Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Terrorism Australia'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Terrorism Australia.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 25 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Terrorism Australia.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Aly, Anne M. "Audience responses to the Australian media discourse on terrorism and the 'other' : the fear of terrorism between and among Australian Muslims and the broader community." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/176.
Full textAbstract:
The terrorist attcks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001 heralded an era of unprecedented media and public attention on the global phenomenon of terrorism. Implicit in the Australian media's discourse on terrorism that evolved out of the events of 11 September is a construction of the Western world (and specifically Australia) as perpetually at threat of terrorism.
2
Wang, Wei. "Newspaper commentaries on terrorism in China and Australia a contrastive genre study /." Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1701.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)This thesis is a contrastive genre study which explores newspaper commentaries on terrorism in Chinese and Australian newspapers. The study examines the textual patterning of the Australian and Chinese commentaries, interpersonal and intertextual features of the texts as well as considers possible contextual factors which might contribute to the formation of the newspaper commentaries in the two different languages and cultures. For the framework of its analysis, the study draws on systemic functional linguistics, English for Specific Purposes and new rhetoric genre studies, critical discourse analysis, and discussions of the role of the mass media in the two different cultures. The study reveals that Chinese writers often use explanatory rather than argumentative expositions in their newspaper commentaries. They seem to distance themselves from outside sources and seldom indicate endorsement of these sources. Australian writers, on the other hand, predominantly use argumentative expositions to argue their points of view. They integrate and manipulate outside sources in various ways to establish and provide support for the views they express. It is argued that these textual and intertextual practices are closely related to contextual factors, especially the roles of the media and opinion discourse in contemporary China and Australia. The study, by providing both a textual and contextual view of the genre under investigation in the two languages and cultures, aims to establish a framework for contrastive rhetoric research which moves beyond the text into the context of production and interpretation of the texts as a way of exploring reasons for the linguistic and rhetorical choices made in the two sets of texts.
3
McCarthy, Sharon. "Beyond the polarising constructions of terrorism : Challenging the discourses that silence public debate in Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1011.
Full textAbstract:
Since the events of the 11 September that saw the downing of the United States World Trade Centre towers and the partial destruction of the Pentagon in 2001, a significant focus politically, academically, and publically has been given to the issue of terrorism. During this past decade a number of labels, assumptions, and narratives have become dominant in an effort to explain what many continue to describe as a contested and complex phenomenon. The evidence indicates that the privileging of the ‘new terrorism’ narrative has functioned to contribute to many of the controversial counter-terrorism policies and practices both in Australia and globally, as well as the demonisation and marginalisation of Muslim communities in much of the Western world. While many studies in the past decade have focused on examining the discourses on terrorism, including but not limited to the War on Terror, Islamic terrorism, and the media constructions of Muslims, few researchers have explored how people work with these typical constructions of terrorism to effect their own social positioning and identity development.
Within a Critical Discursive Psychological framework (see Wetherell, 1998), terrorism is understood as an ontologically unstable and discursively constructed social category. As such the current study explored the various discursive constructions of terrorism at three specific levels. Firstly, an extensive examination of the academic literature was undertaken as a means of situating the often neglected knowledge about terrorism within its historical, cultural and political context. Secondly, a review was conducted of the primary West Australian newspaper reports from 2001 until 2005 to explore how the dominant labels, narratives and assumptions about terrorism have been represented, (re)produced and resisted at an institutional level. Finally, using interviews from 21 local West Australian residents, I examined the identity that individuals constructed for themselves and others in drawing on many of these narratives and assumptions within their responses.
Four interpretative repertoires of terrorism were identified and these repertoires set up a David and Goliath battle ground of binary opposites that functioned to position terrorism, and those seen to engage in terrorist activities, as either morally understandable if not defensible versus culturally dysfunctional and oppressive. These highly polarised repertoires were used by participants to navigate this emotive, troubled and exclusionary phenomenon. However, while the more positive and morally acceptable repertoires initially helped to support individual identity construction and positions of the self, they also functioned to challenge other aspects of the participant’s lives where participants became positioned as responsible for the exclusionary or oppressive practices towards others.
As a consequence, in trying to make sense of terrorism, the participants were confronted with a morally unmanageable situation where full adherence to any one understanding meant being negatively positioned with an unwanted identity. In their attempts to mitigate the shame associated with being stigmatised and socially excluded as a result, the participants utilised a number of moderating practices that functioned to self silence and subjugate their own voices. Ultimately, this meant that while the four repertoires were often deployed together, the need to continuously resist all four positions to varying degrees, ideologically functioned to silence and exclude the participants from the terrorism conversation. It was therefore argued that within the Western understanding, the discourses on terrorism have become discourses of shame. These findings suggest that the discourses on terrorism are much more complex for the average person than has been considered previously and have implications that go well beyond those of the Muslim communities.
4
Webb, Kenneth G. "Managing asymmetric threats to national security - terrorist information operations." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/284.
Full textAbstract:
To determine an appropriate methodological approach for managing asymmetric threats to national security, this study investigates factors affecting Australia's national security from the information operations of terrorist groups and their use of such to conduct Information warfare. This is because personal observations and discussion with those operating In the national security arena alert to the need for research into this area. The reasoning examined provides the merit and purpose for conducting the research, and support from a myriad of parties allows it happen. This research's fundamental concept is the social constructs of meaning from interview participants using a constructivist ontology, interpretlvlst epistemology and qualitative approach paradigm. Selection of the constructivist ontology occurs due to the research aim and for understanding the perceptions of interview participants. The interpretivist approach gives the framework for interpreting meaning of the perceptions in an appropriate context and a qualitative approach using soft systems methodology allows this to happen.
5
Koschade, Stuart Andrew. "The internal dynamics of terrorist cells: a social network analysis of terrorist cells in an Australian context." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16591/1/Stuart_Koschade_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The rise of the 21st Century Islamic extremist movement, which was mobilised by the al-Qaeda attacks of and responses to September 11, 2001, heralds a new period in the history of terrorism. The increased frequency and intensity of this type of terrorism affects every nation in the world, not least Australia. Rising to meet the challenges posed by terrorism is the field of terrorism studies, the field which aims at understanding, explaining, and countering terrorism. Despite the importance of the field, it has been beleaguered with criticisms since its inception as a response to the rise of international terrorism. These criticisms specifically aim at the field's lack of objectivity, abstraction, levels of research, and levels of analysis. These criticisms were the impetus behind the adoption of the methodology of this thesis, which offers the distinct ability to understand, explain, and forecast the way in which terrorists interact within covert cells.
Through social network analysis, this thesis examines four terrorist cells that have operated in or against Australia. These cells are from the groups Hrvatsko Revolucionarno Bratstvo (Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood), Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth), Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure), and Jemaah Islamiyah (Islamic Community) and operated between 1963 and 2003. Essentially, this methodology attempts to discover, map, and analyse the interaction within the cells during the covert stage of their respective operations. Following this, the results are analysed through the traditional social network analysis frameworks to discover the internal dynamics of the cell and identify the critical nodes (leaders) within the cells. Destabilisation techniques are subsequently employed, targeting these critical nodes to establish the most effective disruption techniques from a counter-terrorism point of view.
The major findings of this thesis are: (1) that cells with a focus on efficiency rather than covertness were more successful in completing their objectives (contrary to popular belief); and (2) betweenness centrality (control over the flow of communication) is a critical factor in identifying leaders within terrorist cells. The analysis also offered significant insight into how a Jemaah Islamiyah cell might operate effectively in Australia, as well as the importance of local contacts to terrorist operations and the significance of international counter-terrorism cooperation and coordination.
6
Koschade, Stuart Andrew. "The internal dynamics of terrorist cells: a social network analysis of terrorist cells in an Australian context." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16591/.
Full textAbstract:
The rise of the 21st Century Islamic extremist movement, which was mobilised by the al-Qaeda attacks of and responses to September 11, 2001, heralds a new period in the history of terrorism. The increased frequency and intensity of this type of terrorism affects every nation in the world, not least Australia. Rising to meet the challenges posed by terrorism is the field of terrorism studies, the field which aims at understanding, explaining, and countering terrorism. Despite the importance of the field, it has been beleaguered with criticisms since its inception as a response to the rise of international terrorism. These criticisms specifically aim at the field's lack of objectivity, abstraction, levels of research, and levels of analysis. These criticisms were the impetus behind the adoption of the methodology of this thesis, which offers the distinct ability to understand, explain, and forecast the way in which terrorists interact within covert cells. Through social network analysis, this thesis examines four terrorist cells that have operated in or against Australia. These cells are from the groups Hrvatsko Revolucionarno Bratstvo (Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood), Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth), Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure), and Jemaah Islamiyah (Islamic Community) and operated between 1963 and 2003. Essentially, this methodology attempts to discover, map, and analyse the interaction within the cells during the covert stage of their respective operations. Following this, the results are analysed through the traditional social network analysis frameworks to discover the internal dynamics of the cell and identify the critical nodes (leaders) within the cells. Destabilisation techniques are subsequently employed, targeting these critical nodes to establish the most effective disruption techniques from a counter-terrorism point of view. The major findings of this thesis are: (1) that cells with a focus on efficiency rather than covertness were more successful in completing their objectives (contrary to popular belief); and (2) betweenness centrality (control over the flow of communication) is a critical factor in identifying leaders within terrorist cells. The analysis also offered significant insight into how a Jemaah Islamiyah cell might operate effectively in Australia, as well as the importance of local contacts to terrorist operations and the significance of international counter-terrorism cooperation and coordination.
7
Wise, Gianni Ian Media Arts College of Fine Arts UNSW. "Scenario House." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Media Arts, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26230.
Full textAbstract:
Scenario House, a gallery based installation, is comprised of a room constructed as a ???family room??? within a domestic space, a television with a looped video work and a sound componant played through a 5.1 sound system. The paper is intended to give my work context in relation to the processes leading up to its completion. This is achieved through clarification of the basis for the installation including previous socio-political discourses within my art practice. It then focuses on ways that the installation Scenario House is based on gun practice facilities such as the Valhalla Shooting Club. Further it gives an explanation of the actual production, in context with other art practices. It was found that distinctions between ???war as a game??? and the actual event are being lost within ???simulation revenge scenarios??? where the borders distinguishing gaming violence, television violence and revenge scenarios are increasingly indefinable. War can then be viewed a spectacle where the actual event is lost in a simplified simulation. Scenario House as installation allows audience immersion through sound spatialisation and physical devices. Sound is achieved by design of a 5.1 system played through a domestic home theatre system. The physical design incorporates the dual aspect of a gun shooting club and a lounge room. Further a film loop is shown on the television monitor as part of the domestic space ??? it is non-narrative and semi-documentary in style. The film loop represents the mediation of the representation of fear where there is an exclusion of ???the other??? from the social body. When considering this installation it is important to note that politics and art need not be considered as representing two separate and permanent realities. Conversely there is a need to distance politicised art production from any direct political campaign work in so far as the notion of a campaign constitutes a fixed and inflexible space for intellectual and cultural production. Finally this paper expresses the need to maintain a critical openness to media cultures that dominate political discourse. Art practices such as those of Martha Rosler, Haacke and Paul McCarthy are presented as effective strategies for this form of production.
8
Cooper, Robyn. "Examining the legitimacy of Australia’s preventative counter-terrorism measures between 2002 and 2019." Thesis, Cooper, Robyn (2020) Examining the legitimacy of Australia’s preventative counter-terrorism measures between 2002 and 2019. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2020. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/58919/.
Full textAbstract:
After Al Qaeda undertook a series of orchestrated terrorist attacks against America in 2001, the United Nations Security Council mandated that States were to implement domestic legislation to appropriately deal with terrorist acts in a manner that would reflect the serious nature of such offending. Accordingly, Australia responded by introducing counter-terrorism measures designed to reinforce its domestic security environment, with an emphasis placed on preventive approaches. These measures have been greatly divisive, with some arguing that they represent an unnecessary and dangerous departure from liberal democratic standards, whilst others believe they are essential to protect the Australian community. This research aims to evaluate the legitimacy of these introduced measures based on a conceptual framework influenced by Alexander George’s work, whereby policy legitimacy can be evaluated on two fronts; desirability and feasibility.
The first front, also referred to the normative component of policy legitimacy, represents the degree to which a policy is consistent with a society’s national values and norms. An evaluation of the policy’s desirability through the exploration of introduced measures and of the debates centred around these measures from the perspective of Parliament, the public and the Judiciary serve to gauge the level of legitimacy. The second front, or cognitive approach, explores the feasibility of a policy, whereby a government must demonstrate that it is able to achieve the long-range objectives of its policy. In this case, multiple case studies of instances where the preventative policies have been applied assist to evaluate whether the policies have been feasible since their inception.
With the overarching purpose of this thesis being to evaluate whether the preventative aspect of Australia’s post 9/11 response is considered legitimate under George’s theory, it finds that whilst the policy may be considered feasible, there are serious concerns as to whether it can be considered desirable.
9
O’Rourke, Simon. "An intelligence model for terrorist incident prevention for Australian police: A systemic investigation." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2010. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/379.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the role that intelligence will continue to play in the ongoing efforts to mitigate the effects of contemporary terrorism. The role of domestic policing agencies is expanding to meet the challenge of transnational organised crime and also the threat to community safety and cohesion that terrorism entails. The September 11 attacks on the twin towers in New York city showcased the darkest elements of humanity whilst the courage personified by the police, firefighters and paramedics who entered the buildings to save others illuminated al that is best, in an event that was broadcast globally into the homes of millions around the world through television via television and the Internet. Whilst shielded to some degree by distance, Australians were hit even harder by the bombings in Bali on the 12th October 2002, during which 88 Australians died and many more were injured. For many Bali was seen as a place to relax, an idyllic paradise whose peace was forever shattered with the detonation of the terrorist bombs. The traditional intelligence community needed to draw upon the existing capabilities of policing agencies to build partnerships with key community groups in an endeavour to prevent such an atrocity from happening in Australia. No longer was an advanced technical intelligence capability and the access to material obtained enough to guarantee security, material needed to be shared with the police in order to prevent an incident, thus creating the potential for national security classified material to be disclosed in subsequent court proceedings. Culture and practices underwent a paradigm shift and the police now have a role in the national intelligence community in Australia, something that continues to present significant challenges requiring new legislation to keep pace with technology and the dynamically evolving threat. Drawing upon Checkland’s (1999, p.178) Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) this research synthesised text based analytical software called Leximancer, to create a conceptual model with minimal inherent biases. It is believed that this is the first time that such an approach to SSM has been undertaken allowing the research to contribute towards the methodological field as well as the chosen study. Access to interview practitioners was granted and the results provided unique insight into the contemporary and future challenges of police counterterrorist intelligence.
10
Lehane, John. "The experiences of Western Australian Muslims within the current political and social environment." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2400.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research was to examine the experiences of Western Australian (WA) Muslims, within the context of the current Australian political and social climate, with a key focus on how political and social factors, and the vast introduction of Australian antiterrorism legislation, may impact them. Also explored in this inquiry, was how mainstream media and their regular portrayal of Islamic-inspired terrorist attacks, which has at times connected all Muslims to these atrocities, is creating a social division within the Australian community which is difficult to overcome.
A generic qualitative methodology was utilised to best capture the lived experiences of the participants involved in this research, which concluded that the WA Muslims interviewed had all experienced differing levels of prejudice, racism and discrimination from fellow WA residents (Non-Muslims), with a perception that western media (including social media) is largely responsible for this phenomenon.
The implications of this phenomena highlighted the need for Federal and State government to work closer with WA Muslims and to involve them more in the introduction of new anti-terrorism legislation, so that unbiased and non-discriminatory laws can be established. This thesis further highlights the need for media organisations and public figures, to accurately report on Australian Muslims and on the Islam religion itself, and not create links to Islamic-inspired atrocities occurring around Australia and the world, to all the followers of this Islamic faith.
11
Smith, Andrew Humanities & Social Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The factors influencing the employment of the Australian Defence Organisation in homeland security roles since 11 September 2001." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38735.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis makes an assessment of the factors influencing the involvement of the Australian Defence Organisation (ADO) in homeland security roles since 11 September 2001 (9/11). This is approached on a largely empirical basis, using document analysis and case studies supported with interviews with key individuals and experts. The thesis commences with an Introduction that provides brief context for the thesis and specifies its central question as ???what factors have shaped the role of the ADO in Australia's response to the homeland security environment that has emerged since 11 September 2001.??? Chapter One provides an historical and theoretical context for the key concepts of homeland security and the challenges confronting Western governments in the homeland security arena. Chapter Two explores the implications of those challenges for Australia, before outlining the research method and providing a literature review. Chapter Three is an historical exposition of homeland security in Australia from British settlement in 1788 until 2001. The Chapter examines events in increasing detail in the 30 years immediately prior to 2001, including a detailed case study of ADO support to the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games, before drawing some broad conclusions on the Australian experience of the involvement of its Defence Organisation in homeland security pre-9/11. Chapter Four establishes the pre-9/11 status quo in relation to the ADO???s involvement in homeland security role before analysing the general pattern of those roles. Chapter Five analyses and draws conclusions about the reasons for the ADO???s pre-9/11 involvement in homeland security roles, introducing an hypothetical construct to explain causal factors. Chapter Six examines the ADO???s involvement in homeland security roles post-9/11, including cases studies of ADO support to the conduct of the 2002 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting and the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games. Chapter Seven analyses and identifies the factors led to the ADO???s pattern of involvement in homeland security post-9/11, further developing the hypothetical construct introduced in Chapter 5. Chapter Seven also contains supporting case studies on the ADO???s contribution to Australia???s national chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear response capability and on the state of New South Wales??? homeland security capabilities. Chapter Eight draws overall conclusions, including recommendations for Australian policy development and areas for further research. The essential conclusion reached is that the ADO???s involvement in homeland security roles, both before and since 9/11, has been shaped mostly by pragmatic political and managerial considerations of governments. Developments have normally occurred in an episodic and incremental fashion in response to ???trigger events,??? although 9/11 altered this pattern somewhat by acting as a ???threshold??? event that re-calibrated demands and expectations for ADO involvement. Supporting Appendices provide detail on the Australian Government???s strategic guidance on ADO involvement in homeland security since 1973; on Australia???s policy for Defence Assistance to the Civilian Community and Defence Force Aid to the Civil Authorities; and on the involvement of former Department of Defence employees in non-Defence homeland-security related roles. A Bibliography provides details of sources used.
12
Ilbiz, Ethem. "The impact of the European Union on Turkish counter-terrorism policy towards the Kurdistan Workers Party." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14280/.
Full textAbstract:
This study seeks to examine the impact of the EU on Turkish counter-terrorism policies towards the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). It analyses what impact it has had within three distinct periods: the pre-Helsinki European Council (1984-1999) period, the post-Helsinki European Council (1999-2004) period, and the post-Brussels European Council (2004-2013) period. It conceptualizes and empirically investigates the EU’s norm diffusion role by relying on the concept of “Rule Adoption”, and by utilising two norm diffusion mechanisms: the “Conditionality” and the “Socialization” mechanism, and their domestic and EU-level determinants. The thesis argues that when the EU has promoted democratisation in Turkey, it has also implicitly impacted on Turkey’s counter-terrorism policies. It argues for this thesis by generalizing from the following empirical findings: When the EU has provided a credible membership prospect to Turkey, and when the PKK attacks have been at a low-level, then the EU conditionality mechanism has been influential on Turkey’s adoption of EU promoted norms. However, when there has been no membership prospect and high levels of PKK violence, it has been the openness of Turkish political actors that has resulted in rule adoption, in which the social learning of the Turkish political actors has led to the adoption of EU promoted norms as an appropriate way to solve existing terrorism problems.
13
Gibbons, Nadine Elizabeth. "The effect of September 11, 2001 and subsequent terrorist events upon Australian public libraries' policies, and collections and services to Muslim clients." Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54165.
Full textAbstract:
This research addresses the responses by the Australian library profession to the series of national and international terrorism events that commenced with the attacks on the United States on September 11th 2001. It specifically investigates the response of the Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) in the light of changes to Commonwealth Government policies and legislation, and the subsequent impacts on the policy environment in which Australian public libraries operated, and their delivery of collections and services to Muslim clients.
14
Shillito, M. "Criminal abuse of non-traditional payment methods : a comparative analysis of the application of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing frameworks in the United Kingdom, United States and Australia." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3007606/.
Full textAbstract:
This doctoral thesis is concerned with the application of the international framework for anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing to the threats emerging from the criminal misuse of non-traditional payment methods. The international framework plays a significant role in the development of national responses to money laundering and terrorist financing, it is therefore important to understand how it, and then individual countries have responded to this emerging threat. The thesis will explore three developed economies, with advanced anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing frameworks, they are: the UK, the US and Australia. From these countries best practices and deficiencies will be identified. This thesis will examine five NTPMs and outline the money laundering and terrorist financing risks associated with them. It will then Identify and analyse the relevant parts of the international AML and CTF framework, in relation to NTPMs. The analysis that follows will be broken down into the following thematic headings: 1. Global Role and Implementation of the International Framework; 2. Competent Authorities; 3. Application of the Risk-based Approach; 4. Preventive measures; 5. Confiscation of the Proceeds of Crime; and 6. Mutual Legal Assistance. Following on from this it will assess the compliance of three case study countries with the parts of the international AML and CTF framework that are relevant to NTPMs. The abuse of NTPMs, whilst still an emerging trend, are likely to increase in frequency and evolve in nature, in the coming years. It is therefore important to know how both the international framework and national responses adapt to these emerging challenges. For these reasons the area is worthy of academic consideration.
15
Brookes, Gwendoline Patricia. "The multilayered effects and support received by victims of the Bali bombings : a cross cultural study in Indonesia and Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1127.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. In the past decade terrorist attacks and suicide bombings have killed, injured and intimidated thousands of people in many countries. In the aftermath of an attack a significant proportion of the population present with symptoms of depression, post traumatic stress disorder, and physical health problems (Boscarino & Adams, 2009, Norris et al., 2002, Bride, 2007 ). The present study examined the impact of the Bali bombings in 2002 when two bombs were deliberately exploded in the Sari night club and Paddy’s bar, in the popular tourist area of Kuta, in Bali, Indonesia.Aim of the study. The overarching aim of the study were to examine the multilayered effects and forms of support received by directly affected victims and their indirectly affected family members in both Indonesia and Australia. The perceptions of members of the Indonesian and Australian emergency response teams, community volunteers and key informants were also examined.Methods. A qualitative case study approach was used in this study, as it was important that participants told their story in their own words and according to their own unique experiences. In total 50 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted in Bali and Perth, with first and secondary level victims, professional and volunteer responders, and key informants. An in-depth analysis of available literature was also undertaken with a focus on the multilayered effects of terrorist attacks and the forms of post attack support that is offered to victims and their families. Other qualitative methods such as home visits, observations and documentary data collection facilitated triangulation of the data. In addition a personal reflective diary recorded the observations of the researcher during a two month field trip in Bali in early 2008.The conceptual framework for this study was based around the work of the Psychosocial Working Group (2003). Within this framework three dimensions relating to resources that help people cope in the aftermath of a disaster are explored. They are: human capacity (encompassing the skills and knowledge of the people); social ecology (encompassing familial, religious and cultural resources) and finally culture and values (encompassing cultural values, beliefs and practices). The framework was modified in this study to enhance the examination of the participant responses using the concepts of disrupted and reinforced resources.Results. In both Bali and Perth victims of all levels reported many symptoms of distress in the initial aftermath of the bombing. Most of the effects reported could be termed normal distress reactions to a very abnormal event. The poor economic situation in Bali appeared to compound and exacerbate the effects for many of the Balinese victims. As a result many of the injured and their families were left almost destitute. A number of victims described symptoms such as depression, suicidal ideations and fear during thunderstorms and the many cultural celebrations on the island.In Bali and Perth, first level victims described the importance of practical, economic, emotional and spiritual support from their families and the community. The narratives of mateship, families and communities responding to help are innumerable and are an invaluable and unique insight into this disaster. In addition, the study highlighted that many of the volunteer and professional responders also reported effects such as emotional numbing and derealisation. For most it was a temporary and understandable reaction to the difficult tasks they had to undertake.Recommendations for policy, practice and a modified framework are proposed that may be used by professionals and non-professionals in the aftermath of a terrorist attack, particularly when needing to choose appropriate and culturally relevant interventions, or by organisations who may be involved in strategically planning a response in the event of an attack.Conclusion. Although the focus of this study was a terrorist attack, the recommendations and framework proposed in chapter 9 of this study can be generalised to other forms of natural and man-made disasters. They are intended for use by professionals, nonprofessionals and agencies who are involved in a response in the aftermath of complex emergencies. The recommendations are derived and drawn from the indepth analysis of the participant interviews, and the literature. The Bali disaster showed the strength of human spirit, the resilience of victims at multiple levels and the willingness of people and countries to help each other in times of extreme distress. This framework is intended to promote a psychosocial response to any disaster situation based on the knowledge that communities have pre-existing inherent resources which can be utilised in a terrorist attack.
16
Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
17
Elvy, Dale Richard. "Terrorism, public opinion and policy : a comparison of Australia and the United States." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149654.
Full textAbstract:
Government policy in Australia and the United States has been fundamentally altered by the advent of modern terrorism. Billions of dollars have been spent on domestic counter-terrorism measures, new legislation has been introduced which challenges the balance between civil liberties and security, and foreign policy has shifted to the extent that these nations have taken military action at considerable expense, straining international diplomatic relations. This thesis explores how public opinion in these nations has changed over recent decades, and explores how the impact of recent high-visibility mass casualty terrorist attacks, exacerbated by the rapid spread and dissemination of terrorist messages by the media, has resulted in high levels of public anxiety which has increased public willingness to trade civil liberties for increased security, and influenced public confidence in the capability of government responses to terrorism - both of which are fundamental components of a strategy of terrorism. This thesis draws upon two surveys; the 2007 Australian Election Study, and a national survey of the United States conducted in 2002 by Stony Brook University to conduct a comparative analysis of public opinion toward terrorism to critically assess current policy responses to terrorism. It was found that in both nations there are a similar range of demographic variables, which predict levels of anxiety, satisfaction with Government responses to combat terrorism, and a willingness to trade civil liberties for increased security. It was also found that, even when controlling for these variables, anxiety and concern about terrorism continue to have a statistically significant relationship with government satisfaction and willingness to trade civil liberties for increased security. It was further found that the perceived threat of terrorism acts as a significant mediating variable on the relationship between anxiety, and willingness to trade civil liberties for increased security and satisfaction with government, supporting previous research which suggests that confidence in government is based to some extent, on citizens' feelings of security, and theories that there is a clear linkage between public expectations and support for increased government expenditure. There is also evidence to suggest that the mediating influence of the perceived threat of terrorism increases over time leading to the conclusion that both those who are pessimistic and optimistic about the threat of terrorism become more strongly polarised to their respective views. These findings suggest that successful Government policy must acknowledge the importance of public opinion in understanding the impact of terrorism. Policy should seek to reflect the unique and powerful influence of media frames, and as a response, policy makers should adopt strategies to combat the natural drawbacks of traditional counter-terrorism efforts in this arena. Policy makers must, therefore, seek to make counter-terrorism efforts more transparent and seek to de-sensationalise terrorism as part of a targeted media strategy which enables Government messages to have primacy in the immediate aftermath of a terrorist attack and undermines the key precepts of terrorist strategy. -- provided by Candidate.
18
Lu, Tai-Wei, and 陸泰瑋. "The Australia''s International Counter-Terrorism Policy after the September 11 attacks (2001-2007)." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92718970542845507931.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺灣大學
政治學研究所
98
Australia had developed counter-terrorism capability before the 9/11 attacks, but the 9/11 attacks have changed their concepts toward new security environment and neo-terrorism. Also they realised they cannot deal with figures of neo-terrorism. Hence, Australia Government amended laws; cooperated with other countries, practiced international treaties and protocols to prevent damages on Australia and Australian interests. We can found that Australia made amount efforts on international counter-terrorism; however, there have hardly research to analyse Australia’s international counter-terrorism policy on the basic of international relations theory, and no one doing research on the development of counter-terrorism in Australia. Therefore, first I am going to introduce the development of counter-terrorism policy by historical contextual method and compare with nowadays to see its disadvantage. Secondly, I will use puzzle-solving to seek factors which affect policy decision making and policy implementation. Thirdly, I will use neo-realism as my main approach to analyse and assess the Australia’s international counter-terrorism policy. In the end of this thesis, I’m going to make a conclusion and prospect the future development of Australia’s international policy which may contain more cooperation with other states, international organisations and United Nations, and initiate international counter-terrorism law that can promote Australia’s counter-terrorism capability.
19
Michaelsen, Christopher. "Security, politics and law in Australia's "War on terror"." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151284.
Full text
20
TSAI, YI-LIANG, and 蔡易良. "Evaluating the Cooperation Experience in Anti-International Terrorism: A Case Analysis of Indonesia-Australia Cooperation." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3vfn2r.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立暨南國際大學
東南亞學系
106
Terrorism is, now lead by IS, rising the panic around the world, especially Southeast Asia has been suffered from terrorism in the long term, and Indonesia has huge amount of Muslim population. Therefore, anti-terrorism in Southeast Asia is a globe issue with no doubt. In 2002, Bali bombing caused plenty of Australian citizens deaths and casualties. Moreover, Australia prioritizes the war of anti-terrorism based on the national benefit to enhance the cooperation with Indonesia, further to expand to the containment of terrorism in Southeast Asia. In other words, the cooperation between Australia and Indonesia not only fortifies the capability of countering terrorism, and drives the trend of bilateral cooperation in the region. This Australia-Indonesia pattern deepens the regional security, and becomes the crucial part in the anti-terrorism puzzle globally. Of course, Australia benefits from the cooperation to promote the nation’s status and becomes the power in Southeast Asia. To sum up, the relation of Australia and Indonesia is a key to close cooperation, which positively practically exemplifies the bilateral effects to regional and international anti-terrorism.
21
Krebs, Johannes. "The Right to a Fair Trial in the Context of Counter-Terrorism: The use and suppression of sensitive information in Australia and the United Kingdom." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117330.
Full textAbstract:
In the recent fight against terrorism Western liberal democracies
have significantly expanded pre-emptive measures, such as
inchoate and preparatory offences or control orders. As these
measures rely increasingly on the use of sensitive information,
their application poses a dilemma. On the one hand, sensitive
information may be necessary as evidence in an open court to
justify the coercive measure or demonstrate the innocence of the
suspect. On the other hand, states are reluctant to disclose such
information where there is a risk to national security,
preferring either to supress the information or to use it in
secret. Such practices, however, may seriously violate the
principle of fairness - and its attached individual right to a
fair trial - a principle sitting not only at the core of the
criminal justice system, but also forming part of the rule of law
and democracy itself. The thesis poses the questions of what
limitations are acceptable to the right to a fair trial, and what
safeguards are necessary when states allow the suppression or use
of sensitive information in criminal and related proceedings.
The thesis is therefore concerned with finding an appropriate
judicial methodology for addressing the dilemma in court. It
argues that without a proper process (often generally described
as balancing), minimum standards of fairness are more likely to
be lowered due to security pressures. Principles, however, which
emphasise the right to a fair trial and require justifications
for any limitation in the interest of national security are
capable of retaining higher standards. Hence the thesis suggests
that while what is fair must be decided in the particular
circumstances, what needs to be taken into consideration in order
to achieve fairness can be defined.
By comparing the case law from Australia and the United Kingdom,
the thesis then offers an in-depths analyses of various degrees
of balancing and principles when dealing with sensitive
information, as well as the dynamics and interaction that
accompany the two approaches between the branches of government.
The two countries are particularly suitable for such an enquiry
as they share a legal heritage, but have diverged increasingly
over the last decades in how to protect human rights. While the
thesis generally favours a principled approach as now
predominantly applied in the UK, it does not simply propose a
legal transplant for Australia, which so far has rejected any
legislation including principles. Rather the comparison points
out the reasons why Australian judges behave differently and
challenges the Australian Parliament to amend the relevant
legislation in accordance with its own values in order to retain
high standards of fair trial protection in proceedings dealing
with sensitive information.
22
Dallmann, Tino. "Australian Angst – das Thema des Terrorismus in Richard Flanagans „The Unknown Terrorist“." 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16918.
Full textAbstract:
Schon lange vor den Anschlägen am
11. September 2001 hat sich die Literatur
mit dem Terrorismus beschäftigt. Zahlreiche
Romanautoren haben versucht, die
Ursachen terroristischer Gewalt zu beschreiben
und sind dabei Fragen der gesellschaftlichen
Situation und der nationalen
Identität nachgegangen. In der Bundesrepublik
der 1970er Jahre hat sich vor allem
Heinrich Böll kritisch zum Geschehen
seiner Zeit geäußert. In dieser Tradition
steht der australische Schriftsteller Richard
Flanagan, der in The Unknown Terrorist
an eine Erzählung Bölls anknüpft und
eine Gesellschaft beschreibt, die vor allem
durch ein Gefühl bestimmt ist: das Gefühl
der Angst.Literature has dealt with the theme of terrorism long before the attacks on 11 September 2001. Many writers have attempted to describe the causes of terrorist attacks and have raised critical questions about the social situation and the national identity of their country. Heinrich Böll commented critically on current affairs in Western Germany in the 1970s. The Australian writer Richard Flanagan stands in this tradition and has written a novel which draws on one of Böll‘s stories. In The Unknown Terrorist, he describes a society which is dominated by one emotion: the feeling of fear.
23
Anwyl, Ben. "John Howard’s Australia and September 11." Thesis, 2016. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/33187/.
Full textAbstract:
The literature on the performance of Australia’s centre-right government led by John Howard (1996-2007) has tended to underplay the role of September 11 in his electoral success. To win four terms of continuous government in the contemporary political scene is, however, no mean feat, ensuring Howard a place in the pantheon of celebrated conservative leaders in the English-speaking world.
Our framework is the celebrated gestalt developed by Fred I. Greenstein to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of each American President. Based on a series of interviews with Howard, the inner sanctum around him, other players in the political scene, and expert commentators, this thesis interrogates the leadership of John Howard in Greenstein’s terms.
Each of the six skills and attributes in the Greenstein typology is viewed in specific ways from the standpoint of the two dozen interviewees. In areas where Howard was in some sense or other deficient or lacking, his experience in government, notably September 11, had a positive effect on his capacity for leadership.
This analysis serves to help us approach the central question of this thesis, namely, what is the role of leader in the formation of a nation’s foreign policy? This question has been debated in the International Relations (IR) field for several generations of scholarship, and is most closely associated with the name of James N. Rosenau.
The case of John Howard in the reformulation of Australian foreign policy in the aftermath of September 11 is an example on the ‘yes’ side of the ledger in that important debate.
Where the Greenstein framework is important is to help us to see that these epochal events in IR can shape leaders as well as be shaped by them.
24
Asquith, Nicole. "in terrorem: "with their tanks and their bombs, and their bombs and their guns, in your head"." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3899.
Full textAbstract:
noWhile terrorism has become a major topic of discussion and analysis in the academy and in the policy making of Australian institutions, it rarely affects the everyday life of Australian citizens. Yet for some groups, in terrorem is a way of life¿particularly for those whose lives are performed under social and political spotlights. At the core of the limitations imposed on certain groups in Australia is the use of language to police the behaviours of these groups, and to create a social environment that makes the hiding one¿s identity the most effective mechanism to avoid terror. In this paper, I analyse the linguistic themes and forms used in hate violence as way to illustrate the impact of in terrorem on gay men, lesbians and Jews, and suggest alternative means by which to regulate the harm caused by vilification.
25
Hollow, Rosemary. "How nations mourn:the memorialisation and management of contemporary atrocity sites." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/105353.
Full textAbstract:
Terrorism and atrocities have scarred the public memory in the
late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Three
atrocities, the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, the 1996 massacre at
Port Arthur Historic Site in Tasmania, Australia, and the 2002
Bali bombings, had a significant impact on the communities they
most affected. How did the differing governments and communities
at these sites respond to the sudden loss of life? How were the
competing agendas of these groups managed ? Are there shared and
distinctive characteristics in the memorialisation of atrocitites
across these countries at the turn of the millenium?
In responding to these questions, this study analyses cultural
differences in memorialisation at contemporary atrocity sites. It
examines the differing responses at the case study sites to the
planning and the timing of memorials, the engagement of those
affected, the memorial designs and the management of the
memorials, including tributes. It is an original comparative
study of contemporary memorialisation by a heritage professional
directly involved in the management of memorials at contemporary
atrocity sites.
The original research includes the identification of the role the
internet in contemporary memorialisation, an in-depth analysis of
the memorialisation of the 1996 massacre at Port Arthur Historic
Site, and the memorialisation in Bali and across Australia of the
2002 Bali bombings. It extends the current scholarship on the
memorialisation of the Oklahoma City bombing through identifying
the impact of the internet in the memorialisation and in the
timeframe of the analysis through to the 15th anniversary in
2010. The comparative analysis of the management of tributes at
all the sites identified issues not previously considered in
Australian scholarship: that tributes and the response to them
is part of the memorialisation and management of contemporary
atrocity sites.
A combined research method based on an interpretive social
science approach was adopted. A range of methodogies were used,
including literature reviews, analysis of electronic material,
site visits, unstructured in-depth interviews, and
participant-observation at memorial services. Studies on history,
memory and memorialisation provided the framework for my analysis
and led to an original proposal, that all three sites have shared
histories of the memorialisation of war and ‘missing’
memorialisation. These shared histories, I argue, strengthened
the justification for this comparative study.
This comparative study identified differences across the case
study countries in the designs of the built memorials, in
legislation enacted after the atrocities, the responses to the
perpetrators, the marking of anniversaries, and in the management
of tributes left at the sites. These differences highlight the
cultural divide that exists in contemporary memorialisation.
Issues identified for future research include the impact of the
internet and electronic social networking sites on
memorialisation, and how these sites will be captured and stored
for future heritage professionals and researchers. Scope also
exists for further comparative global studies: on legislative
responses to contemporary atrocities, and on the differing
responses of communities and governments to tributes, including
teddy bears and T-shirts, left at memorials and contemporary
atrocity sites.