Journal articles on the topic 'Terrorism – Pakistan'
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1
Rafique, Naila. "COUNTERING MEASURES OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research 2, no. 02 (December 30, 2019): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.2.2.6.
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Terrorism and sectarian violence has started since the creation of the Pakistan. Terrorism is the deliberate use of unlawful force or violence to achieve goal that is political or ideological nature. Special Anti-terrorist courts enforce the Anti-terrorism laws of the Pakistan and system nominates organizations and people consisted with terrorism. Different factors are responsible to make Anti-Terrorism law. A number of extremist challenges faced by Pakistan that are ethnic and religious groups. The Pakistan government established committees to encourage sectarian harmony and religious tolerance. Pakistan support Taliban in Afghanistan, which make the way safe for militancy and also for terrorists. The anti-terrorism law has massive implication on Pakistan by different ways. Pakistan has been effected economically, politically, socially and militarily. According to Pakistan Finance Ministry, that counter terrorism campaign has caused unemployment in affected areas, which increased poverty. The listing of these proscribes organizations is also one of the factor to make anti-terrorism law. To gauge the impacts of anti-terrorism law, so there is technological impediment inhabits a particular incident of terrorists. Due to this hurdle unintended results happened and they transferred the attack. This law also desisted the activities of those groups who are involved in funds rising, money laundering and participation in terrorist activities. This law has sustainable effect on civil freedom rights and values. Some decision maker was also condemned this act on account of personal liberties. The additional powers of this act have been produced inimical result to combat terrorism.
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Ahmed, Naeem. "PAKISTAN’S COUNTERTERRORISM STRATEGY: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 55, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v55i2.79.
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This paper is an effort to critically evaluate Pakistan’s counterterrorism strategy, based on both military and non-military means. The paper argues that the counterterrorism strategy of Pakistan has proved ineffective and counter-productive to combat the homegrown threat of terrorism, unleashed by militant sectarian groups, following the Takfiri ideology. Although Pakistan’s Military claims that the latest on-going security operations, Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan and Khyber-II in Khyber Agency, have succeeded in clearing most of the area, however, the matter of fact is that the security operations have not considerably damaged the ability of terrorists, particularly the Tehrik Taliban Pakistan (TTP), to plan and execute terrorist attacks. The terrorists’ network, their strength and structure have until now remained intact. The key to longterm prevention of terrorism, beyond security operations for clearing any area of the militants, is to discontinue the supply chain of terrorists. This requires the creation of a new counter-extremism religious narrative, which will help re-formulate a concrete and effective counter-terrorism strategy of Pakistan to ensure domestic peace and security.
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Nizami, Asad Tamizuddin, Tariq Mahmood Hassan, Sadia Yasir, Mowaddat Hussain Rana, and Fareed Aslam Minhas. "Terrorism in Pakistan: the psychosocial context and why it matters." BJPsych International 15, no. 1 (February 2018): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2017.9.
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Terrorism is often construed as a well-thought-out, extreme form of violence to perceived injustices. The after effects of terrorism are usually reported without understanding the underlying psychological and social determinants of the terrorist act. Since ‘9/11’ Pakistan has been at the epicentre of both terrorism and the war against it. This special paper helps to explain the psychosocial perspective of terrorism in Pakistan that leads to violent radicalisation. It identifies the terrorist acts in the background of Pakistan's history, current geopolitical and social scenario. The findings may also act as a guide on addressing this core issue.
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Adam Saud and Azhar Ahmad. "Terrorism and Transnational Groups in Pakistan: A Case Study of Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan." Strategic Studies 38, no. 4 (January 10, 2019): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.04.00132.
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Pakistan has severely been affected by extremism and terrorism for a couple of decades. Much of this terrorism is an outcome of transnational terrorist groups, which are harbouring mostly in Afghanistan and Pakistan. 9/11 and the consequent global war on terrorism has put Pakistan at the forefront of global anti-terrorism efforts. In Afghanistan, the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) forced some of the transnational Islamists groups, including the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU,) to take sanctuary in the Federally Administered Tribal Region (FATA) of Pakistan. In order to survive in a ‘foreign’ territory, the IMU joined its hands with local terrorist organisation, Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). It carried out terrorists’ activities throughout Pakistan on the directives of TTP in exchange of sanctuary and finances. Nevertheless, it attacked some of the strategically most important targets in Pakistan. As a result of operation Zarb-e-Azb, the IMU has left Pakistan and is currently, stationed in Northern Afghanistan. Set in this context, the article would try to discuss the background, operational capabilities and activities of the IMU in Central Asia and particularly in Pakistan. It will also try to address the questions; what are the objectives of the IMU? What kind of terrorist activities it has conducted in Pakistan? And why has it been stationed in Pakistan? The research is historical, interpretive and analytical in nature. Both primary and secondary sources have been utilised to carry out this research.
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Naz, Ayesha, Hafsa Jabeen, and Azra Nasir. "Interlinkages among Terrorism, Macroeconomic Instability, Political Instability, and Economic Growth in Pakistan." NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 7, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v7i1.66.
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This study attempts to establish the relationship between three types of instabilities and economic growth. Political instability, macroeconomic instability, terrorism, and economic growth are analyzed for the period of 1970 to 2019 in Pakistan. The study constructs the indices of the above-mentioned variables by adding some new variables. Results show that terrorism, political instability, macroeconomic instability, and GDP per capita have long-run associations. GDP per capita and political instability is positively related to terrorism. It indicates that political instable environment paves the way for terrorists to achieve their targets in Pakistan. However, the positive association of GDP per capita to terrorism is due to uneven income distribution pattern. It stimulates deprived groups to become a part of violent activities. Furthermore, results show that macroeconomic performance of a country has no significant effect on terrorist activities but persistent poor performance increases the probability of terrorism. Therefore, in the long-run, macroeconomic instability has positive influence on terrorism. Causality relationships indicate no link between political instability and macroeconomic instability. However, terrorism causes both political and macroeconomic instability in Pakistan.
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Mahmood, Tariq, Khadija Rohail, and Khalid Khan. "Cluster Analysis of Pakistani Terrorism Events to Support Counterterrorism." Societies 8, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc8040127.
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The frequency of terrorist events in Pakistan has increased considerably in the past several years. These events are frequent and not random, making it important to identify useful patterns in their occurrences to assist counterterrorism organizations. In this paper, we conducted such an analytical activity for the first time in Pakistan. We acquired data of terrorist events from reliable online sources and applied data preprocessing techniques followed by cluster analysis. Based on statistical correlation, we discovered clusters over the following combinations: (1) “Event of Terrorism—Target of Terrorism”; and (2) “Event of Terrorism—Method of Terrorism”. A more significant clustering is one which groups distinct combinations into separate clusters. We analyzed these clusters along three dimensions: (1) Annually for the time period 1988–2012; (2) for each Pakistani province; and (3) for different types of terrorist events. We also proposed a statistic for gauging the intensity of terrorism and analyzed it along the same three dimensions. Our results were extensive, but generally indicated significant Event–Target and Event–Method clusters, as well as increasing and decreasing trends in terrorism intensity. These can assist counterterrorism authorities in thwarting future attacks and arresting the responsible criminals.
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Leghari, Farooque Ahmed, Hussain Abbas, and Ashfaque Ali Banbhan. "Role of Diplomacy and Deterrence in Managing Pakistan-India Crisis: A Case Study of Post-Bombay Attacks Crisis." Global Regional Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-iii).23.
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The menace of terrorism gives another blow to Indo-Pak relations in 2008 when the terrorists hit Mumbai, one of the major economic hubs of India killing hundreds of people and creating panic for almost four days. India alleged Pakistan for its involvement in the attack. India claimed that Pakistan's territory was used against India. Pakistan rejected Indian allegation, condemned the terrorist attacks and stated that it has no involvement in the terrorist attacks. The major objective of this article is to look at the role of nuclear deterrence in averting war between India and Pakistan during 2008 postMumbai Attacks crisis. The qualitative methodology is used in this research. Semi structured interviews give a rich data to better understand the crisis. The article gives three findings. First, it indicates that militant group involved in Mumbai terrorist attack wanted the nuclear weapon states to fight a war. Second, it indicates that the diplomacy plays a vital role along with nuclear deterrence in averting crisis between India and Pakistan.
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Naz, Ayesha, Zubaria Andlib, and Azra Nasir. "Relationship among Globalization, Terrorism, and Economic Growth in Pakistan." NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 8, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v8i1.118.
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The current study investigates the interconnection of globalization, terrorism, and economic growth in Pakistan over the period of 1972 to 2019. ARDL co- integration bound test is used to establish the relationship among these variables. Limited empirical evidence is available on terrorism and globalization, particularly with reference to Pakistan. The empirical evidence confirms the long-run association among globalization, terrorism, and economic growth. Growth in per capita GDP increases terrorism because higher economic growth is not evenly distributed in Pakistan, while globalization reduces terrorist activities. Globalization, particularly political integration with rest of the world provides technical and financial assistance to overcome terrorism in Pakistan. Moreover, there is unidirectional causality from GDP growth to terrorism and bidirectional causality between globalization and terrorism. However, no evidence of causality is found between globalization and economic growth. This indicates that Pakistan is unable to get economic benefit from globalization because of its internal structural
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Islam, Zahid, Mubeen Adnan, and Musharaf Ali Talpur. "Pakistan’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy with Viable Recommendations." Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH) 2, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51872/prjah.vol2.iss2.45.
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Pakistan has been a victim of terrorist activities for the past two decades. No place has been left out as not only military installations, training centers of law enforcing agencies were targeted but soft belly targets like schools, hospitals, mosques, public parks, courts, hotels and restaurants were also chosen by the terrorists. Pakistan Army is a team of professionals having a mastery at their work have been fighting the menace of terrorism effectively but Army alone cannot control it to the fullest without the will and support of the general public and without a ‘hand & glove’ relation with other facets of the society. The objective of this article is to analyze those factors which gave birth to terrorism in Pakistan. Keeping in mind theoretical nature of the study, secondary data analysis method has been used to argue the issue. This study determines that the military operations are not the only solution to counter terrorism in the Pakistan but public opinion, political will and a close and friendly cooperation and coordination is a must to address the issue. Need of the hour is to take all the political, social and economic stakeholders onboard to tackle the issue, of terrorism bluntly.
10
Arif, Sardar M. A. Waqar Khan, Bushra Bannan, and Syed Mudasser Fida Gardazi. "Counter-Terrorism Measures and Human Rights Protection: The Case of Pakistan." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review V, no. III (September 30, 2020): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2020(v-iii).14.
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This article focuses on counter-terrorism measures and human rights protection in Pakistan.Terrorism is a complex phenomenon having shocking effects and impacts on states and societies. Terrorists have no boundaries and violate the basic human rights of people. In this context, the people of Pakistan have faced shocking effects of terrorism after the attacks of September 11. The infrastructure of Pakistan is also damaged. While Pakistan has international legal obligations, this paper explores to what extent counter-terrorism measures are to be taken by Pakistan in order to combat terrorism. It explains the nature of the relationship between human rights and terrorism in order to investigate anti-terrorism initiatives taken by Pakistan and to assess human rights protections. It argues that domestication of the norms of international law with regard to terrorism is the need of the hour, and special measures are required to be taken to remove the effects of the evil of terrorism. In all respects, the security of the people of Pakistan is an important concern. Pakistan is active in combating terrorism.However, there are still certain challenges to eliminating terrorism. The paper concludes that Pakistan is under international legal obligations to respect, protect and fulfill the human rights of people without discrimination at every level.
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Rao, Munir Ahmed Zia, and Rubeena Zakar. "Perspectives on Race, Gender and Power Differentials in Lived Experiences of Failed Suicide Bombers in Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.66.
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The study documents lived experiences of failed suicide bombers in Pakistan. It describes the influence and impact of social structures like gender, geography race and ethnicity with reference to their experiencing of suicide bombing. The study also characterizes the power relations in their interactional contexts entailing in unquestioning submission and support to militant organizations. Owing to ideological charged conditions and overwhelming existence of terrorist organisation certain regions and ethnicities in Pakistan exhibit unusual inclination to suicide terrorism. The article also argues the strategic necessity and ideological under pining of feminizing suicide terrorism in Pakistan by terrorist outfits. Feminizing of suicide terrorism in Pakistan is driven by out of strategic and political expediency. Women in Pakistan are enlisted mostly by means of physical and emotional coercion, exploitation of familial ties and patriarchal influences. The lived experiences of the male and female suicide bombers gathered from in-depth interviews and secondary data delineate the factors and process of ‘zombification’. Keywords: Female suicide bombers, Suicide bombing, gender, race and ethnicity, terrorism, power.
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Usman, Sahibzada Muhammad. "FATA Merges into Pakistan’s National System." South Asian Survey 29, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09715231221075126.
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This article examines the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in the Pakistani national system. In the current global war on terrorism, Pakistan’s FATA became a stronghold from jihadist to terrorist. After 9/11, under international pressure, the Pakistani government worked hard to implement its law in FATA. During this process, Pakistani forces push the Taliban out of tribal areas through military operations. To guarantee peace, prosperity and stability in the area, Pakistan combines mainstream tribal areas into the country by implementing a comprehensive legal framework for illegal areas. This article examines Pakistan’s integration options that allow FATA to enter its federal system and inspects the integrating tribal areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Province, which has great similarities with its race, religion and culture and is part of the federal system for 70 years. This article also focuses on the economic and administrative reforms necessary to establish real national control and FATA’s consolidation on an equal footing with other provinces of Pakistan.
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Marwat, Safi Ullah Khan, and Nasib Amin. "SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF TERRORISM IN DISTRICT SWAT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (June 30, 2022): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.518.
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This rsearch paper is focused on the socio-psychological factors responsible for terrorism in District Swat of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Poverty, disappointment, domestic disputes, easy access to weapons, ethnicity, regionalism, racism as well as religious extremism and interest in Jihad (Holy War) have been the main causes of terrorism in Swat. Socio-psychological values define the direction for a society. In KP generally, and its district Swat particularly, the domestic culture and environment and the war-like situation in its neighbouring Afghanistan for decades has fueled the terrorism.The KP’s society has historical, cultural, religious and ethnic links with Afghanistan. Their mutual socio-psychological resemblance also matters a lot in this regard. Especially, after the incident of 9/11, the US-led forces declared the “war on terrorism” across the globe and, mainly, targeted al-Qaida and its sponsor, the Taliban government, in Afghanistan. As a result, there was an influx of Taliban and al-Qaida members (“terrorists” as termed by the US-led forces) in KP including its district Swat. Being an ally of US-led forces in her declared “War on Terrorism”, Pakistan had to take action against this influx of “terrorists” coming from Afghanistan. Since the days of US-sponsored Afgan Jihad against the USSR in Afghanistan during 1970s-80s, the Afgahn and Pakistani Mujahiddin (Holy Warriors) considered all infidels and their supporters as their “common enemy” in the line of Islam. As a result, after the 9/11incident, both the Afghan and Pakistani Taliban joined hands against the “infidel-US”. In Pakistan, they formed Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and, soon, district Swat of KP became one of its strongholds. It challenged not only the authority of the then civilian givernment in Swat but even thretened the territorial integration of the state of Pakistan. To coup with this rising situation, the state adopted the “carrot and stick” approach towards TTP. Initially, the state-agencies negotiated with them and ensured them lucrative offers on their surrender to the state. Some of them accepted the states’ offer and save their skin. Others did not surrender and met the wrath of the state. This paper narrates and analyzes that, ‘how and why the socio-psychological factors were active behind the whole scenario of terroism in district Swat of KP, Pakistan?” Keywords: Factors, Islam, Jihad, Pakhtunwali, Socio-Psychological, Terrorism.
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Mukhtar, Tahir, and Zainab Jehan. "Fiscal Response to Terrorism in Pakistan: The Role of Institutions." Journal of Quantitative Methods 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 154–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29145/2021/jqm/050107.
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This study empirically estimates the fiscal consequences of terrorism in Pakistan by using annual time series data from 1984 to 2016. By employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique, the study has gauged the impact of terrorist incidents on two important facets of fiscal policy, namely, tax revenue and defense spending. The results reveal that terrorism has detrimental ramifications for fiscal policy in Pakistan. Specifically, on the one hand, an increase in terrorist incidents tends to bring a fall in tax revenue while on the other hand, they induce a rise in defense outlays, thus deteriorating both fronts of the fiscal position. Notably, the moderating role of institutional quality appears significant and indicates that institutional quality has not only a significant direct impact on fiscal policy, but it also helps in completely mitigating (reducing) the harmful impact of terrorism on defense spending (tax revenue) in Pakistan. These findings suggest that there is a need to take appropriate steps for strengthening institutional setup to control the fallouts of terrorism on fiscal behavior of the government of Pakistan.
Keywords: Terrorism; Tax Revenue; Institutional Quality; ARDL
JEL Classification: E62; H2; E02; H5; F35
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Ikeke, Mark Omorovie. "Moral Cosmopolitanism and the Challenge of Global Terrorism." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.5.1.737.
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The world is bedevilled by terrorism. Of the most recent treats and challenges that the world faces there seem to be none bigger than terrorism. There is hardly a week that passes when you do not hear of terrorist attacks in one place of the order. Terrorist attacks have been perpetuated in places like Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Somalia, Yemen, and Pakistan, the United States, Britain, Canada, France, Italy and so forth. The effects and impact of terrorism are incalculable. Thousands of lives and properties have been lost to terrorism. If terrorism is not mitigated or stopped it has the capacity to plunge the world into a new dark age. The paper examines the reality, effects, and causes of terrorism. It uses critical analytic and evaluative methods to examine terrorism from the lens of moral cosmopolitanism. The paper proposes that the idea of moral cosmopolitanism that affirms the common humanity of all humans and obligates each human to come to the help of others, even strangers can help to combat global terrorism. The paper finds that there is need to educate, conscientize, and persuade global terrorists with the value of moral cosmopolitanism. If this can be done it will greatly help in mitigating global terrorist attacks.
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Hussain, Abid. "Pakistan on FATFs Grey List: Terrorist Financing Perspective." Global Regional Review IV, no. IV (December 31, 2019): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iv).31.
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Pakistan is facing great challenges of terrorism which have posed serious threats towards integrity and stability of the country. It is unanimously agreed that finance serves as lifeline for execution of terrorist activities. Terrorist groups generate funds through multiple sources and transfer them by exploiting the loopholes existing in financial system. Despite, Pakistan has taken sufficient steps to counter the financing of terrorism (CFT), nonetheless, money is still transmitting due to some regulatory flaws of the financial system. Owing to terrorist financing related deficiencies, Pakistan has been placed on the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) “Grey list”. FATF has warned Pakistan to be blacklisted if precipitate actions to address TF related deficiencies are not taken until February 2020. The paper evaluates the present CFT legal framework and recommends certain legal initiatives required to be taken by Pakistan prior dead line of February 2020.
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Javed, Muhammad Tazeem, Muhammad Shafiq, and Muhammad Azhar. "A Saga of Decisive Combat of Pakistan Army in North and South Waziristan (2009- 2016)." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review VII, no. II (June 30, 2022): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2022(vii-ii).08.
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The entire security landscape of the world was altered due to the 9/11 terrorist attacks on America's World Trade Centre. After this incident, the US accused Al-Qaeda headship of the attacks. Henceforth, President Bush demanded the Afghan Taliban hand over Osama Bin Laden to the US. However, when the Taliban did not respond positively, the US attacked Afghanistan. The US also pushed Pakistan to take a U-turn on its Afghan policy; hence, President Musharraf decided to offer logistics and other relevant backing to the American force sin their operation in Afghanistan. After the defeat of the Afghan Taliban in 2002, many militants from Afghanistan came to Pakistan's tribal areas through a porous border. As Pakistan supported the US War on Terrorism (WoT), a militant insurgency was started in the tribal areas of Pakistan. This research examines the counter-terrorism strategies of the Pakistan army that it implemented from 2009 to 2016. The study explains the military operations of the Pakistan army in former FATA against hardcore terrorist groups like Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and other small and affiliated radical organizations. It is analyzed that military operations namely Rah-e-Nijat and Zarb-e-Azb in former FATA with a focus on North and South Waziristan relatively remained successful.
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Javed, Muhammad Tazeem, and Muhammaad Shafiq. "Afghanistan Factor in Enhancing Extremism and Terrorism in FATA." Global Foreign Policies Review V, no. II (June 30, 2022): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2022(v-ii).07.
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Afghanistan's incursion by the Soviet Union in 1979 enhanced the elements of extremism informer FATA. In the post-9/11 period, tribal areas of Pakistan became a hub of militants and terrorists.Meanwhile, the role of Pakistan in the War on Terror (WoT) increased elements of terrorism and instability in the country. Many terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda, Haqqani Network and Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan and other small terrorist groups including the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) andLashkar-i-Jahangvi started terrorist activities in the shape of suicide attacks. The study attempts to explainvarious internal and external factors (Afghanistan) which contributed to enhancing extremism and terrorism in former FATA. Furthermore, the research explains the anti-state activities of above mentioned militant groups in the area.
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Samay, M. Ali. "Afghanistan and Pakistan between the US new Strategy and Eurasian Great Powers." Köz-gazdaság 15, no. 3 (2020): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2020.03.14.
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One of the most intricate matters when it comes to fighting against terrorism in Afghanistan and South Asia is the perpetual conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The role of Pakistan is a central debate in all security, political and economic subjects of discussion in Afghanistan since its dawn of existence as a country. Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, as the President of Afghanistan, believes his country is in a state of an undeclared war with Pakistan. The reason for this is that Pakistan plays a double-standard policy towards Afghanistan by having diplomatic relations with Kabul while actively supports the Taliban and terrorist groups who fight against the Afghan government and conduct terrorist attacks and bombings in the country. India shares the same point of view about Pakistan, thus becoming the most important strategic partner of Afghanistan in the region. Both countries are actively trying to turn the international community and international and Eurasian powers against Pakistan. Recently, the USA’s President has accepted its lobby and diplomacy. Today, America, Afghanistan, and India have a common voice in the fight against terrorism and its regional roots, which are in Pakistan. The practical result of this common voice is the newly shaped America-India-Afghan (AIA) strategic trinity against terrorism and Pakistan. In this article, we focus on: – The US new strategy towards Afghanistan and Pakistan – Afghanistan’s new position in the US foreign policy – The reaction and response of Pakistan, China, and Russia to the US new strategy – The fragmentation and lack of common initiatives among Eurasian large powers as far as the fight against terrorism and other trans-regional threats is concerned – The practical and possible outcome of the newly AIA strategical trinity or shift for the USA, Afghanistan, and Pakistan considering the policies of the regional or Eurasian great powers.
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Hashmat Ullah Khan and Gohar Rehman. "China’s Role in War on Terror." Central Asia 86, Summer (November 28, 2020): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-86.71.
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Terrorism being the primary threat to China's national security therefore counter terrorism has turned out to be the main point of China’s domestic and foreign policy. The major terrorist threat that China faces is posed by Uyghur separatist fighters of Xinjiang. They claim and fight for a separate independent state called “East Turkistan”. The Xinjiang issue is the major anxiety and the focal point of China’s war on terror. To stop extremism and terrorism in Xinjiang China has adopted a multi-dimensional approach i.e. Strike Hard Campaign, diplomatic actions to isolate terrorists and get the help of other countries, religious, economic and social anti-terrorist policies to eradicate the roots of terrorism from society. China is also cooperating with the countries including US, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asian Republics, and many others in fighting against terrorism. From the platform of Shanghai Cooperation Organization China is also playing important role in counterterrorism. China major interest in war on terror is to stop the spread of extremism and terrorism within her borders particularly in Xinjiang province, as well as to make sure that neighbouring countries not become safe haven and base camp for the Uyghur militants. The main objective of this paper is to analyses the phenomena of terrorism in Xinjiang and China’s role in war on terror.
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Iqbal, Khurshid, and Niaz A. Shah. "Defining Terrorism in Pakistani Anti-Terrorism Law." Global Journal of Comparative Law 7, no. 2 (August 14, 2018): 272–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00702003.
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We critically examine the definition of ‘terrorism’ in the Anti-Terrorism Act 1997 of Pakistan and as it is interpreted by the Supreme Court of Pakistan under the principle of legality in criminal and human rights law standards. 1 We conclude that the definition of terrorism under the Anti-Terrorism Act does not pass the test of the principle of legality and the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan is inconsistent confounding the situation further. We recommend that Pakistan, following the principle of legality and human rights standards, amend the current definition of terrorism as an overbroad definition could be misused and abused leading to human rights violations.
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Ali, Hina, Sumaira Khalid, Iqra Ashraf, and Naheed Anwar. "Extremism & Terrorism: A Political Issue or An Economic One?" Review of Education, Administration & LAW 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i1.124.
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Extremism and terrorism have become a serious threat to Pakistan’s security and well-being. Pakistan is situated in an uncomfortable and unfriendly neighborhood and faces an existential challenge from domestic forces of sectional and ethnic militancy and terrorism. These problems started after the 9/11 attacks. The extremists have not only affected the life in tribal areas but have also invaded the well-developed urban cities of Pakistan as well. The lusts for power, religious differences, regional disparities, political instability, illiteracy, foreign involvements, Afghan Jihad of 1975, low socioeconomic indicators, and non-democratic values are a few of the many reasons that have added fuel to the fire of militancy, terrorism, and extremism. More than 75 thousand people in Pakistan have either been killed by terrorist groups or have become a victim of religious militants and extremists. To address these problems Pakistan took a few measures such as the launching of Zarb-e-Azab, amendments to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, the establishment of NATGRID, creating awareness about religion, revising Madrassa reforms, etc. All these efforts have solved the problem but only to some extent. There is a dire need for more strict measures not only by the Government but also by the civilians. Together, they need to keep working against these evils because they have eaten up the credibility, economic stability, reputation, well-being and peace of the country.
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Bilal Hassan, M Sheharyar Khan and Shahzad Hussain. "Punishing Terrorists: Military Courts and Public Opinion in Pakistan." Strategic Studies 38, no. 3 (October 10, 2018): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.03.00146.
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Terrorism is one of the menaces that inflicted huge human losses to the state and society of Pakistan. On December 16, 2014, the brazen attack on the Army Public School (APS) in Peshawar killed 141, including 132 children and nine members of the school staff. In reaction, on January 7, 2015, the government adopted the 21st amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, which entailed the establishment of military courts to punish the terrorists and their facilitators. This study gauges the opinion of young students towards this new counter-terrorism policy. The results suggest two outcomes: firstly, the public admits that terrorism is one of their main problems and secondly, there is an ethnically diverse view on the military-led public policy to curb terrorism.
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Ashraf, Tahir, and Bushra Fatima. "Terrorism as a Major Threat to Societal Peace: The Case of Pakistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v7i2.1733.
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Purpose: The central objective of this research is to look at causes behind the phenomenon of terrorism faced by Pakistan. In the contemporary era, Pakistan is facing and suffering from the destructive and gravest issue of terrorism. It has become a major problem not only for the federation as well as for the citizens of Pakistan. Terrorism has made the Pakistani society, where people do not feel secure, a society that lacks a responsible system. The factors that caused terrorism are societal despotism, economic inconsistency, political uncertainty, religious dogmatism as well as foreign intervention or international stratagem.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Qualitative method has been used in this study. Secondary sources including newspapers and research articles have been used to evaluate reasons as well as the dynamics of the phenomenon of terrorism which has severely damaged social fabric of the Pakistani society.
Findings: The article has evaluated the major causes of multiple societal dimensions of terrorism and found that unsystematic government set-up, non-democratic system, absence of law and order and frustration and collapse of law enforcement organizations, incursion, and ingress of refugees, weaponization as well as talibanization. It has also revealed that role of religious institutions, madrassas and religious sermons delivered on the occasion of daily life religious rituals are major reasons of the extremism prevailing in the Pakistani society.
Implications/Originality/Value: So, it is concluded that the major causes of multiple societal dimensions of terrorism are religious institutions, hate-speeches delivered at different ceremonies of religious and social rituals.
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Abbas, Jauhar, Hammad Hassan Mirza, Haroon Hussain, Rana Yassir Hussain, Muhammad Saad, and Masud Akhtar. "Stock Market Reaction towards Terrorism: An Evidence Based on Seasonal Variation in Pakistan." Journal of Economic Impact 3, no. 3 (December 24, 2021): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei3032106.
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This study examined whether the impact of terrorism events on the stock market varies based on seasonal anomalies (i.e., spring, summer, autumn, and winter). For this purpose, this study selected and obtained the data of 344 terrorist events that occurred in Pakistan and daily closing index price data of KSE 100 for the period ranging from 2008 to 2017. To fulfil the study's objective, this study applies the event day analysis by using five days window (-2, -1, 0, +1, +2) by employing the Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. The findings of this study shows that there is no significant impact of terrorist events on stock returns in Pakistan on pre-event day 2 and event day. However, terrorism events have a significant positive impact on stock returns on pre-event day 1 and post-event day 1. On the contrary, stock returns on post-event day 2 showed a significant positive but in negative direction. In addition, this study also found that stock market returns vary significantly based on seasonal anomalies. However, it is also revealed that the impact of terrorism (event day) on the stock market’s returns does not significantly vary during all seasons in Pakistan except autumn and similarly, the impact of terrorism (post-event day 1) on the stock market’s returns does not significantly vary during said weather seasons in Pakistan. Furthermore, the positive impact of terrorism (during post-event day 2) upon the stock market’s returns significantly differs during weather seasons of spring, summer, and autumn in Pakistan. As per the results, this study suggests that the investor should invest on event day and resell/ withdraw his investment on post-event day 1 in order to earn higher profit.
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Kaukab Jamal Zuberi, Kaukab Jamal Zuberi. "Use of Cyber Space by Terrorist Organizations." International Journal for Electronic Crime Investigation 2, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/ijeci.2018.020111.
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Prevention of Electronic Crime Act 2016 of Pakistan, defines and include cyber terrorism as a cyber-crime. Due to its anonymity cyber space is a popular tool used by terrorists. Terrorists use cyber space to launch their propaganda, recruit new workforce, radicalize target groups, raise financing, train the new recruits or upgrade the skills of existing workforce, raise funding for their operations, establish communication infrastructure to communicate within and outside the organization and execute their operations. This article discusses the various ways cyber space is used by the terrorist organizations to execute their plan
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Amin, Musarat, and Rizwan Naseer. "Conceptualizing Nuclear Security of Pakistan: A Response to International Regimes." Central Asia 83, Winter (May 1, 2019): 123142. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-83.32.
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Terrorism is a challenge to international peace and stability, but nuclear terrorism risks the existence of entire world. Nuclear safety poses another challenge that remained priority on the agenda in all nuclear security summits (NSS). Nuclear Security Summit established a forum for cooperation among international nuclear actors. International mainstream media often created hype of nuclear insecurity in the wake of terrorism in Pakistan. Pakistan’s proactive nuclear diplomacy at all Nuclear Security Summits (2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016) not only highlighted Pakistan’s concerted efforts to safeguard nukes but also extended support to those who are struggling to improve nuclear security. International Atomic Energy Agency’s acknowledgement of Pakistan’s ramped up efforts increased its credibility and enlists Pakistan as a potential candidate for membership of Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). These NSS provided a platform of cooperation to nuclear actors and ensured relative nuclear security. This paper analyses the institutional response of Pakistan’s nuclear security to international concerns and highlights measures to beef up security of nuclear assets. It also dispels any chance of nuclear terrorism in Pakistan. It also argues to dispel misapprehensions about Pakistan’s strategic assets.
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Shahzad, Amir. "Cyber-Terrorism Law, Implementation and Ways Forward." International Journal for Electronic Crime Investigation 3, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/ijeci.2019.030232.
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This research paper is concerned with focused critical analysis of cyber terrorism laws in Pakistan. Cyberspace is now becoming a battlefield where terrorists are active on dark net and using digital tunnel for which every country of the world has to take necessary steps for global peace, in the same way Pakistan needs an effective legislation and its efficient implementation. We explore here some crucial questions regarding cyberterrorism threats, cyber terrorism laws, implementation challenges and some recommendations based on current situation as well as a slight glance on future perspective of the topic Cyber terrorism law, implementation and the ways forward
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Samia Manzoor, Aasima Safdar, and Aqsa Iram Shahzadi. "Presentation of Pakistan’s Image: Thematic Analysis of Editorials of the Washington Post." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i1.1042.
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The present research aims to study the image of Pakistan through identifying the themes which are used by the editorials of The Washington Post. The population of the study comprised of editorials of The Washington Post that have the word Pakistan in title or in opening paragraph. A total of 116 editorials were analyzed with the help of NVIVO 10 that identified eight different themes. The thorough analysis of the data revealed that the newspapers mostly wrote about Pakistan through the following themes: Pakistan backing Taliban, negative image of President Musharraf, democracy in Pakistan, nuclear technology and Pakistan government, Pakistan’s operation against terrorism, Indian terrorist attacks, US military operation and Osama bin Laden, and social issues in Pakistan. It was also observed that Pakistan was presented in a very negative way. General Pervez Musharraf was very harshly criticized. Overall Pakistan was presented as a frail, threatening and monstrous country. Pakistan policy makers must develop counter strategies to combat this negative image building.
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Piazza, James A., and James Igoe Walsh. "Physical Integrity Rights and Terrorism." PS: Political Science & Politics 43, no. 03 (June 30, 2010): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096510000648.
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Can states afford to protect human rights when facing a terrorist threat? Contemporary academic literature suggests that the answer to this question is no, concluding that states that afford their citizens basic political rights and civil liberties leave themselves more exposed to terrorist attacks (Piazza 2008; Wade and Reiter 2007; Pape 2003; Eubank and Weinberg 1994). American policymakers seem to agree. Both the Bush and Obama administrations regard the curtailment of physical integrity rights as a necessary element of effective counterterrorism policy. The Bush administration responded to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, with policies permitting indefinite detention, extraordinary rendition, use of physically abusive interrogation practices, and increased and largely unchecked surveillance and wiretapping of suspected terrorists. Although it banned abusive interrogation and announced plans to close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, the Obama administration has maintained the practice of wiretapping, reserved the option of rendition, and dramatically increased unmanned drone attacks against suspected terrorists in Pakistan, which often results in civilian casualties. Both presidents have claimed that these policies are necessary to keep Americans safe from terrorism (Hosenball 2009; “Bush Defends Policy on Terror Detainees” 2005).
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Talbot, Ian. "Pakistan in 2002: Democracy, Terrorism, and Brinkmanship." Asian Survey 43, no. 1 (January 2003): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.1.198.
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This article focuses on three areas that dominated Pakistan during 2002. The first was the transition to democracy in October. The background to the elections and the controversies surrounding this are examined along with the main party groupings and the outcomes. Second, the article considers the tense relations with India that threatened war both in January and May. The military standoff is explained in terms of the cross-border terrorism issue. Third, the article explains that Pakistan itself was a major victim of terrorism during the year. These outrages were designed to hit out at soft Western targets and to undermine the Musharraf government. Uncertainties abounded in Pakistan throughout much of the year. These arose firstly from the military standoff with India that followed the December 13, 2001, attack on India's Parliament; secondly, from the threat of terrorist outrages within Pakistan; and thirdly, from anxieties concerning the future of civil-military relations in the wake of the October parliamentary elections.
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Ullah, Irfan, and Muhammad Bilal Saeed. "Impact of Terrorism on Foreign Portfolio Investment in Pakistan." Jinnah Business Review 03, no. 02 (July 1, 2015): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53369/lxnn9109.
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This study explored the long and short run impact of Terrorism on Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) in Pakistan using annual data from 1995 to 2013. The stationarity of data is analyzed by using unit root test. The long run relationship is captured using Johansen and Juselius Cointegration test. The short term impact was tested through Vector Error Correction Model. The results reveal significant negative effect of Terrorism on FPI. The results best fit the concept of push and pull theory. The relation of FPI and market size is negative, and highly positive with Trade Openness and Real Interest Rate. There is also significant short term relationship between Terrorism and FPI. This study suggests that careful policies should be implemented for the purpose of minimizing terrorist activities in order to enhance FPI in Pakistan.
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SAMI UR REHMAN, QAZI SIKANDAR HAYAT, and GHAYYUR QADIR. "Impact of Terrorism on KSE 100: Evidence from Karachi." Journal of Business & Tourism 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jbt.v2i1.23.
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Terrorism is a critical issue throughout the world. In Pakistan, terrorism is one of the major obstacle in the growth of economy. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of terrorism in Karachi on the performance of KSE 100. Overall 27 big terrorist activities are considered in four years, ranging from 2011 to 2014. The performance of Karachi stock exchange is measured from the return of KSE 100 index. Moreover, the performance of KSE 100 index against terrorism in Karachi are analyzed through event study methodology and t-test. The result of the study shows that terrorism in Karachi has no significant impact on Karachi stock exchange 100 in all estimation windows. There is a little impact of some pre-event days on post-event days. But overall there is no significant result of terrorism in Karachi on KSE 100. The result highlights that the intensity of terrorist events is an important contributor in signifying the impact of terrorist events on KSE 100 index.
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Lieber, Keir A., and Daryl G. Press. "Why States Won't Give Nuclear Weapons to Terrorists." International Security 38, no. 1 (July 2013): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00127.
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Many experts consider nuclear terrorism the single greatest threat to U.S. security. The fear that a state might transfer nuclear materials to terrorists was a core justification for the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and, more recently, for a strike against Iran's nuclear program. The logical basis for this concern is sound: if a state could orchestrate an anonymous nuclear terror attack, it could destroy an enemy yet avoid retaliation. But how likely is it that the perpetrators of nuclear terrorism could remain anonymous? Data culled from a decade of terrorist incidents reveal that attribution is very likely after high-casualty terror attacks. Attribution rates are even higher for attacks on the U.S. homeland or the territory of a major U.S. ally—97 percent for incidents in which ten or more people were killed. Moreover, tracing a terrorist group that used a nuclear weapon to its state sponsor would not be difficult, because few countries sponsor terror; few terror groups have multiple sponsors; and only one country that sponsors terrorism, Pakistan, has nuclear weapons or enough material to manufacture them. If leaders understand these facts, they will be as reluctant to give weapons to terrorists as they are to use them directly; both actions would invite devastating retaliation.
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Shah, Syed Hasanat, Hafsa Hasnat, and Delpachitra Sarath. "The impact of foreign direct investment on trade in Pakistan: the moderating role of terrorism." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 1137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-06-2019-0263.
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PurposePakistan suffered with the menace of terrorism for long and become a front line state in the “War on Terror”. Terrorism shattered Pakistan economy and rendered her external sector vulnerable to instability and uncertainties.Design/methodology/approachTherefore, using system generalized method of moment (GMM), this paper investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on exports, imports and trade deficit in the face of unabated terrorism in Pakistan.FindingsThe findings of the paper suggest that as terrorism in Pakistan increased, FDI contribution to Pakistan exports decreased while FDI contribution to Pakistan imports significantly increased. Terrorism also disrupted the chain of local production and increased Pakistan reliance on imports. Thus terrorism widened Pakistan trade deficit of Pakistan and expose Pakistan to external imbalances.Originality/valueDespite rise in organized acts of terrorism and its adverse impact on various departments of economy, hardly any study bothers to check its impact on trade and investment nexus. This is the first study of its nature that looks deep down to understand how terrorism affects the relation of major economic variables.
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Jabeen, Hafsa, and Ayesha Naz. "Macroeconomic Instability and Terrorism Nexus; Empirical Evidence in Case of Pakistan." Journal of Economic Sciences, no. 1.1 (June 30, 2022): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i1.a6.
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The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.
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Ahmed, Zahid Shahab, Farooq Yousaf, and Khan Zeb. "Socio-economic and Political Determinants of Terrorism in Pakistan." International Studies 55, no. 2 (April 2018): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020881718790689.
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Pakistan is experiencing a youth bulge with more than half of its population under the age of 30 years. Economic, political and security challenges, however, prevent the nation from fully utilizing its demographic advantage. Over the last decade, terrorism has become a major security issue. This article is based on primary research of Pakistani university students’ views on terrorism and related challenges. Its results reveal that the youth is concerned about the domestic triggers of terrorism and students’ place of origin impact upon experiences of terrorism. Moreover, while just under two-thirds of respondents from federally administered tribal areas (FATA) said they had been directly affected by terrorism, less than one-third of Punjabis provided the same response.
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Speckhard, A. "Understanding Suicide Terrorism." Nervenheilkunde 36, no. 04 (2017): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627010.
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SummaryAs a terror tactic, suicide terrorism is one of the most lethal as it relies on a human being to deliver and detonate the device. Suicide terrorism is not confined to a single region or religion. On the contrary, it has a global appeal, and in countries such as Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan it has come to represent an almost daily reality as it has become the weapon of choice for some of the most dreaded terrorist organizations in the world, such as ISIS and al-Qaeda. Drawing on over two decades of extensive field research in five distinct world regions, specifically the Middle East, Western Europe, North America, Russia, and the Balkans, the author discusses the origins of modern day suicide terrorism, motivational factors behind suicide terrorism, its global migration, and its appeal to modern-day terrorist groups to embrace it as a tactic.
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Shah, Dr Syed Sibtain Hussain, and Dr Arshad Mahmood. "Post 2019 Spike in Terrorism: A Threat to Internal Security of Pakistan." Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses 8, no. 2 (January 2, 2023): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.57169/jssa.008.02.0194.
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The post-2019 period is a crucial timeframe in the context of the reappearance of Tehrik -e- Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Islamic State Khorasan (IS-K) and other militant groups and the consequent rise of terrorist incidents in Pakistan. This paper aims to investigate the significant growth of terrorism in Pakistan as a threat to the country's internal security in the aforementioned era. This paper presents the concepts of internal security from the broader perspective of human and state security. The authors employ the situational method of qualitative approach encompassing various events and situations causing the intensity of terrorism in Pakistan in this phase covering two and half years (from January 2020 to June 2022). The concept of internal security is the perception of an act of keeping peace and maintaining law and order within the borders of a sovereign state by upholding the national law and defending against internal security threats. Besides the increasing number of terror attacks and casualties as compared with the previous years, this period is additionally important due to the US withdrawal from Afghanistan and the return of Afghan Taliban to the power corridors of the war-ravaged country, ostensibly with high hopes of controlling terrorism in the region, affecting security situation in Pakistan as well. It has been identified that terrorism in the country during 2020 had increased compared to the year 2019, and there was a sharp rise in 2021 and 2022, reinforcing a threat to the country's internal security.
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Limodio, Nicola. "Terrorism Financing, Recruitment, and Attacks." Econometrica 90, no. 4 (2022): 1711–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta18530.
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This paper investigates the effect of terrorism financing and recruitment on attacks. I exploit a Sharia‐compliant institution in Pakistan, which induces unintended and quasi‐experimental variation in the funding of terrorist groups through their religious affiliation. The results indicate that higher terrorism financing, in a given location and period, generate more attacks in the same location and period. Financing exhibits a complementarity in producing attacks with terrorist recruitment, measured through data from Jihadist‐friendly online fora and machine learning. A higher supply of terror is responsible for the increase in attacks and is identified by studying groups with different affiliations operating in multiple cities. These findings are consistent with terrorist organizations facing financial frictions to their internal capital market.
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Shah, Abdur Rehman. "The geopolitics of Pakistan’s 2018 greylisting by the Financial Action Task Force." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 76, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207020211016481.
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This article argues that, in addition to the valid reasons for Pakistan’s greylisting by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in 2018, geopolitical dynamics also played a crucial role behind this development. While the United States (US) under the Trump administration pushed Pakistan to seek an end to “the longest war” in Afghanistan, India, hoping to curb cross-border terrorism, capitalized on this momentum to pressure Pakistan. In order to hastily greylist Pakistan, institutional procedures of the FATF were thus disregarded. The case study demonstrates how economic coercion was used to push Pakistan to accept US and FATF demands. This article argues that Pakistan’s greylisting has created a win-for-all scenario for now. But these gains should not be overrated. Pakistan’s implementation of FATF requirements faces significant structural limitations. Still, the consensus between major actors underscores the potential of the FATF to counter money laundering and financing of terrorism globally.
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Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, Peter Josef Stauvermann, Ronald Ravinesh Kumar, and Tanveer Ahmad. "The impact of terrorism on industry returns and systematic risk in Pakistan." Accounting Research Journal 30, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-09-2015-0114.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of terrorism on return and systematic risk of Pakistan’s equity industries. Daily data from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2014 for 12 industries based on the specific types of companies listed on Karachi Stock Exchange are used for the empirical analysis. Design/methodology/approach A multiplicative (additive) term is introduced in the standard capital asset pricing model to examine the change in systematic risk (industry returns) in response to the terrorist activities. The authors use the multiscale beta approach (Yamada, 2005) and the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) to test the heterogeneous market hypothesis. Findings Terrorism activities increase the systematic risk for most of the industries and the negative impact on returns of banks and the financial industry. It is noted that terrorism positively impacts (increases) the industrial systematic risk mainly in short-run (between two and four days-time horizon). Originality/value The paper examines the impact of terrorism on a broad list of industries’ (banks, basic materials, chemicals, construction, consumer goods, consumer services, financials, industrials, minerals, oil and gas, textile and utilities) risk and return in Pakistan, using the multiscale beta approach (Yamada, 2005) and the MODWT methods.
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Musarrat, Razia, and Sumaira Khan. "Terrorism and Politico-Religious Extremism in Pakistan Post 9/11." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 4, no. 1 (February 2, 2014): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v4i1.5062.
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Pakistan is facing several forms of terrorism, no other country in the world entangled in this problem like Pakistan today. Sectarianism and politico-religious terrorism is an aching problem of Pakistan. The term ethnic refer to the way in which individuals and groups characterize themselves on the basis of their language, race, and place of origin, shared culture, values, and history. Ethnicity is a conception of a common descent, often of a mythic character. A new era of terror began in Pakistan. The situation has become very shocking for the stability of Pakistan. This study investigates terrorism post 9/11 in Pakistan. Terrorism that emerged after 9/11 is the most serious threat. Pakistan has its role as the frontline state in the war against terrorism. The tension between supporters particularly conservative and moderate Islam is growing and the deterioration of composition sate. It is beyond the capacity of single person’s effort to eliminate deep rooted crisis of the society. An institutional mechanism with the participation range on a regular basis is the only permanent way to fight against this threat. The study sheds new light on the extent of terrorism, the repeated nature of terrorism, the role of conflict, the choice of weapons, support for terrorism, the choice of targets and the reactionary nature of terrorism.
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Khan, Ayaz, Jamil Ahmad, and Jan Alam. "FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS BARRIERS IN THE INVESTIGATION PROCESS OF COUNTERING THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i3.222.
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The study was performed with the principal focus on exploring gaps in the investigation process of countering the financing of terrorism in Pakistan. The study used a qualitative method to explore the barriers of investigation in financing terrorism. A set of 25 participants was selected purposively and interviewed through an in-depth, semi-structured interview guide. The thematic analysis technique was utilized for the findings and unearthing the gaps/reasons for failure in an investigation of countering the financing of terrorism in Pakistan. There were gaps explored in terms of securing prosecutable evidence in the investigation processes of money laundering. The major elements behind terrorist financing are found to be money transferred through Hawala, income generation through Chanda/donations, less or no access to traditional funding, the absence of effective monitoring on the national level, and poor access to the digital economy. The researchers recommend that such elements need to be controlled and be brought in line with that of FATF's to improve the image of Pakistan. Keywords: Anti-money laundering; Financial Intelligence; barriers; qualitative research
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Raza, Syed Sami. "Anti-terrorism Legal Regime of Pakistan and the Global Paradigm of Security: A Genealogical and Comparative Analysis." Review of Human Rights 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 4–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35994/rhr.v2i1.74.
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Pakistan is often criticized for its anti-terrorism legal regime—which institutionalizes preventive indefinite detention, special courts, and speedy trials. Pakistani officials, on their part, rebut this criticism by pointing to the Anglo-American anti-terrorism legal regimes, and generally to “the global paradigm of security.” Interestingly, should we trace the genealogy of the anti-terrorism legal regime of Pakistan, we find rich historical-juridical linkages between the Pakistani and Anglo-American regimes. These linkages converge on, or at least begin from, the British law of high treason. This law was adopted in certain colonial regulations in the early 19th century. In this article I demonstrate how the legal form and substance of the high treason law and of certain other colonial regulations traveled through colonial and post-colonial security laws, such that they have recently come to converge with the global paradigm of security.
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Khan, Muhammad Mahroof, and Afshan Azam. "Root Causes of Terrorism." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 20, no. 1 (2008): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2008201/24.
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Serious study of terrorism requires a proper understanding of why individuals turn extremism md what motivates them to join terrorist organizations. This essay analyzes socio-economic, cultural, religious, and psychological dimensions in a comprehensive framework gauging the "root causes" of terrorism The analysis is based on data collected from Pakistan-based organtations serving as allies of Al-Qaeda. The results indicate that almost all sample resporuients involved in terrorism were unmarried males exposed to fundamentalist teachings of the Qur'an. All believed that if they sacrificed themselves for the sake of their religion, they would be blessed with paradise in life after death. The essay employs relevant models in order to identify empirically the effects of education, an individual's age, household income, and rural or urban residence. The resulting evidence on the individual level suggests that both higher standards of living and education are negatively associated with participation in terrorist activities.
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Bashir, Usman, Inam-ul-Haq, and Syed Muhammmad Ahmad Hassan Gillani. "Influence of Terrorist Activities on Financial Markets: Evidence from KSE." Financial Assets and Investing 4, no. 2 (May 31, 2013): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/fai2013-2-1.
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This paper investigates the influence of terrorist activities taking place in Pakistan on the KSE (Karachi Stock Exchange) for the period of 01/2005 to 12/2010 using the GARCH & GARCH- EVT to identify the relationship between these two variables; the study establishes that terrorist activities adversely affect the financial markets and in the case of KSE, it is a highly significant relation. The reason why the negative relationship exists is because of the foremost increase in the number of terrorism attacks in Pakistan.
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Muhammad Umar Riaz Abbasi. "Emerging Trends of Radicalization in Global Context and Pakistan and their Solution in the Light of Islamic Teachings." International Research Journal on Islamic Studies (IRJIS) 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.54262/irjis.04.01.e06.
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Terrorists use violence to create fear. Comprehending why terrorists kill innocent civilians is crucial to understanding the situation. The current discussion on ‘root causes' focuses on identifying a terrorist's anti-civilization motivations. But the debate over what motivates a terrorist misses the circumstances that enable terrorism. To reduce the number of terrorists, it is vital to identify their enablers and root causes. Terrorism's purpose will take a decade or more to decrease, and its capabilities will need continual attention. Radicalism shares several values. It was a happy, tranquil, prosperous period. Fundamentalists believe that change comes from above, and hence support force and coercion above democracy and popular will. So, the structure isn't democratic. One for every fanatical. Armed forces toppled progressive anti-imperialist leader Ahmed Soekarno in 1964, slaughtering communists posing as American imperialism. In 1973, General Pinochet killed Chile's first elected socialist president, Silva Durlande. Forcing martial rule in Pakistan and deposing Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, fundamentalists supported General Zia-ul-Haq. Extremism and fanaticism yield their fruit. Our religious seminaries teach the same mindset that is spread by Islamic groups and religious politicians, which has produced the present position for Islam and Muslims worldwide. However, what is the right Islam? If there is a religious riot in Muslim culture, it is not the preaching of secularism, but a religious counter narrative that may bring peace. ۔
Keywords: Radicalization, Emerging trends, Solution, Islam, Pakistan
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Sheikh, Muhammad Ramzan, Ruth Kattumuri, Imran Sharif Chaudhry, and Abodh Kumar. "What Determines Bilateral Trade Flows? Evidence from ECO Region." Review of Economics and Development Studies 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i1.560.
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This study provides an analysis of Pakistan’s bilateral trade in Economic Corporation Organization (ECO) region. The main purpose of this study is to assess the determinants of bilateral trade flows using the gravity trade model. Panel least square regression has been applied over the period of 1995 to 2015. Two types of gravity models have been estimated: traditional gravity trade model and modified gravity trade model. The study has identified income, population, distance, adjacency, area, landlockedness, continent and terrorism as the main drivers of Pakistan’s bilateral trade flows with ECO countries. It is suggested that policies in Pakistan should focus on improving economic growth; offer incentives to Pakistani people to engage more in trade flows; improve transportation to trade with ECO countries; and take measures to eradicate terrorism.
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Siddiq, Erum. "Relationship Between Perceived Impact of Terrorism and Optimism in Adults of Karachi, Pakistan." Peshawar Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (PJPBS) 2, no. 1 (July 14, 2016): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32879/pjpbs.2016.2.1.71-89.
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The present study aimed to identify the relationship between the perceived impact of terrorism and dispositional optimism of adults of Karachi, Pakistan. It was hypothesized that there would be a negative correlation between the perceived impact of terrorism and dispositional optimism of adults. A total of 100 participants (72 males, 28 females) were recruited through convenience sampling from various organizations of Karachi, Pakistan. The age of participants ranged between 25 to 40 years with a minimum education level of Intermediate/A-levels. Data was collected using through 5Terrorism Impact Scale and Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) scale. The results of the present study revealed non-significant correlation (r=-0.10, p>0.05) between the variables, signifying that the perceived impact of terrorism had no relationship with dispositional optimism in adults in the present sample. Further studies are needed to explore the existing optimism in the presence of terrorism in the Pakistani context.