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Batricevic, Ana, and Nikola Paunovic. "Environmental terrorism - victimological aspects and preventive mechanisms." Temida 21, no. 1 (2018): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1801067b.
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Defined extensively as committing ecological criminal offences with the intention to achieve political goals, environmental terrorism is a global threat to environment, human life, safety and health, as well as to the survival of flora and fauna. Environmental terrorism contains the elements of environmental crime and the elements of terrorism, which makes the position of its victims particularly complex. The subject of this paper includes defining environmental terrorism, analysing its phenomenology. Since this form of crime simultaneously harms and endangers environment, material goods, human life, safety and health, flora and fauna, the subject also comprises the study of the specific position of its victims. It is emphasised that longlasting and extensive consequences of ecological criminal offences make it difficult to determine promptly the victims of this form of crime, as well as that its victims are victimised twice: due to terrorist attack and due to negative consequences of ecological criminal offences (such as severe health damage) often emerging after several years. The subject covers the analysis of current international legal mechanisms for the prevention and protection of environmental terrorism victims? rights, including those dealing with terrorism in general as well as those relevant to the protection of environment from negative anthropogenic factors. Finally, the subject contains a critical analysis of legislative framework of the Republic of Serbia pertinent to the prevention and sanctioning of environmental terrorism, with focus on the provisions of current Criminal Code prescribing ecological criminal offences and terrorism. In order to achieve more precise tracking of the scope and dynamics of environmental terrorism and more adequate sanctioning compatible with its social hazard, the authors propose its incrimination as an independent criminal offence against humanity and other values protected by the international law. The purpose of this paper is to define environmental terrorism, analyse its forms and to examine current mechanisms for the prevention of victimisation from environmental terrorism and the protection of its victims? rights on international and national level. Moreover, the authors seek to contribute to the improvement of the quality of tracking and to the efficiency of prevention of victimization from environmental terrorism in Serbia by suggesting its incrimination as an independent criminal offence.
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Han, Na, Runhua Tang, and Jianjun Wang. "The Communication Characteristics and Intervention of Terrorism-related Public Opinion An Analysis of Manchester Bombing Terrorist Attack." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 3671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.1.144.
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[Purpose / Significance] The crisis of misinformation will increase in 5G.The spread of terrorism-related information in sudden violent and terrorist incidents in social networks has a great impact on national security and counter-terrorism work. The communication characteristics and impact of terrorism-related information is the guarantee of counter-terrorism work. The construction of counter-terrorism intelligence intervention strategy is in line with the scope of national security, which also is the embodiment of the national security governance system and counter-terrorism capabilities. [Methods/Procedures] Based on the social network analysis method and analyzing the communication characteristic of terrorism-related information and the factors of intervention, this paper proposed an intervention mechanism for terror-related information based on online social network. The proposed mechanism consists of three aspects: communication topic, communication structure and opinion leaders. [Results/Conclusion] The study finds out that we should strengthen the role of opinion leaders in information diffusion of news and government media, in terrorist incident, the network structure is loose and free on the whole, the spread of information influences the network structure and interaction. Government should supervise a real-time control on information emotional trend and hot topic according to different types of network structure characteristics, guiding the positive information and cooling down the harmful ones.
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Holgersson, Annelie, Dzenan Sahovic, Britt-Inger Saveman, and Ulf Björnstig. "Factors influencing responders’ perceptions of preparedness for terrorism." Disaster Prevention and Management 25, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 520–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-12-2015-0280.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse factors influencing perceptions of preparedness in the response to terrorist attacks of operational personnel in Swedish emergency organizations. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to operational personnel from the police, rescue and ambulance services in eight Swedish counties; 864 responses were received and analysed. Findings – Three aspects of the perception of preparedness for terrorist attacks among Swedish emergency responders were studied: willingness to respond; level of confidence with tasks; and estimated management capability. Factors which positively influenced these perceptions were male sex, training in first aid and dealing with mass casualty incidents, terrorism-related management training (MT), table-top simulations, participation in functional exercises, and access to personal protective equipment (PPE); work experience was inversely related. Occupation in police or rescue services was positively associated with willingness to respond whereas occupation within the emergency medical services was positively associated with estimated management capability. Practical implications – These findings show that terrorism-related MT and access to PPE increase the perceptions of preparedness for terrorism among the emergency services, aiding judgements about investments in preparedness by crisis management planners. Originality/value – Limited research in disaster management and hazard preparedness has been conducted in a European context, especially regarding terrorism. Little is known about aspects of preparedness for terrorism in Sweden, particularly from the perspective of the emergency responders.
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Vad, Erich. "How to fight terrorism? Political and strategic aspects." CNS Spectrums 23, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852917000724.
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“Fighting terrorism is like eating soup with a fork” (Shimon Peres). Peres’s quote symbolically captures the key problem of countering terrorism. 9/11 proved to be a hallmark in the global perception of modern terrorism. The following questions form the framework of the present essay: What is the essence of modern terrorism? How did it develop during the past two decades? Who are the key players within the terror framework? What are the root causes for global terrorism? How are we to deal appropriately with the global phenomenon of terrorism? Are there any solutions (short-, medium-, long-term) to terrorism? If yes, where do we have to look for them? The underlying essay provides a strategic overview of antiterrorism policy that is based on the author’s years-long experience as a high-level expert and advisor within the security policy framework. For this reason, citations are expressly not included. The key target audience comprises laypersons interested in the phenomenon of global terrorism and its social interplay.
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Sidel, Victor W., and Barry S. Levy. "War, Terrorism, and Public Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 4 (2003): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00119.x.
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De Cauwer, Harald, Francis Somville, Marc Sabbe, and Luc J. Mortelmans. "Hospitals: Soft Target for Terrorism?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 1 (December 8, 2016): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16001217.
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AbstractIn recent years, the world has been rocked repeatedly by terrorist attacks. Arguably, the most remarkable were: the series of four coordinated suicide plane attacks on September 11, 2001 on buildings in New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, USA; and the recent series of two coordinated attacks in Brussels (Belgium), on March 22, 2016, involving two bombings at the departure hall of Brussels International Airport and a bombing at Maalbeek Metro Station located near the European Commission headquarters in the center of Brussels.This statement paper deals with different aspects of hospital policy and disaster response planning that interface with terrorism. Research shows that the availability of necessary equipment and facilities (eg, personal protective clothing, decontamination rooms, antidotes, and anti-viral drugs) in hospitals clearly is insufficient. Emergency teams are insufficiently prepared: adequate and repetitive training remain necessary.Unfortunately, there are many examples of health care workers and physicians or hospitals being targeted in both political or religious conflicts and wars. Many health workers were kidnapped and/or killed by insurgents of various ideology. Attacks on hospitals also could cause long-term effects: hospital units could be unavailable for a long time and replacing staff could take several months, further compounding hospital operations. Both physical and psychological (eg, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) after-effects of a terrorist attack can be detrimental to health care services. On the other hand, physicians and other hospital employees have shown to be involved in terrorism. As data show that some offenders had a previous history with the location of the terror incident, the possibility of hospitals or other health care services being targeted by insiders is discussed.The purpose of this report was to consider how past terrorist incidents can inform current hospital preparedness and disaster response planning.De CauwerH,SomvilleF,SabbeM,MortelmansLJ.Hospitals: soft target for terrorism?Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(1):94–100.
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Curran, Peter S. "Psychiatric Aspects of Terrorist Violence: Northern Ireland 1969–1987." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 4 (October 1988): 470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.4.470.
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For 18 years, Northern Ireland has suffered a changing pattern of civil disorder. Early years were marked by widespread sectarian rioting, shootings, and bombings, which heightened community tension and caused much social and commercial disruption. However, in recent years, terrorist organisations have been more selective in their acts of violence. There are methodological difficulties in assessing the psychological impact of civil disorder and terrorism. But, as well as can be judged from community surveys, hospital admissions and referral data, psychotropic drug usage, suicide and attempted suicide rates, and from assessment of the actual victims of violence, society has not ‘broken down’ nor has the impact been judged considerable. Possible explanations are discussed.
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Bogerts, Bernhard, Maria Schöne, and Stephanie Breitschuh. "Brain alterations potentially associated with aggression and terrorism." CNS Spectrums 23, no. 2 (August 14, 2017): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852917000463.
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A large proportion of the persons who join terrorist groups as well as lone-acting terrorists have a history of violent behavior or mental disorder that predated their becoming terrorists. This suggests that brain alterations found to occur in violent perpetrators may also be present in a significant percentage of terrorists. After a short delineation of phylogenetically old neuronal networks that are important for the generation of aggressive behavior in inconspicuous brains, this review summarizes structural and functional brain-imaging studies in violent offenders published over the last 10 years. Depending on the subtype of violence (impulsive or instrumental), deviations in structure or function were mainly found in the prefrontal, orbitofrontal, and insular cortex, as well as in temporolimbic structures (e.g., the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampus). These brain areas are essentially responsible for the control of the archaic neuronal generators of aggression located in the hypothalamus and limbic system. This regional distribution of brain alterations also shows a remarkable overlap with those brain regions that are crucial for such prosocial traits as empathy and compassion. Feelings of superiority, dominance, and satisfaction gained by performing violent and terroristic attacks suggest that a hedonistic component via an activation of brain reward systems plays an additional role. In our current debate about the causes of terrorism, aspects of brain dysfunction should receive more attention.
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Chevallier-Govers, Constance. "Antiterrorism Cooperation between the EU and ASEAN." European Foreign Affairs Review 17, Issue 1 (February 1, 2012): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2012007.
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This article not only studies the cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the fight against terrorism but also shows the interactions between the fight against terrorism within the EU and within ASEAN. It starts with an analysis of EU's and ASEAN's respective terrorist threats and a comparison of the EU and ASEAN as counterterrorist actors. Regional cooperation within ASEAN is still at its infancy stage, as ASEAN is profoundly attached to the principles of state sovereignty and non-interference, whereas the EU has developed a real strategy in order to pursue and prevent terrorism. Thus, the EU has been brought to integrate its fight against terrorism into all aspects of its foreign policy and has recognized that south-east Asia is a critical factor for its security agenda. Inter-regional cooperation is slowly emerging, notably through the ASEAN Regional Forum and the Asia-Europe Meeting.
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Ilin, Leonid A. "RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR TERRORISM - MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC PROBLEMS." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 9 (March 27, 2019): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-9-809-812.
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The main aspects of radiological and nuclear terrorism have been considered in the paper. The nuclear terrorism scenario, i.e. the usage of nuclear weapons by terrorists has been emphasized to look unlikely. While the threat of radiological terrorism related to the usage of radioactive materials with the purpose of malicious exposure to the public, for example, by detonating of a “dirty bomb” with further radioactive contamination of the environment where people live, or by a hidden usage of radioactive materials appears to be rather realistic. The character and consequences of the usage of various types and sources of ionizing radiation from alpha-emitting radionuclides to gamma-, gamma-beta or beta-emitting radionuclides under external, internal or contact exposure have been discussed. The criteria of radiation impact to a person are emphasized to include both the absorbed dose and absorbed dose rate. In the case of external exposure it is necessary to consider the character of the exposure: total (whole body exposure) or local (some parts of a body) to a person; in the case of the internal exposure - features of distribution and metabolic characteristics of a specific radionuclide. Deterministic effects (acute radiation sickness, local radiation injury, chronic radiation sickness) and stochastic effects (malignant tumors, hereditary diseases) are considered as effects of the radiation exposure. Under the comparison of a radiation threat due to different pathways as a result of an act of radiological terrorism usually the first place is taken by the external exposure, followed by the internal exposure by inhalation intake of radionuclides, in the case of dispersed radioactive materials due to detonation - through wounds and burned skin surfaces; the lesser important pathway is oral intake of radionuclides. The analysis of various scenarios of the radiological terrorism shows the number of casualties with deterministic effects will be small, while the number of people with stochastic effects will not be discernible from spontaneous variation of levels of the prevalence rate of malignant tumors and hereditary diseases. The main negative factor of radiological terrorism is psychological impact of the terrorism associated with a radiation threat
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Gostin, Lawrence O. "When Terrorism Threatens Health: How Far are Limitations on Human Rights Justified." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 4 (2003): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00120.x.
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A single defining question perennially intrigues scholars and practitioners interested in public heath: To what extent should human rights be limited to protect the community’s health and safety? The question achieved prominence in the aftermath of the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001 and with the intentional dispersal of anthrax spores through the U.S. Postal Systein. The conflict between security and public health intensified with the development of the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (“Model Act”), drafted by the Center for Law and the Public’s Health at the request of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Model Act grants states consiclernble powers to control persons and property in response to a public health emergency, defined to inclucle bioterrorism or the appearance of novel or previously controlled or eradicated infectious agents or biological toxins.
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Carli, Pierre, Caroline Telion, and David Baker. "Terrorism in France." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000820.
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AbstractFrance has experienced two waves of major terrorist bombings since 1980. In the first wave (1985–1986), eight bombings occurred in Paris, killing 13 and injuring 281. In the second wave (1995–1996), six bombings occurred in Paris and Lyon, killing 10 and injuring 262. Based on lessons learned during these events, France has developed and improved a sophisticated national system for prehospital emergency response to conventional terrorist attacks based on its national emergency medical services (EMS) system, Service d' Aide Medicale Urgente (SAMU). According to the national plan for the emergency medical response to mass-casualty events (White Plan), the major phases of EMS response are: (1) alert; (2) search and rescue; (3) triage of victims and provision of critical care to first priority victims; (4) regulated dispatch of victims to hospitals; and (5) psychological assistance.Following the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack, a national plan for the emergency response to chemical and biological events (PIRATOX) was implemented. In 2002, the Ministries of Health and the Interior collaborated to produce a comprehensive national plan (BIOTOX) for the emergency response to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear events. Key aspects of BIOTOX are the prehospital provision of specialized advance life support for toxic injuries and the protection of responders in contaminated environments. BIOTOX was successfully used during the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in France.
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Becker, Steven M., and Sarah A. Middleton. "Improving Hospital Preparedness for Radiological Terrorism: Perspectives From Emergency Department Physicians and Nurses." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2, no. 3 (October 2008): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e31817dcd9a.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Hospital emergency department (ED) clinicians will play a crucial role in responding to any terrorist incident involving radioactive materials. To date, however, there has been a paucity of research focusing specifically on ED clinicians’ perspectives regarding this threat.Methods: At the request of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham conducted a series of 10 focus groups (total participants, 77) with ED physicians and nurses at hospitals in 3 US regions. Participants considered a hypothetical “dirty bomb” scenario and discussed their perceptions, concerns, information needs, preferred information sources, and views of current guidance and informational materials.Results: Study participants consistently expressed the view that neither EDs nor hospital facilities are sufficiently prepared for a terrorist event involving radioactive materials. Key clinician concerns included the possibility of the hospital being overwhelmed, safety of loved ones, potential staffing problems, readiness problems, and contamination and self-protection. Participants also expressed a need for additional information, strongly disagreed with aspects of current response guidance, and in some cases indicated they would not carry out current protocols.Conclusions: This study is the first to examine the views, perceptions, and information needs of hospital ED clinicians regarding radiological terrorism. As such, the findings may be useful in informing current and future efforts to improve hospital preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:174–184)
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Verhelst, H. M., A. W. Stannat, and G. Mecacci. "Machine Learning Against Terrorism: How Big Data Collection and Analysis Influences the Privacy-Security Dilemma." Science and Engineering Ethics 26, no. 6 (July 21, 2020): 2975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00254-w.
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AbstractRapid advancements in machine learning techniques allow mass surveillance to be applied on larger scales and utilize more and more personal data. These developments demand reconsideration of the privacy-security dilemma, which describes the tradeoffs between national security interests and individual privacy concerns. By investigating mass surveillance techniques that use bulk data collection and machine learning algorithms, we show why these methods are unlikely to pinpoint terrorists in order to prevent attacks. The diverse characteristics of terrorist attacks—especially when considering lone-wolf terrorism—lead to irregular and isolated (digital) footprints. The irregularity of data affects the accuracy of machine learning algorithms and the mass surveillance that depends on them which can be explained by three kinds of known problems encountered in machine learning theory: class imbalance, the curse of dimensionality, and spurious correlations. Proponents of mass surveillance often invoke the distinction between collecting data and metadata, in which the latter is understood as a lesser breach of privacy. Their arguments commonly overlook the ambiguity in the definitions of data and metadata and ignore the ability of machine learning techniques to infer the former from the latter. Given the sparsity of datasets used for machine learning in counterterrorism and the privacy risks attendant with bulk data collection, policymakers and other relevant stakeholders should critically re-evaluate the likelihood of success of the algorithms and the collection of data on which they depend.
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Ardagh, Michael. "Triage, terrorism and translational ethics." Journal of Medical Ethics 43, no. 5 (February 23, 2017): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2016-103839.
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Mudron, Maureen, Cynthia Honssinger, Rod G. Meadows, and Lori Spencer. "Health Care and Public Health Lawyers: Reclaiming the Historical Role." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00752.x.
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Traditionally, hospital emergency readiness plans primarily addressed natural disasters, but because of preparations for year 2000, the arrival of terrorism in the United States, and the potential for mass casualties, hospitals were prompted to bring together new partners and create new emergency readiness plans. These new plans, however, give rise to a number of important issues hospitals must consider. First, hospitals must consider legal liability that might arise during an emergency. For example, what liability might arise when decision are made regarding the provision of individual treatment versus mass triage? Second, hospitals must be cognizant of relevant privacy rules, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), as they apply to public health emergencies activities. Third, hospitals must be aware of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) which requires Medicarefunded hospitals to screen patients for emergency medical conditions and prohibits their transfer until they are stabilized.
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Moulton, Anthony D., Richard N. Gottfried, Richard A. Goodman, Anne M. Murphy, and Raymond D. Rawson. "What is Public Health Legal Preparedness?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 4 (2003): 672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00134.x.
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“Public health legal preparedness” is a term born in the ferment, beginning in the late 1990s, that has led to unprecedented recognition of the essential role law plays in public health and, even more recently, in protecting the public from terrorism and other potentially catastrophic health threats.The initial articulation of public health has not kept pace with rapid evolution in the concept and in practical development of public health preparedness itself. This poses the risk that legal preparedness may fall behind construction of general readiness in the public health system—and may, in fact, undercut achievement of comprehensive public health preparedness for massive threats to health in both the United States and world-wide. Inadvertent results might include both negative health impacts and infringement on individual rights.
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Murphy, Michael J., Anne M. Murphy, Maureen E. Conner, and Linda Chezem. "When Public Health Meets the Judiciary." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00751.x.
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The conflict between courts and medicine is best shown in the mental health cases requiring judgment of whether a person should be confined, and whether they should be medicated or left free to decide for themselves. In such cases, deprivation of liberty for noncriminal offenders is at question, but if they are released, they may be exposed to injury or injure others. “Clear and convincing” evidence is hard to prove in such cases.The TOPOFF 2 terrorism preparedness exercise was two years in planning, but the courts were involved only seven days before the exercise (because quarantine issues were added to that exercise only two weeks beforehand). Judge Murphy was put in charge of the Circuit Court building and was asked to stop all court proceedings to stop people from going into a building that might have been contaminated.
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ISERSON, KENNETH V., and NICKI PESIK. "Ethical Resource Distribution after Biological, Chemical, or Radiological Terrorism." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12, no. 4 (August 7, 2003): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180103124164.
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In situations with limited medical resources, be they personnel, equipment, or time (and it always boils down to a lack of time), clinicians use “triage” to determine which patients receive treatment. What type of treatment a patient receives depends on the triage “lottery” rules in place. Although these rules for sorting patients and distributing resources are standardized for most situations, they must be somewhat altered after overwhelming, nonstandard (i.e., biological, chemical, and radiological) disasters.
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Nathanson, Bernard. "Operation Rescue: Domestic Terrorism or Legitimate Civil Rights Protest?" Hastings Center Report 19, no. 6 (November 1989): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3561985.
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Ruzek, Josef I., Bruce H. Young, Matthew J. Cordova, and Brian W. Flynn. "Integration of Disaster Mental Health Services with Emergency Medicine." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 19, no. 1 (March 2004): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001473.
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AbstractDespite limited resources, emergency medical settings will be called upon to play many roles in the context of disasters and terrorist attacks that are related to preparedness, surveillance, mental health services delivery, and staff care. Such settings are a central capture site for those individuals likely to be at highest risk for developing mental health and functional problems. Because much of the potential harm to survivors of disaster or terrorism (and their families) will be related to their mental health and role functioning, preparedness requires the active integration of behavioral health into emergency medicine in every component of disaster response. There are many challenges of doing this including: (1) finding ways to integrate activities of the medical care, emergency response, and public health systems; (2) determining whether an incident has actually occurred; (3) making differential diagnoses and managing other aspects of initial medical needs; and (4) coping with the risks associated with system overload and failure. Delivery of direct mental health care must include: (1) survivor and family education; (2) identification and referral of those requiring immediate care and followup; (3) group education and support services; and (4) individual counseling. In order for effective response to occur, the integration of psychosocial care into disaster response must occur prior to the disaster itself, and will depend on effective collaboration between medical and mental health care providers. At workplaces, emergency medical care centers must ensure that staff and their families are properly trained and supported with regard to their disaster functions and encouraged to develop personal/family disaster plans.
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Galderisi, S. "Conceptual Aspects of Mental Health in its Intersection with Human Rights and Development." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.075.
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IntroductionImproving mental health of people is an important goal of the present millennium. Community-based services programs for prevention of mental disorders and promotion of mental health have been implemented in several countries. However, the proportion of people suffering from mental disorders is significantly and persistently high, and psychosocial distress due to migration, natural disasters, and terrorism; in general, feeling of insecurity is unlikely to improve current figures.AimsTo highlight the interrelatedness of mental health, development and human rights, in particular in women and girls.MethodsThe presentation will consider conceptual aspects of mental health in its intersection with human rights and development, with particular reference to women and girls.ResultsCurrent definitions of mental health might be misleading and convey the false expectation that mental health coincides with happiness and productivity. An alternative conceptual framework will be presented, in which mental health is a dynamic state of internal equilibrium that enables individuals to use their abilities in harmony with universal values of society. Different factors concur to the dynamic equilibrium, and will be discussed in their intersection with human rights and development, with particular reference to the most frequent violations of human rights (e.g. trafficking, domestic abuse, sexual violence) that contribute to increase the risk of mental disorders in women and girls.ConclusionMental health is rooted in personal development and social context in which the person lives. Strategies aimed to address mental health in women and girls will need to consider gender, country and socio-cultural specificities.Disclosure of interestHonoraria or Advisory board/consulting fees from the following companies: Lundbeck, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hoffman-La Roche, Angelini-Acraf, Otsuka, Pierre Fabre and Gedeon-Richter.
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Hanna, Kathi E. "Capital Report: Extraordinary Measures for Countermeasures to Terrorism: FDA's "Animal Rule"." Hastings Center Report 32, no. 4 (July 2002): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3528081.
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Markenson, D., and M. Reilly. "(A110) A Survey of Health Professions Students Attitudes towards and Knowledge of Emergency Preparedness." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11001129.
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IntroductionThe possibility of natural disasters and public health emergencies coupled with the possibility of terrorism support the need to incorporate emergency preparedness into the curricula for every health professional school. Methods: A survey methodology was employed to assess both attitudes towards and knowledge of emergency preparedness amongst health professions students which included the schools of medicine, nursing, dentistry and public health. The survey was piloted to graduating students and then administered prior to institution of a emergency preparedness curriculum and then repeated as an annual survey.ResultsThe survey found that 51.8% had been present at a disaster as non-responder while only 12.1% had ever been present as a responder. With regard to baseline class room exposure over 50% reported no exposure to such key concepts as incident command, triage, all-hazards planning, surge and aspects of terrorism. In addition at baseline most students felt they had no competency in emergency preparedness. As an example only 10% of students felt competent with personal protective equipment. While exposure both as a responder and student was low, 82.5% of students felt that emergency preparedness should be a mandatory topic in their education. Lastly, with a minimal curriculum change students showed statistically significant increases on knowledge testing.ConclusionsWhile exposure was low for emergency preparedness topics and most did not recognize how information they had been taught might be applicable to emergency preparedness, there was a strong desire for additional training. In addition simple curricular adjustments can lead to significant improvements in knowledge.
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Pestronk, Robert M., Brian Kamoie, David Fidler, Gene Matthews, Georges C. Benjamin, Ralph T. Bryan, Socrates H. Tuch, et al. "Improving Laws and Legal Authorities for Public Health Emergency Legal Preparedness." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, S1 (2008): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.00260.x.
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This paper is one of the four interrelated action agenda papers resulting from the National Summit on Public Health Legal Preparedness (Summit) convened in June 2007 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and multi-disciplinary partners. Each of the action agenda papers deals with one of the four core elements of legal preparedness: laws and legal authorities; competency in using those laws; coordination of law-based public health actions; and information. Options presented in this paper are for consideration by policymakers and practitioners — in all jurisdictions and all relevant sectors and disciplines — with responsibilities for all-hazards emergency preparedness.One expert's framing of the mission of public health may help improve understanding of the range of hazards for which to be legally prepared. These hazards include urgent realities — such as chronic disease, injury, disabilities, conventional communicable diseases, and an aging and obese population — and urgent threats, such as pandemic influenza, natural disasters, and terrorism.
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May, Thomas. "Public Health in an Era of Terrorism: The IOM Report on Public-Health Infrastructure. Institute of Medicine. 2003.The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century." American Journal of Bioethics 3, no. 4 (November 2003): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152651603322614724.
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MCLEISH, Caitríona. "Recasting the Threat of Chemical Terrorism in the EU: the Issue of Returnees from the Syrian Conflict." European Journal of Risk Regulation 8, no. 4 (December 2017): 643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2017.57.
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AbstractChemical terrorist attacks by non-state actors have traditionally been characterised as low probability events; however, the apparent normalisation of chemical weapons use, including by terrorists, in the ongoing conflict in Syria is causing some in the international security community to question whether it will remain low probability. For Europe there is an additional potential concern, namely the numbers of EU citizens who are “foreign fighters” and whose return from the conflict zone might also result in “importing” chemical weapons use. This article examines the rise of the “chemical weapons-returning foreign fighter” narrative and considers aspects of the European response. These responses predate the current concerns and include important efforts to create a robust public health response, such as early alert and communication systems, so that the attractiveness of these weapons being used within a European context might be reduced. Although there are limitations as to how far one can transfer what happens in a Syrian context to Europe, the suggestion is made that some of the framing assumptions within this response architecture may be now inadvertently limiting the potential to identify and respond to chemical attacks.
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Atlas, Ronald M. "Responsible Conduct by Life Scientists in an Age of Terrorism." Science and Engineering Ethics 15, no. 3 (May 7, 2009): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-009-9124-7.
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Argomaniz, Javier. "A Rhetorical Spillover? Exploring the Link between the European Union Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and the External Dimension in EU Counterterrorism." European Foreign Affairs Review 17, Special Issue (April 1, 2012): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2012013.
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The European Union (EU) counterterrorism policies have often been viewed through the prism of the EU's Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). Yet although macro-strategic decision-making is mainly located within the Council's Secretariat and Council of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Ministers, its external dimension reserves a role for the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).This rhetorical 'spill-over' of an internal security concern onto the CSDP is an interesting yet under-researched development. This is partially due to the fact that CSDP is far from being one of the most developed aspects of the European counterterror response.Yet this occurs in a context where the need for an active use of CSDP as a counterterrorist tool is emphasized in high-level political proclamations. This article will, therefore, aim to explain this disparity between EU discourse and reality. In addition, and building on recent debates in the field of terrorism studies, it provides a critical assessment of the conceptual foundations that link CSDP and Counter-terrorism (C-T) in the EU's discourse while evaluating the short- and medium-term potential for a more vigorous evolution of these policies.
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May, Peter J., Ashley E. Jochim, and Barry Pump. "Political Limits to the Processing of Policy Problems." Politics and Governance 1, no. 2 (July 10, 2013): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v1i2.98.
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This contribution addresses political limits to the processing of policy problems in the United States. Our foci are the forces that limit policymakers' attention to different aspects of problems and how this affects the prospects for problem resolution. We theorize about three sets of forces: interest engagement, linkages among relevant institutions for policymaking, and partisan conflict. We show how the interplay of these forces limits efforts to address complex problems. Based on secondary accounts, we consider these underlying dynamics for ten complex problems. These include the thorny problems of the financial crisis, climate change, and health care; the persistent problems of K-12 education, drug abuse, and food safety; and the looming problems associated with critical infrastructure, the obesity epidemic, ocean health, and terrorism and extreme events. From these accounts we identify different patterns that we label fractured, allied, bureaucratic, and anemic policymaking.
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GOLOVNYA, Olena. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ARE UNDER ACT OF FACTORS OF GLOBALIZATION." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 1 (55) (May 27, 2021): Olena—GOLOVNYA. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2021-1-4.
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The impact of globalization on the socio-economic development of the world and Ukraine is traced. The negative consequences of the process of globalization have been that it has become a huge challenge for humanity. According to the author, the biggest threats to the modern world include: the flow of excessive information, which often turns into information attacks; international terrorism, which threatens international tourism and the safe socio-economic development of many countries; negative natural phenomena in the form of climatic cataclysms and others. It has been studied that, in addition to the negative economic consequences, globalization can have an antisocial character. Globalization is actually destroying space and widening distances. Today, the key factor in overcoming the epidemic is social distance, the isolation of the individual. Quarantine is diametrically opposed to the «open society» that globalization and integration advocated at the time. It is determined that international tourism is a consequence of globalization processes is a form of international movement of human resources, has a mass character and is one of the leading highly profitable and most dynamic sectors of the world economy. It is revealed that globalization provides an opportunity for the development of various types of tourism, including professional and business, cultural, sports, medical, health tourism. In particular, health tourism is one of the important factors in shaping the country’s social security by strengthening the health of the population, replenishing the state budget, and attracting foreign investment in joint medical projects. To create a positive medical image of the country, the governments of many countries develop national programs for the development of medical tourism and allocate funds for its establishment. An important goal of international tourism is professional and business travel and «business tourism», among which the leading place is occupied by trips to international fairs and exhibitions. In the process of analysis on these issues used general scientific methods: historical and logical, analysis and synthesis, comparative, grouping, etc.
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Baeva, Liudmila. "Social Aspects of Education Digitalization in the Context of the Pandemic: Philosophical Analysis." Logos et Praxis, no. 1 (March 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2021.1.1.
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Over the past decades, modern society has teetered among a variety of challenges and threats to its sustainability. Among them were factors of migration changes, global security challenges from extremism and terrorism, risks accompanying the development of the information society. However, the year 2020 introduced a new factor of the global pandemic, which has influenced almost all aspects of social development and has largely irreversible consequences. The state of openness of the social system became a threat to its security, and measures were taken to artificially personalize and disintegrate the subjects in a real environment, which, on the other hand, increased their digital connections and communications. The emerging risks to life and health, due to their priority, caused the shift of labour and educational activities to a remote environment, becoming a catalyst for a digital turn to mass products and services in the cyber-environment. At the same time, the cyber-environment, information, electronic online culture, due to its specificity and high level of openness, has its own risks for the subjects, which have acquired a global character under the new conditions. Among the most important consequences of the pandemic in the social sphere was the process of the digital transformation of education, which received global coverage and forced acceleration both for those who were already prepared for it and for the majority, for whom it became a new necessity. The research aims to study the social and ethical-legal processes that accompany the digitalization of education, primarily the problem of the digital divide, within the framework of a socio-philosophical analysis. The object of the study is the digital transformation of education, understood as a multi-stage transition process of management, training, control, evaluation processes in the field of education to a digital environment based on modern services, open resources, interactive communication methods, the use of big data and artificial intelligence. The subject of the study is the situation of the digital divide as one of the most important social problems associated with the digital turn in education in 2020.
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Markenson, D., and M. Reilly. "(P1-102) Developing Methodologies to Assess Resource Needs and Ability to Provide Interventions and Care for Children in Disasters, Terrorism and Public Health Emergencies." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004353.
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IntroductionIn emergency preparedness there is the need to prospectively develop an approach to which interventions can be provided with available resources and the maximal amount of clinical effectiveness which can be attained by staff.MethodsA panel of pediatric emergency preparedness experts employed our previously validated evidence based consensus process with a modified Delphi process for topic selection and approval. Interventions were chosen such that resources and staff efficiency would not exceed previously published data for non-disaster emergency care but allowing for standard emergency preparedness planning alterations in standards of care such as the assumption that usual numbers of staff would care for a disaster surge of four times the usual number of patients.ResultsUsing standard emergency preparedness assumptions of limited resources and staff efficiency, the panel agreed upon both methodologies for resource allocation and feasible interventions. A number of standard interventions would not be feasible and included detailed recording of vital signs, administration of vasoactive agents, prolonged resuscitation and central venous access.ConclusionBy employing this approach to resource utilization described combined with the unique aspects of pediatric care, we can improve our planning and responses. This can be accomplished by understanding the needs of the population being served, learning how to focus on both pediatric needs and the expectations of the community with regard to care of children, adopting what has been learned in prior events in the United States and abroad, and developing prospective recommendations regarding essential interventions which can be performed in a disaster.
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Hodge, James G. "Bioterrorism Law and Policy: Critical Choices in Public Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00391.x.
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There is perhaps no duty more fundamental to American government than the protection of the public's health, safety, and welfare. On September 11, 2001, this governmental duty was severely tested through a series of terrorist acts. The destruction of the World Trade Towers in New York City and a portion of the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., presented many Americans with a new, visible reality of the potential harms that terrorists can cause. The staggering loss of lives (estimated from 2,600 to 2,900) damaged the national psyche in ways far exceeding the physical scars to American institutions.As horrific as the images of destruction and loss of human lives may be, events that unfolded after September 11 revealed another dreaded, and potentially more catastrophic, threat to Americans sense of security and public health: bioterrorism. Unlike terrorists that use bombs, explosives, or other tools for mass destruction, a bioterrorist's weapon is an infectious agent.
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Kim-Farley, Robert J., John T. Celentano, Carol Gunter, Jessica W. Jones, Rogelio A. Stone, Raymond D. Aller, Laurene Mascola, Sharon F. Grigsby, and Jonathan E. Fielding. "Standardized Emergency Management System and Response to a Smallpox Emergency." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000546.
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AbstractThe smallpox virus is a high-priority, Category-A agent that poses a global, terrorism security risk because it: (1) easily can be disseminated and transmitted from person to person; (2) results in high mortality rates and has the potential for a major public health impact; (3) might cause public panic and social disruption; and (4) requires special action for public health preparedness. In recognition of this risk, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LAC-DHS) developed the Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan for LAC to prepare for the possibility of an outbreak of smallpox.A unique feature of the LAC-DHS plan is its explicit use of the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) framework for detailing the functions needed to respond to a smallpox emergency. The SEMS includes the Incident Command System (ICS) structure (management, operations, planning/intelligence, logistics, and finance/administration), the mutual-aid system, and the multi/interagency coordination required during a smallpox emergency. Management for incident command includes setting objectives and priorities, information (risk communications), safety, and liaison. Operations includes control and containment of a smallpox outbreak including ring vaccination, mass vaccination, adverse events monitoring and assessment, management of confirmed and suspected smallpox cases, contact tracing, active surveillance teams and enhanced hospital-based surveillance, and decontamination. Planning/intelligence functions include developing the incident action plan, epidemiological investigation and analysis of smallpox cases, and epidemiological assessment of the vaccination coverage status of populations at risk. Logistics functions include receiving, handling, inventorying, and distributing smallpox vaccine and vaccination clinic supplies; personnel; transportation; communications; and health care of personnel. Finally, finance/administration functions include monitoring costs related to the smallpox emergency, procurement, and administrative aspects that are not handled by other functional divisions of incident command systems.The plan was developed and is under frequent review by the LAC-DHS Smallpox Planning Working Group, and is reviewed periodically by the LAC Bioterrorism Advisory Committee, and draws upon the Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan, with its SEMS framework and ICS structure, now is serving as a model for the development of LAC-DHS plans for responses to other terrorist or natural-outbreak responses.
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Kim-Farley, Robert J., John T. Celentano, Carol Gunter, Jessica W. Jones, Rogelio A. Stone, Raymond D. Aller, Laurene Mascola, Sharon F. Grigsby, and Jonathan E. Fielding. "Standardized Emergency Management System and Response to a Smallpox Emergency." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (December 2003): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001266.
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AbstractThe smallpox virus is a high-priority, Category-A agent that poses a global, terrorism security risk because it: (1) easily can be disseminated and transmitted from person to person; (2) results in high mortality rates and has the potential for a major public health impact; (3) might cause public panic and social disruption; and (4) requires special action for public health preparedness. In recognition of this risk, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LAC-DHS) developed the Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan for LAC to prepare for the possibility of an outbreak of smallpox.A unique feature of the LAC-DHS plan is its explicit use of the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) framework for detailing the functions needed to respond to a smallpox emergency. The SEMS includes the Incident Command System (ICS) structure (management, operations, planning/intelligence, logistics, and finance/administration), the mutual-aid system, and the multi/interagency coordination required during a smallpox emergency. Management for incident command includes setting objectives and priorities, information (risk communications), safety, and liaison. Operations includes control and containment of a smallpox outbreak including ring vaccination, mass vaccination, adverse events monitoring and assessment, management of confirmed and suspected smallpox cases, contact tracing, active surveillance teams and enhanced hospital-based surveillance, and decontamination. Planning/intelligence functions include developing the incident action plan, epidemiological investigation and analysis of smallpox cases, and epidemiological assessment of the vaccination coverage status of populations at risk. Logistics functions include receiving, handling, inventorying, and distributing smallpox vaccine and vaccination clinic supplies; personnel; transportation; communications; and health care of personnel. Finally, finance/administration functions include monitoring costs related to the smallpox emergency, procurement, and administrative aspects that are not handled by other functional divisions of incident command systems.The plan was developed and is under frequent review by the LAC-DHS Smallpox Planning Working Group, and is reviewed periodically by the LAC Bioterrorism Advisory Committee, and draws upon the Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The Smallpox Preparedness, Response, and Recovery Plan, with its SEMS framework and ICS structure, now is serving as a model for the development of LAC-DHS plans for responses to other terrorist or natural-outbreak responses.
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Kizer, Kenneth W. "Lessons Learned in Public Health Emergency Management: Personal Reflections." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, no. 4 (December 2000): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025346.
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AbstractMultiple environmental, ecological, and socio-political forces are converging to increase the occurrence of both natural and technological disasters. Ten forces are of most concern in this regard. These are: 1) global warming, with its consequent weather extremes and climate changes; 2) continued rapid human population growth and concomitant increased urbanization; 3) decreased bio-diversity and consequent ecological fragility; 4) deforestation and loss of natural habitat for animal species, with resultant greater overlap of human and animal habitats, human exposure to animal pathogens, and other ecological perturbations; 5) increased technological development throughout the world (especially in developing countries with their typically immature safety programs) 6) globalization and increased population mobility; 7) sub-national religious and ethnic conflicts, and their potential for conflict escalation and large scale displacement of populations; 8) the collapse of several major countries and consequent unraveling of national identity and social order; 9) the rise of terrorism; and 10) dramatic advances in the science and technology of computing, communications, biotechnology, and genomics.This paper describes 10 lessons learned relative to the public health aspects of emergency management, especially as they pertain to disasters. 1) Planning pays; 2) A bad situation can be made worse by inappropriate responses; 3) Most life saving interventions will occur before the disaster happens and immediately afterwards by local action; 4) Public health emergency management is not a democratic process; 5) Psychological impacts are usually greater than anticipated; 6) Communications and information management are vital, but often are the weak link in the response chain; 7) Collaboration and partnerships are essential; 8) Unsolicited volunteers and aid are inevitable and must be planned for and managed; 9) Never assume anything, and always expect the unexpected; and 10) Post-event evaluation is important, and must be coordinated.The paramount lesson learned from past emergencies is that the untoward impact of these events can be anticipated and significantly ameliorated by appropriate planning and preparation. On the other hand, preparation for emergency events has deteriorated because of health-care financial constraints, and resources to support planning and needed infrastructure have diminished. Given these realities, the major unresolved challenge is how to ensure that planning for the common good is supported and, in fact, gets done.
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Aymankuy, Şimal, Özge Güdü Demirbulat, and Yusuf Aymankuy. "Security perceptions and expectations of domestic tourists - A sample of Southeastern AnatoliaYerli turistlerin güvenlik algılarının belirlenmesi - Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi örneği." International Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 1 (February 21, 2016): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3569.
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Tourism is a quite touchy sector against the situations such as act of god (volcanic eruption, flooding, earthquake, storm, etc.), war, terrorism and riots. The main priority of tourism activity participator tourists is whether the country or region where they want to travel is safe or not. Because tourists travel for resting, let of steam, relaxing or vocationally. On the other hand while the tourists take travel decision acts by considering the warnings of their state and media etc. elements. Accordingly, safe perception of a region or a country has significantly importance in order to provide the sustainability of tourism sector. In this context, how domestic tourists perceive southeastern Anatolia region with safe aspects was tried to revealed, after safety concept was handled by associating with tourism. In the research it has been reached that, the participants mostly attach importance to security factor in vacation. Perceptions of those who participated “GAP” tour was assessed in six dimensions such as “general security”, “terrorist actions”, “health security”, “hotel security”, “food security” and “transportation security”. As a result of assessment, while the “hotel security” perception of those who attended the Southeastern Anatolia region tour has the highest participation, “general security” perception has the lowest participation dimension been determined. Besides the participators feel themselves in safe in the hotels of GAP tour, they also had even a little anxiety about the terrorism actions while they were taking to attend GAP tour. ÖzetTurizm, doğal afetler (volkanik patlama, sel, deprem, kasırga vb.), savaş, terör ve isyan gibi durumlara karşı oldukça hassas bir sektördür. Turizm faaliyetine katılan turistlerin en önemli öncelikleri arasında, seyahat ettikleri ülke veya bölgelerin güvenli olup olmadığı yer almaktadır. Çünkü turistler; dinlenmek, stres atarak rahatlamak veya meslek amacıyla seyahat ederler. Öte yandan turistler, seyahat kararı alırlarken, kendi devletinin seyahat uyarılarını ve medya gibi unsurları da dikkate alarak hareket etmektedirler. Dolayısıyla turizm sektöründe sürekliliğin sağlanabilmesi adına bir ülke ya da bölgenin güvenilir olarak algılanması son derece önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda; bu araştırmada güvenlik kavramı turizmle ilişkilendirilerek ele alındıktan sonra, yerli turistlerin Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’ni güvenlik boyutuyla nasıl algıladıkları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada; katılımcıların tatilde en çok güvenlik unsuruna önem verdikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. GAP turuna katılanların güvenlik algıları “genel güvenlik”, “terör eylemleri”, “sağlık güvenliği”, “otel güvenliği”, “gıda güvenliği” ve “ulaşım güvenliği” şeklinde altı boyutta değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucunda, Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’ne yönelik turlara katılan katılımcıların “otel güvenliği” algısı en yüksek katılıma sahip iken, “genel güvenlik” algısı en düşük katılıma sahip boyut olarak tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların GAP turunda konaklama yapılan otellerde kendilerini güvende hissetmelerinin yanısıra GAP turuna katılım kararı alırken terör eylemleri ile ilgili olarak az da olsa endişe duydukları bir başka araştırma sonucu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
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Nunes, Isabel Ferreira. "Civilian, Normative, and Ethical Power Europe: Role Claims and EU Discourses." European Foreign Affairs Review 16, Issue 1 (February 1, 2011): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2011001.
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In the first part, the article reviews and discusses the debate about civilian, normative, and ethical power Europe concerning the international role claims identified in the literature. In the second part, it tests these claims against the European Union (EU or hereinafter ‘Union’) official discourse, regarding the European security dimension. The empirical work is conducted by analysing three main aspects: EU international actorness, the militarization of the Union, and the securitization of ‘new’ threats (terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and violent conflicts). The article suggests that civilian, normative, and ethical powers are defining features of the EU security actorness mirroring the set of international roles performed by the Union. The international roles claimed in the literature, although being important features of the EU’s identity, are not articulated in the official discourse as separate dimensions of the EU actorness. Those roles are closely connected to the principles endorsed, to the consensus reached, and to the material means made available to the Union’s external action. The study acknowledges that these international roles are consistent with the development of new European security responsibilities, being utilized in the EU official discourse as instrumental frames that help to strengthen European identity and to justify actorness.
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Hansoti, Bhakti, Dylan S. Kellogg, Sara J. Aberle, Morgan C. Broccoli, Jeffrey Feden, Arthur French, Charles M. Little, et al. "Preparing Emergency Physicians for Acute Disaster Response: A Review of Current Training Opportunities in the US." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, no. 6 (September 19, 2016): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16000820.
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AbstractStudy ObjectiveThis study aimed to review available disaster training options for health care providers, and to provide specific recommendations for developing and delivering a disaster-response-training program for non-disaster-trained emergency physicians, residents, and trainees prior to acute deployment.MethodsA comprehensive review of the peer-reviewed and grey literature of the existing training options for health care providers was conducted to provide specific recommendations.ResultsA comprehensive search of the Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases was performed to identify publications related to courses for disaster preparedness and response training for health care professionals. This search revealed 7,681 unique titles, of which 53 articles were included in the full review. A total of 384 courses were found through the grey literature search, and many of these were available online for no charge and could be completed in less than six hours. The majority of courses focused on management and disaster planning; few focused on clinical care and acute response.ConclusionThere is need for a course that is targeted toward emergency physicians and trainees without formal disaster training. This course should be available online and should utilize a mix of educational modalities, including lectures, scenarios, and virtual simulations. An ideal course should focus on disaster preparedness, and the clinical and non-clinical aspects of response, with a focus on an all-hazards approach, including both terrorism-related and environmental disasters.HansotiB, KelloggDS, AberleSJ, BroccoliMC, FedenJ, FrenchA, LittleCM, MooreB, SabatoJJr., SheetsT, WeinbergR, ElmesP, KangC. Preparing emergency physicians for acute disaster response: a review of current training opportunities in the US. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(6):643–647.
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Zabuzov, Oleg, and Irina Shushpanov. "Information and propaganda counteraction to terrorism: the view of the younger generation." Science. Culture. Society 28, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/nko.2022.28.3.3.
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The emphasis on youth in the information and propaganda space allows the use of new improved methods of influencing consciousness (including through ICT), to form stable patterns, socio-political attitudes that have a prolonged effect. The article analyzes certain aspects of the information and propaganda counteraction to terrorism in Russia, describes the theoretical and methodological foundations of its study. The empirical part was the analysis of the results of the author's sociological research of the opinions of the youth of the Kursk region. The ideological motive for the spread of terrorism is the most multifaceted and difficult to eradicate. Information and propaganda counteraction to terrorism, according to the authors, is a complex of interrelated information and propaganda measures aimed at the objects of influence in order to change and block antisocial behaviors based on the ideology of terrorism, and the formation, preservation and reproduction of significant patterns of behavior for the sustainable development of society. Indicators of measuring the level of information and propaganda counteraction to terrorism in Russia are the basis of an empirical study. There is a widespread opinion among the youth of the Kursk region that ideology is closely linked to terrorism, and that Russian society needs an anti-terrorist ideology. The presence in Russian society of common goals, national ideas and awareness of past achievements can form its basis. According to young respondents, the information impact should be of a complex nature, ranging from the presence of important competencies of representatives of authorities and law enforcement agencies to the creation of an effective system of limiting information through various communication channels. Young respondents are more convinced that there should be a state body in Russia that counteracts extremism and terrorism in the information space. Young people pay special attention to professional training in countering terrorism. The work on carrying out propaganda anti-extremist actions in the Internet space with the involvement of bloggers, among others, will contribute to such counteraction. The younger generation is confident that social networks and virtual space contribute to the spread of terrorism to varying degrees. In general, sociological measurements have shown the presence of a number of risks and factors that worsen the work of the system of information and propaganda counteraction to terrorism. The first aspect is associated with the low efficiency of the communication channels used. According to the Kursk youth, such work should not be limited to actions in one area of communications. The system of information and propaganda counteraction to terrorism should combine a whole range of multidirectional measures using traditional channels and methods of communication in combination with ICT. Working with bloggers can become an effective method and channel of informational influence on young people. The second problem is based on the low level of Internet literacy of some Kursk youth. Some young people do not see the threat of terrorism in the Internet space. This category can become potentially vulnerable and influenced by the ideology of terrorism. The third aspect is related to the formation of a culture of countering terrorism in Russia, which should be based on rejection of the ideology of terrorism, increasing legal responsibility, the general level of education and a healthy lifestyle.
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Burkle, Frederick M., Judy Isaac-Renton, A. Beck, Clifford P. Belgica, John Blatherwick, Lyse A. Brunet, Norman E. Hardy, et al. "Theme 5. Application of International Standards to Disasters: Summary and Action Plan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 16, no. 1 (March 2001): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025541.
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AbstractIntroduction:The need for the application of international standards has been evolving over the last decade. Consistency is needed not just in how we respond, but in when we respond. The discussions in this theme reflected on the progress of standard setting both at the local level and internationally.Methods:Details of the methods used are provided in the introductory paper. The chairs moderated all presentations and produced a summary that was presented to an assembly of all of the delegates. The chairs then presided over a workshop that resulted in the generation of a set of action plans that then were reported to the collective group of all delegates.Results:Main points developed during the presentations and discussion included: (1) requirement of standards of care for ALL disasters and core parameters, (2) process and procedure is best when there is interagency collaboration and coordination, (3) problems in disasters are management-related, not skill-related, and (4) standards of care must encompass evolving emergencies (e.g., emerging diseases, landmines).Discussion:The action plans for Theme 5 included: (1) develop positions of standards for management, health and public health, education and training, research, psychosocial aspects, and disaster plans; (2) advocate for actions and task forces to deal with evolving and emerging disasters, terrorism, landmines, and emerging infections; (3) proactively work to advocate and facilitate the multidisciplinary and multiorganizational requirements for disaster management; and (4) develop a resource list of interdisciplinary institutions and activities organized by country and topic including the design and maintenance of a website.Conclusions:There is a clear need for international standards for the management of disasters. Positions and advocacy for these positions are required to define and implement such standards.
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Kipor, G. V., N. K. Pichugina, and S. F. Goncharov. "(P1-109) Humanism in Disaster Medicine." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11004419.
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The main trends in the development of the ideology of humanism in disaster medicine can be formulated in the following theses: 1. Responsibility of governmental bodies for providing medical safety of a human being in emergencies; 2. Responsibility of public health in the society; 3. Main tasks in nuclear threats connected as applied to disaster medicine are the responsibility of United Nations; 4. History of humanitarian medicine and the development of the World Health Organization's activities in providing medical humanitarian assistance; 5. Ethics of modern physical investigations in the light of development of nuclear and thermonuclear hazards; 6. Roles and trends of humanitarian medicine in modern society; 7. Philosophical and humanitarian approaches and ethics in the modern scientific investigations in the whole; 8. Ethics in modern medicine, biology, and disaster medicine; 9. Rights of victims to receive humanitarian medical assistance in local military conflicts; and 10. Threat of acts of terrorism with the use of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear agents and technologies; The paradox of the modern age is that the “principal basis and aim of disaster medicine are humanitarian by their primordial nature”, but the reduction of common human values can lead to a global disaster. On the other hand, emergencies should lead mankind to unity, to the deep understanding of biosocial aspects of survival when the best qualities of human nature are revealed. International disaster medicine problems should be considered as tools for providing an optimal basis for the development of human relations. The development of humanitarian and disaster medicine should be realized with consideration of deep-laid moral positions, on the basis of ethic principles and high moral values, among which, the primordial values are individual existence of everybody and survival of mankind as a species.
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Horton, Heather H., James J. Misrahi, Gene W. Matthews, and Paula L. Kocher. "Critical Biological Agents: Disease Reporting as a Tool for Determining Bioterrorism Preparedness." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00392.x.
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Before September 11, 2001, a mass-casualty terrorist attack on American soil was generally considered a remote possibility. Similarly, before October 4, 2001—the first confirmed case of anthrax caused by intentional release — widespread bioterrorism seemed implausible. Among the arguments that such a biological artack was unlikely included: the lack of a historical precedent; the technological and organizational challenges to acquiring and weaponizing a biological agent; and the almost universal moral opprobrium that would certainly accompany the use by terrorists of such a weapon. In the wake of September 11th and October 4th, however, many are reconsidering the likelihood of a large-scale bioterrorist attack against civilians.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines bioterrorism as the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or toxins for the purpose of harming or killing civilian. One measurement of the public health system's level of bioterrorism preparedness is the quality and distribution of laws mandating the reporting of diseases caused by certain biological agents.
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Al-Shareef, Ali S., Loui K. Alsulimani, Hattan M. Bojan, Taha M. Masri, Jennifer O. Grimes, Michael S. Molloy, and Gregory R. Ciottone. "Evaluation of Hospitals’ Disaster Preparedness Plans in the Holy City of Makkah (Mecca): A Cross-Sectional Observation Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16001229.
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AbstractBackgroundMakkah (Mecca) is a holy city located in the western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Each year, millions of pilgrims visit Makkah. These numbers impact both routine health care delivery and disaster response. This study aimed to evaluate hospitals’ disaster plans in the city of Makkah.MethodsStudy investigators administered a questionnaire survey to 17 hospitals in the city of Makkah. Data on hospital characteristics and three key domains of disaster plans (general evaluation of disaster planning, structural feasibility of the hospitals, and health care worker knowledge and training) were collated and analyzed.ResultsA response rate of 82% (n=14) was attained. Ten (71%) of the hospitals were government hospitals, whereas four were private hospitals. Eleven (79%) hospitals had a capacity of less than 300 beds.Only nine (64%) hospitals reviewed their disaster plan within the preceding two years. Nine (64%) respondents were drilling for disasters at least twice per year. The majority of hospitals did not rely on a hazard vulnerability analysis (HVA) to develop their Emergency Operations Plan. Eleven (79%) hospitals had the Hospital Incident Command Systems (HICS) present in their plans.All hospitals described availability of some supplies required for the first 24 hours of a disaster response, such as: N95 masks, antidotes for nerve agents, and antiviral medications. Only five (36%) hospitals had a designated decontamination area. Nine (64%) hospitals reported ability to re-designate inpatient wards into an intensive care unit (ICU) format. Only seven (50%) respondents had a protocol for increasing availability of isolation rooms to prevent the spread of airborne infection. Ten (71%) hospitals had a designated disaster-training program for health care workers.ConclusionsMakkah has experienced multiple disaster incidents over the last decade. The present research suggests that Makkah hospitals are insufficiently prepared for potential future disasters. This may represent a considerable threat to the health of both residents and visitors to Makkah. This study demonstrated that there is significant room for improvement in most aspects of hospital Emergency Operations Plans, in particular: reviewing the plan and increasing the frequency of multi-agency and multi-hospital drills. Preparedness for terrorism utilizing chemical, biologic, radiation, nuclear, explosion (CBRNE) and infectious diseases was found to be sub-optimal and should be assessed further.Al-ShareefAS, AlsulimaniLK, BojanHM, MasriTM, GrimesJO, MolloyMS, CiottoneGR. Evaluation of hospitals’ disaster preparedness plans in the holy city of Makkah (Mecca): a cross-sectional observation study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32 (1):33–45.
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Lunstroth, John. "The Obligations of Health Workers to “Terrorists”." American Journal of Bioethics 9, no. 10 (October 13, 2009): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160902985043.
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Jenckes, MHSc, BSN, Mollie W., Christina L. Catlett, MD, Edbert B. Hsu, MD, MPH, Karen Kohri, Gary B. Green, MD, MPH, Karen A. Robinson, MSc, Eric B. Bass, MD, MPH, and Sara E. Cosgrove, MD, MS. "Development of evaluation modules for use in hospital disaster drills." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2007.0016.
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Introduction: Disaster drills are a valuable means of training healthcare providers to respond to mass casualty incidents resulting from acts of terrorism or public health crises. We present here a proposed hospital-based disaster drill evaluation tool that is designed to identify strengths and weaknesses of hospital disaster drill response, provide a learning opportunity for disaster drill participants, and promote integration of lessons learned into future responses. Methods: Clinical specialists, experienced disaster drill coordinators and evaluators, and experts in questionnaire design developed the evaluation mod-ules based upon a comprehensive review of the litera-ture, including evaluations of disaster drills. The tool comprises six evaluation modules designed to capture strengths and weaknesses of different aspects of hospital disaster response. The Predrill Module is completed by the hospital during drill planning and is used to define the scope of the exercise. The Incident Command Center Module assesses command structure, communication between response areas and the command center, and communication to outside agencies. The Triage Zone Module captures the effect of a physical space on triage activities, efficiency of triage operations, and victim flow. The Treatment Zone Module assesses the relation of the zone’s physical characteristics to treatment activities, efficacy of treatment operations, adequacy of supplies, and victim flow. A Decontamination Zone Module is available for evaluating decontamination operations and the use of decontamination and/or personal protective equipment in drills that involve biological or radiological hazardous materials. The Group Debriefing Module provides sample discussion points for drill participants in all types of drills. The tool also has addenda to evaluate specifics for 1) general observation and documentation, 2) victim tracking, 3) biological incidents, and 4) radiological incidents. Conclusion: This evaluation tool will help meet the need for standardized evaluation of disaster drills. The modular approach offers flexibility and could be used by hospitals to evaluate staff training on response to natural or man-made disasters.
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Todd, Cliff. "Terrorist trials — “then” and “now”." Medicine, Science and the Law 48, no. 3 (July 2008): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.48.3.188.
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Daudet, Yves. "“Never Let a Good Crisis Go to Waste”: Can International Law Seize the Advantage?" Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 115 (2021): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2022.2.
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Some international crises are circumscribed, others are more diffuse, sometimes of varying intensity depending on the region. But, at the end of the day, all regions might be impacted according to an uncertain timetable. This is the case, for example, with terrorism, cybersecurity, the migration crisis, and the climate crisis, which is one aspect of environmental damage that intersects with the health crisis. Some are latent and marked by sudden outbreaks, such as terrorism or the Islamic State's criminal operations. Others are set to worsen, such as the migration crisis, which today is probably small compared to what it will become. We must also think about financial or economic crises, cybersecurity breaches, misuse of new technologies and social networks, and, importantly, the painful experience of the January 2021 democratic crisis in the United States. But the current COVID-19 health crisis is the crisis that occupies everyone's mind today.
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Kinney, Eleanor D. "Administrative Law and the Public's Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 2 (2002): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00388.x.
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Today, public health regulation at all levels faces unprecedented challenges both at home and abroad. The September 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., by the Al Qaeda terrorist network and the anthrax bioterrorism that followed shortly thereafter have put public health regulation at the forefront of homeland security. The anthrax scare, in particular, has greatly tested the American public health system, calling into question whether the United States and its component states and localities are prepared to handle a major outbreak of infectious disease, such as smallpox, in a future bioterrorist action. While the response of public health agencies was commendable, especially in light of the magnitude of the assaults, it is manifestly clear that the American public health system will be hard pressed to meet similar challenges that may lie ahead.The events of fall 2001 follow a period of major challenges for public health. The AIDS pandemic has killed millions of people throughout the globe, especially in Africa and other parts of the developing world.