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1
ISAYEVA, Ainur, Zhanar MEDEUBAYEVA, Saule ALIEVA, and Asemgul GUSMANOVA. "POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM: STATE, OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND CIVIL SERVICE, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2022-631.
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In the 21st century, terrorism has become a global problem and one of the main factor in world politics at all levels. Cyclical economic and financial crises have a detrimental effect on the state of the social sphere in all countries without exception, thereby creating fertile ground for radical sentiments and terrorist intentions. The growth of geopolitical tension in the world over the past decades has also contributed to the expansion of the activity of terrorist groups around the globe. This article through SWOT analysis attempts to study the state of the EU's fight against terrorism. The threat of terrorism and its most severe manifestations also affected the countries of the European Union, which prompted it to develop a specific policy in the fight against terrorism and improve methods for preventing and neutralizing the terrorist threat. When analyzing the development process of anti-terrorist structures and the practice of combating terrorism in the European Union in 2001-2020, one can distinguish undoubted achievements of the anti-terrorist course. The weaknesses and objective shortcomings of this course stem from the complexities in world politics and macroeconomics, as well as from the very nature of the EU as a supranational structure.
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Bąk, Tomasz. "The Counter-Terrorist System Of Romania." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0001.
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Abstract This article presents the counter-terrorist system adopted in Romania. The problem of terrorism is one of the challenges within security issues which the European Union is facing. Only lasting, strong cooperation may lead to combating international terrorism, and one of the countries which attempt to do that is Romania. For such actions to be successful, suitable legal solutions have been implemented and adequate structures and units established with the purpose of fighting terrorism. An enormous role belongs moreover to international cooperation and maintaining good relations between various states within terrorism prevention. The Author focuses in particular on the forms and methods of combating terrorism on various planes.
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Lowe, David. "The European Union’s Passenger Name Record Data Directive 2016/681: Is it Fit for Purpose?" International Criminal Law Review 17, no. 1 (February 19, 2017): 78–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01701004.
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In 2016 the European Union (eu) introduced a Passenger Name Record Data (pnr) Directive. There has been controversy in the eu over the acquisition and sharing of pnr data, related mainly to the lack of safeguards and protection of personal data protection. This article examines these issues related to earlier eu pnr agreements with third countries and why previous eu attempts to legislate in this area failed. By drawing a comparison with the 2011 pnr Directive proposal, the article argues that by meeting the strict eu law on data protection as well as being necessary to assist in preventing and detecting acts of terrorism and serious crime it is submitted the 2016 Directive is fit for purpose and able to withstand scrutiny by the Court of Justice of the European Union.
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Iuniushkina, Anna Sergeevna, Tat'yana Ivanovna Pon'ka, and Kristina Alekseevna Shapovalova. "Competition of world powers in Central Asia." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2021): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2021.2.35715.
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This article explores the role of Central Asia in modern conditions, which significantly increases in geopolitical and geoeconomic aspect. Attention is given to the general security challenges of Central Asian countries, as this region requires the coordination of efforts of the leading global actors, as well as Central Asian countries themselves. Security issues associated with vulnerability of Central Asian countries to natural disasters and emergency situations that may occur as a result of territorial disputes, ethnic violence, drug trafficking, and terrorism prevention, fight against extremism underline the need for multilateral cooperation aimed at solution of general problems. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which changed the world political map, the newly formed Central Asian countries gave acquired statehood on the international arena. Namely during this difficult period, the Central Asian countries were forced to choose their own development path. Russia and China, to certain extent, have confirmed their presence in the region by creating the economic and military integration institutions with participation of Central Asian countries. Therefore, the emphasis is placed on the analysis of interaction between China and Russia in the post-Soviet Central Asia, their role in ensuring regional stability and economic growth. The article also examines the importance of studying the role of the United States and the European Union in Central Asia.
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Lowe, David. "The European Union’s Passenger Name Record Data Directive 2016/681: Is It Fit for Purpose?" International Criminal Law Review 16, no. 5 (October 12, 2016): 856–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01605005.
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In 2016 the eu introduced a Passenger Name Record data (pnr) Directive. In the eu there has been controversy over the acquisition and sharing of pnr data, related mainly to lack of safeguards and protection of personal data protection. This Article examines these issues related to earlier eu pnr agreements with third countries and why previous eu attempts to legislate in this area failed. By drawing a comparison with the 2011 pnr Directive proposal, the Article argues that by meeting the strict eu law on data protection as well as being necessary to assist in preventing and detecting acts of terrorism and serious crime it is submitted the 2016 Directive is fit for purpose and able to withstand scrutiny by the Court of Justice of the European Union.
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Zykova, Olga A. "REGISTER OF ULTIMATE BENEFICIARIES AS A LEGAL MECHANISM FOR TRACKING THE REAL OWNER OF THE COMPANY. EXPERIENCE IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 1 (2020): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-1-178-183.
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In 2015, the European Union adopted the Fourth European Union Directive 2015/849 of the 20th of May, 2015 «on the prevention of the use of the fi nancial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist fi nancing», which introduced the most important innovation – the introduction of a public register of benefi cial owners of European companies and other structures. This article examines the reaction of individual countries to the main proposals and comments of the Directive, which is refl ected in the amendments to the current legal system. Special attention is paid to offshore zones, which are trying to fi nd a compromise between the comments of the European Union, promoting business transparency, and the principle of anonymity, which is the main privilege of offshore territories and which attracts a considerable fl ow of entrepreneurs and their investments. In addition, the article deals with the problem of contradiction of the Russian legislation regulating the procedure for maintaining the register of benefi cial owners and providing information contained therein. The article formulates the main conclusion regarding the register of benefi ciaries as a new modern trend of international tax planning, which should be taken into account in the future when creating the structure of foreign companies, as well as when choosing the jurisdiction in which business activities are planned.
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Lozzi, Maurizio. "Dalla cura della reazione alla cultura della prevenzione." FUTURIBILI, no. 1 (May 2009): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/fu2008-001012.
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- The conflictual nature of the contemporary world is being given further momentum by the spiral of violence triggered by the pairing of terrorism and war. The need to design instruments able to prevent violent conflicts is unfortunately based more on the containment of economic costs than that of human and social costs. Yet there are no more serious problems requiring our engagement than those of the prevention of genocide, for which the Italian armed forces and NGOs are considered reliable in theatres of war. A questionnaire used in Belgrade and its surrounding area confirm how much !our way of being good people" is appreciated in the Balkans. Governance and democracy in Europe, by Vincenzo Memoli Current literature on democracy points to a decline in citizens' support for democracy in a number of countries in the European Union. A range of explanations have been offered, and many scholars have identified the performance of governments as the main cause of this democratic deficit. Focusing on fifteen consolidated European democracies, this paper analyses the main government policies and estimates the effects they have on people's democratic support. The principal results highlight that between 2002 and 2005 standards of governance were in decline, and confirm that government decisions have an impact - including in the short term - on people's satisfaction with the functioning of democracy in Europe.
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Lyeonov, S., O. Kuzmenko, V. Koibichuk, and D. Horai. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SUPERVISORY AND REGULATORY SUPPORT OF FINANCIAL MONITORING AND CYBER SECURITY PROCEDURES." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2021, no. 3 (2021): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2021.3-18.
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Ways to improve the procedures of financial monitoring, cybersecurity organizations in the transition of the state economy to digital format, the development of innovative digitization, the level of information awareness of society is an urgent task today. In the absence of a consensus on the application of specific international law in the field of cybersecurity, individual states unilaterally determine their national positions. Therefore, it is important to determine the specifics of each system for safe and correct organization of mutually beneficial cooperation, on the one hand, and to improve their own practices and procedures to combat money laundering, gain qualitatively new knowledge on the least manifestations of risks and their prevention. stage of origin, on the other hand. The article presents a comparative analysis of the legal support of cyber defense and cybersecurity of the financial system and information and communication technologies of Germany, Poland, Ukraine, the United States, Switzerland, and the European Union. The generalized algorithm of financial monitoring is considered in the context of EU member states, based on the current provisions of Directive 2018/843 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of Europe on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing. The main provisions on which the European Commission’s algorithm is based are: open access to the registers of beneficial owners of companies, which increases the transparency of the analyzed information on financial transactions; transparency of information about trusts and similar structures; expanding the range of obligated entities (suppliers of e-wallets and virtual currency exchange platform); strengthening the capacity of the competent Financial Intelligence Units of the European Union to request, receive and use information from obligated entities; compliance with the criteria for verification of financial transactions carried out with the involvement of countries with a high degree of risk. The results obtained on the organization of a well-developed roadmap for financial monitoring on the example of the European Union serve as a basis for short- and long-term cybercultural modifications for both economic agents and the state.
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Sadrić, Benjamin. "The Use of Military Forces in the Protection of the Borders and Prevention of Irregular Migrations in Selected South East European Countries." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 19, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 474–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.19.3.6.
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The 2015 refugee crisis in Europe was a humanitarian, legal, and logistical cri sis. New circumstances gave rise to ideas of calling upon armies to serve at bor ders. This paper analyses all the elements of the refugee crisis that could serve to legitimise or oppose the use of military forces in the protection of state borders. Governments’ international obligations to protect refugees and providing security for their citizens came into conflict during the crisis. In an age of terrorist threats, the roles of the police and the military are shifting in an unknown direction, yet these international obligations remain. The refugee crisis challenged not only international law but also European Union policies and ethical principles. The possible solutions were either to ac cept all refugees or to close the borders entirely and somewhere in between these opposing solutions the army was considered as a tool. Many have emphasized that there is no place for military personnel at state borders regardless of refugee inflow. Hence, this paper examines the arguments for a “military ban”. Furthermore, a thorough analysis follows on the legal and logistical legitimacy of army usage at borders. At the end, Hungarian, Slovenian, and Croatian legislation are discussed and compared with a view to problems that could arise from the differences in the legislation regarding possible future migration and refugee inflows.
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Piotrowska, Anna, Marian Kopczewski, Julia Nowicka, and Zbigniew Ciekanowski. "MIGRATIONS - JOURNEYS OF THE BROKERS - IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE THREATS TO THE SECURITY OF 21ST CENTURY EUROPE." Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego XV - Wydanie specjalne (July 5, 2021): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6600.
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Contemporary and future threats to Europe in the 21st century constitute an important element of the European Union's security policy. Ongoing wars, terrorism, religious fanaticism and extreme poverty in third world countries led to a drastic wave of refugees that flooded Europe. The article presents the problem of threats related to the increasing migration, as well as the activities of the European Union aimed at preventing the migration crisis. The issue of Syrian refugees fleeing in desperation to Europe, a Europe that does not necessarily welcome them with open arms, was raised. The aim of the presented study is to analyze the situation of contemporary Europe in the context of threats related to the phenomenon of migration. Statistical data published by the most important institutions of the EU Member States, including data related to crimes committed by citizens who are not indigenous people of Europe, were thoroughly analyzed. Eurostat research, data disseminated by the Federal Criminal Police Office in Germany or statistics published by the Italian Istat were used. The conclusions from the above research allowed to verify the hypothesis that the migration crisis is a factor in the multifaceted destabilization of contemporary Europe, and the phenomenon of migration should be considered in this context. Due to the limited volume of the article, the author of the publication presented the most important legal bases regulating legal and illegal immigration, which will facilitate the understanding of the European Union's operation on the issue of interest to us.
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Cherkasov, P. "IMEMO in the First Half of the 2000s (Results of the Research)." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 4 (2022): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-119-132.
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The article summarizes the results of the IMEMO academic affairs in the first half of the 2000s. Like before, the Institute combined fundamental theoretical and applied research. In its work, IMEMO focused on the study of global, regional and national problems of the modern world. An important achievement of the Institute during these years was the prepared long-term forecast of the world economy development until 2015. The annual (2000–2005) analytical reports on the study of armed conflicts, their prevention and control, as well as of global and regional trends in the development of military expenses can be considered another achievement of this kind. These reports were prepared at IMEMO together with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). IMEMO’s accomplishments include the fundamental work “Transitional Economy: Theoretical Aspects, Russian Problems, International Experience”. In this research, the theoretical problems of the transitional economy were deeply investigated with an emphasis on the achievements of world economic thought, international and accumulated Russian experience of transitional processes was analyzed. The IMEMO scientists were involved in comparative analysis of the influence of new factors (globalization, information civilization, integration processes, international terrorism, etc.) on modern Russia and foreign countries. Along with theoretical research, the Institute regularly prepared analytical materials and expert opinions for the Administration of the President of Russia, the Government, the Federation Council and the State Duma. The IMEMO employees took part in the preparation of materials for the annual messages of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly, gave their recommendations on military reform and updating the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. The Institute was engaged in constant monitoring of the economic and internal situation in various regions and major states of the modern world. The focus of IMEMO analysts was the foreign policy of the United States, the European Union countries, the states of the Middle East, Central Asia and Latin America, as well as the Asia-Pacific region. This ongoing work was carried out in various departments and sectors of the Institute. The author presents the directions and main results of the work of these scientific departments. In general, one of the indicators of the overall performance of IMEMO in 2001–2006 are 256 monographs, collections of scientific papers, conference materials, brochures and reports published by its employees. During these years, the results of current work began to be posted on the IMEMO website.
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Economou, Athina, and Christos Kollias. "Terrorism and Political Self-Placement in European Union Countries." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2014-0036.
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AbstractStudies have shown that citizens’ risk-perceptions and risk-assessment are affected by large scale terrorist acts. Reported evidence shows that individuals are often willing to trade-off civil liberties for enhanced security particularly as a post-terrorist attack reaction as well as adopting more conservative views. Within this strand of the literature, this paper examines whether terrorism and in particular mass-casualty terrorist attacks affect citizens’ political self-placement on the left-right scale of the political spectrum. To this effect the Eurobarometer surveys for 12 European Union countries are utilized and ordered logit models are employed for the period 1985–2010 with over 230,000 observations used in the estimations. On balance, the findings reported herein seem to be pointing to a shift in respondents’ self-positioning towards the right of the political spectrum.
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Starodubtseva, Maria A., Valery A. Mazurov, and Ekaterina A. Shushakova. "EUROPEAN UNION STRATEGY FOR THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM." Society and Security Insights 3, no. 2 (June 20, 2020): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ssi(2020)2-10.
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The article analyzes the European Union counter-terrorism strategy. The authors give a brief outline of the formation of a system of supranational bodies of the EU. The absence of an integrated approach to the issue, the lack of narrow definitions of the terrorist threat is indicated. Given that, despite the fact that the EU’s attention is again (if not more) focused on the security aspect of terrorism (i.e. the fight against terrorism), and not on the myriad of other complex aspects that lead to it (i.e. the prevention of terrorism), the authors of the article conclude that the EU still does not fully understand the nature of terrorism. Its political dynamics are still driven by crisis situations, and the EU does not seem to want to deviate significantly in real terms from any of its previous strategies. In the authors' view, the EU’s approach to combating terrorism (politics, not rhetoric) will remain the same: focusing on security cooperation while promoting initiatives that create the impression that other areas, such as civic cooperation and intercultural dialogue, are not completely excluded . This will remain the main focus of the EU's anti-terrorism policy: with each terrorist attack (whether group or single), calls will be intensified to expand security cooperation in the context of EU integration and ensuring public safety. According to the authors, the development of a single concept will enhance the joint actions of states to destroy the terrorist threat.
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D, El Chami, and El Moujabber M. "Saving the Sustainability of the European Union, Fighting Terrorism." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 17 (June 30, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n17p149.
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Albeit the absence of an agreement on the definition, terrorism as studied in this literature has a complex nature and diverse factors that are involved. Furthermore, dealing with terrorism has become the centrepiece of foreign policies of many countries worldwide. The European Union has a long history of fighting terrorism. Yet, the current terrorism threats have shaken the bases of the Union. According to the authors’ assessment and evaluation, terrorism in Europe, in the aftermath of the Second World War, occurs due to the unsustainable foreign policies of the EU member states. To save the European Union and to fight terrorism, the authors suggest a framework based on four complementary headlines: i) Education, ii) Social justice and human rights, iii) Law enforcement, and iv) Sustainable common defence policy. A prerequisite to the success of this framework is a revision of the Europe-transatlantic relations to address the imbalance in the EU relations with USA.
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Chernadchuk, T. O., and V. O. Berezovska. "THE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM: THE ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION AND SOME NATIONAL ANTITERRORISM PROGRAMMES." Constitutional State, no. 48 (December 19, 2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2022.48.267964.
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Terrorist attacks strike not only the victims, their friends and families, but also the fundamental principles of the European Union. The choice of the topic of the article is caused by the fact that today the European Union recognizes money laundering, terrorist financing and international terrorism as some of the main threats to its financial system and citizens’ security. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of activities and decisions of the European Union in this area. The methodological basis of the work consists of both general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge. The EU legislation in the sphere of counter-terrorism was investigated using the analytical method, the method of abstraction gave an opportunity to assess the general current state of legal regulation of the fight against terrorism. The use of the comparative legal approach made it possible to analyze the national antiterrorist programmes of chosen European countries. The logical legal method was applied when formulating conclusions and proposals. The article deals with the issues related to the legal aspects of the fight against international terrorism. The paper investigates the steps taken by the European Union, i.e., the adoption of resolutions and strategies, the signing of treaties, the creation of institutions that function with the purpose to combat and prevent terrorist attacks, which are the constituents of the general concept of the antiterrorist system. The authors indicate the most important treaty provisions and institutions as well as their development and influence on the system of the fight against terrorism by the European Union. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of activities and decisions of the European Union in this area. It has been investigated that the external activities of the EU include the support of countries in improving their judicial systems and the potential of law enforcement authorities as well as the integration of European antiterrorist legislation into their security strategies. In the studied countries, the systematic approach to the fight against terrorism is clearly visible.
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Eijkman, Quirine. "Preventive counter-terrorism and non-discrimination assessment in the European Union." Security and Human Rights 22, no. 2 (2011): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502311797457102.
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AbstractAs a result of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the bombings in Madrid and London, a prevention-focused counter-terrorism approach has developed across the European Union. Preventive counter-terrorism is appealing because it implies interventions that remove the ability or, better still, the motivation of potential terrorists to carry out their lethal designs. Member states such as the United Kingdom and the Netherlands that primarily have experience in addressing 'home-grown' terrorism, have developed preventive counter-terrorism measures in response. Even though the majority of these laws, regulations and policies recognize the importance of the rule of law and human rights, it remains relevant to examine whether in theory and in practice particular measures have had disproportionate effects on ethnic and religious minorities and thereby violate non-discrimination standards.
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Pogácsás, Imre. "What the NATO Alliance Is Currently Advocating and Delivering in the Counter Terrorism Arena." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2017.1.9.
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The fight against terrorism is still based on the nation-state framework, but international organizations have a greater focus on the prevention of terrorist acts. The European Union is not a military organization, it is involved mainly in prevention and combating crime and terrorism financing operations, and to resolve the consequences of an attack. In contrast, NATO is mainly focused on the fight against terrorism from a military perspective. It is important to emphasize that the fight against global terrorism can only be successful if comprehensive, international, multilateral action is taken, which includes military operations, in addition to political, economic, legal, diplomatic and social tools.This analysis will seek to determine how those facts influence the NATO Counter Terrorism (CT) task and whether they are sufficient to justify making it a NATO core responsibility.
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Kryshtanovych, Myroslav, Liudmyla Akimova, Valentina Shamrayeva, Marta Karpa, and Oleksandr Akimov. "Problems of European Integration in the Construction of EU Security Policy in the Context of Counter-Terrorism." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 12, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.120411.
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The main purpose of the article is to identify the main problems of European integration in building the EU security policy in the context of countering terrorism. The research methodology includes the methodology of graph and connection theory. Taking into account the opinion of experts, the main problems of European integration in building the EU security policy in the context of countering terrorism for the countries of Eastern Europe were identified. After the start of a full-scale invasion of the russian federation into the territory of Ukraine, a large number of countries that are not yet members of the European Union have stepped up and are striving to start integration processes to form a common European security system. In this regard, the purpose and content of this study are to more thoroughly define these processes and identify the main problems and issues. As a result of the study, the main problems of European integration in building the EU security policy in the context of countering terrorism were identified. The main model of the negative impact of the key problems of European integration in the construction of EU security policy in the context of countering terrorism was formed. The study has limitations and deals with taking into account the specifics of security policy exclusively in the countries of Eastern Europe. Further research is needed to determine the main problems of European integration in building the EU security policy in the context of countering terrorism for the countries of the world.
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Jonasson, Ann-Kristin. "The double-edged sword of democracy: How democracy promotion is used in the European Union's prevention of terrorism in the southern Mediterranean." Journal of Regional Security 17, no. 2 (2022): 241–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jrs17-37878.
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Terrorism is a horror haunting the world. Different approaches are used to fight terrorism internationally, focusing on security as well as social policy. On policy-level, the European Union poses democracy promotion as one social policy approach to prevent terrorism. Democracy is supposed to create resilient societies, resistant to terrorism. However, research on whether democracy prevents terrorism is inconclusive. Indeed, insufficient democratisation may spur terrorism. To unravel how the EU uses democracy promotion to prevent terrorism in the southern Mediterranean is therefore crucial. Based on interviews with EU representatives, this article concludes that the EU's external action does not reflect the policy documents' focus on democracy promotion in preventing terrorism. While respondents regard democracy promotion as important in preventing terrorism, it is not prioritised. Instead, terrorism prevention is largely securitised, following the lead of Mediterranean partner states. Research warns that such securitisation, coupled with insufficient democratisation, risk causing instead of preventing terrorism.
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MacKenzie, Alexander. "The European Union's Increasing Role in Foreign Policy Counterterrorism." Journal of Contemporary European Research 6, no. 2 (July 14, 2010): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v6i2.269.
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Since 9/11, the role of the European Union (EU) in counter-terrorism has expanded rapidly. Most of the developments were internally derived and would affect only EU Member States and countries on the EU’s periphery. However, over the past few years, the EU has become increasingly involved in counter-terrorism outside its borders. Although it still has a long way to progress before being recognised as a counter-terrorism actor of note, the EU has demonstrated a commitment to include counter-terrorism related initiatives into its foreign policies. Analyses of the EU’s foreign policy counter-terrorism have focused on narrow definitions of foreign policy. It is necessary to distinguish between the external dimension of counter-terrorism and foreign policy counter-terrorism, and there is a need to combine these in order to better understand the EU as a counter-terrorism actor. Foreign policy and counter-terrorism therefore need to be broadly defined in order to take account of the full array of EU counter-terrorism initiatives. Through the EU’s efforts to counter terrorist financing, the EU’s role in Afghanistan, the EU-US relationship, and the Commission-based Instrument for Stability (IfS) it will be shown that the EU has made considerable progress towards creating a multi-faceted counter-terrorism policy in the nine years since 9/11.
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Piwowarska, Sara. "Unia Europejska wobec konfliktów i przemian społeczno-politycznych w regionie MENA w XX i XXI wieku." Świat Idei i Polityki 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/siip201801.
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The countries of the Middle East and North Africa are one of the main areas of interest of the European Union, and the main determinants of mutual relations are primarily the economy and security policy. The aim of the article is to show how the position of the European Union is shaped in relation to the main challenges and threats in this region, to which the Israeli-Arabic conflict, the Palestinian issue and the so-called Arab Spring, as well as the escalation of the conflict in Syria and the problem of international terrorism.
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Voznyuk, Yevhenija, and Kyrylo Vetrov. "INFORMATION TERRORISM AS A MODERN THREAT FOR INFORMATION SECURITY OF EUROPEAN STATES." Міжнародні відносини, суспільні комунікації та регіональні студії, no. 1 (5) (May 29, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2524-2679-2019-01-34-41.
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We note that the effective and active struggle of European countries with information terrorism takes place within the framework of the European Union, all its member-countries, as well as neighboring countries and applicants for accession. Therefore, it should be stressed that the EU is pursuing itself a very active policy in the field of information security. At the moment, it brings together highly developed countries that have a tremendous impact on international relations by establishing norms and standards of conduct of states in the political, economic, social, informational and other spheres. The main objective of the EU is to strengthen the European Commission’s dialogue with international organizations and partners on the issue of network security and, in particular, on the growing dependence on electronic networks. Political priorities in the field of information security, defined by the governing bodies of the European Union, are being implemented at the national level by both state authorities and nongovernmental organizations. Analyzing all the above, it can be concluded that within the framework of the EU, information security is considered, first of all, as a state of information networks and systems that provides an adequate level of protection of the integrity, availability, authenticity and confidentiality of information and the appropriate level of counteraction to external negative influences. Priorities of EU policy in the field of information security are the creation and implementation of programs and various technical means of protection of information and communication technologies; development of normative legal acts that establish a list of crimes in the IT sphere and criminal liability; ensuring a high level of public awareness of the risks, threats and ways of protecting their information systems / networks from undesirable effects.
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WOJNICZ, Luiza. "Nieformalne struktury państw Unii Europejskiej w walce z międzynarodowym terroryzmem. Bilans współpracy i wyzwania." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 3 (November 2, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2010.15.3.4.
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The informal structures of the European Union employed in the struggle against international terrorism can be divided into those emerging inside the European Community, and those involving the states outside the EC, or third parties. The emergence of informal structures to fight terrorism resulted from the observation that the then EC did not cooperate to fight terrorism. In the 1960s and 1970s the increasing problem of terrorism stimulated efforts to look for ways to deal with it. It would have been a good solution to begin cooperation in the field of internal security on a Community scale, yet this approach stirred too many controversies and fears. Additionally, a general disinterest in political cooperation at that time made some states begin building informal structures aimed at the exchange of information on terrorist threats. It is worth emphasizing that the structures discussed in this paper (i.e. groups and clubs) are to a certain extent an element of European intelligence, as they involve intelligence agencies, structures operating within EU countries and outside, and the cooperation or synergy of intelligence provided by various mechanisms and activities. The cooperation within the framework of such structures goes beyond the EU and Europe, thus becoming more effective in fighting international, modern, globalized, non-territorial terrorism of a network character. Therefore, although the European Union has been conducting its own policy against terrorism involving all its member states, these informal structures with third parties will continue to play an important part in anti-terrorist cooperation between states that are at particular risk of terrorist activity.
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Couto, Gualter, Pedro Pimentel, Carina Roias, and Rui Alexandre Castanho. "The Impact of Terrorism on Capital Markets." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 18 (June 2, 2021): 962–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2021.18.91.
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This work aims to analyze the impact of terrorism on the countries' capital markets and in the transport industry. To this end, eight recent terrorist attacks in the European Union have been studied and compared to two older similar attacks in the same region. The stock indices used in this study relate to the country's main index where the attack occurred and the FTSE Euro 100, S&P 500, and Dow Jones Singapore indices, representing the European, American, and Asian markets respectively. The results of this work are relatively discrepant since it was not possible to identify concretely the pattern of a terrorist attack on the capital markets. However, when we look at both time horizons studied, the results point to a greater capacity for market recover over time on terrorism.
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Dziewulska, Agata. "The European Union’s Security Conceptualisation vs. its Risk Prevention Capabilities." Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, no. 14 (December 31, 2020): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rie.2020.14.8.
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The European Union, as an area of unquestionable prosperity, on which the countries that make up it have been working since the 1950s, faces the constant challenge of combating threats to the security of its societies. In a changing world, these threats are constantly evolving. They were first summarised in the European Security Strategy and the list of threats was revised in Global Strategy published in 2016. The Union is therefore aware both of the processes of change in international relations and of the threats that this entails for the Union, its Member States and society. Does this awareness motivate Member States and EU authorities to consolidate their defence efforts? Are the measures to address the risks to the Union adequate to the degree of danger? Are the policies of the Union so developed as to maintain peace of mind in the face of threats? This article analyses the risks and attempts to answer these questions.
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TĂRTEAȚĂ, Cristina. "HUMAN SECURITY, TERRORISM AND ORGANIZED CRIME IN THE WESTERN BALKANS." STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College 1, no. 72 (July 15, 2021): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-13.
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In this study we have analyzed the paradigm of Human Security and how it differs from the more known idea of global security in the context of war, terrorism and organizedcrime in the Western Balkans. To emphasize this, we have presented the main terrorist threats and attacks that have occurred in countries like: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia and the Kosovo province, also presenting the complexity of factors that have contributed to the present geopolitical climate. Also, we have compared the number of organized crime groups in these countries and how they contribute to the state of corruption that leads to violence, poverty and inequality. In the end of this paper, we have proposed a series of potential solutions to merge both human and global security in order to create a safer Balkan community in the context of the European Union.Keywords: Human Security, terrorism, organized crime, Western Balkans, European Union.
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Herdi Sahrasad and Ibnu Rusyd. "Political Islam, European Muslim and Terrorism Issues: A Reflection." Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 8, no. 3 (September 7, 2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v8i3.153.
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In the period 2014-2015, the European Union was shaken by the influx of migrants from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans (Eastern Europe) who increasingly flooded the western region of the white continent. In a March 2015 report, UNHCR said the conflicts in Iraq and Syria brought the number of asylum seekers in Western countries in 2014 to the highest level in 22 years. There were an estimated 866,000 asylum seekers in 2014. That number is a 45 percent increase compared to 2013. And, during the 2014-16 refugee crisis from the Middle East and Africa, millions of refugee flows from the Middle East and Africa were rejected. In this regard, Olivier Roy sees that in Europe itself there is a danger of radical Islamism, a Muslim terrorism movement that undermines European peace and undermines Western trust on Muslim communities and political Islam. This paper explains Roy's perspective and Islamic radicalism in Europe which does not benefit the position and image of Muslims in Europe and the West in general.
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Gryz, Jaroslaw. "IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON CIVIC SOCIETY: EUROPEAN UNION’S CASE STUDY." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 2, no. 7 (July 5, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v2i7.3488.
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Only countries possess effective tools – instruments of politics – that can counteract impact of terrorism on European Union’s civic society. The aim of the study is to develop patterns of thinking and cognition of reality in context of an individual assessment and collective action with violence as a source of change. Analysis indicated in the article show that the ease of radicalization combined with the view of reality forms the basis of the descripted phenomenon, giving it a specific, individual character in each European Union’s country. The outcome and as well as the outline of this study can be foundation for future studies on security policy of every individual European Union state, connected with other under the umbrella of European Commission and other common structures. An open question is, In which direction is the phenomenon of international terrorism in European Union’s states evolving and what does it encompass while changing the character of social reality? The clearly drawn criteria of change allows to present a selective approach. They show the complexity of problems connected with contemporary terrorism, particularly in fighting the phenomenon. Article concludes that without comprehensive actions to combat terrorism, conducted individually and in common European Union’s security policy this phenomenon may intensify and result in consequences that are easy to foresee.
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Stelmach, Jarosław. "Contemporary Methods, Forms and Tools of Terrorist Activity in the Countries of the European Union." Vojenské reflexie 17, no. 3 (2022): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52651/vr.a.2022.3.07-22.
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The article aims to present the nature and typology of terrorist attacks taking into account the contemporary conditions of the security environment of the European Union. The author describes the leading methods, forms and tools of contemporary terrorist attacks carried out on the territory of the Community countries. He bases on the latest reports and analyses of the leading security institutions, both in the national and regional dimensions. These data are complemented by analyses of selected terrorist attacks, which allow us to draw additional conclusions and generalizations. The article is innovative due to the specific approach to the threat of terrorist attacks, allowing the reader to easily recognize the leading methods of terrorist struggle and examples of their use. The value of the article is its topicality and focus on the subject of the modus operandi of perpetrators. Thanks to that, the content of the text may constitute a real source of knowledge on the nature of contemporary attacks and trends in their evolution. Due to the utilitarian character of the content, the text may be addressed both to scientists and practitioners performing tasks in the area of counterterrorist operations. An additional advantage of the work is the use of a wide spectrum of doctrine in the area under study, which translates into the possibility of getting acquainted with a variety of opinions of experts and scientists. In the article, the reader will also find a summary of selected opinions on the development of the phenomenon of terrorism and terrorist attacks, which can be a source of knowledge when designing future anti-terrorism solutions.
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M.M, Murtalibova. "Specificity of Turkey’s Security Relations with Neighboring Countries." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i12.865.
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The article analyzes the historical dynamics of cooperation and differences in conceptual understanding of approaches of Turkey’s international security and terrorism cooperation with the European Union and the United States in countermeasures. In the 2000s in spite of successful cooperation in the fight against international terrorism, these disagreements did not allow Turkey to fully unite to the system of international security in the Middle East, which is being built by the West. With the largest army in the Middle East and the second largest in the NATO bloc, a dynamic economy and a significant foreign policy weight (not to mention the ambitious leaders in charge), Turkey is playing an increasing role in regional and world politics. In recent years, Turkey’s foreign policy has undergone repeated, sometimes drastic changes, and its relations with a number of countries, from hostility to cooperation and vice versa, have always been the focus of the governments of the Middle East regional countries and NATO allies.
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Zabrocki, Patryk Roger. "Wpływ współczesnych migracji terrorystycznych na bezpieczeństwo." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 2(34) (September 15, 2021): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2021.2.34.4.
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The premise of this text is to analyze by means of selected examples the issues related to the broad definition of security, and modern and developing terrorist migration. Moreover, the aim of this paper is to approach the subject in question from the perspective of the current legal state by means of the formal and dogmatic method, but also by means of the method of criticism and analysis of the literature, which will allow a full understanding of the shape, functioning and causes of errors of modern security bodies. The above will influence the formulation of de lege ferenda postulates in the conclusion. The European Union is based on solid foundations. So how does globalisation, in its broadest sense, affect the world around us and the elementary values of the modern world? Modern terrorism, which strikes at the security of developed countries, is undoubtedly a global phenomenon that also sows fear for normal existence in one’s own country. Unrestricted, cross-border terrorist activity is leading to intra-community division. This is the result of internal conflicts over common values. The surveillance and detection of migrants from outside the European community who are criminals is becoming a more difficult task with time. This is due to the fact that terrorist organisations operate according to a well-defined plan, creating extensive networks and recruiting new members for their groups in many countries simultaneously. The fight against terrorism is being waged on Europe’s streets and in the homes and schools of its citizens. The struggle for security begins at the borders of European countries. What is crucial in this fight is the latest equipment and cooperation between security bodies, including the special services of all the countries of the European Union and NATO. It is essential to introduce appropriate legislation to limit the free movement of people who commit crimes and to develop methods to distinguish terrorists from economic migrants or refugees. The state must guarantee the security of its citizens and combat terrorism effectively.
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Wojnicz, Luiza. "Definition and Typology of European Union Missions." Reality of Politics 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201911.
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In view of the contemporary challenges and threats, European Union’s efforts in the area of civil and military capacity building are extremely important. As an international organization having a high impact on third countries, the European Union plays a key role in conflict prevention and crisis response. In external governance EU has two sectoral policies at its disposal: the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP). The CFSP is responsible for resolving conflicts and fostering international understanding using diplomacy and giving respect for international rules. The CSDP is responsible for carrying out civilian and military missions as well as for diffusing rules, which affect, in various respects, the improvement of security management in third countries through their incorporation. By adopting today’s global approach, both military and civilian, to crisis management and continuing to strengthen its capacity for action and analytical tools, the European Union is becoming a major security vector at international level, and its Common Security and Defense Policy expeditionary missions are the tangible proof.
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Karpchuk, Nataliia. "European Union's Initiatives in the Struggle against the Propaganda of Terrorism." Humanitarian vision 6, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/shv2020.02.015.
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In the article, the author analyzes the EU initiatives that prevent radicalization, reduce the impact of destructive content, and increase public awareness and the ability to distinguish objective information from fakes and disinformation. The author emphasizes that the EU’s struggle against radicalization, extremism and terrorism is based on four “pillars”: 1) prevention, 2) protection, 3) persecution and 4) response. Each Member State develops its own prevention policy, but the Commission provides some regulatory framework for the exchange of experiences and good practices, so special attention is paid to the study of the Radicalization Awareness Network (RAN), which is an EU policy tool because it is aimed at developing programs of deradicalization and rehabilitation, assistance to teachers and youth in combating the causes of radicalization. The author argues that only the common efforts of the EU institutions, Member States, partner countries, media and technological organizations can effectively struggle against the propaganda of extremism and terrorism.
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Wyszkowska, Dorota, and Anna Rogalewska. "Green economy indicators for Poland and other European Union countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 61, no. 10 (October 28, 2016): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1109.
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Economic crises affecting different parts of the world have forced world leaders to seek new paths of development, taking into account the needs of environmental protection and prevention of adverse effects of human activities. One of these roads may be ”green growth” leading to the achievement of ”green economy”. Monitoring the state of green economy in Poland is possible due to certain indicators, among which is defined the group of measures relating to economic opportunities and policy responses. The aim of this article is to present the mentioned above group of indicators. The article is divided into two parts. The first one shows the theoretical issues relating to the green economy and indicators to measure it, with particular emphasis on the selected group. While the second is devoted to presenting the Polish situation in the background of other European Union countries in terms of the indicators of the economic opportunities and policy responses.
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Бунчук, М. М. "Economic causes and consequences of international terrorism." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASPECTS 4, no. 1-2 (February 4, 2016): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/1516007.
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At present, representatives of the scientific, political, military circles and the civil society of the most countries of the world are taking part in the antiterrorist activity.The formation and implementation of the state policy of terrorism prevention in Ukraine provide for realization of the measures package of the legislative and executive power, the society and individual citizens of Ukraine.The article:• identifies problems of terrorism combating policy in the context of research on the causes and economic impact of terrorist activities;• reveals that appearance of evaluation categories in the field of terrorism resulted in a formation of a specific world market - a terrorism market;• considers problems related to the effectiveness of budgetary and extra-budgetary expenditure linked to threats of international terrorism in the countries of the integrated world;• highlights the economic losses incurred by Ukraine because of the terrorist activity in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions in 2014;• defines theoretical aspects of anti-terrorist Ukrainian policy analysis in the con-text of international, especially European and Euro-Atlantic, anti-terrorism cooperation;The conducted analysis shows that one of the priority tasks of the state regarding to improving the efficiency of antiterrorist activity should be the construction of the sys-tem of prevention of terrorism as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon, including by means of creating a system of regulatory actions of authorized authorities and other institutions of civil society in this area.
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Ārensone, Kristīne. "LEGAL OBLIGATION OF FRAUD PREVENTION TO PROTECT FINANCIAL INTERESTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Administrative and Criminal Justice 4, no. 73 (December 30, 2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/acj.v4i73.4354.
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Legal instruments that are required for fraud prevention are developed by European Union countries, however their results are not sufficient. Aim of this article is to review how legal obligation of fraud prevention to protect EU financial interests is fulfilled according to the requirements of Treaty on European Union, as well as to propose improvements for fraud mitigation of EU funds. To analyze possibilities how to prevent / mitigate fraud of EU Funds, fraud analyst’s Dr. Donald Cressey “fraud triangle” conception is reviewed in the article.
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Hara, Michał. "Recent Council of Europe and European Union legislation on preventing terrorism and its impact on the criminal law of Member States the example of Poland." Nowa Kodyfikacja Prawa Karnego 52 (December 13, 2019): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.52.5.
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The paper seeks to draw comparisons between recent instruments adopted by the Council of Europe CoE and the European Union EU in the field of prevention of terrorism. The examined instruments are the CoE convention on the prevention of terrorism of 2005 with its additional protocol of 2015 and the EU’s 2017 directive on combating terrorism. The paper demonstrates the different scope of criminalisation required by these instruments, highlighting areas in which the EU’s legal regime is stricter, providing for criminalisation of a wider array of activities aiming to prepare for the commission of terrorist offences in particular with regard to public provocation, receiving terrorist training and terrorist travel. The paper then examines implementation of both sets of international instruments into a national legal system using the Polish transposition as an example. Both good and poor examples of implementation are presented. The former includes comprehensive criminalisation of public provocation to commit a terrorist offence and membership of a terrorist organisation, while the latter includes insufficient transposition of provisions requiring the criminalisation of receiving terrorist training and terrorist travel as well as introducing unwarranted powers of the public prosecutor to grant leniency to terrorist travellers.
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Sadomovskaya, M. E. "Legal Aspects of Combating Terrorism Financing and Money Laundering using Informal Money Transfer Systems in the European Union." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 7 (August 7, 2020): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.116.7.169-179.
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Currently, in the European Union, in addition to traditional money transfer systems (bank transfers, Western Union, etc.), informal (alternative) systems have spread. The most famous and widespread is hawala, which originated in South Asia many centuries ago, long before the banking system, and is still the most familiar and convenient mechanism for transferring funds in several regions of North Africa and the Middle East. Hawala operates outside the regulated banking and financial sector primarily through a complex settlement system: there is no actual transfer of funds within this system. In most countries, hawala is not regulated by law and is not subject to government supervision. All these factors contribute to the increased risk of money laundering and terrorist financing (ML/TF risk). The paper examines the key characteristics of hawala, its types, circumstances that caused its spread, the features of the system’s functioning, and overviews the main measures of the European Union aimed at reducing the risk of ML / TF, which are a characteristic of hawala.
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Bazarkina, D. Yu. "Countermeasures for Hybrid Threats: The Experience of the European Union and Its Member States." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S4 (September 2022): S315—S320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622100033.
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Abstract The methods and tools used by the European Union to counter hybrid threats are identified: from the fight against terrorism to measures aimed at combating economic competitors and political opponents (mainly, to squeeze Russia and China out of European markets). It is concluded that it is not by chance that neither EU institutions nor the research community have worked out a comprehensive definition of operations to combat hybrid threats. A broad understanding of hybrid threats as practically any (depending on the political situation) actions of the opponent serves to justify the application of any counteraction tool. In the fight against global threats such as terrorism, cybercrime, and the spread of false medical data, the EU takes a systemic approach, which makes it possible to assess the level and degree of the convergence of threats to critical infrastructure and the infosphere, as well as the possibilities of counteraction. At the same time, attempts to use economic, legislative, political, and informational tools to achieve one-sided economic, political, and military advantages do not reduce the degree of tension in the EU’s relations with Russia, China, and some other countries, only increasing the number and strength of hybrid threats. This reduces the EU’s ability to achieve strategic autonomy.
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Kręglewska, Karolina. "Mental health prevention in children and adolescents in the European Union and measures taken in Poland – good practices and limitations." Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 21, no. 3 (November 10, 2021): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2021.0020.
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Mental health of children and adolescents is one of important issues managed as part of preventive interventions not only in Poland, but throughout the European Union. Many studies have shown continuous deterioration of mental health among children and adolescents. Alarming data have been published by the World Health Organization, which show that up to 20% of children suffer from various types of mental problems, hence the need for interventions that will put an end to this process. The most important target set by the European Union countries is to introduce large-scale multilevel preventive measures aimed at the total population, referred to as universal prevention. In addition to universal prevention, European Union countries, including Poland, implement targeted interventions for those at risk and those already diagnosed, as part of preventive mental health care. These measures are part of the WHO Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2030, which encompasses the following objectives: promote mental well-being, enhance recovery, and reduce the mortality, morbidity and disability for persons with mental disorders. This plan was intended to focus on improving mental health care and implementing comprehensive actions at the local level in all European Union countries, which often requires legislative changes in member states. Mental health is becoming the focal point of national and local interventions in Poland. Fast and free access to specialists close to one’s place of residence becomes crucial.
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Ishchenko, Ivan, Kostiantyn Buhaichuk, Olha Tokarchuk, Kateryna Rudoi, and Iryna Tsareva. "European experience of preventive activities performed by law enforcement agencies: administrative aspect and theoretical-legal aspect." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 75 (December 29, 2022): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.17.
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The aim of the research was to reveal the peculiarities of preventive activities carried out by law enforcement agencies in the countries of the European Union. Attention is paid to the known methods of preventive work carried out by the police of different countries, which make it possible to prevent crimes and arrest criminals when they are still preparing to commit a crime. In this regard, models of preventive activities used in continental European countries are described. The methodological basis of the research is presented in comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. In the conclusions attention is paid to the peculiarities of prevention applied by individual members of the European Union, in particular, the policy of prevention by the Polish police, in terms of recidivism of persons who have already committed crimes. This policy is developed by borrowing from the European experience, because in some countries the emphasis is on extending the powers of police officers, in others - on maximum interaction with the society involved to help implement some police functions.
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KASZÁS, Nikoletta, and Krisztina KELLER. "THE EMERGENCE OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN THE TOURISM STRATEGIES OF EU MEMBER STATES." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 45, no. 4 supplement (December 30, 2022): 1717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.454spl21-992.
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The aim of the study is to position tourism safety and security within the strategy-making practices of the European Union member states. We examined these issues through content analysis of tourism development strategies. In quantitative research we analyzed the frequency of occurrence of terms related to 13 topics, while a qualitative study revealed the different dimensions of safety. Most of the planning and strategy documents do not pay much attention to tourism safety, which is in most EU countries clearly in its infancy. Terms related to public safety most prevalent in the member states' strategies, within which they have formulated objectives concerning mainly crime and terrorism. The European Union does not currently have unified concept for tourism development, leaving the development of tourism as a destination to individual Member States.
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Magrini, Chiara, Filippo D’Addato, and Alessandra Bonoli. "Municipal solid waste prevention: A review of market-based instruments in six European Union countries." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 1_suppl (January 11, 2020): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19894622.
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This article focuses on quantitative prevention of municipal solid waste among the 28 member countries of the European Union. A strict definition of waste prevention is used, including waste avoidance, waste reduction at source or in process, and product reuse, while recycling is outside the scope of this article. In order to provide a solid overview of the European situation, the study selected six countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania and Spain). Several selection requirements have been considered, such as geographic location or municipal solid waste per capita production trends from 1995 to 2017. A review of prevention programmes and other national strategic documents has been conducted. Extended producer responsibility, Pay-As-You-Throw schemes, Deposit-Refund Systems and Environmental Taxes implementation among the selected countries have been studied in order to understand how these market-based instruments can be used for the sake of waste prevention. Each market-based instrument has been further analysed using the Drivers Pressures State Impact Response model. Based on the results of this study, the effectiveness of market-based instruments implementation is strictly related to the context they are enforced in. It is particularly important to tailor the market-based instruments based on the implementation area. Nevertheless, market-based instruments, which are now mostly meant to boost the recycling sector of the considered Member States, should be designed to improve waste prevention performances, ensuring the achievement of the highest level of waste hierarchy promoted by the European Union.
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Kaivo-oja, Jari, Samuli Aho, and Theresa Lauraéus. "European COVID -19 Pandemic Data and Social Inclusion Policy in the European Union: Drivers-Driven Trend Analysis." Economics and Culture 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0007.
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Abstract Research purpose. The study is focused on the Covid-19 pandemic crisis in the European Union. This study investigates the current driving trends and trade-offs of the Covid-19 pandemic phenomenon and social inclusion trends in the European countries. Design / Methodology / Approach. The methodology is based on conventional statistical index theory and statistics. The study investigates cases, deaths, and key Covid-19 statistics. The research design combines key social inclusion statistics of the Eurostat and the official Covid-19 statistics of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Covid-19 data is updated to 1.3.2021. Social inclusion variables are selected from the Eurostat database. Social inclusion variables cover poverty, material deprivation, income distribution, income, quality of life, employment, and education matters. Scattering matrices on the relationships among the key variables under review are reported. Findings. The study reports basic trends of Covid-19 cases, deaths, deaths/cases and calculates these Covid-19 trends in 29 European countries. This study reports trade-off analyses of key social inclusion trends of the European Union countries. Key indicators are linked to economic income, income distribution, poverty, gender issues, and housing statistics. The 19 key indicators of social inclusion are analysed and reported with Covid-19 data. Statistical correlation analysis tables (2a and 2b) are calculated with key European social inclusion indicators. The study reveals some relevant aspects of the social inclusion policy of the European Union about the ongoing Covid-19 crisis and exit strategies. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This conference paper demonstrates novel and exciting possibilities of integrated data pooling (The Eurostat and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). Original results of key trend drivers are provided by the authors. Value-adding and interesting results are delivered for European governments and the business community. Results and findings of the study can be used in the planning of economic recovery and Covid-19 exit policies in the member states of the European Union.
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Wu, Jing, Ying Li, and Margda Waern. "Suicide among Older People in Different European Welfare Regimes: Does Economic (in)Security Have Implications for Suicide Prevention?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 7003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127003.
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Older adult suicide rates vary widely within Europe, and differential welfare policies might contribute to this. We studied variations in economic indicators and suicide rates of people 65+ across 28 European countries and examined the effects of these indicators on suicide rates, grouping countries according to their socio-political systems and welfare regimes. Suicide data was obtained from the WHO European Mortality Database. The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the European Union Labour Force Survey provided data on economic indicators. Linear mixed models were applied. Suicide rates ranged from 4.22/100,000 (Cyprus) to 36.37/100,000 (Hungary). Material deprivation was related to elevated suicide rates in both genders in the pooled data set and in men but not women in the Continental and Island countries. Higher ratio of median income (65+/under 65) was associated with lower likelihood of suicide in women in the South-Eastern European countries. In the Nordic region, the 65+ employment rate was associated with a decreased likelihood of suicide in men. These factors to some extent show economic insecurity against older people, which influences the likelihood of suicide. Active labor market policies and inclusive social environment may contribute to suicide prevention in this age group.
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MEZEI, Sebastian. "PREVENTION SAVES LIVES AND REDUCES HEALTH SPENDING." Annals of the University of Oradea. Economic Sciences 31, me 31 (December 2022): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes31(2)007.
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Maintaining a health system, at the highest level of performance and ensuring the health needs for the population, is a major challenge for all states. Health expenditures are constantly increasing, being influenced by technological progress in the field, innovative treatments or aging of the population in correlation with the existence of chronic diseases related to age. An important component in reducing health expenditure is prevention, medical conditions can be detected in the early stage, and their treatment requiring significantly lower costs compared to aggravated forms of the disease. For the period 2014 – 2018, Romania has allocated, on average, over 68% fewer financial allocations for prevention (out of GDP), compared to the European Union average, while countries such as Italy, Finland, Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands have allocations between 27 and 36% above the European average. Romania ranks, at European Union level, on the penultimate position, allocating 0.08% of GDP (2018) for prevention in health, with a direct impact on the number of critical patients and high treatment costs.
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Valeeva, R. A. "Development of Сooperation Between Kyrgyzstan and the European Union at the Present Stage." Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-3-288-296.
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After the collapse of the USSR, the West received favorable conditions for promoting its geopolitical interests. Accordingly, the European Union began to establish relations with the countries of Central Asia. The EU policy in Central Asia in the early 90s of the twentieth century is characterized by the fact that Brussels concentrated its efforts on the allocation of economic assistance, the promotion of democracy and market relations. The EU policy in the Central Asian republics was based on cooperation and partnership Agreements signed with the leadership of the countries of the region. These agreements were intended to formalize the political and economic relations of the countries of the region with the EU. The role of the Central Asian countries in EU foreign policy was more clearly defined after the adoption of the European Union Strategy for Central Asia in 2007. The European Union has taken a number of steps to strengthen its position in the region. Several formats of bilateral and regional cooperation have been created, and EU representative offices have been opened in the countries of the region.Over the past decade, the European Union has significantly intensified its foreign policy in Central Asia. It expanded diplomatic ties and successfully implemented mechanisms for developing cooperation with Central Asia. In particular, it has expanded its presence in the region, successfully launching several of its strategic programs in various areas of cooperation.In 2019, the European Union adopted a new Strategy for Central Asia. This is the first radical revision of the document adopted in 2007. This indicates a desire to update the base of interac tion and to build relations with the countries of the region in a new way. The European Union pays special attention to such areas of cooperation as energy issues, global security problems and joint struggle against the threats of terrorism, Islamic fundamentalism and radical extremism, transport and infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the prospects and problems of the EU’s interaction with the Kyrgyz Republic, which cover various aspects: political, economic, social, trade, cultural. On 19 November 2017, the European Union and the Kyrgyz Republic began negotiations to update the existing bilateral agreement, which is intended to replace the partnership and cooperation Agreement. After the completion of the negotiations, a new agreement on expanded partnership and cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the European Union was initialed on July 6, 2019. It includes new areas of cooperation and significantly improves the regulatory framework for trade and economic relations in accordance with WTO rules and regional economic agreements. The new agreement provides for cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and the EU in areas such as: policy and reform, enhanced cooperation in foreign policy and security issues, in the areas of justice, security and freedoms, as well as in trade.
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Sharoichenko, Natalia. "Spain and the European Union: topical issues of interaction." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2017-4-70-73.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyzes various aspects of interaction of Spain and European Union (EU) at the present stage. Due to the fact that the studied period is less than six months (including several events happened in a period less than a month) before presenting the paper, this research is topical and covers issues which were not examined before in academic literature. The aim of the study is to analyze major problems on which Spain has made suggestions for positive changes in the EU recently. The research was conducted with the help of such methods, as event-analysis, comparison and system approach. The article implies consistent and coherent analysis of important recent events, political and economic processes which actors were Spain and the European Union. In order to make the research comprehensive, materials of international media, official statements and papers of researchers from Spanish-speaking countries on associated topics were studied. The main conclusion on Spain’s participation in political and economic processes at the level of the EU is that Spain suggests different ways to strengthen economies of the Eurozone, accelerate integration in the framework of the EU, resolve migration crisis and fight against terrorism in Europe. Thanks to economic growth during this year and relative stabilization of political situation after the party crisis, Spain began to participate more actively in international projects within the EU, and it is engaged in a constructive dialogue on the most urgent European problems.
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Fink, Sophie. "Judicial Control of Targeted Sanctions by the European Court of Justice." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 18, no. 1 (2014): 425–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413-00180015.
Full textAbstract:
In the global fight against international terrorism, the Security Council of the United Nations uses targeted sanctions for the prevention of terrorist attacks and the protection of the population. Starting with Resolution 1267 in 1999, an encompassing listing system was established by the Security Council. The listing system bears various problems regarding the human rights of the listed persons, especially since there is no mechanism of judicial review attached to the listing system. Following the implementation of these consolidated lists in the European Union, they were challenged before the European Courts. This article describes the development of targeted sanctions, focusing on the different sanctions regimes in the fight against international terrorism and their specific problems. It analyses the judicial review of the sanctions regimes by the European Courts, particularly the Kadi-Judgment of 2008. The article then describes the implications of this judgment not only for the relationship between the law of the un and the eu and for the sanctions regime on the international and European level, but also for the overarching question whether liberty and security can be brought into balance with regard to targeted sanctions.
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Morschbach, Francesca. "Third Country PNR Mechanisms After the CJEU’s Schrems II Judgment." Air and Space Law 48, Issue 1 (January 1, 2023): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2023012.
Full textAbstract:
The article illustrates how the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)’s Schrems II judgment solidified the European court’s approach to European Union (EU) data protection and the issues of data collection and transfer outside EU borders. The judgment rebalances how to arrange the issues containing the collection of private information and the risk to the public without surveillance. Thus, invalidating previously used EU-Third Country data sharing frameworks. Included in this are the Passenger Name Records (PNR), which are used in day-to-day mechanisms of the air industry when sharing bulk data sets with other countries to provide crucial information for anti-terrorism with border protection agencies. Not only does it protect national security, but makes flying safer. Though the EU argues it cannot sacrifice the integrity of individual data autonomy. Due to the Schrems II judgment, most other countries will be unable to pass new EU standards, and data transfer has to be judged on a case-by-case basis, which when looking at the international air industry is unfeasible. By exploring the Schrems II judgment, this article will analyze the third-country data transfer mechanisms and the impact the judgment had on third countries. Air law, PNR, CJEU, Schrems II, Privacy Shield, national security, European Data Protection, data transfer mechanisms, GDPR, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC)