Academic literature on the topic 'Terrorism Rome'
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Journal articles on the topic "Terrorism Rome"
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Strechie, Mădălina. "Forms of Terrorism in Ancient Rome." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0027.
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Abstract Terrorism is an old phenomenon in human civilization. Terminologically, it comes from Latin, but this scourge also fully manifested itself in Roman civilization, throughout its history. This study seeks to fill a bibliographic gap on this criminal phenomenon, most studies of it starting with the Middle Ages, without any reference to Ancient Rome, which is unfair, especially since Rome was confronted with this phenomenon, which it defined terminologically and to which it responded with the necessary force, thus transforming its defence policy. The first forms of terrorism emerged in Rome during the Kingdom, when, at the beginning of its political organization, Rome faced numerous terrorist manifestations, especially from outside the Roman state. The Gauls were, at the beginning of the Republic, genuine agents of terrorism in Rome through their plundering expeditions that caused real terror. Etruscan pirates were terrorists, too, for the Roman trade, the struggle of the plebeians and their withdrawal with barricades in order to obtain political rights meant real political terror at that time, then Spartacus’ revolt and his march which spread terror throughout Rome, the civil wars which bled Rome became genuine forms of internal terrorism, especially because of the assassination of Roman state leaders, as well as the corruption masterly unmasked by Cicero. The forms of external terrorism were also present, the most notorious episode being the Punic wars, in particular the war of Hannibal, the most effective terrorist for Rome, the Dacians’ plundering expeditions in the Roman garrisons in Moesia, the battles with the Parthians and the Britons are as many forms of the terrorism that Rome faced during its history, which compelled it into creating new forces capable of responding to this new way of fighting. We believe that the Praetorian Guard, with all its units, was the most effective counter-terrorist force in combating the terrorist phenomenon strongly manifested in Rome. Therefore Rome, knowing the phenomenon, defined it most precisely, a definition that still applies today.
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Möttö, Jessica. "International Terrorism: What are the Current Legal Challenges in Bringing Terrorists to Justice?" Groningen Journal of International Law 4, no. 1 (July 15, 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/59db68e6ad2da.
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International terrorism has faced a definitional deadlock. While various international conventions have emerged condemning acts of terrorism and states have enacted counterterrorism legislation, a single universal definition on the crime of terrorism has yet to be agreed upon. The cause of a definitional deadlock can be boiled down to the famous idea that one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter thus; acts seen as justified by some are viewed as crimes by others. Few individuals labelled as terrorists would call themselves as such. However, both the International Criminal Court (ICC) as well as domestic courts are affected by the definitional deadlock. Despite extensive discussions on the inclusion of terrorism within the Rome Statute, the lack of a commonly agreeable definition on terrorism eventually made the inclusion impossible. Therefore, the ICC can only bring terrorists to justice when acts of genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes have occurred. On the other hand, states rely on co-operation, mutual trust and the exchange of information when prosecuting international terrorists. Due to the lack of a common definition on terrorism, states have taken fragmented approaches and counterterrorism strategies vary considerably between states. While in some states no counterterrorism measures exist at all, other states have taken on considerably broad laws. This makes effective cross-border co-operation challenging or even impossible. Conclusively, reaching a common definition on a crime of international terrorism cannot be stressed enough. It will allow for a new discussion to take place with regards to the creation of a crime of terrorism in the Rome Statute. Furthermore, state authorities would be restricted in the use of overly broad legislation as national laws can be harmonised to a greater extend.
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Caplan, Harold. "Modernization of the 1952 Rome Convention and Protocol." Air and Space Law 32, Issue 1 (February 1, 2007): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2007003.
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These notes are offered to ICAO Council, Legal Committee and Special Group as an aid to re-examination of some basic policy issues. The proposal to prepare two unlinked Conventions is welcome in principle. In particular, a Convention dealing solely with surface damage or injuries caused by aircraft accidents has the best potential to satisfy the mandate for a modern version of the 1952 Rome Convention PROVIDED THAT it can be applied to all civil aircraft in a contracting State, and does not contain concepts derived from the passenger liability provisions of the 1999 Montreal Convention. However, the proposal for a separate Convention imposing liability on aircraft operators for the consequences of terrorism is unjust, deeply flawed and inconsistent with the well-established policy of a large number of States who already accept a duty to ensure that human victims are fairly compensated if criminal terrorists do not pay. In addition, leading developed nations with experience of terrorism have devised a variety of forms of public/private partnership – all of which include some kind of State support for the property insurance of terrorism risks. Hence, although there may be a case for international agreement on compensation for the consequences of terrorism generally, there is no justification for one restricted to aviation: it is simply not needed. Moreover, there are no precedents which might support proposals for collective States’ responsibility for the consequences of terrorism in any one State.
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A'yun, Qurrata. "Law Enforcement of Terrorism Crimes Associated with Foreign Terorist Fighter ISIS Cases." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 23, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v23i1.19000.
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This study aims to discuss the position of terrorism in international criminal law and law enforcement against terrorism crimes committed by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syiriah (ISIS) Foreign Terrorist Fighter (FTF). The research method used in this research study is a normative juridical legal research method. In some literature, crimes of terrorism in international criminal law are categorized as extraordinary crimes because of their systematic, organized and widespread nature. Law enforcement against the FTF ISIS for crimes of terrorism can basically be carried out by means of preventive measures as preventive and repressive measures as penal measures which in this case can be prosecuted based on the legal rules of the perpetrator's country of origin and allowed to make arrests, prosecutions and punishments or attempts. Extradition if necessary. In addition, law enforcement based on international criminal law can also be pursued if the crimes of terrorism committed by the perpetrators cause things that have an impact on the international community and qualify as stipulated in the Rome Statute.
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Muhammadin, Fajri Matahati. "TERRORISM AND THE CRIME OF AGGRESSION UNDER THE ROME STATUTE." Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 27, no. 1 (February 23, 2015): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.15901.
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Terrorism seems to be accepted as a grave act of international concern, but has not yet been accommodated explicitly in the International Criminal Court (ICC). This article explores the prospect of including terrorism under the crime of aggression in cases transcending boundaries, by examining whether terrorism can fit into its’ elements. While terrorism can be conducted by state and non-state actors, it will be shown that it is possible for states committing terrorism to have their officials prosecuted for the crime of aggression. For the more infamous terrorism by non-state actors, however, do not seem to satisfy the required elements. Terorisme sudah diterima sebagai kejahatan yang menjadi perhatian internasional, tetapi belum diakomodasi secara eksplisit dalam hukum pidana internasional melalui Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC). Artikel ini akan mengamati kemungkinan memasukkan terorisme dalam tindak pidana agresi, terutama dalam kasus terorisme yang melampaui batas-batas Negara. Artikel ini akan mengamati konsep tindak pidana agresi dalam Statuta Roma, dan melihat apakah terorisme dapat memenuhi unsur-unsurnya. Ternyata walaupun terorisme oleh actor non-negara lebih terkenal, tapi konsep terorisme dapat memuat terorisme oleh Negara juga. Akan dijelaskan bagaimana kejahatan agresi bisa jadi dikenakan pada terorisme oleh Negara, tetapi justru tidak pada terorisme oleh aktor non-negara.
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Ducol, Benjamin. "Les dimensions émotionnelles du terrorisme : Émotions, radicalisation violente et engagement terroriste." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 2, no. 2 (October 4, 2013): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v2i2.3769.
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Par une volonté louable de rompre avec des approches psychologisantes du phénomène terroriste dominantes au cours des années 1960-70, les recherches contemporaines en matière de terrorisme(s) et de violence(s) politique(s) ont très largement mis l’emphase sur la figure du « terroriste » comme acteur rationnel et stratégique. Face aux limites des approches rationalistes de l’engagement radical qui envisagent de manière réductionniste les individus au travers d’un calcul rationnel univoque en terme de coûts et d’incitatifs à l’action, il nous apparaît important de réintégrer dans les réflexions théoriques sur les phénomènes terroristes, les émotions afin d’en interroger le rôle dans la production d’une trajectoire violente et/ou terroriste Notre article se propose donc ici d’effectuer une revue de la littérature non-exhaustive des travaux actuels autour du rôle des émotions en matière de terrorisme, et d’éclairer les voies de recherches futures à la lumière de travaux déjà engagés dans le champ de la sociologie des mouvements sociaux, des nouveaux mouvements religieux ou encore de la sociologie cognitive. Au travers de ce « retour des émotions » qui traverse les sciences sociales et plus globalement le champ de la connaissance contemporaine, nous pensons qu’il s’avère en effet possible de dégager des pistes de recherches fructueuses permettant d’affiner notre regard sur les phénomènes terroristes et les logiques de radicalisation violente.Contemporary research on terrorism(s) and political violence(s) have largely put the emphasis on the figure of the "terrorist" as rational and strategic player, in a break with psychoanalytical approaches to terrorism that were dominant from the 1960-1970’s. Giventhe limitations of rationalist approaches to radical commitment, and considering how reductionist is the understanding of individual participation to terrorism related activities through a rational calculation framework in terms of costs and incentives to action, it is important to reintegrate in the theoretical reflections on terrorist phenomena how emotions can play a role in leading potential terrorists down a violent path. This paper presents acritical assessment of current academic work surrounding the issue of violent radicalization and involvement in terrorism, and engages in a theoretical debate thathighlights potential future research that could better integrate a prominent role foremotions in our understanding the process of terrorist radicalization and clandestine political violence.
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Damayanti, Angel, and Melda Yanny. "Gender-Based Counter-Terrorism Policing." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 08 (August 22, 2022): 1210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i8.sh01.
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Since 2016, terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia have made women the executor of terror acts who carry out heinous attacks on targets, even through suicide bombings. This violence is actually manifested by women who are often perceived as gentle, motherly, and far from anarchic actions and act as wives who support the terrors of their husbands. This paper tries to explain the shift in the role and involvement of women in acts of terrorism carried out by the transnational terrorism group ISIS and its networks in Indonesia. This research explores the characteristics of terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia, the cases that occurred, the background of life, and the process of radicalization targeting women. By using a qualitative methodology in the form of case studies and gender concepts with a counter-terrorism approach, this article offers a solution in the form of gender-based counter-terrorism policing as a sharper and more focused approach to preventing acts of terrorism carried out by female terrorists.
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Pavlik, Mihail, and Konstantin Borichev. "The terrorism of individuals: the main trends and features of counteraction." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-1-106-112.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the current phenomenon – «the terrorism of individuals». In particular, it is presented the definition of the concept in question, its main specificity and current trends. The article describes the terrorist acts committed by loner terrorists in the period from 2017 to 2020 in Europe, as well as an analysis of similar crimes from 2000 to 2014. Special attention is paid to the role of international terrorist organizations in their work with their followers in the form of individual terrorists.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.
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Sutrisno, FX Andy. "The Urgency of Indonesia Social Media Regulation in the Vortex of Terrorism." Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v1i1.28.
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Social media becomes a very important and strategic tool for terrorists to do propaganda, recruitment, funding, and facilitation of other terrorist activities. Both international level and national level, no regulation explicitly regulates the use of social media for terrorism. Since many incidents of terrorism using social media in Indonesia, the more vigorous terrorists’ propaganda and recruitment through social media, and considering opened terrorist access to pursue their targets, especially the youth generation, it is vital to specifically regulate social media and terrorism. Although social media and terrorism issues need to be addressed by the increasing of local government’s role in combating terrorism and the strengthening parental supervision in the use of social media by children, the need for social media and terrorism regulation is an urgent matter to do first, as a guide to tackling the social media use in the vortex of terrorism.
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Stankiewicz, Wojciech. "Book Review: “The Faces of Terrorism”, edited by Sebastian Wojciechowski, Institute of Political Science and Journalism at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland 2006, pp. 216." Polish Political Science Yearbook 35, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppsy2006014.
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Terrorism in a contemoprary world plays a vital role. It becomes more and more dangerous due to technical development and access to information on terrorist means and methods allows better communication between terrorist groups. Contemporary political terrorism characterises variety and diffi culty far more developed now then centuries ago. Terrorists are able to interfere into politics of diff erent countries, using terrorism actions to achieve particular goals. The increase of confl icts and tensions on ethics, religion, ideology or sociolology made it possible for terrorism to appear in new forms and become a solution for current global issues.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Terrorism Rome"
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Guzzo, Domenico. "Rome, l'inscription des violences politiques dans la ville au cours des années de plomb : (1966-1982)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH009/document.
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En s’inscrivant dans le récent sillage historiographique consacré à la dimension métropolitaine de la conflictualité armée, cette recherche a analysé les milieux et les formes urbaines de l'extrémisme à Rome dans l’après-68. Par une approche interdisciplinaire - qui a intégré l’apport de la philosophie, de l'urbanisme, de la sociologie, de la géographie urbaine, des sciences politiques - cette étude a reconstruit la relation entre le territoire urbain et la mise en œuvre d’une violence subversive, souvent à caractère meurtrier et terroriste, dans le cadre de la modernisation nationale activée par le "boom économique" (1958-1963) et des dynamiques propres à la « guerre froide ».On a porté une attention particulière à l’appréhension des processus de transformation idéologique et culturelle, mûris au sein de la « crise urbaine » affectant le mauvais et difficile développement de Rome dans l'après-guerre, qui ont permis à la première métropole italienne de devenir l'écosystème unique et catalyseur de cette conflictualité extrême, au-delà des simples facteurs géopolitiques (crise européenne de l'idée d'atlantisme) et socio-économique (explosion des luttes sociales pour la revendication de biens et services propres à la modernité consumériste).Cette étude est remontée aux facteurs de division caractérisant la structure, le tissu et l’ambiance de Rome. Il s’agit des clivages fondamentaux, en place dès le début de l’époque républicaine (1946), sur lesquels s’implantent ensuite, au lendemain du boom économique, les processus de radicalisation qui accompagnent les multiples luttes revendicatives - dans les domaines du quartier, du travail, des écoles et de l’Université - engendrées par une modernisation de la capitale brutale et déséquilibrée. Notre recherche a, de ce fait, démontré que les différentes « expériences d’antagonisme » muries au sein de cette vaste contestation sociale, ont servi finalement d’incubateurs où une partie de la militance extraparlementaire romaine, issue de la mobilisation soixante-huitarde, s’est initiée à différentes pratiques subversives (notamment les répertoires de l’illégalité de masse et de la guérilla clandestine).La prise en compte de tous ces niveaux et ces dimensions a fait ressortir les particularités de la violence politique déployée à Rome dans l’après-68, tout en attribuant la juste proportion au « poids » de la capitale d’Italie dans le déploiement à l’échelle nationale de la « stratégie de la tension » (1969-1974) et des « années de plomb » (1975-1982).Cette recherche s’est donc engagée dans la reconstruction d’un cadre historique global, mettant en connexion diachronique les faits et les dynamiques internes à la ville (d’ordre social, économique, culturel, idéologique, politique et urbanistique) avec le système étatique centré à Rome – marqué par les pressions du « rideau de fer », les lourdes séquelles de la dictature fasciste et de la guerre civile, la fragilité gouvernementale et le manque de cohésion nationale – le long des années de la modernisation et de l’entrée dans la société d’abondance en ItalieFollowing the new historiographical path focused on the urban dimension of the armed struggle, this research analyses the milieus and the forms of the political extremism in Rome after ‘68. By an interdisciplinary approach – which integrates the contribution of philosophy, of urban studies, of sociology, of urban geography, of political sciences – this study rebuilt the relation between urban territory and the implementation of a subversive violence, often lethal and terrorist, in the context of the national modernization activated by the “economic boom” (1958-1963) and of the “cold war” dynamics. A special attention is payed to the apprehension of the ideological and cultural evolutions - grown inside the “urban crisis” which affects the critical development of Rome in the post-war period – that transformed the biggest Italian metropolis in a perfect ecosystem for this extreme conflict, far beyond the only effects of the geopolitical (European crisis of the Atlanticism) and socio-economic factors (explosion of the social struggles claiming the fruition of goods and services created by for consumerist modernity). This study went back to the basic divisions of the structure, the society and the environment of Rome: the fundamental cleavages, appeared at the beginning of the republican time (1946), over which, after the “economic boom”, a process of radicalization (due to the growing of the social struggles in the fields of the local community, work, school and the University, generated by a brutal and unbalanced modernization of the town) is established. Our research, so showed that the various “experiments of antagonism” matured within this vast social protest, were used finally as incubators where part of the roman extremist militancy, resulting from the end of ’68 mobilization, was initiated with various subversive practices (in particular, the repertoires of the mass illegality and of the clandestine guerrilla). Considering of all these levels and these dimensions highlighted the characteristics of the political violence deployed in Rome after ’68, while allotting the right proportion to the “weight” of the capital of Italy in the national deployment of the “strategy of the tension” (1969-1974) and the “years of lead” (1975-1982). This research thus strives to reconstruct a comprehensive historical framework, putting of diachronic connection the facts and the dynamic of the metropolis (social economic, cultural, ideological, political and urban factors) with the State system based in Rome – characterized by the pressures of the “iron curtain”, the heavy after-effects of the fascist dictatorship and the civil war (1943-1945), the governmental frailty and the lack of national cohesion – along the years of modernization and of the entry in the age of abundance for Italy
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Dale, Adi Dekebo. "Accountability for ISIS atrocities : is the International Criminal Court a viable prosecutorial option?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5512.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant is a jihadist militant group. The members of this militant group have committed criminal acts of unspeakable cruelty. These staggering criminal conducts are documented by the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and media. Besides, the group itself gives first-hand information through social media and its magazine. Having witnessed the atrocities committed by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the United Nations Security Council affirmed that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant’s conduct in Syria and Iraq is a threat to international peace and security. Therefore, the media and various role players have called for the intervention of International Criminal Court. This research paper analyses whether the International Criminal Court is a viable prosecutorial option to account the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members for their crimes. For the Court to be a viable prosecutorial avenue, it must have a jurisdiction. Accordingly, this research paper critically examines whether the International Criminal Court has subject matter, personal and/or territorial jurisdictions to try the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant perpetrators. The study concludes that although the criminal conducts by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members constitute crimes under the Rome Statute, the Court, however, has limited jurisdictional reach over the perpetrators. It is submitted that with a limited and fragmented territorial and personal jurisdictional reach over the perpetrators, the Court is not a viable prosecutorial avenue.
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).
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Amador, Brian S. "The Federal Republic of Germany and left wing terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Dec%5FAmador.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Daniel Moran, Maria Rasmussen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-68). Also available online.
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Decker, Eileen M. "The enemies list: the foreign terrorist organization list and its role in defining terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41367.
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CHDS State/LocalThe United States defines terrorism through the lists it maintains identifying those who are engaged in, support, and/or facilitate terrorism. One such list is the Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) list. Because the FTO designation process occurs without the organization's knowledge or ability to challenge the evidence, uses classified information to make the determination, and has limited judicial oversight, concerns have been expressed that the Executive Branch has too much discretion in this process. The concerns are exacerbated by the perception that political motivations dominate the decision-making process. Using content analysis, the FTO list is analyzed using a quantitative and qualitative approach. First, the terrorist designation processes used in allied countries is examined, and the list is analyzed by reviewing FTO decisions made before and after 9/11. Through an analysis of the annual State Department country reports describing the FTOs, the nonstatutory factors that influence FTO decisions emerge, and include whether a group attacked Israel or other allied nation of strategic interest to the United States, attacked the United States or its citizens, or is affiliated with al Qaeda. These nonstatutory factors and their application to U.S. counterterrorism strategy, is how the United States defines terrorism at any point in time.
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Fourman, Jeffrey F. "When Insurgents Go Terrorist: The Role of Foreign Support in the Adoption of Terrorism." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1399546682.
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Snell, Brandon Charles. "The Origins of Ethno/National Separatist Terrorism: A Cross-National Analysis of the Background Conditions of Terrorist Campaigns." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1244481182.
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Reusch, Heiko. "Zur Vorstellung des Terroristen die Darstellung der RAF-Terroristen im Film /." Marburg : Tectum, 2008. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/254278157.html.
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Thurston, Timothy W. "The military's role in domestic terrorism." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FThurston.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Lawson, Letitia ; Freeman, Michael. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 24, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-66). Also available in print.
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Thurston, Timothy W. II. "The military's role in domestic terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3019.
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This thesis argues that civilian law enforcement is more effective than military law enforcement against domestic terrorism. It uses a case study approach to analyze government reactions to terrorism in Canada against the FLQ, and in Northern Ireland against the IRA. It concludes that the best approach to domestic terrorism is a combination of civilian and military security forces working together. Within this framework, the military should maintain a support role to the civilian police. As a result, amendment or repeal of the Posse Comitatus Act is unnecessary. As written, the law provides adequate flexibility for government leaders to deploy military troops as the need arises. Furthermore, this thesis provides lessons learned for policymakers considering the deployment of military to combat domestic terrorism.US Air Force (USAF) author.
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Ovdiienko, Oleksandr. "NATO's role in the protection of the civil population against the consequences of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear terrorist attacks." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FOvdiienko.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in International Security and Civil-Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Maria Rasmussen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-60). Also available online.
Books on the topic "Terrorism Rome"
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Die völkerrechtliche Kriminalisierung von modernen Akten des internationalen Terrorismus: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Statuts des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2008.
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Nacos, Brigitte Lebens. Mass-mediated terrorism: The central role of the media in terrorism and counterterrorism. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
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Mass-mediated terrorism: The central role of the media in terrorism and counterterrorism. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
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Mass-mediated terrorism: The central role of the media in terrorism and counterterrorism. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.
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Ann, Goldstein, ed. Divorce Islamic style. New York: Europa Editions, 2012.
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Peters, Butz. Tödlicher Irrtum: Die Geschichte der RAF. 2nd ed. Berlin: Argon, 2004.
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1973-, Petersen Tina, and Twickel Christoph 1966-, eds. Das Projektil sind wir: Der Aufbruch einer Generation, die RAF und die Kritik der Waffen. Hamburg: Edition Nautilus, 2007.
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Terrorismus und Geschlecht: Politische Gewalt in Europa seit dem 19. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt: Campus, 2012.
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Dellwo, Karl-Heinz. Das Projektil sind wir: Der Aufbruch einer Generation, die RAF und die Kritik der Waffen. Hamburg: Edition Nautilus, 2007.
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Clarke, Richard A. NATO's role in confronting international terrorism. Washington, D.C: Atlantic Council of the United States, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Terrorism Rome"
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Eifried, Gary. "Detecting Biological Terrorism." In The Role of Biotechnology in Countering BTW Agents, 129–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0775-7_12.
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Nacos, Brigitte L. "The Crucial Role of Intelligence." In Terrorism and Counterterrorism, 308–28. Sixth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429455100-13.
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Shortland, Neil, and James J. F. Forest. "Tracking Terrorism: The Role of Technology in Risk Assessment and Monitoring of Terrorist Offenders." In Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications, 57–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41287-6_4.
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Stohl, Michael. "States, Terrorism and State Terrorism: The Role of the Superpowers." In Current Perspectives on International Terrorism, 155–205. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18989-2_6.
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Volders, Brecht. "Exploring the role of the organisational design." In The Nuclear Terrorism Threat, 47–61. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge global security studies: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003149514-3.
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Spencer, Alexander. "Constructivist Terrorism Research: The Role of Discourse and Predication." In The Tabloid Terrorist, 71–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230281301_5.
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Ward, David. "In Defense of the Rose." In Contemporary Italian Narrative and 1970s Terrorism, 35–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46648-4_2.
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von Page, Michael Tangen. "The Role of Penal Policy in the Reduction of Political Violence." In Prisons, Peace and Terrorism, 145–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376045_6.
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APOSTOL, RICARDO. "State Counterterrorism in Ancient Rome:." In Re-Visioning Terrorism, 119–36. Purdue University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv15wxqf6.9.
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Colarik, Andrew. "Cyber Terrorism Evolution." In Cyber Terrorism, 33–57. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-021-9.ch003.
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Begin to discern the connection between terrorism and technology. Ö Understand the evolution from hackers to crackers, crackers to cyber criminals, and cyber criminals to cyber terrorists. Ö Identify the key elements that comprise the term cyber terrorism. Ö Become familiar with the support role that a cyber terrorist can bring to a terrorist organization. Ö Understand the potential collaborations between criminal organizations and terrorist groups in attaining cyber skills.
Conference papers on the topic "Terrorism Rome"
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Stepanenko, Raviya, Alena Soldatova, Yakov Soldatov, Kirill Lyagin, and Ayaz Saifullin. "Methodological problems of countering terrorism: a theoretical-legal aspect." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.rqkx5127.
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The article discusses the theoretical and methodological problems of studying terrorism and the system of measures to counter it. Traditional methodological approaches have remained the important ways of organizing legal knowledge; they do not fully provide a comprehensive, integrated and systematic analysis of the extremely destructive manifestations of terrorism. Taking into account the implicitness of the methodology of positivist jurisprudence, which assigns a dominant role to the legislative sphere in the prevention of offenses, including crimes, the authors substantiate a synergetic approach. The latter, defining social systems as open rather than closed formations, contributes to a significant expansion of ideas about the negative impact of many factors (political, economic, socio-cultural ones, etc.) on the formation and development of terrorist ideas, views, goals and ways of their implementation. Russian and foreign legislation also notes a multifactorial set of reasons that contribute to the spread of ideology and the transformation of terrorist views and ideas in different states. The interdisciplinarity of synergetics, which studies the phenomenon (system) under consideration, should contribute to the development of a unified scientific view of the nature and essence of terrorism, which is necessary to improve rule-making and law enforcement in matters of global counterterrorism.
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Uslu, Kamil. "Strategic Resource Oil and Terror Relationship." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02428.
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The September 11 events provided an opportunity for the US administration, initiating strong policies to better understand the region. It also reminded the world of America's political-military control capacity. The terrorist attacks on September 11 were not a real surprise. Indeed, 9/11 looked like the wild fantasies they needed to justify a new military role developed by American strategic analysts and military and intelligence planners. Terrorism is intended to intimidate or coerce individuals, societies or governments by a person or an organized group with the threat of threat or use of force. Terrorism is an illegal act, usually for ideological or political reasons. Oil is not an object, but also contains many positives and negatives. Turkey is a neighbor with its geopolitical position as the world's proven oil and natural gas reserves, with three-quarters of the country. It takes part in many important projects, including a natural "Energy Center" between the energy-rich Caspian, Central Asian, Middle Eastern countries and consumer markets in Europe. It supports these projects. As long as the strategic resource, oil and scarce brand are available, terrorism will not end. political instability in the oil belt of countries in the immediate vicinity of Turkey brings many disadvantages. This situation also adversely affect the Turkish economy, itself non-threatening terrorism and conflict of interest due to the large states to support terrorism in Turkey has led to more cautious.
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Abasheva, Ekaterina, Ivan Gulyaev, Victoria Malygina, Eduard Lykov, and Elena Kolesnikova. "Technical means of Russian customs control – international terrorism counteraction tool." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.lwce2030.
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In the article, through the prism of basic principles of state policy of modern Russian state in combating terrorist and extremist manifestations, technical means of control used by customs authorities as prevention and counteraction to terrorism and extremism in the territory of the Russian Federation are revealed. The role and importance of technical means of customs control, their diversity depending on the search methods used, where special attention is paid to technical means of detecting explosive devices, explosives, and explosive objects, are shown based on the regulatory framework. The authors conclude that the customs service of Russia, being one of the largest in the world, along with the many tasks of national importance set to prevent the growth of violations in the field of customs legislation, solves such a national problem, as countering terrorist and extremist activities of the criminal world, which is largely facilitated by modern technical means of customs control.
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NEUREITER, NORMAN P. "THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE WAR ON TERRORISM." In The Cultural Planetary Emergency: Focus on Terrorism. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702388_0002.
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Saeed Ghafoor Ahmad, Kosar, and Amanj nasih qadir omer. "Prosecuting the perpetrators of the Camp Speicher crime according to Iraqi laws or the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court." In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/45.
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"This work includes talking about the crime of Camp Speicher, in which 1,700 students of the Iraqi army of the Sheea creed were killed by the gangs of the terrorist organization ISIS, with the aim of eliminating the members of this sect because of the misleading ideology carried by those gangs. On 6-12-2014, Iraqi soldiers at Camp Speicher (Speicher Air Base) in Tikrit were subjected to murder and enforced disappearance by terrorist organizations because of their affiliation to the Sheea creed. This crime was among a series of brutal crimes for the genocide of Sheeas in Iraq. This is similar to what happened in the Badoush prison crime in the province of Mosul, which the Iraqi Parliament considered it as a crime of genocide, in which these gangs executed about (400) members of the prison inmates of the Sheea component. After ISIS took control of the city of Tikrit in Iraq, and one day after they took control of the city of Mosul, they captured (2000-2200) soldiers and led them to the presidential palaces in Tikrit, and they shot them there and in other areas and buried some of them alive. This disaster had a negative impact on the families of the victims of the Speicher where they went out in demonstrations demanded that the leaders who handed over the victims of Speicher to ISIS must be prosecuted, and in one of the demonstrations they managed to enter Parliament and demanded that the leaders who handed over Speicher to ISIS be held accountable. After that, many demonstrations took place by the families of the victims, some of which led to the closure of a bridge in Baghdad a few times Protesting the government's delay in clarifying the fate of their children or taking quick measures. The Iraqi parliament and government recently considered the Speicher incident “genocide” in reference to the premeditated murder of Badoush Prison inmates in Nineveh Governorate and the unarmed Speicher military base, the premeditated murder of members of the Albu Nimr, Jabour, al-Lahib, and al-Ubaid tribes, and the killing and displacement of civilians from Kurds, Christians, Yazidis and Shabaks in Sahel Nineveh, Sinjar, deliberate killing and displacement of Turkmens in Tal Afar and Bashir. This decision paves the way for obtaining international recognition from it as a ""genocide"" as stipulated in the Contract of the United Nations in 1948, and Iraq signed it in the fifties of the last century. This study attempts to explain the Al-Ikhnasas Court in looking into the crimes of genocide committed by ISIS against the bereaved students of the Air Force Base (Speicher) due to what this issue raised from the national and international public opinion, especially after the involvement of the Iraqi army leaders in this massacre, according to what witnesses reported in that area and what was reported by soldiers who survived the incident, in addition to the involvement of some members of the Sunni tribes in these crimes with the terrorist organization ISIS. The importance of this study lies in the following aspects: - That ISIS elements were tried according to Anti-Terrorism Law No. 13 of 2005, and from our point of view that the aforementioned law is vague and broader than it should be, and it applies to serious and simple crimes from murder to crimes of sabotage, and the list of crimes punishable by the death penalty according to the aforementioned law is a long list and spacious. - The Iraqi government has embarked on an attempt to develop a legal framework to prosecute ISIS elements, and its mission focused on understanding the procedures and results drawn from those judicial efforts, and its mission also focused on showing the efforts taken by the Iraqi government to address violations in the field of the right to life, including those committed by affiliated forces government as well as other international and domestic actors. The International Criminal Court is specialized in considering specific crimes under Article (5) of its Statute, which are war crimes, aggression and crimes against humanity, which necessitates the adaptation of Speicher's crime within any of the mentioned types of crimes. The assumption of the International Criminal Court in relation to the Speicher crime, includes several positive matters and results at the same time a set of negatives, which must be presented to those positives and negatives in order to give preference between them and the choice of authorizing the court to consider the crime or not. The terrorist organization ISIS has committed serious systematic violations, including war crimes and others, and perhaps those that are not under its control, and that none of these crimes can be addressed within the anti-terrorism law, which cannot address human rights violations. The international community has recognized the heinous violations committed by ISIS against the citizens of Iraq by adopting Resolution (2370) in September of 2017, issued by the Security Council, which authorizes the Security Council to appoint an investigation team to support local efforts to hold ISIS elements accountable by collecting and preserving evidence in Iraq, which can rise to a high level, and it was committed by the elements of the organization. It considers that the decision constitutes a burden and an obligation on Iraq to investigate all allegations of violations committed by government forces for the purpose of holding them accountable, as well as requiring the establishment of special courts and trained judges in relation to ISIS crimes to deal with them. Terrorism is a global curse that has recently spread horizontally to all countries of the world and its effects have been concentrated vertically in some countries, and no one denies that the parties to this phenomenon are increasing (perpetrators and victims) and the United Nations in particular and the international community in general has not succeeded in reducing it despite the fact that the resolutions of the UN Security Council It is increasing, but the proportionality is absent between these decisions and the practical reality. The phenomenon of terrorism is spreading rapidly, and the perpetrators of terrorist acts are on the rise, corresponding to an increase in the victims of terrorism. Also, the circumstances and events that Iraq is going through, especially after 2003, put it at the forefront of countries which suffers from terrorism that has killed the people, using methods and forms that were not previously known and brutal and bloody cruel. ) for the year 2005, and since terrorism was not limited to Iraq, but included many countries, and was not specific to a place or time, nor was it recent in terms of composition. In addition, the aforementioned law cannot be aware of all violations of international and humanitarian law, as we mentioned previously, which requires the necessity of referring the criminals to a competent court. The Court conducts its rule under Article (13) of its Statute when referred to it by a state party to the same system or by the Security Council or when the Public Prosecutor conducts the investigation on his own, and then how does the Court take its measures regarding the aforementioned crime if we take a look Considering that the State of Iraq is not a member of the Statute of the Court. The rule of the court is free from the death penalty, which makes the idea of authorizing the court to consider the crime rejected by most Iraqis, especially the families of the victims. What are the negative aspects of the Iraqi national judiciary’s view of the Speicher crime, and how can it be avoided if the International Criminal Court plays this role? What are the guarantees provided by the court in the event that it proceeds with its procedures regarding this crime? The research on this subject is according to the appropriate method, which is the analytical and comparative method, which works on studying and comparing topics by analyzing ideas and jurisprudential rulings, and the positions of the governments of countries and the United Nations, as well as the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, and comparing arbitration between Iraqi courts. And the international courts regarding the trial of the perpetrators of the Speicher base crime, and then come up with a set of conclusions and recommendations."
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Kazmi, Farwa, Wasi Haider Butt, and Ayesha Saeed. "Evaluation of Role Detection Approaches in Terrorist Networks." In the 2018 2nd International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3180374.3181349.
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SARKISOV, ASHOT A. "ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SCIENTIFIC COMPONENT IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST TERRORISM." In Proceedings of the International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies — 27th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705150_0031.
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Hariyanto, Bambang. "The Role of the Religious Leader in Combating Radicalism and Terrorism." In International Congress of Indonesian Linguistics Society (KIMLI 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211226.006.
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Akaev, Vakhit Khumidovich. "Role Of Regional Elites To Counter Manifestations Of Extremism And Terrorism." In International Scientific Congress «Knowledge, Man and Civilization». European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.12.9.
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Avdeev, Evgenii, Vadim Denisenko, Konstantin Smyshnov, and Victoria Petryakova. "The role of the sense of nationhood and political participation in shaping anti-terrorist attitudes among the youth of the North Caucasus." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.fyxh3347.
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The article reveals the state, dynamics and focus of political activity and civic participation of young people as one of the foundations for the formation of anti-terrorist attitudes. Young people have a high potential for socio-political activity and a demand for change. The ethnopolitical specificity of the North Caucasus increases the risks of its protest and conflict mobilisation. The authors analyse the 2019, 2020 and 2021 survey data from among students of leading universities of the North Caucasus. According to the research results, significant differences in the degree of readiness for various forms of political activity and civic participation depending on ethnic and confessional affiliation were discovered. Among the young people with the most pronounced attitudes towards political activity and civic participation are young people who can be characterised by low religious commitment and traditionalism, as well as pronounced individualistic attitudes. Most of the respondents are willing to vote in elections and participate in the activities of volunteer organisations. Over the past three years, the influence of the leading media and educational system on shaping the political views of young people has significantly decreased, while the influence of the blogosphere and social networks remains steadily high. The growth of individualistic attitudes is a long-term trend that has effect on the socio-political processes in the region.
Reports on the topic "Terrorism Rome"
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Mehra, Tanya, and Julie Coleman. The Role of the UN Security Council in Countering Terrorism & Violent Extremism: The Limits of Criminalization? RESOLVE Network, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/sfi2022.4.
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After the 9/11 attacks, a united global community entered an era which saw the proliferation of United Nations entities and organs focused on responding to terrorism. These bodies were created, at least in part, in response to the recognized need for a comprehensive multilateral counter-terrorism architecture to ensure international peace and security in the face of the growing specter of violent extremism. This response has notably also included an array of UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) adopted to counter the threat of terrorism. A little over 20 years after the adoption of Resolution 1373 (2001), 52 terrorism related resolutions now exist, creating an elaborate set of measures for Member States to implement. Despite this, however, terrorism was arguably more prevalent in 2021 than in 2001. A myriad of factors have led to the continued spread of terrorism, including the increasingly transnational nature of terrorists and terrorist networks, as well as the failure to adequately address the structural factors and underlying conditions that are conducive to the spread of violent extremism. In order to explain its persistence, one must not only examine the continued appeal of terrorist groups and violent extremist ideology and propaganda, but also reflect upon where, how, and why counter-terrorism responses have often failed to reduce the threat or, in some cases, even exacerbated the factors which give rise to terrorism in the first place. This includes the response of the Security Council, whose resolutions have created the obligation or expectation for Member States to continuously expand the criminalization of terrorism, without evidence that such an approach will lead to less terrorism. This brief focuses on how some UNSCRs include measures that require Member States to criminalize conduct that has historically fallen within the pre-crime space and lacks a clear link to terrorist activities, and examines the subsequent impact this has on human rights and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. At the same time, it explores the role that States themselves have played in the exceptionalization of terrorism in terms of criminal justice responses. Finally, it offers recommendations for both the UNSC and Members States on how to ensure that counter-terrorism architecture can both be human-rights based and simultaneously conducive to promoting peace and security.
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Morrison, John F. Analyzing Interviews with Terrorists. RESOLVE Network, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/rve2020.7.
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For years the dominant narrative has been that there is a dearth of primary sources in terrorism studies. This is now changing. The talk about the scarcity of data is gradually being replaced by discussions of a “data revolution” and a “golden age” of terrorism research. We are now publishing more research based on the analysis of primary source data than ever before. Included in this has been some ground-breaking interview research with recent and former terrorists—research that could define how we think about terrorist involvement for years to come. With this increased access to data, if our research is to have any analytical value and concurrently respected both within and outside of academia, we need to actively consider how we analyze it. This chapter discusses some of the issues that need to be taken into consideration when analyzing first-hand interviews, including the importance of specificity, different available analytic techniques, the role of triangulation, and ethical practices.
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Ormond, Valerie A. The Role of Intelligence Analysis in the War on Terrorism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404851.
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Looney, Robert. The Role of Foreign Aid in the War on Terrorism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada527044.
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Henkin, Samuel. Dynamic Dimensions of Radicalization and Violent Extremism in Sabah, Malaysia. RESOLVE Network, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.25.sea.
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Malaysia offers a unique lens to evaluate the changing dynamics of radicalization and extremism in Southeast Asia, as the threat of both home-grown and external extremism grows. The country’s geographic location, bordering multiple active centers of violent extremism (the southern Philippines, southern Thailand, and Indonesia), makes it particularly vulnerable to further threats from violent extremism and terrorism, as regional and local violent extremist organizations (VEOs) exploit Malaysian geohistorical contexts and growing grievances related to social and political instability. Threats and risks of violent extremism are especially pronounced and manifest with severe consequences in the Malaysian state of Sabah. This policy note advances a granular review of the dynamics underlying radicalization risk in Sabah, Malaysia, in order to extrapolate an analysis of emerging areas of threat and risk of violent extremism facing Southeast Asia. It offers an opportunity to better understand current and future threats and risks of violent extremism facing Southeast Asia and identifies important trends and recommendations for policymakers and practitioners in mitigating the spread of violent extremism and radicalization to violence in Sabah. The policy note also considers how building local preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) capacity can mitigate Malaysia’s role as a staging area, transit hub, and conduit for the transportation of weapons, operatives, finances, and supporters to other regional and global terrorist organizations.
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Rote, Jeffrey M. More Than Combating Terrorism: The Force Security Concept And The Role Of Intelligence. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada346262.
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Dickinson, Lansing E. Military Role in Countering Terrorist Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388556.
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Huntley, Henry L. The Role of Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs in the Global War on Terrorism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada432672.
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Giancarlo, Guy A. The Role of the U.S. Civilian Authorities and Military Forces in the Battle Against Terrorism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada309043.
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.