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1
Savinsky, Aleksandr. "On Improving the Efficiency of Criminal Law Counteraction to Terrorism." Siberian Criminal Process and Criminalistic Readings, no. 1 (35) (April 11, 2022): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2022.1.7-19.
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The subject of research is the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (further referred to as the CC RF) aimed at counteracting terrorism. After the enaction of the key counterterrorism Federal Law “On Counteracting Terrorism”, the CC RF was supplemented by a set of new antiterrorist Articles (2051–2056), which considerably improved its counterterrorist potential and the criminal law protection of individuals, the society and the state against terrorist threats. Meanwhile, the current counterterrorist norms have certain faults. The definition of terrorist activities is inconsistent: Art. 3 of the Federal Law “On Counteracting Terrorism” and Art. 2052 of the CC RF offer different interpretations, which contributes to contradictions in investigation and court practice. The solution can lie in introducing a unified definition of terrorist activity, and the definition in the edition of the CC RF (Art. 2052) looks preferable. It is suggested to reconstruct formal elements of crime under Art. 2052 the CC RF (in the part regarding the public justification of terrorism, by introducing an administrative prejudice), and Art. 205 and 207 (by making the threat of committing a terrorist act as separate crime, encompassing false information on terrorist acts against objects of social infrastructure or with the purpose of destabilizing the work of public authorities). The author presents some ideas on the legal support of planting an undercover police officer in criminal, including terrorist, organizations. The author also suggests the wording of amendments to Art. 75 of the CC RF and Art. 28 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the RF, as well as the introduction of false complicity — a new circumstance excluding the criminal character of the action.
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LAPSHIN, V. F., and E. KH NADYSEVA. "Errors of legislative technique made in establishing responsibility for an act of international terrorism." Ius Publicum et Privatum 1, no. 11 (March 31, 2021): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2713-2811-2021-1-36-40.
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This research is devoted to the legal analysis of the content of the norms of the Russian Criminal Law on liability for committing an act of international terrorism. Adding Article 361 to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was due to the officially declared need to strengthen the fight against terrorist activities, including acts of terrorism, the preparation and commission of which is carried out by representatives of international terrorist organizations. The analysis of the content of the disposition of Art. 361 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Сетевой научно-практический журнал частного и публичного права 37 Federation made it possible to identify a number of significant violations of the norms of legislative technique, made in the description of certain legally significant features. This creates objective difficulties for the interpretation of the provisions of Art. 361 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the process of qualifying a crime, and gives rise to unjustified competition with Art. 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes liability for a terrorist act. Based on the results of the study, a scientifically substantiated conclusion is drawn that it is inexpedient to include the norm that establishes liability for an act of international terrorism in the Special Part of the Russian Criminal Law.
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SAVINSKY, A. V. "On the harmonization of anti-terrorist legislation norms." Ius Publicum et Privatum 2, no. 12 (June 30, 2021): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2713-2811-2021-2-86-90.
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Measures are being taken in Russia to improve anti-terrorist legislation, with special attention paid to increasing the counter-terrorism potential of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. However, the current anti-terrorism regulations are not without drawbacks. Thus, terrorist activity is interpreted differently in Art. 3 of the Federal Law "On Countering Terrorism" and Art. 205.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which leads to contradictory investigative and judicial practice. The solution is seen in the unification of the definition of terrorist activity and the definition in the wording of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation looks preferable. It is noted that the legal support for the operational penetration of law enforcement agencies into terrorist structures does not meet the requirements, since the norm of Part 4 of Art. 18 of the federal law "On operational-search activity" (contains an operational-search basis for active repentance) remains inoperative due to the lack of its incorporation into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The article formulates additions to these codified federal laws, which will legitimize the operational-search basis for active repentance.
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Стародубцева, М. А. "EXAMPLE CRIMINOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE SPREAD OF THE IDEOLOGY OF TERRORISM IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS." Russian-Asian Legal Journal, no. 4 (December 26, 2023): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ralj(2023)4.12.
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The article examines the facts of the spread of the ideology of terrorism in educational organizationsas manifestations of «idealistic» terrorism, according to the classification proposed by Yu.M. Antonyan.From the point of view of criminology, terrorism is understood as a diverse phenomenon. In this regard,it is necessary to determine what type of terrorism educational organizations face. Next, it is necessary tohighlight the determinants of the spread of the ideology of terrorism in educational organizations.The analysis of criminal cases according to the elements of Art. 205.2 of the Criminal Code of theRussian Federation and a survey of teachers and teachers of a number of educational organizations in theAltai Territory makes it possible to determine the determinants of the spread of the ideology of terrorismin educational organizations. The traditional division of the determinants of crime into general social,socio-psychological and personal needs to be clarified in relation to terrorist crimes committed by youngpeople studying in educational organizations. Among the general social determinants of terrorist crime in educational organizations, the main role is played by the social qualities of young people. Among the sociopsychological determinants, the main role is played by shortcomings in family education and the formalismof preventive measures. The analysis of criminal cases allows us to conclude that among the families of thoseaccused and on trial for committing terrorist crimes in educational organizations, pedagogically incorrectlyoriented families prevail, where, for one reason or another, psychological contact with the child has notbeen established.
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Alsaggar, Mowafaq, and Sultan Alrewely. "The Role of Caricature Art in Countering Terrorism in Contemporary Societies." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 50, no. 2 (March 30, 2023): 378–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v50i2.4949.
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Objectives: The present study aimed to present and analyze a collection of caricature artworks reflecting the artist's standpoint on introducing and addressing terrorism. It also sought to provide insights and recommendations on the potential use of caricature art in countering terrorism in contemporary society.
Methods: Researchers employed a descriptive analytical design, which is the most appropriate scientific method for studying the sample. The methods used were as follows: Survey Method - Gathering, studying, and describing a collection of notable cartoonists' works addressing terrorism. Content Analysis Method - Examining and analyzing caricature works from the study sample.
Results: The study yielded several findings, with the most important being that in most countries worldwide, the majority of cartoonists have committed themselves to countering the widespread terrorism in contemporary societies. However, their efforts are insufficient in light of the growing phenomenon.
Conclusions: Caricature art plays a prominent role in countering the causes of terrorism, even before its emergence. This is achieved through the significant influence of caricature art in shaping the cultural and emotional perspectives of society members. Moreover, caricature art is free from negative beliefs and attitudes that can serve as a foundation for extremism and terrorist activities.
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Dajani, Rana, Zeena Tabbaa, Nancy Hakooz, Afaf Al-Nadaf, Fadwa Al-Halaiqa, and Sokyna Alqatawneh. "Three Circles of Alemat: Growth and Sustainability through Mentoring." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 50, no. 2 (March 30, 2023): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v50i2.4922.
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Objectives: The present study aimed to present and analyze a collection of caricature artworks reflecting the artist's standpoint on introducing and addressing terrorism. It also sought to provide insights and recommendations on the potential use of caricature art in countering terrorism in contemporary society.
Methods: Researchers employed a descriptive analytical design, which is the most appropriate scientific method for studying the sample. The methods used were as follows: Survey Method - Gathering, studying, and describing a collection of notable cartoonists' works addressing terrorism. Content Analysis Method - Examining and analyzing caricature works from the study sample.
Results: The study yielded several findings, with the most important being that in most countries worldwide, the majority of cartoonists have committed themselves to countering the widespread terrorism in contemporary societies. However, their efforts are insufficient in light of the growing phenomenon.
Conclusions: Caricature art plays a prominent role in countering the causes of terrorism, even before its emergence. This is achieved through the significant influence of caricature art in shaping the cultural and emotional perspectives of society members. Moreover, caricature art is free from negative beliefs and attitudes that can serve as a foundation for extremism and terrorist activities.
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Wiak, Krzysztof. "Implementation of the European Union’s Regulations on Terrorist Offences in Polish Penal Law." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tekapr.2020.13.1-34.
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The paper discusses the regulations pertaining directly to the problem of combating terrorism, first introduced into Polish penal law in 2004. The drafters’ intention was to adjust Polish law to the standards established by various legal instruments of the European Union, in particular set out in Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA of 13 June 2002 on combating terrorism. Among the new regulations, the definition of an offence of a terrorist nature (Art. 115, para. 20 PC) is of practical significance. The concept of an offence of a terrorist nature is a reference point for all the anti-terrorist measures adopted in Polish penal law. It has been used by the legislator criminalizing acts being of a pre-terrorist nature. Among these provisions there are offences such as: participation in an organized group, financing terrorism, abetting and public provocation to commit an offence of a terrorist nature, recruitment and training for terrorism, illegal border crossing.
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Ochman, Piotr. "Kryminalizacja finansowania terroryzmu w świetle przepisu art. 165a kodeksu karnego. Część 2." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 44, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.1.9.
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The progressing globalization, the ease of movement, and the pace of information flow undoubtedly intensified the threat of terrorism, which is an important social issue. One of the crucial instruments in combating terrorist activity is counteracting its financing. The article analyzes the crime of financing terrorism, which has been defined in Art. 165a of the Polish Criminal Code. An attempt will be made to answer the question whether the legislative measures taken in the above-mentioned field are purposeful, necessary, and justified. The article also presents the genesis of the current legal regulations aimed at counteracting the financing of terrorism in the Polish Penal Code.
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Ochman, Piotr. "Kryminalizacja finansowania terroryzmu w świetle przepisu art. 165a kodeksu karnego. Część 1." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.4.33.
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Progressing globalization, ease of movement and the pace of information flow undoubtedly have intensified the threat of an important social problem — terrorism. An key instrument of combating terrorist activity is counteracting its financing. This article will analyze the crime of financing terrorism, which has been typified in Art. 165a of the Polish Criminal Code. An attempt will be made to answer the question of whether the legislative measures taken in the above-mentioned scope are purposeful, necessary and justified. The genesis of the current legal regulations in the field of counteracting the financing of terrorism in the Polish penal code will be also presented.
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A. Y., Babii. "The system of extremist crimes under the legislation of Ukraine." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (August 2020): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-48.
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In the articles analysed scientific approaches are in relation to determination systems of crimes, that can belong to extremist. It is emphasized absence of the special norms on questions counteraction to extremism in Ukraine. In Ukraine scientists spare insufficient attention to extremist crimes. These problems have a significant impact on counteraction to extremism. The main efforts are aimed at combating such extremism form as terrorism in Ukraine. Absence of unanimity is established among scientists in understanding of extremism and him criminal displays. From the point of criminology of sight with the aim of decision of tasks of prevention and counteraction seems reasonable and expedient association of various extremist encroachments in one group of criminology under the general name «extremist crimes». Drawn conclusion that the use of the various going near determination of the system of extremist crimes conditioned foremost by complication and multidimensionalness of the phenomenon of extremism, and also by absence in the legislation of Ukraine of the special norms sanctified to counteraction to extremism. Criminal responsibility for acts that it is accepted to name extremist, envisaged by the norms of different divisions of Special part of Сriminal Code of Ukraine that testifies to the threat of extremism not only for bases of national safety of the state. Under extremist it is suggested to understand crimes committed for extremist motives and (whether) aims. There are sufficient and reasonable grounds to consider that to extremist crimes under the Criminal Code of Ukraine may include in certain cases the following encroachments: actions aimed at forcible change or overthrow of the constitutional order or seizure of state power (article 109 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), encroachment on territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine (art. 110), financing of actions committed with the aim of forcible change or overthrow of the constitutional order or seizure of state power, change of borders of the territory or state border of Ukraine (art. 1102), treason (art. 111), encroachment on the life of a statesman or public figure (art. 112), sabotage (art. 113), obstruction of the lawful activities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations (art. 1141), violation of equality of citizens depending on their race, nationality, religious beliefs, disability and other grounds (art. 161), terrorist act (art. 258), involvement in committing a terrorist act (art. 2581), public appeals to commit a terrorist act (art. 2582), creation of a terrorist group or terrorist organization (art. 2583), assistance in committing a terrorist act (art. 2584), financing of terrorism (art. 2585), creation of paramilitary or armed groups not provided by law (art. 260), mass riots (art. 294), calls to commit acts threatening public order (art. 295), propaganda of war (art. 436), planning, preparation, resolution and conduct of aggressive war (art. 437), the use of weapons of mass destruction (art. 439), genocide (art. 442), encroachment for the life of a representative of a foreign state (art. 443), crimes against persons and institutions with international protection (art. 444), mercenary (art. 447). Keywords: extremism, extremist crimes, system, extremist motives.
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Coteño Muñoz, Alejandro. "Terrorismo individual = Individual terrorism." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 15 (October 1, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2018.4356.
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Resumen: Los atentados perpetrados por actores solitarios en los últimos años han despertado el interés del legislador por la figura del terrorismo individual. No obstante, aunque este se regula en las últimas reformas penales, no se ha dispuesto una definición del mismo en términos positivos, sino que ésta únicamente se dispone en términos negativos con respecto al terrorismo colectivo. Así las cosas, en este trabajo se delinean los criterios para determinar cuándo un acto de terrorismo entra dentro del terrorismo individual y se aplican estas herramientas en tres casos paradigmáticos de lo generalmente conocido como “lobo solitario”. Por último, se aportan tres clasificaciones diferentes del terrorista individual a fin de apuntalar una base sólida que permita una aproximación a sus distintos niveles de peligrosidad criminal.Palabras clave: Terrorismo individual, organización terrorista, grupo terrorista, lobos solitarios, pertenencia.Abstract: The attacks perpetrated on recent years by lone actors have aroused the interest of the lawmaker for the concept of individual terrorism. However, although it has been regulated in the last criminal reforms, a definition of it has not been positivized, a definition of it has not been provided in positive terms, but only in negative terms regarding collective terrorism. In this context, this study outlines the criteria to determine when an act of terrorism falls into individual terrorism and these tools are applied to three paradigmatic cases of what is generally known as lone wolves. Finally, three different classifications of the individual terrorist are provided to underpin a solid basis for an approach to their different levels of criminal dangerousness.Keywords: Individual terrorism, terrorist organization, terrorist group, lone wolves, membership.
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BUCKLEY, BERNADETTE. "The workshop of filthy creation: or do not be alarmed, this is only a test." Review of International Studies 35, no. 4 (October 2009): 835–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210509990210.
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AbstractIn this article I explore the nature of the relationship between art and terror/ism and ask why identifications between the two are so routinely and often insistently made. In so doing, my aim is twofold. Firstly, I explore the possibility of there being a deep-seated structural link that exists between art, terror/ism and creativity. In other words, I ask if terror is a necessary corollary of the ‘creative event’. Secondly, I explore explicit examples in which artists have sought to create or to emphasise this relationship, from the perspective of Contemporary Art practices. In the spirit of experiment rather than of judgment then, this article sets up a series of trials in which art and terror/ism are philosophically, aesthetically and politically blended. It asks where else should such tests be conducted, if not in relation to the artwork and in particular, in relation to those artworks which toy with terror/ism and those artists who claim on some level, to be ‘terrorists’? How is the ‘artist-as-terrorist’ to be interpreted and understood alongside existing definitions of both terrorism and of Art? And finally, what role does imagination play in the construction of experience?
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Rodichev, Maksim Leonidovich, Yulia Aleksandrovna Lozina, Anton Dmitrievich Krivobokov, Artyom Aleksandrovich Lobanov, and Maria Valeryevna Rodicheva. "Mechanisms for freezing terrorist assets and their using within the operational-search activity." SHS Web of Conferences 108 (2021): 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110803018.
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One of the areas of focus of counterterrorism efforts is eliminating the financial capabilities of terrorism. It is performed using different mechanisms which include tools of freezing property used for acts of a terrorist nature or their financing. The results of the application of the above-mentioned mechanisms allow making a supposition of the lack of efficacy of their use. As can be seen from the above, a need for scientific studies of problems related to using tools of freezing terrorists’ assets arises in order to increase its efficiency. The purpose of this study is to identify problems arising in the field of using tools of freezing property belonging to persons involved in acts of a terrorist nature. The empirical foundation of the study was the information concerning the activity progress in the area of combating the financing of terrorism, as well as the legal instruments that regulate this work. As part of the study, the methods of theoretical modeling, analysis and synthesis of principles of law and legal interpretation were applied. The study performed allowed coming to some results not previously presented in the scientific literature. Thus, the authors drafted proposals of affording a legal opportunity for all authorities authorized to perform operational-search activity, of submitting in a proactive manner at the Rosfinmonitoring (the Federal Financial Monitoring Service of the Russian Federation) the documents containing foundations for the insertion in the List of Individuals and Groups, in respect of which there is information about their involvement in extremist activities or terrorism, as well as of introducing changes in Art. 11 of the Federal Law “Concerning operational-search activity”, which allow using the results of operational-search activity for making decisions on freezing assets belonging to persons involved in acts of a terrorist nature or its financing.
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Hunko, Leonid. "Regulatory and Legal Provision of the Fight Against Illegal Armed Groups in Ukraine." Democratic governance 29, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/dg2022.01.096.
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Problem setting. The definition of illegal armed groups is analyzed, the content of problems that need a legal provision to combat illegal armed groups is determined. The system of Ukrainian normative legal acts and key international legal acts related to terrorism and the fight against terrorist financing is outlined. Problem statement. Armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, in particular, armed clashes and hostilities with the participation of regular or irregular forces of the Russian Federation, illegal armed groups and terrorist organizations at the Ukrainian state border, as well as provocative activities of the occupation administration of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions, and sabotage, requires measures to ensure the national security of Ukraine. The improvement of legal framework for combating the regular Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the illegal armed groups and terrorist organizations is an important component for ensuring national security. Analysis of recent research and publications. Issues related to the activities of illegal armed groups in eastern Ukraine, as well as regulatory provisions in this matter have been studied by a number of researchers. In particular, O. Fedenko and B. Panasyuk in their research consider the illegal armed groups as an instrument of hybrid warfare in eastern Ukraine. V. Kobko, V. Servatyuk and M. Polishchuk studied the structure, configuration and development of forms and methods of combat operations of the illegal armed groups. R. Dudarets investigates the creation and activity of illegal armed groups. However, based on the aggravation of the situation in eastern Ukraine and the intensification of the activity of the illegal armed groups, the legal aspects of combating the illegal armed groups need further research and improvement. Highlighting of previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. The contribution of the above-mentioned researchers is important, however it is necessary to pay attention to the need for further research in this matter. The aim of the study is to analyze the legal provisions for recognition of the Russian Federation as an aggresor at the legislative level, to classify the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine as an international conflict, to recognize the occupation administration of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions as terrorist organizations. Statement of basic materials. The escalation of the conflict in eastern Ukraine is associated with the aggressive behavior of the Russian Federation and the intensification of the activity of the illegal armed groups that supported and controlled the Russian Federation. The illegal armed groups can be defined on the basis of the UN Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, from the notes to Art. 260 (“Creation of non- statutory paramilitary or armed formations”) of the Criminal Code of Ukraine or based on the characteristics of their formation and activities. Main problems related to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation: recognition of the Russian Federation as an aggressor state in Ukraine and in the world and recognition of the occupation administrations of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions as terrorist organizations and therefore recognition of armed groups as terrorists at the legislative and international levels. Ukraine managed only to appeal to international organizations by issuing the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, which had no legal consequences. The non-recognition of the occupation administrations of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions, and hence the illegal armed groups as terrorist organizations is confirmed by the fact that the occupation administrations are not included in the List of Persons Related to Terrorism or International Sanctions according to the Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. There is a certain legal inconsistency concerning which article of the Criminal Code of Ukraine should be used to prosecute illegal armed groups: Art. 258-3 (assistance to terrorist organizations) or Art. 260 (creation of paramilitary or armed formations not provided by law). In general, the legal framework for combating terrorism includes the following: the Constitution of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Combating Terrorism”, the Law of Ukraine “On Preventing and Combating Money Laundering, terrorist financing and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction “, and other laws. The European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, as well as other conventions relating to bombings, nuclear terrorism, hostage-taking, etc. are important in terms of international legal instruments. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The concept of an illegal armed group is defined in the notes to Art. 260 (“Creation of paramilitary or armed formations not provided by law”) of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In general, there may be another definition of the illegal armed group as any armed group, which is created and operates contrary to Ukrainian law in order to sabotage the current constitutional order, change the territory of the state, achieve any other anti-government political goals by using weapons, explosives and more. It is determined that the main problem lies in the fact that the conflict in eastern Ukraine is not recognized as the international armed conflict, and the occupation administrations of the Russian Federation in the occupied Donetsk and Luhansk regions and illegal armed groups are not recognized as terrorist organizations. Further analysis and research shall be done on regulations on the fight against terrorism in general and the illegal armed groups in particular, which have already been adopted and will be adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in the future in connection with the escalation of the conflict with the Russian Federation.
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Majewski, Kamil. "Civil-Law Partnership in the System of Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing (AML/CFT)." Bratislava Law Review 4, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2020.4.1.174.
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This article addresses the problems of legal status of the so-called civil-law partnership, as specified in Art. 860 § 1 of the Polish Civil Code, from the point of view of performing the obligations in the area of counteracting money laundering and terrorism financing. First, the author provides a detailed characterization of this civil law institution and resolves that the civil-law partnership does not have legal subjectivity separate from its partners, and then points to the consequences of the above facts in the area of counteracting money laundering and terrorism financing. In conclusion, the author formulates a general conclusion that the obligations in respect of counteracting money laundering and terrorism financing, including financial safeguards, should be applied to the civil-law partnership partners, as customers in the understanding of Art. 2(2) item 10 of the Polish AML Act.
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Bartley, Caleb M. "The Art of Terrorism: What Sun Tzu Can Teach Us about International Terrorism." Comparative Strategy 24, no. 3 (July 2005): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495930500197874.
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JIANG, Jiyang. "Justice Monologues in War Films on Anti-Terrorism—Taking DagII As an Example." World Journal of Educational Research 6, no. 2 (May 10, 2019): p290. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjer.v6n2p290.
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In a broad sense, anti-terrorism war films have always been closely related to the “anti-war spirit”, emphasizing how the war honed and devastated the humanity, and considering that anti-terrorism war is an unnecessary war. However, on the basis of ethnic relations and historical factors, Turkey’s anti-terrorism war films brought forward a unique view, and it has gradually received more attention. This thesis will take the anti-terrorism movie Da? II as an example, briefly analyze the unique expression of Turkey’s anti-terrorism war films’ positive attitude to the anti-terrorism war as well as the aesthetic presentation in the field of art and aesthetics from three aspects: the historical background of Turkey’s anti-terrorism war films, the construction of characters and visual appreciation.
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Damayanti, Angel, and Melda Yanny. "Gender-Based Counter-Terrorism Policing." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 08 (August 22, 2022): 1210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i8.sh01.
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Since 2016, terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia have made women the executor of terror acts who carry out heinous attacks on targets, even through suicide bombings. This violence is actually manifested by women who are often perceived as gentle, motherly, and far from anarchic actions and act as wives who support the terrors of their husbands. This paper tries to explain the shift in the role and involvement of women in acts of terrorism carried out by the transnational terrorism group ISIS and its networks in Indonesia. This research explores the characteristics of terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia, the cases that occurred, the background of life, and the process of radicalization targeting women. By using a qualitative methodology in the form of case studies and gender concepts with a counter-terrorism approach, this article offers a solution in the form of gender-based counter-terrorism policing as a sharper and more focused approach to preventing acts of terrorism carried out by female terrorists.
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Nwachukwu, M. A., J. Nwachukwu, A. Babatunde, J. Anyanwu, C. Ekweogu, and A. N. Nwachukwu. "Geospatial Intelligence Training Concept for Terrorism Surveillance, Nigeria to Infusive Sub-Saharan African Countries." American Journal of Geospatial Technology 1, no. 1 (September 13, 2022): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajgt.v1i1.537.
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The wave of insecurity, terrorism, kidnapping, killing, and shooting of innocent citizens, as well as environmental destruction due to terrorism in Nigeria is of great concern to governments, security operatives and the civil society. Life now means nothing to terrorists operating in the region, as hundreds of people are kidnapped or killed every day. Information about these crimes and atrocities virtually end up on social media with heart breaking photographs, thus bringing down the dignity of man on earth. This paper proposes a geospatial intelligence framework for terrorism surveillance (GIFTS) so that terrorists’ activities in Nigeria could at least be digitized on crime maps, and published as an outcome of surveillance research. The framework will enable scholars designated as research associates from Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), and those from 5 other universities in Nigeria to acquire geospatial intelligence and engage in surveillance research extended to selected sub-Saharan African countries. This will be the first of such framework in the region, adaptable by any institution or organization worldwide. Sadly, Nigeria spent millions of dollars sending micro satellites into the orbit, but most regional researchers do not have access and capacity to use the imagery data and information. This model therefore will have state of the art tools to build geospatial intelligence capacity among scholars, government agencies, police and the military, using training modules on 12 project areas.
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Maguire, Tom. "Terrorism, art and the curious case of Michael Stone." Performing Ethos:International Journal of Ethics in Theatre and Performance 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2010): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/peet.1.1.109_7.
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Мельникова, А. А., Г. М. Бирженюк, А. А. Дмитриева, Н. А. Соломонова, and А. В. Успенская. "Representation of terrorism: dangerous art of mass communication practitioners." Society. Environment. Development, no. 1(66) (May 2, 2024): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53115/19975996_2023_01_054-057.
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Преобладание установки на зрелищность, отличающее масс-медиа эпохи глобализации, а также обилие информационных каналов и борьба за аудиторию, приводят СМИ к необходимости поиска такого контента, который бы привлек внимание как можно большего количества людей. Один из способов – подача эмоционально-возбуждающих, шокирующих фактов, в числе которых оказываются и сообщения о террористических актах. Рассматриваются не только указанные причины такой ситуации, но и следствия из нее, а также анализируется феномен киберджихада, или цифрового джихада (использование интернета для изменения отношения к терактам, а также как способ вербовки новых членов террористических организаций). Эксплуатация интернет-площадок террористами таит в себе опасность и делает все более актуальным исследование средств противодействия этой деятельности.
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Самиулина, Яна Валерьевна. "HISTORICAL STAGES OF THE «TERRORISM» CONCEPT FORMATION UNDER THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION OF RUSSIA." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 1(42) (March 22, 2021): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2021.42.1.012.
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В статье освещен вопрос, связанный с эволюцией понятия терроризма по законодательству России. Актуальность темы определяется, прежде всего, тем, что проявление терроризма представляет собой серьезную угрозу международной и внутренней безопасности каждого отдельного государства, всего международного сообщества в целом. В результате проведенного теоретического анализа отечественного законодательства об ответственности за совершение преступлений террористического характера автором выделено пять исторических этапов (периодов) его становления, представлена их характеристика. В заключение делается вывод о существовании на современном этапе проблемы выработки определения сложного и многогранного понятия «терроризм». Законодательная дефиниция «терроризм» должна быть принципиально полной, содержать характеризующие специфические признаки, соответствующие современным способам его проявлений. Полагаем, что современная дефиниция, изложенная в п. 1 ст. 3 Федерального закона «О противодействии терроризму», пока не идеальна и продолжает требовать к себе внимания со стороны исследователей и законодателя с целью корректировки терминологии. The issue related to the evolution of the concept of terrorism under Russian legislation is examined in the article The relevance of the topic is determined, first of all, by the fact that the manifestation of terrorism is a serious threat to the international and internal security of each individual state, the entire international community as a whole. As a result of the theoretical analysis of domestic legislation on responsibility for crimes of a terrorist nature, the author has identified five historical stages (periods) of its formation, and presented their characteristics. In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the existence at the present stage of the problem of developing a definition of the complex and multifaceted concept of «terrorism». The definition of terrorism should be fundamentally complete, include characterizing specific features characteristic of modern ways of its manifestations. We believe that the modern definition set forth in paragraph 1 of Art. 3 of the Federal Law «On Countering Terrorism» is not ideal yet and continues to require attention from researchers and legislators in order to correct the terminology.
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Csomós, István. "Az erőszak kockázatértékelése – pszichológiai szempontok." Scientia et Securitas 4, no. 1 (August 31, 2023): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/112.2023.00147.
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Összefoglalás. Jelen tanulmány célja áttekintést adni arról, hogy a pszichológiai szempontok milyen módon használhatók fel az erőszakos magatartás kockázatának felmérése során a terrorizmus elleni küzdelemben. Ezzel az elméleti vizsgálódással azt kívánom bemutatni, hogy a pszichológiának milyen szemlélete van az erőszakos cselekmények, a szélsőséges, radikális gondolkodásmód hátterének megismerésében. Számos felfogás létezik a terrorista magatartás okainak és személyiségjellemzőinek leírására, amelyek alapján megállapítható, hogy nem létezik az ún. terrorista személyiség. Nincsenek olyan tulajdonságok, amelyek alapján egyértelműen meg lehet állapítani a különbséget a terroristák és az átlagnépesség között, nem létezik egyetlen közös terrorista profil. Az erőszakos magatartás kockázati tényező megismeréséhez az előzetes felmérésnek éppen ezért kiemelt jelentősége van a terrorcselekmények megelőzése szempontjából. Summary. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the ways in which psychological aspects can be used to assess the risk of violent behaviour in the fight against terrorism. Through this theoretical exploration, I aim to show how psychology can be used to understand the background of violent acts against the background of extremist, radical mindsets. There are several conceptions of the causes and personality traits of terrorist behaviour, which suggest that there is no such thing as a terrorist personality. There are no characteristics that can be used to clearly distinguish between terrorists and the general population, there is no single common terrorist profile. Understanding the risk factors for violent behaviour in advance is therefore of particular importance for the prevention of terrorist acts. The different theoretical approaches to specific cases, at the individual level, do not always provide an explanation. However, without knowledge of the research on the subject it is more difficult to understand the motives that lead people to act cruelly towards others. There are many theories about the psychology of terrorism, but relatively few controlled ones, empirical studies. Terrorism was previously considered a pathological manifestation of psychological and behavioural deviance. Based on psychoanalytic concepts, the psychopathology of terrorism was thought to be rooted in unconscious motives from childhood. However, the psychological analysis is relevant to risk assessment because the terrorist can be very diverse in temperament, ideologies, thinking characteristics and cognitive abilities. Psychological aspects are an important part of the various risk analysis methods. In developing the use of specific methods, I believe it is important to ensure that they are effective in helping to prevent terrorist acts in practice. The ideas expressed in this study perhaps demonstrate that it is a very versatile method. It is essential that, with the spread of the Internet and globalisation, more and more potential terrorists and radicalisers are coming to the attention of the intelligence and counter-intelligence services. Psychological aspects will continue to play an essential role in the development of risk analysis methods, given that the commission of a terrorist act is always the result of extreme human violence.
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Ginting, Jamin, and Patrick Talbot. "Fundraising Aspect of International Terrorism Organization in ASEAN: Legal and Political Aspects." Lex Scientia Law Review 7, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i1.60074.
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Since the Bali Bombing I and Bali Bombing II Tragedy, the seriousness of combating international terrorism have become increasingly apparent. Each member of ASEAN hand in hand together enforces both international cooperation and bilateral cooperation to prevent and counteract, through appropriate domestic measures, the financing of terrorists and terrorist organizations, whether such financing is direct or indirect through organizations. International community efforts to combat terrorism activities, not only comprise the criminalization of terrorists the act criminalization financing of terrorism, and the criminalization of terrorist financing. Since that moment, the topic of money laundering is an inherent element of organized crime, with its strong linkage to terrorism, has found and always will find new methods to satisfy the also new necessities for financing terrorism. ASEAN already make a policy about terrorism which is the convention on counter-terrorist called ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT). The convention of ACCT, in article 6 Areas of Cooperation, ASEAN emphasizes the prevention of giving the fund to the terrorist group. Indonesia had given responses to financing terrorism by ratifying The International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999, and subsequently with the enacted Law Number 6 Year 2006 and also enacted the new Prevention and Eradication Money Laundering Offence, Law Number 8 of 2010.
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Romaniuk, Peter. "The State of the Art on the Financing of Terrorism." RUSI Journal 159, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2014.912794.
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McQuilten, Grace. "Who is afraid of public space? Public art in a contested, secured and surveilled city." Art & the Public Sphere 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/aps_00023_1.
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In the wake of multiple global crises, fears of terrorism, rising nationalistic sentiments globally and the pervasive impacts of gender-based violence in public spaces, contemporary urban cities are permeated with surveillance, anxiety, fear and division. In this context, what role can (and should) public art be playing? This article explores this question in the context of Melbourne, a major metropolitan centre in Australia, which has been ruptured by the multiplying effects of highly publicized episodes of street violence, isolated terrorist attacks, high-profile murders and politically driven narratives about youth gangs. Looking at the work of female artists Maryann Talia Pau, Amy Spiers and Catherine Ryan, and artists from African Australian communities including Ez Deng, Atong Atem and Asia Hassan, the article addresses questions about agency and marginalization for artists working in public space, and considers how marginalized community groups may face barriers to creating artworks that engage directly in mainstream public spaces.
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Tishler, Nicole Alexandra. "C, B, R, or N: The Influence of Related Industry on Terrorists' Choice in Unconventional Weapons." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2013): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v2i2.3765.
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This study explores which factors, given that a terrorist has crossed the threshold into using chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) over conventional weapons, will determine the likelihood that he/she chooses to use C, B, R, or N weapons. Relying primarily on data from the incident-based Monterey WMD Database, it employs multinomial logit regression with C, B, R, or N as a categorical dependent variable: a first within the relevant econometric literature. Fundamentally, the study tests the widely-held—although empirically unsubstantiated—technological deterministic assumption that the more readily CBRN technology, materials, and knowledge are accessible to terrorists, the more likely terrorists will be to use unconventional weapons of the corresponding kind: a relationship hypothesized to be stronger for serious attack perpetrators than for hoaxers. Next, the study tests the notion of a continuum of proliferation potential, hypothesizing that as states’ regulatory capacity increases, biological terrorism will be most likely and nuclear terrorism will be least likely. Finally, the study assesses variables that have previously been proven as significant determinants of CBRN over conventional terrorism, to provide the groundwork for future evaluation of the extent to which terrorists may be induced to pursue C, B, R, or N over conventional weapons.Cette étude explore les facteurs, en supposant qu'un terroriste ait franchi le seuil des armes traditionnelles en utilisant des armes non traditionnelles comme les armes chimiques, biologiques, radiologiques et nucléaires (CBRN), qui détermineront la possibilité qu'il/elle choisisse d'utiliser les armes C, B, R ou N. En s'appuyant sur des données primaires de labase de données Monterey WMD, elle se sert d'une régression logit multinomial avec C, B,R ou N comme une variante dépendante catégorique : il s'agit d'une première pour la documentation pertinente économétrique. Principalement, l'étude vérifie la supposition très répandue - même si elle n'est pas empiriquement corroborée - comme quoi plus latechnologie CBRN, les matériaux et les connaissances sont accessibles aux terroristes, plus les terroristes seront portés à se servir d'armes non traditionnelles pour la situation quis'apprête : une relation censée être plus solide pour des auteurs d'agressions plus dangereuses que pour les charlatans. Ensuite, l'étude vérifie la notion d'une continuité de prolifération éventuelle, en supposant qu'avec l'augmentation de la capacité deréglementation de l'État, le terrorisme biologique serait le plus probable, alors que le terrorisme nucléaire serait le moins probable. Enfin, l'étude évalue les variantes qui ont déjà été prouvées comme déterminant de façon importante les CBRN plutôt que le terrorisme traditionnel, pour fournir un travail préparatoire pour de futures évaluations de l'étendue avec laquelle les terroristes pourraient être incités à se servir d'armes C, B, Rou N plutôt que des armes traditionnelles.
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Ефремов, Андрей, and Andrey Efremov. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE USA LEGISLATION ON THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM AFTER 11 SEPTEMBER 2001." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 3, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_593fc343c391e2.71878517.
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The article is devoted to development of the USA legislation on the fight against terrorism. The author considered the objectives and tasks of the state in a particular historical period; analyzed the laws passed by the USA Congress aimed at combating home and international terrorism; identifies the main directions of the state policy of the USA in the field of counter-terrorism. The article covers the events after 11 September 2001 to the present. The author gives a brief overview of the events of 11 September 2001, discusses the Patriot Act and other laws, aimed at combating terrorism. The Patriot Act allows the Federal Bureau of Investigation to intercept telephone, verbally and electronic communications relating to terrorism, computer and mail fraud; introduces special measures to combat money-laundering; expands immigration rules, in particular, mandatory requirement of detention of persons suspected of terrorism appeared; reveals the procedure of multilateral cooperation to combat terrorism, strengthening measures to investigate terrorist crimes; established rewards for information on terrorism; introduces the procedure of identification of DNA of persons charged for committing terrorist crimes or any violent crime; introduced the concept of domestic terrorism and Federal crimes of terrorism, the prohibition on harboring terrorists and material support; there is a new crime — terrorist and other acts of violence against public transportation systems. The law abolished for the statute of limitations for crimes of terrorist orientation. In 2002 5 laws wer adopted: “Homeland Security Act of 2002”, “Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002”, “Aviation and Transportation Security Act“, “Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002”, “Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002”. The Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act was adopted in 2006. This law restricted the financial assistance to the Palestinian national authority; Haqqani Network Terrorist Designation Act of 2012 included the Haqqani Network in the list of international terrorist organizations; the political act of refusal of admission to the United States representative to the United Nations, because he was accused of the occupation of the espionage or terrorist activities against the United States and poses a threat to the national security interests of the United States.
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Кошкина, Дарья, and Darya Koshkina. "RESPONSIBILITY FOR CRIMES OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM: JURISDICTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL OR NATIONAL COURTS?" Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 4, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/art.2018.3.18.
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Frizzera, Guilherme, and José Maria de Souza Junior. "Tipificando o terrorismo no Congresso brasileiro: os projetos de lei e literatura acadêmica/Typifying terrorism in the Brazilian Congress: the bills and academic literature." Brazilian Journal of International Relations 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2015): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2237-7743.2015.v4n1.08.p111.
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O presente estudo se debruça sobre a temática da tipificação de terrorismo no poder legislativo brasileiro. O assunto envolve certa complexidade à medida não há consenso sobre a definição do próprio termo. Portanto, o artigo resgata algumas definições da academia acerca do que vem a ser terrorismo, ressaltando dois aspectos importantes: por um lado, é necessário que haja uma definição para que os agentes de segurança possam enquadrar práticas terroristas como crime; por outro, a atribuição de terrorismo se faz pejorativa, uma vez que um grupo pode designar outro grupo ou uma prática como terrorista ou não dependendo de interesses políticos e da rivalidade de grupos existente em um contexto político-social. A partir dos conceitos da academia e de organizações que tem o terrorismo como preocupação pertinente, pode-se considerar que duas dimensões operam na tarefa de defini-lo: as motivações subjetivas das ações e os métodos pelo qual tais ações são conduzidas. Tomando como metodologia a análise das definições sobre terrorismo e análise documental dos projetos de lei no legislativo brasileiro sobre o tema e, posteriormente, a comparação entre os dois tipos de análise conclui-se que o projeto que provavelmente vá para votação no Congresso deixa de lado a dimensão da motivação subjetiva para definir práticas terroristas e considera apenas a metodologia do ato como critério para definir terrorismo. Palavras-Chaves: Terrorismo; Brasil; Tipificação; Projeto de Lei Abstract: This research focuses on the typification of terrorism in the legislative power in Brazil. The issue involves complexity for there is no consensus about the definition of the term itself. Therefore, the article brings some academic definitions regarding what terrorism really is. These definitions highlight two aspects: on the one hand, it is necessary to have a definition for the security agents to consider the practices as a type of crime and punish them; on the other hand, the attribution of the term to a group or act is pejorative, once one group might call another group or a practice terrorist or terrorism depending on political interests and on group rivalry in a political and social context. From the concepts developed in the academy and in groups which have the terrorism as a preoccupation, it is possible to consider two dimensions that operate in the task of defining it: the subjective motivations of the actions and the methods in which such actions are performed. Having as methodology the analysis of the definitions on terrorism, the documentary analysis of the bills of Law in the Brazilian legislative on the same issue and the comparison between the two source of analysis, the conclusion is that the probable Bill which is to be approved excludes the subjective motivation dimension to define terrorist practices and considers only the method of the act as criterion to define terrorism.Key Words: Terrorism; Brazil; typing, Bill. DOI: 10.20424/2237-7743/bjir.v4n1p111-134
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Albinus, Lars. "Når værk bliver til vold." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 36, no. 105 (August 22, 2008): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v36i105.22041.
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When Work is Violence:Drawing on examples as divergent as current Muslim responses to the Danish cartoons and German terrorism in the 70s, this article aims to show how a closed alliance between art, politics and religion carries the risk of inducing violence which, among other things, annuls the function of art as being inherently ambiguous.It is argued that the function of art in Islam is bound up with the inviolable authority of the prophet and is therefore basically unable to fulfil satiric purposes. Although satire and laughter were also confined to unofficial activities under the Roman Church in medieval times, it is claimed, along the lines of Bakhtin, that a ‘culture of laughter’ actually did survive in the European history of art and paved the way for the appreciation of the potential of satirical critique. Following Benjamin, it is further claimed that the post-auratic function of art joined up with the revolutionary hope for a new aesthetics of life contrary to the fragmentary world of urban capitalism. Finally, as its major case, the article discusses the sliding of aesthetic provocation into political activism in 70s Germany resulting in Urban terrorism. In this case, the function of art once again falls back into a totalitarian critique which merely acknowledges a singular picture of the world. In conclusion, it is pointed out that aesthetic expressions are only imbued with an anti-violent vitality due to a non-condemning, ambiguous openness.
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Pauwels, Annelies. "ISIS and illicit trafficking in cultural property: Funding terrorism through art." Freedom from Fear 2016, no. 11 (August 1, 2016): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/1df7038c-en.
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Alexander, Yonah, James T. Kirkhope, and Ray S. Cline. "Inter‐institutional conference on terrorism research: A state of the art." Terrorism 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576108908435761.
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Iglarsh, Harvey J. "Inter‐institutional conference on terrorism research: A state of the art." Terrorism 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576108908435762.
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West, Dalton A. "Inter‐institutional conference on terrorism research: A state of the art." Terrorism 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576108908435763.
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Toensing, Victoria. "Inter‐institutional conference on terrorism research: A state of the art." Terrorism 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576108908435764.
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Mathur, Krishan. "Inter‐institutional conference on terrorism research: A state of the art." Terrorism 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576108908435765.
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Bodansky, Yossef. "Inter‐institutional conference on terrorism research: A state of the art." Terrorism 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576108908435766.
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Phillips, Robert L. "Inter‐institutional conference on terrorism research: A state of the art." Terrorism 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10576108908435767.
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Kochoi, Samvel. "On the Quality of Criminal Law Regulation of Liability for Extremism and Ideological Extremism." Russian Journal of Criminology 16, no. 2 (May 23, 2022): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2022.16(2).240-247.
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Although the legal acts of recent years often use the concept of «ideological extremism», none of them contain its definition. The author attempts to describe its contents by analyzing both Russian and international legislation on counteracting extremism. It is concluded that the definition of extremism is in fact lacking in the Russian legislation, and the following definition is formulated: extremism is the ideology and practice of illegal influence on the bodies of power and citizens motivated by national (ethnic), religious, racial and (or) political hatred. Correspondingly, it is suggested that ideological extremism should be understood as extremism in ideology, i.e. a system of ideas based on hatred or animosity. Since religion is immediately related to the ideology of believers by forming it, it is proven that the most dangerous type of ideological extremism is religious extremism. In order to improve the quality of criminal law regulation of liability for extremism (ideological extremism) it is suggested that the concepts «extremism» and «extremist activities» should be delineated in legislation (they are used as synonyms today), as is the case with independently used concepts «terrorism» and «terrorist activities». In doing so, the extremist activities encompassing crimes named «crimes of extremist orientation» in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (note 2 to Art. 282.1) should be declared as criminally prosecuted. Besides, it makes sense to pay attention to the experience of the Convention on Combating Extremism that uses the concept «extremist act» alongside the concept of «extremism». Obviously, Art. 280, 282.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation should have provided liability, for example, not for public calls to extremist activities (extremism) or its financing, but for public calls to carry out an extremist act or for its financing. Lawmakers and law enforcement should also pay attention to the continuous growth and obvious prevalence of the motives of hatred and (or) animosity in crimes of extremist orientation (crimes of extremist character). The author supports the criminological feasibility of giving these motives the significance of an independent qualifying feature in some violent crimes, primarily, a terrorist act (Art. 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
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Satriawan, Iwan, and Muhammad Mustofa. "Study of Target Selection for Philippine Terrorism Attacks." International Journal of Research and Review 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2024): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20240342.
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The Philippine terrorist group is classified as foreign terrorist fighters who carry out acts of terrorism abroad with the aim of, among other things, establishing their own state in the southern Philippines. Of course, apart from committing acts of terrorism within the Philippines. Even though there is a connection between terrorists from Indonesia and terrorists from the Philippines, Filipino terrorists are not indicated to have carried out acts of terror in Indonesia as the target country. This research identifies that terrorist target selection always pays attention to targets, including geographical factors; calculation of political, social and religious factors; rationally and the choice takes into account ideology; terrorist capabilities; probability of attack success (risk with resulting number of victims); as well as, social ties and economic incentives. This target selection can be included in rational choice theory. Based on the perspective of rational choice theory, criminals tend to evaluate before committing by considering the probability of being discovered and caught, the effectiveness and impact of punishment that may be imposed, the potential value of existing crime proceeds and their short-term needs for crime proceeds; strong interactions between ideologies; operational motivations and choices, external mitigating influences. Keywords: Indonesia, Philippine, target selection, terrorism attacks
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Bates, Ed. "Anti-terrorism control orders: liberty and security still in the balance." Legal Studies 29, no. 1 (March 2009): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2008.00118.x.
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The compatibility of anti-terrorism control orders with Arts 5 and 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 was the subject of litigation culminating in three House of Lords' judgments in late 2007, and a further case on Art 6 will be argued before a nine-panel House of Lords in March 2009. To date, the litigation has required important modifications to be made to how control orders work, but the regime provided by the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 remains essentially intact. The government therefore claims that control orders strike an appropriate balance between the interests of liberty and security. This paper critiques the role played by the courts in challenging control orders under human rights laws. It argues that it is necessary to incorporate the right to freedom of movement into UK law in order to allow a proper balance between liberty and security to be effected by the courts.
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Zubrzycki, Waldemar. "The Financing of Terrorist Activities." Internal Security 14, no. 1 (October 11, 2022): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0388.
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The functioning of terrorist groups, like all other organisations, require appropriate financial resources. The phenomenon of terrorism needs a series of resources available for the terrorist organisations, including financial support. Terrorist financing is an area that cannot be completely defined, and the conclusions concerning it are often based on speculations and assumptions. However, it is known that there are many ways to obtain it, both legal and illegal. There is also no doubt that terrorists are still looking for new, hitherto unknown ways of financing their activities. It includes the direct expenditures for the attacks and the costs of establishing and maintaining the organisational infrastructure, its security logistics, and promoting their ideology. Among counterterrorism experts, one can come across the opinion that cutting off their funding sources is an effective method of dismantling terrorist organisations. Combating terrorism financing became an essential tool to counteract this menacing phenomenon. This article aims to overview how funds are raised and used by terrorist organisations. Funkcjonowanie grup terrorystycznych, podobnie jak wszystkich innych organizacji, wymaga odpowiednich środków finansowych. Zjawisko terroryzmu potrzebuje do funkcjonowania organizacji terrorystycznych wielu zasobów dostępnych dla nich, w tym wsparcia finansowego. Finansowanie terroryzmu jest obszarem, którego nie da się do końca zdefiniować, a wnioski dotyczące tego zagadnienia często opierają się na spekulacjach i przypuszczeniach. Wiadomo jednak, że istnieje wiele sposobów jego pozyskiwania, zarówno legalnych, jak i nielegalnych. Nie ulega też wątpliwości, że terroryści wciąż poszukują nowych, nieznanych dotąd sposobów finansowania swojej działalności. Obejmuje ono bezpośrednie wydatki na zamachy oraz koszty tworzenia i utrzymywania infrastruktury organizacyjnej, logistyki jej zabezpieczenia oraz propagowania swojej ideologii. Wśród ekspertów ds. przeciwdziałania terroryzmowi można spotkać się z opinią, że odcięcie źródeł ich finansowania jest skuteczną metodą likwidacji organizacji terrorystycznych. Walka z finansowaniem terroryzmu stała się podstawowym narzędziem przeciwdziałania temu groźnemu zjawisku. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie sposobów pozyskiwania i wykorzystywania środków finansowych przez organizacje terrorystyczne. Wie alle anderen Organisationen benötigen auch terroristische Organisationen für ihre Arbeit angemessene finanzielle Mittel. Das Phänomen des Terrorismus erfordert viele der Ressourcen, die terroristischen Organisationen zur Verfügung stehen, um zu funktionieren, einschließlich finanzieller Unterstützung. Die Finanzierung des Terrorismus ist ein Bereich, der nicht vollständig definiert werden kann und dessen Schlussfolgerungen häufig auf Spekulationen und Mutmaßungen beruhen. Es ist jedoch bekannt, dass es viele Möglichkeiten der Beschaffung gibt, sowohl legale als auch illegale. Es besteht auch kein Zweifel daran, dass Terroristen ständig nach neuen und bisher unbekannten Wegen zur Finanzierung ihrer Aktivitäten suchen. Dazu gehören die direkten Ausgaben für Anschläge sowie die Kosten für die Schaffung und Aufrechterhaltung der organisatorischen Infrastruktur, die Logistik für deren Sicherung und die Verbreitung ihrer Ideologie. Experten für Terrorismusbekämpfung sind der Ansicht, dass das Abschneiden der Finanzierungsquellen eine wirksame Methode zur Zerschlagung terroristischer Organisationen ist. Die Bekämpfung der Terrorismusfinanzierung ist zu einem wichtigen Instrument zur Bekämpfung dieses gefährlichen Phänomens geworden. Dieser Beitrag soll einen Einblick in die Art und Weise geben, wie terroristische Organisationen Gelder beschaffen und verwenden. Для деятельности террористических групп, как и всех других организаций, необходимы соответствующие финансовые ресурсы. Феномен терроризма требует для деятельности террористических организаций многих доступных им средств, включая финансовую поддержку. Финансирование терроризма — это сфера, которой невозможно дать полное определение, а сделанные заключения часто основаны на спекуляциях и предположениях. Однако известно, что существует много способов его получения, как законных, так и незаконных. Не вызывает сомнений и тот факт, что террористы постоянно ищут новые и ранее неизвестные способы финансирования своей деятельности. Сюда входят прямые расходы на проведение терактов, а также затраты на создание и поддержку организационной инфраструктуры, материально-техническое обеспечение безопасности и пропаганду своей идеологии. Среди экспертов по борьбе с терроризмом существует мнение, что эффективным методом борьбы с террористическими организациями является перекрытие источников их финансирования. Борьба с финансированием терроризма стала важнейшим инструментом противодействия этому опасному явлению. Цель данной статьи — дать представление о том, как террористические организации собирают и используют финансовые средства.
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Van Elsuwege, Peter. "The Adoption of ‘Targeted Sanctions’ and the Potential for Inter-institutional Litigation after Lisbon." Journal of Contemporary European Research 7, no. 4 (December 19, 2011): 488–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v7i4.401.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyses the post-Lisbon legal framework for the adoption of restrictive measures against individuals or non-State entities – so-called ‘targeted sanctions’ or ‘smart sanctions’. It is argued that the procedural differences to adopt targeted sanctions in the framework of the EU’s counter-terrorism activities (Art. 75 TFEU) and with regard to the implementation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (Art. 215 TFEU) increase the potential for inter-institutional litigation. This is particularly the case because the boundaries between the EU’s competences in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) and the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) are blurred. This is illustrated with the discussions surrounding the adoption of amendments to Regulation 881/2002 imposing restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities associated with Usama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida network and the Taliban after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. The European Parliament contests the adoption of those amendments on the basis of Art. 215 (2) TFEU and argues that only Art. 75 TFEU is the appropriate legal basis given the counter-terrorism objective of the measure at stake. This article discusses the different options to find an appropriate solution for this inter-institutional competence battle and argues that the Court’s new possibilities to rule on the duty of consistency may help find a way out.
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Popovich, O. "Threat of committing a terrorist act." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (June 23, 2023): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.02.54.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the debatable issues of interpretation of the concept of the threat of committing a terrorist act and its signs. There is still no unity of opinion regarding the concept of threat in criminal law, its legal and factual features. This especially applies to such an important sign of a threat as its reality. Recently, in the science of criminal law, there have been opposing positions regarding whether the reality of a threat is an objective or a subjective characteristic of it.The author formulates a personal legal position regarding the definition of the concept of “threat to commit a terrorist act” and the purpose of the threat to commit a terrorist act.The article presents the classification of the forms of the objective side of a terrorist act according to such criteria as the consequence, the method of committing criminal acts, as well as the means of committing the crime (in its presence or absence):the use of weapons, which created a danger to human life and health, causing significant property damage or the occurrence of other serious consequences;the objective side of a terrorist act is the commission of an explosion, which created a danger to human life and health, causing significant property damage or the occurrence of other serious consequences;committing arson, which created a danger to human life and health, causing significant property damage or the occurrence of other serious consequences;committing other actions that created a danger to human life or health or causing significant property damage or the occurrence of other serious consequences (for example, arranging floods, disasters, accidents, collapses, damage to life support facilities, etc.).The article considers different types of goals: according to the criterion of complicated energy action with physical movements (using a weapon, committing an explosion, arson or other actions that created a danger to human life and health, causing significant property damage, the occurrence of other serious consequences) and informational or information-energy action with physical movements (demonstration of weapons, explosives, explosive devices, an object that will be set on fire, etc.) in the form of a threat.In the science of criminal law, the question of a terrorist act and various other aspects of terrorism have aroused the interest of researchers since the beginning of the 20th century. V.F. Antipenko, V.S. Batyrgareeva, Yu.V. Baulin, and V.I. Borisov, L.M. Demydova, T.A. Denisova, S.F. Denisov, O.O. Dudorov, V.P. Yemelyanov, V.S. Zelenetsky, T.B. Isaev, O.A. Kapitonova, O.O. Knyzhenko, V.A. Lipkan, O.M. Litvinov, V.V. Marchuk, I.I. Mitrofanov, S.M. Mohonchuk, A.A. Muzyka, M.F. Musayelyan, V.O. Navrotskyi, V.Ya. Nastyuk, R.S. Orlovskyi, M.I. Panov, E.O. Pysmenskyi, O.E. Radutnyi, V.Ya. Tatsii, V.P. Tykhii, S.A. Trofimov, V.I. Tyutyugin, M.I. Havronyuk, V.B. Kharchenko, V.M. Khomych, P.V. Khryapinskyi, O.O. Shamara, N.M. Yarmysh, S.S. Yatsenko, and others devoted their publications to this issue. However, despite the significant attention of scientists to the theoretical and legislative problems of terrorism, there is still a lack of a generally accepted idea about the essence of a terrorist act as a modern phenomenon, about the mandatory (defining) signs of this crime, provided for in Art. 258 of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, and its content.
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Nyabwengi, Catheline Bosibori. "Women Terrorists and Violent Actors in the Lens of the Media in Kenya: 1980-2019." East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajis.5.1.540.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the increasing role of women in violence and terrorist-related activities across the globe, stereotypes depicting violence and terrorism as a male sphere continue to shape and, in some cases, prevent the authentic presentation of women terrorists and violent actors. Essentially, war and violence are attributed to men and masculine traits. Accordingly, women are mainly presented as intrinsically vulnerable, coerced actors, or violence victims in violence and terrorism. The media plays an essential role in disseminating information about terrorism and violence to the public. However, it does not operate in a vacuum, and thus, reportage of violence and terrorism at times reflects the prevailing cultural gender stereotypes of war and violence. This paper explores how the media present women terrorists and violent actors in Kenya. It also explores how this presentation impacts security initiatives and counter-terrorism strategies in the country. The paper uses accessible evidence from media reports on various female terrorists, terrorist attacks, and security operations to examine these aspects. It argues that the media labels women terrorists as vulnerable and focuses on their age, physical outlook, and statuses rather than the violent act perpetrated. Such presentation paints an image of irrational, naïve, coerced female terrorists and victims of violence. Accordingly, the paper recommends that the media-mediated images must not influence the implementation of anti-terror and violence policies since they do not necessarily reflect the reality on the ground.
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Reuter, Christian, Katja Pätsch, and Elena Runft. "IT for Peace? Fighting Against Terrorism in Social Media – An Explorative Twitter Study." i-com 16, no. 2 (August 28, 2017): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2017-0013.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Internet and especially social media are not only used for supposedly good purposes. For example, the recruitment of new members and the dissemination of ideologies of terrorism also takes place in the media. However, the fight against terrorism also makes use of the same tools. The type of these countermeasures, as well as the methods, are covered in this work. In the first part, the state of the art is summarized. The second part presents an explorative empirical study of the fight against terrorism in social media, especially on Twitter. Different, preferably characteristic forms are structured within the scope with the example of Twitter. The aim of this work is to approach this highly relevant subject with the goal of peace, safety and safety from the perspective of information systems. Moreover, it should serve following researches in this field as basis and starting point.
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Sugiharto, Ignatius Bambang. "Negative Memory, Art and the World Peace." Tattva Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12726/tjp.8.2.
Full textAbstract:
In the World agitated by terrorism, solidification of identity, paranoia, xenophobia and genocide, art indeed expresses the negativity, that is, the void, the chaos, or the spiritual blindness of the socio-cultural plight. But it also serves as a diagnostic tool for identifying the disease; a process of intensifying and heightening our perceptual awareness of the crises; a necessary visualization of the ciritical interface between body, mind and soul. Art renders palpabic the ugliness, the meanness, the unbearableness of life, and this, in turn, will open the possibility to see what ultimately is mroe desirable, the deeper mystery of the soul, what we usually call 'peace'. It is in this spiritual sense that art can serve as the negation of negation.
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Jazic, Aleksandar. "Terrorist propaganda and the role of media." Medjunarodni problemi 62, no. 1 (2010): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1001113j.
Full textAbstract:
The author considers the basic elements of terrorist propaganda and targets terrorist groups wish to achieve by informing mass media on their acts. In the field of propaganda, they endeavor to point to their presence, objectives and positions by committing certain acts. Every terrorist act is planned so to make its symbolism clearer pointing to the positions of terrorists on some political issue. In order to commit a successful terrorist act it is necessary to carry out a long-term planning in the sphere of propaganda. For that purpose terrorists apply various strategies and tactics. The information of the public in some country on the committed terrorist act is the basic objective of terrorist groups. For this reason they attempt to, above all, attract attention of mass media. In the field of information, terrorism could be best fought by the establishment of co-operation between the government and media that should exchange information. This also implies that media should be more involved in the public diplomacy. .
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Rafique, Naila. "COUNTERING MEASURES OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research 2, no. 02 (December 30, 2019): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.2.2.6.
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Terrorism and sectarian violence has started since the creation of the Pakistan. Terrorism is the deliberate use of unlawful force or violence to achieve goal that is political or ideological nature. Special Anti-terrorist courts enforce the Anti-terrorism laws of the Pakistan and system nominates organizations and people consisted with terrorism. Different factors are responsible to make Anti-Terrorism law. A number of extremist challenges faced by Pakistan that are ethnic and religious groups. The Pakistan government established committees to encourage sectarian harmony and religious tolerance. Pakistan support Taliban in Afghanistan, which make the way safe for militancy and also for terrorists. The anti-terrorism law has massive implication on Pakistan by different ways. Pakistan has been effected economically, politically, socially and militarily. According to Pakistan Finance Ministry, that counter terrorism campaign has caused unemployment in affected areas, which increased poverty. The listing of these proscribes organizations is also one of the factor to make anti-terrorism law. To gauge the impacts of anti-terrorism law, so there is technological impediment inhabits a particular incident of terrorists. Due to this hurdle unintended results happened and they transferred the attack. This law also desisted the activities of those groups who are involved in funds rising, money laundering and participation in terrorist activities. This law has sustainable effect on civil freedom rights and values. Some decision maker was also condemned this act on account of personal liberties. The additional powers of this act have been produced inimical result to combat terrorism.