systemic analysis of the causes that incite a person towards religious terrorism, the author attempts to determine those that play a fundamental role in this asocial process and conduct their classification. The methodological framework is comprised of retrospective analysis of the scientific and publicistic texts that reveal the essence and content of religious terrorism, socio-psychological characteristics of the extremists. The systemic comprehensive approach allows revealing and substantiating the leading factors in the process of radicalization of an individual, classifying them into three groups, as well as creating a set of key factors encourage a modern person to take the path of becoming a member of the religious terrorist organization. Mathematical model that describes the functionality of such complex is built in accordance with the method of mathematical modelling. The novelty of this work and acquired results are defined by the original approach towards determining the key factors of religious terrorism of the XXI century. The author examines the correlation between these factors within a single structure, which allows to continuously replenish the ranks of religious terrorists. The developed mathematical model reveals interdependence between the process of joining a religious terrorist organization and the key factors contributing to this action. The acquired results are valuable for the development of anti-terrorist activity in modern world, as well as creating a system of parrying the existential threats to an individual, adequate to the religious terrorism of the XXI century.
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ROCCHI, Tony. "TERRORISM IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: LESSONS OF HISTORY FOR TODAY’S WAR ON TERRORISM Part II: The People’s Will and its role in the history of political terrorism in Russia." Historical and social-educational ideas 11, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2019-11-2-83-102.
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Introduction. This article examines the role and significance of the revolutionary populist socialist organization The People’s Will in the history of political terrorism in the Russian Empire.Methods. Two waves of political terrorism took place in the Russian empire between 1878 and 1894 and 1894 and 1916. The first wave of terrorism was dominated by the People’s Will whose major accomplishment was the assassination of Tsar Alexander II on March 1, 1881. By contrast, many left-wing parties and movements participated in the massive second wave, particularly in the Revolution of 1905-1907. However, elements of continuity dominated the second wave of terrorism largely due to the work of the People’s Will in determining goals and tactics of terrorism.Results. The People’s Will acquired such an aura of perfection and self-sacrifice that future terrorists could not change their goals and tactics out of fear of betraying the legacy of this organization. The legacy of the People’s Will shaped not only the goals and tactics of the terrorists of the second generation, but also the responses of liberals, conservatives, and the government in both waves of terrorism. Terrorism in both waves was often used by different groupings in the government and political classes to advance their political goals and justify their responses to the terrorist threat.Conclusions. The People’s Will still holds a unique place in the history of terrorism in the modern world. However, objective study of the People’s Will is still difficult because the historiography of this organization for more than 140 years has included huge elements of myth-making and many blank spaces.
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Bhagi, Arjun. "India’s Tryst with International Criminal Law: Why Delhi Cannot Digest the Roman Pasta?" Christ University Law Journal 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12728/culj.4.7.
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The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of
1998 (the statute) establishing the International Criminal
Court (ICC) seeks to provide an international criminal
law regime to deal with crimes against humanity. Despite
the path breaking structure of this statute, India has
refrained from being a signatory to it. This paper deals
extensively with India’s unhappiness over a universally
important and well drafted law like the Rome Statute.
This paper debates two major concerns of India with
respect to the statute: abuse of referrals by the Security
Council and the challenge to its sovereignty. It also
features an exhaustive discussion of India’s eagerness to
include terrorism and ‘use of nuclear warfare’ as crimes
under the statute. Based on an extensive legal research,
the author concludes that India must make no further
delay in becoming a member nation of thestatute.
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Leghari, Farooque Ahmed, Hussain Abbas, and Ashfaque Ali Banbhan. "Role of Diplomacy and Deterrence in Managing Pakistan-India Crisis: A Case Study of Post-Bombay Attacks Crisis." Global Regional Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-iii).23.
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The menace of terrorism gives another blow to Indo-Pak relations in 2008 when the terrorists hit Mumbai, one of the major economic hubs of India killing hundreds of people and creating panic for almost four days. India alleged Pakistan for its involvement in the attack. India claimed that Pakistan's territory was used against India. Pakistan rejected Indian allegation, condemned the terrorist attacks and stated that it has no involvement in the terrorist attacks. The major objective of this article is to look at the role of nuclear deterrence in averting war between India and Pakistan during 2008 postMumbai Attacks crisis. The qualitative methodology is used in this research. Semi structured interviews give a rich data to better understand the crisis. The article gives three findings. First, it indicates that militant group involved in Mumbai terrorist attack wanted the nuclear weapon states to fight a war. Second, it indicates that the diplomacy plays a vital role along with nuclear deterrence in averting crisis between India and Pakistan.
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Madžuls, Juris. "THE ROLE OF FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS PROFILING METHODOLOGY." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 2, no. 7 (July 5, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v2i7.3485.
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The terrorist attacks have highlighted the importance of threats in the cross border dimension in regards to the identification of terrorists, the monitoring of ‘subjects of interest’ and other terrorism-related actors. The essence of research is determined by the dramatic increase of number of terrorists who perpetrated terrorist attacks and had used all available modes of transport, including legal and irregular options for crossing borders. The aim of the paper is to provide assistance in establishing/strengthening identification and profiling mechanisms in order to better distinguish among different categories of persons. The task of the paper is to analyse risk indicators provided by General Secretariat and compare them with European Border and Coast Guard Agency’s developed risk indicators in order to provide a support instrument (methodology for the profiling and identification of the foreign terrorist fighters (hereinafter – FTF) (hereinafter – the Methodology) for risk assessment performed at national level. In order to provide additional support for law enforcement agencies (especially for border guards) the author of the paper will come up with a range of recommendations. Main conclusion: At the national level, it is necessary to develop the Methodology of the FTF. Taking into account Methodology, it is possible to develop a system of risk indicators and apply them in practice to prevent irregular migration, trafficking in human beings etc. Primary methods: content analysis, multidimensional measurement and factor analysis. Achieved results: recommendations made by the author of the paper will improve the border check procedures regarding identification of FTF.
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Mehra, Tanya. "icct Report, December 2016: Foreign Terrorist Fighters." Security and Human Rights 27, no. 1-2 (July 13, 2016): 148–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02701015.
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This article is based on a paper which was developed for the Global Counterterrorism Forum’s Foreign Terrorist Fighters (ftf) Working Group. It takes stock of the current trends and dynamics related to the ftf phenomenon and identifies some of the gaps that still need to be addressed. The distinction between home-grown terrorists and (returning) ftfs is fading, the difference between isil/Da’esh inspired or directed terrorist attacks is becoming more fluid and the nexus between terrorism and crime is more prominent, which clearly indicates that terrorism can manifest itself in many different ways. The involvement of returning ftfs in some terrorist attacks is a stark reminder of the potential threat returning ftfs pose. The data also indicates a demographic change with a more prominent role of female ftfs and children being recruited and used in hostilities or involved in terrorist attacks. The current trends underline the need for a comprehensive, tailored and multidisciplinary approach including the involvement of stakeholders at the local level to adequately address the evolving aspects of the ftf phenomenon. This paper provides a short overview of policy responses which can broadly be grouped into preventive, criminal, administrative and rehabilitative measures. The ftf related responses could have several human rights implications and states are encouraged to develop a comprehensive approach to address the ftf phenomenon in full respect of human rights.
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Trifunovic, Darko, and Juliusz Piwowarski. "Contemporary Terrorist Challenges and Threats in Europe." Security Dimensions 38, no. 38 (December 23, 2021): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6521.
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This article generally contains two parts. One is a theoretical approach to dealing with the phenomenon of terrorism as well as international terrorism. Within the first part, a unique definition of the concept of security science is given, without which it is not possible to properly perceive or investigate security threats and risks within which terrorism is one of the significant threats. The second part deals with models of terrorist activities with special attention to the webspace and the significant role that terrorists attach to the increasing use of the Internet for their purposes. The theoretical part leads to the conclusion that there are five essential elements whose presence, if detected in one territory or state, indicates the existence of a mechanism that produces or creates new jihad warriors. The paper also gives a unique forecast of the degree of endangerment on the example of a territory, which gives scientists who investigate these threats a new direction of research.
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Swist, Jeremy. "‘Wolves of the Krypteia’: Lycanthropy and right-wing extremism in metal’s reception of ancient Greece and Rome." Metal Music Studies 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/mms_00083_1.
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Metal’s pervasive (were)wolf motifs are key hermeneutics for the reception of classical antiquity by right-wing bands. Continuities of lupine themes and romanticization of Sparta and Rome exist between fascist Germany and Italy, contemporary far-right political and pagan organizations, and bands that combine these two subjects in a unique but consistent way. Also inspired by Nietzsche, Evola and social Darwinists, bands such as Der Stürmer, Kataxu and Spearhead trace their biological and spiritual ancestry to Sparta, emulating their lycanthropic militarism and racial terrorism. Bands such as Hesperia, Diocletian and Deströyer 666 utilize Roman wolf iconography to promote the destruction of civilization and return to ‘natural’ hierarchies. Like their fascist predecessors, these artists perpetuate patriarchal and racist distortions of both lupine behaviour and ancient Mediterranean civilizations. Such constructions nevertheless extend from the resonance of both wolves and classical antiquity with metal’s common themes of transgression, hypermasculinity, elitism and nostalgia for premodernity.
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KOCHNEV, ANTON. "THE DEPICTION OF WOMEN AND THEIR ROLE IN RELIGIOUS ISLAMIC TERRORISM WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (2000 - PRESENT)." History and modern perspectives 2, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-4-63-71.
Full textAbstract:
The gender issue and gender inequality in particular is considered one of the major problems in the changing modern world especially in the discourse of security. Women and children are often the main target of many forms of violence and abuse in national and local conflicts. Military confrontation with non-state actors has clearly showed that the issue of women in terrorist organizations has come to the foreground for the Russian Federation as early as in the early 2000s. Islamic religious groups of the North Caucasus, which have been known for their idea of patriarchal society, shape a stereotypical image of women which gives an opportunity for radical Islamic terrorist organizations to take advantage of women manipulating them and forcing certain behavioral patterns on them (the phenomenon of female suicide bombers). Another critical issue is consciously motivated radicalization political views by those women in order to spread separatism not only among religious society but among secular society as well. The main aim of this article is the analysis of the depictions of women and their role in the context of the key security threat of the modern society that is international terrorism. The idea that international politics is a male-dominated discipline has been altered making the world search for new ways of addressing global security challenges. This can only be made by re-evaluating women's traditional roles in traditional societies; addressing the issue of religious laws dominating over secular laws; reducing the influence of armed conflicts on women and children being recruited to join extremist groups and terrorist organizations. The work is based on the open sources from the news, anti-extremism services, Federal Service of National Safety, which include female terrorists' personal data, interviews with their relatives and court reports. The analysis includes the data about 91 women, who were in some way engaged in terroristic acts on the territory of the Russian Federation since 2000. Such complex analysis, along with the methods of content analysis allowed for more substantial conclusions to Russian researchers who studied the age of female terrorists, the reasons for their radicalism, geography of female terrorism in the Russian Federation, as well as to observe how the depiction of female terrorist evolved.
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Gultom, Melky Sidhek. "Authority Of The Police In The Eradication Of Criminal Acts Of Terorism According To Law No. 15 Of 2003." Journal of Law Science 2, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/jls.v2i4.1642.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorism is a terrible threat to every country in the world, destroying state stability, security functions, socio-cultural, economic, political and can even shake various religious parties. As a state of law, Indonesia has an obligation to protect the rights of its citizens. Through Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism and Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Police, terrorists must be eradicated to their roots to create security, peace and social welfare for the community. For this reason, the authority of the Police in eradicating criminal acts of terrorism is to establish the Special Datasemen 88 Anti-Terror as a special elite force to deal with terrorist acts and their eradication.The problems discussed in this thesis are: First, how is the regulation of criminal acts of terrorism according to Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism? Second, how is the authority of the Police in eradicating criminal acts of terrorism, the method used in this thesis is the normative juridical approach, the data source used is secondary data through library research data collection tools and through qualitative data. The conclusion in this thesis, that the authority of the Police in eradicating criminal acts of terrorism refers to the various efforts taken, the application of legal regulations and sanctions against terrorist actors, as well as implementing penal and non-penal policies, UUPTPT applies retroactive law enforcement to cases cases that have passed before the emergence of the PTPT Law which regulates it, the authority of the Police to provide protection, protection, and law enforcement for the community and involves the role of the Special Detachment 88 Anti-Terror as the forefront in carrying out prosecutions and arrests. It is recommended for the National Police to carry out surveillance of urban and rural residents for the role of the Community Police (Polmas) which is very important as an early detection of the development of the local community.
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Mareš, Miroslav. "Anti-Romani Terrorism in Europe." Politics in Central Europe 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pce-2016-0013.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article analyzes terrorism against the Roma in Europe. It identifies acts of terrorism in violence that targets the largest stateless nation on the continent and categorizes this terrorism according to current research methods. Focusing on events in both Western and Eastern Europe, the article analyses and compares the most significant terrorist acts against the Roma of recent years. It concludes that anti-Romani terrorism is heterogeneous in terms of tactics, strategies, and ideological justification, yet can usually be subsumed into the broadly conceived category of far-right terrorism. The variety of attacks suggests that terrorist acts are an offshoot of the broad spectrum of anti-Romani activity, and are influenced by contemporary trends in inter-ethnic violence.
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Naumov, Yu G., and Yu V. Latov. "The Role of Organized Crime in Financing of Terrorism and Extremism." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18326.
Full textAbstract:
In the modern world there is an active financial interaction of organized crime and terrorism (extremism). In some cases, transnational criminal organizations specializing in common crimes are becoming sponsors of terrorist and extremist organizations. More often, however, transnational terrorist and extremist organizations in search of income begin to actively participate in transnational criminal activities of a common criminal nature (drug trafficking, illegal money transfer). The article outlines the main regularities of the intertwining of criminal crafts and terrorist (extremist) activities, connected mainly with the ideas of radical Islam (Islamism). Specific examples of the activities of Russian law enforcement agencies in suppressing the financing of terrorism in the 2010s are given. It is concluded that in the coming years, Russia will be bringing closer and intertwining such institutions as Islamist terrorism, legal and illegal migration from Central Asia, smuggling of drug trafficking and criminal financial transactions (hawala).
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Жезлов and Nikolay Zhezlov. "Religious Fanaticism and Religious Extremism As the Factors Promoting Recruitment of Suicide Bombers." Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 5, no. 1 (February 17, 2016): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18413.
Full textAbstract:
In this article the role and value of radical religious views
in the course of recruitment of suicide bombers, and also in the
general system of the factors which are negatively influencing social
and ethical climate is analyzed. Definitions to such concepts as
"religionism" and "religious extremism", the reasons increasing the
number of the single terrorist attacks conducted by terrorists suicide
bombers are called. The special attention is paid to process of recruitment
in the terrorist organizations. Ways of elimination of the
called problem are reflected, and also the role of correctional facilities
of criminal and executive system in the course of the prevention
of the terrorism based on religious ideas is designated. Relevance
of the topic covered in article is caused by growth of number of the
negative situations connected with manifestation of extremism,
religious strife, the interfaith conflicts and increase of activity of
the terrorist organizations using religious ideology for promotion
and justification of the activity.
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Shulzhenko, Nadiia, Snizhana Romashkin, Oleksii Shulzhenko, and Sergii Mokhonchuk. "Implementation of international crimes under the Rome Statute into national legal systems." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 28 (April 21, 2020): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.28.04.57.
Full textAbstract:
The present research paper describes the most traditional ways of Implementation of Rome Statute. The main section of the paper concerns the effect of adopting Core crimes in different countries as well as determine key way of such implementation and its practical results. Such description aims to comprehend and compare the practical questions which arise in the prism of implementation of International Crimes, as well as find good practical answers which are based on states’ experience. Most issues, which will be introduced in this article should answer following important questions: first is whether the states have to implement international regulations on genocide crimes, terrorism, war crimes with crimes against humanity, and second question is arisen due to the definition of International Crimes in national laws. At main part of the research, we discuss the national legal background to implement the regulations of Rome Statute, as a part of International law, as well as analyze foreign countries experience in this direction. In this legal research, three categories of methods were used: philosophical methods, general scientific methods and legal methods. All the methods, including dialectic method, method of analysis and synthesis, historical, sociological and comparative, the method of the general theory of scientific knowledge of social and legal phenomena, as well as, method of systematic analysis, comparative legal method, and logically legal method were used to consider the most traditional ways of Application of the Rome Statute in domestic laws together with all the regulations of international law in general.