Academic literature on the topic 'Terrorism'
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Journal articles on the topic "Terrorism"
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Cunha, Alexandre Mendes, Frederico Canuto, Lucas Linhares, and Roberto Luís Monte-Mór. "O terror superposto: uma leitura do conceito lefebvriano de terrorismo na sociedade urbana contemporânea." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2003): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2003v5n2p27.
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O trabalho visa introduzir o conceito de terrorismo e sociedade terrorista no pensamento de Henri Lefebvre, buscando suas relações com a realidade contemporânea. São assim apresentados alguns conceitos centrais ao pensamento lefebvriano, como vida quotidiana, sociedade burocrática do consumo dirigido e seus mecanismos de coerção, e a questão urbana pensada como espaço de abertura, desdobramento/superação da virtualidade do terrorismo contemporâneo. O texto traz considerações sobre o problema recente do terrorismo, analisando o tempo presente – e a realidade urbana em particular – como sobreposição de terrorismos: dos atentados e da lógica própria de reprodução de uma sociedade super-repressiva. O tema da abertura é discutido então a partir da inspiração lefebvriana e de um diálogo possível com trabalhos recentes de Nestor Garcia Canclini, James Holston e Noam Chomsky.Palavras-chave: terrorismo; sociedade terrorista; questão urbana; Henri Lefebvre. Abstract: The paper aims at introducing Henri Lefebvre’s concepts of terrorism and terrorist society in its relations with the contemporary world. Key Lefebvrian concepts such as everyday life and bureaucratic society of organized consumption and its coercive mechanisms, and the urban society taken as space of openness, a possibility of unfolding/overcoming virtual contemporary terrorism. The paper presents considerations about current terrorist problems by analyzing the present scenario – and the urban society in particular – as a superimposition of terrorism: terror attacks and the logic proper to the reproduction of a super-repressive society. The openness is thus discussed from both a Lefèbvrian conceptual inspiration and a possible dialogue with recent works of Nestor Garcia Canclini, James Holston, and Noam Chomsky. Keywords: terrorism; terrorist society; the urban question; Henri Lefebvre.
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Coteño Muñoz, Alejandro. "Terrorismo individual = Individual terrorism." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 15 (October 1, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2018.4356.
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Resumen: Los atentados perpetrados por actores solitarios en los últimos años han despertado el interés del legislador por la figura del terrorismo individual. No obstante, aunque este se regula en las últimas reformas penales, no se ha dispuesto una definición del mismo en términos positivos, sino que ésta únicamente se dispone en términos negativos con respecto al terrorismo colectivo. Así las cosas, en este trabajo se delinean los criterios para determinar cuándo un acto de terrorismo entra dentro del terrorismo individual y se aplican estas herramientas en tres casos paradigmáticos de lo generalmente conocido como “lobo solitario”. Por último, se aportan tres clasificaciones diferentes del terrorista individual a fin de apuntalar una base sólida que permita una aproximación a sus distintos niveles de peligrosidad criminal.Palabras clave: Terrorismo individual, organización terrorista, grupo terrorista, lobos solitarios, pertenencia.Abstract: The attacks perpetrated on recent years by lone actors have aroused the interest of the lawmaker for the concept of individual terrorism. However, although it has been regulated in the last criminal reforms, a definition of it has not been positivized, a definition of it has not been provided in positive terms, but only in negative terms regarding collective terrorism. In this context, this study outlines the criteria to determine when an act of terrorism falls into individual terrorism and these tools are applied to three paradigmatic cases of what is generally known as lone wolves. Finally, three different classifications of the individual terrorist are provided to underpin a solid basis for an approach to their different levels of criminal dangerousness.Keywords: Individual terrorism, terrorist organization, terrorist group, lone wolves, membership.
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Cutrale, Elisabetta. "El terrorismo yihadista = The jihadist terrorism." UNIVERSITAS. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política, no. 30 (June 25, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/universitas.2019.4837.
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RESUMEN: En el escrito, después de una introducción general para comprender la problemática del mundo islámico y aclarar algunas definiciones, se lleva a cabo una investigación sobre el fenómeno del terrorismo yihadista, empezando con un breve excursus sobre el debate en torno a la definición de terrorismo internacional. Posteriormente, se analiza la estrutura del Estado islámico y cómo ha evolucionado durante la ultima década, el concepto de radicalización y, considerando diferentes estudios y estadísticas, intenta aclararse cuales puedan ser las causas de la desviación terrorista, llegando a la conclusión que se trata de un fenómeno complejo que implica un análisis de diferentes cuestiones tanto históricas, como sociales y psicológicas.ABSTRACT: Following a general introduction to understand the issues of the Islamic world and the meaning of some key words, the writing carries out an investigation into the phenomenon of the jihadist terrorism. Beginning with a brief on the debate on the definition of international terrorism, the article looks into the islamic state system, its evolucion during the last period and the increasing of violent radicalization. Considering severals studies and statistics, it tries to clarify the causes of the terrorist deviation, reaching the conclusion that it is a complex phenomenon that embraces historical, social and psychological matters. PALABRAS CLAVE: terrorismo, fundamentalismo islámico, violenta radicalización, terrorista, IslamKEYWORDS: terrorism, islamic fundamentalism, violent radicalization, terrorist, Islam
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Ducol, Benjamin. "Les dimensions émotionnelles du terrorisme : Émotions, radicalisation violente et engagement terroriste." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 2, no. 2 (October 4, 2013): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v2i2.3769.
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Par une volonté louable de rompre avec des approches psychologisantes du phénomène terroriste dominantes au cours des années 1960-70, les recherches contemporaines en matière de terrorisme(s) et de violence(s) politique(s) ont très largement mis l’emphase sur la figure du « terroriste » comme acteur rationnel et stratégique. Face aux limites des approches rationalistes de l’engagement radical qui envisagent de manière réductionniste les individus au travers d’un calcul rationnel univoque en terme de coûts et d’incitatifs à l’action, il nous apparaît important de réintégrer dans les réflexions théoriques sur les phénomènes terroristes, les émotions afin d’en interroger le rôle dans la production d’une trajectoire violente et/ou terroriste Notre article se propose donc ici d’effectuer une revue de la littérature non-exhaustive des travaux actuels autour du rôle des émotions en matière de terrorisme, et d’éclairer les voies de recherches futures à la lumière de travaux déjà engagés dans le champ de la sociologie des mouvements sociaux, des nouveaux mouvements religieux ou encore de la sociologie cognitive. Au travers de ce « retour des émotions » qui traverse les sciences sociales et plus globalement le champ de la connaissance contemporaine, nous pensons qu’il s’avère en effet possible de dégager des pistes de recherches fructueuses permettant d’affiner notre regard sur les phénomènes terroristes et les logiques de radicalisation violente.Contemporary research on terrorism(s) and political violence(s) have largely put the emphasis on the figure of the "terrorist" as rational and strategic player, in a break with psychoanalytical approaches to terrorism that were dominant from the 1960-1970’s. Giventhe limitations of rationalist approaches to radical commitment, and considering how reductionist is the understanding of individual participation to terrorism related activities through a rational calculation framework in terms of costs and incentives to action, it is important to reintegrate in the theoretical reflections on terrorist phenomena how emotions can play a role in leading potential terrorists down a violent path. This paper presents acritical assessment of current academic work surrounding the issue of violent radicalization and involvement in terrorism, and engages in a theoretical debate thathighlights potential future research that could better integrate a prominent role foremotions in our understanding the process of terrorist radicalization and clandestine political violence.
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Damayanti, Angel, and Melda Yanny. "Gender-Based Counter-Terrorism Policing." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 08 (August 22, 2022): 1210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i8.sh01.
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Since 2016, terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia have made women the executor of terror acts who carry out heinous attacks on targets, even through suicide bombings. This violence is actually manifested by women who are often perceived as gentle, motherly, and far from anarchic actions and act as wives who support the terrors of their husbands. This paper tries to explain the shift in the role and involvement of women in acts of terrorism carried out by the transnational terrorism group ISIS and its networks in Indonesia. This research explores the characteristics of terrorist networks and acts in Indonesia, the cases that occurred, the background of life, and the process of radicalization targeting women. By using a qualitative methodology in the form of case studies and gender concepts with a counter-terrorism approach, this article offers a solution in the form of gender-based counter-terrorism policing as a sharper and more focused approach to preventing acts of terrorism carried out by female terrorists.
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Ali Suleymanova, Aytaj. "ASSESSMENT OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM AND THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1373." SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/133-135.
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Terrorism financing is a global phenomenon that not only threatens States’ security, but can also undermine economic development and financial market stability. Terrorists require financing to recruit and support members and conduct operations. Thus, preventing terrorists from accessing financial resources is crucial to successfully counter the threat of terrorism. It is therefore of highest importance to stop the flow of funds to terrorists. The article describes the core elements of the main international instruments on the field of the fight against terrorist financing, similarities and differences between these norms. Key words: financing terrorism, terrorist financing convention, terrorist acts, criminalization of financing terrorism, Resolution 1373
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Ginting, Jamin, and Patrick Talbot. "Fundraising Aspect of International Terrorism Organization in ASEAN: Legal and Political Aspects." Lex Scientia Law Review 7, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i1.60074.
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Since the Bali Bombing I and Bali Bombing II Tragedy, the seriousness of combating international terrorism have become increasingly apparent. Each member of ASEAN hand in hand together enforces both international cooperation and bilateral cooperation to prevent and counteract, through appropriate domestic measures, the financing of terrorists and terrorist organizations, whether such financing is direct or indirect through organizations. International community efforts to combat terrorism activities, not only comprise the criminalization of terrorists the act criminalization financing of terrorism, and the criminalization of terrorist financing. Since that moment, the topic of money laundering is an inherent element of organized crime, with its strong linkage to terrorism, has found and always will find new methods to satisfy the also new necessities for financing terrorism. ASEAN already make a policy about terrorism which is the convention on counter-terrorist called ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT). The convention of ACCT, in article 6 Areas of Cooperation, ASEAN emphasizes the prevention of giving the fund to the terrorist group. Indonesia had given responses to financing terrorism by ratifying The International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999, and subsequently with the enacted Law Number 6 Year 2006 and also enacted the new Prevention and Eradication Money Laundering Offence, Law Number 8 of 2010.
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Pavlik, Mihail, and Konstantin Borichev. "The terrorism of individuals: the main trends and features of counteraction." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-1-106-112.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the current phenomenon – «the terrorism of individuals». In particular, it is presented the definition of the concept in question, its main specificity and current trends. The article describes the terrorist acts committed by loner terrorists in the period from 2017 to 2020 in Europe, as well as an analysis of similar crimes from 2000 to 2014. Special attention is paid to the role of international terrorist organizations in their work with their followers in the form of individual terrorists.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.The features of preparation of the investigated terrorist acts, including the means, tools and methods of their commission, are considered. It was done the analysis of the ideological component in the illegal activities of loner terrorists, and were identified the main directions of their terrorist ideology. The role of the Internet, social networks and messengers in terrorist activities was studied. Proposals to counteract the terrorism of individuals and improve the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures in general are presented. As a result of the study, the fundamental directions of anti-terrorist activities in Russia in the sphere of countering the terrorist threat posed by loner terrorists were identified. Special attention is paid to the prevention of lone-person terrorism and the participation of representatives of public and religious associations and national diasporas in this activity.
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Seo, Bong-Sung, and Jae-Hyun Kim. "A Study on Changes in Terrorism Environment and Implications in the New Normal Era." Korean Association for Terrorism Studies 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46350/kats.2023.16.4.119.
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Recently, the threat of violent extremism that promotes terrorism is transcending borders and is rapidly spreading in the online space with the changing security crisis situation in the international community. Terrorists bent on violent extremism occur in crowded places targeting an unspecified number of people which is a potential risk factor for terrorist attacks. In particular, there is a tendency for the boundaries between crime and terrorism to become blurred as the motivation for terrorism expands, and like the lone wolf type, the evolution of terrorist threats is linked to radicalization. Unlike traditional criminal crimes, the radicalization of terrorists in the past was mainly accomplished through terrorist group recruitment through propaganda and instigation, and terrorist training and instructions. Therefore, Counter-terrorism measures also prevented the inflow of terrorist organization members and terrorist propaganda and inciting ideologies into the country. However, there are limitations due to changes in the security paradigm, and information sharing, and cooperation from the international community are absolutely necessary, and domestic positive law must also implement a policy of preventing information related to terrorism in online spaces.
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Eid, Mahmoud. "Cyber-Terrorism and Ethical Journalism." International Journal of Technoethics 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jte.2010100101.
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Terrorism has been a constant threat in traditional and contemporary societies. Recently, it has been converged with new media technology and cyberspace, resulting in the modern tactic, cyber-terrorism, which has become most effective in achieving terrorist goals. Among the countless cyber-terrorist cases and scenarios of only this last decade, the paper discusses four cyber-terrorism cases that represent the most recent severe cyber-terrorist attacks on infrastructure and network systems—Internet Black Tigers, MafiaBoy, Solo, and Irhabi 007. Regardless of the nature of actors and their motivations, cyber-terrorists hit very aggressively causing serious damages. Cyber-terrorists are rational actors who use the most advanced technology; hence, the critical need for the use of counter-threat swords by actors on the other side. Given that terrorist goals are mostly dependent on the media’s reactions, journalistic practices are significant and need to be most effective. A major tool that can help journalists in their anti- and counter-terrorist strategies with cyber-terrorists is rationalism, merged with the expected socially responsible conduct. Rational behaviour, founded in game theory, along with major journalistic ethical principles are fundamental components of effective media decision-making during times of terrorism.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Terrorism"
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Kowalik, Bartosz Andrzej Warwas. "Islamic terrorism and U.S. counter terrorist policy /." Title page, table of contents and conclusion only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ark885.pdf.
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Al, kaabi Juma. "La gestion de la menace terroriste. Le système français de prévention et de répression." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3025/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur la gestion du risque terroriste en France.En tant que droit fondamental, la sécurité publique est prise en charge par l’État qui a le devoir d’assurer la défense et la protection des personnes et des biens publiques. Afin de protéger le pays contre tout risque et toute menace terroriste, la France, un des pays du monde les plus ciblés par les terroristes, a dû s’adapter aux nouvelles formes de terrorisme qui sévissent. Pour ce faire, elle a mis en place un important dispositif d’outils et de moyens de prévention et de répression pour lutter contre le terrorisme, tels que les fichiers de police informatisés. Des outils dérogatoires de prévention du terrorisme ont ainsi été créés, d’autres ont été perfectionnés. Dans ce contexte de lutte contre le terrorisme, de nombreux acteurs interviennent, au niveau local, national, mais aussi européen et international, au sein des institutions.De leur côté, les législateurs, devant les diverses formes de terrorisme, mais également face à la fréquence de tels actes et à leur violence toujours plus grande, ont dû créer de nouvelles lois relatives à la répression et à la prévention des actions terroristes.Ils se sont aussi attachés à la répression du financement du terrorisme en incriminant les personnes qui seraient, directement ou indirectement liées à des réseaux criminels. Enfin, grâce à une collaboration efficace des acteurs sur les plans international, européen et national, ainsi qu’à des outils opérationnels et des moyens de plus en plus performants, la sécurité des personnes et des biens publics est assuréeThis thesis focuses on terrorist risk management in France.As a fundamental right, public safety is supported by the State, it has the duty to defend and protect people and public property. To protect the country against all risks and terrorist threat, France, one of the most targeted countries of the world by the terrorists, had to adapt to new forms of terrorism. To do this, it has established an important tool device and means of prevention and enforcement to fight against terrorism, such as computerized police files. Derogatory tools to prevent terrorism have also been created, others have been improved. In this context of fight against terrorism, many actors involved, at local, national as well as European and international, within the institutions.For their part, legislators, facing the frequency of such acts and their ever-increasing violence, had to create new laws for the repression and prevention of terrorism.They also committed to the suppression of terrorist financing by criminalizing those who would be directly or indirectly linked to criminal networks. Finally, through effective collaboration of actors on the international, European and national, as well as operational tools and means of increasingly effective, the safety of persons and public goods is assured
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Celebi, Erdogan. "Systems approach to terrorism countering the terrorist training subsystem." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FCelebi.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analyses)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Nancy Roberts. "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-90). Also available in print.
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Villacampa, Megía Francisco. "La legislación europea ante el fenómeno del terrorismo yihadista." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Abat Oliba, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457434.
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L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és determinar si les polítiques antiterroristes empreses en la Unió Europea han disminuït l'amenaça gihadista. En primer lloc hem abordat la ideologia en què es basa el gihadisme. A continuació s'han tractat els principals instruments jurídics i policials aprovats a l'Espai de llibertat, seguretat i justícia. Finalment hem desenvolupat les estratègies que en l'àmbit de la prevenció de la radicalització s'han aprovat a nivell comunitari i estatal.
Les polítiques de prevenció juntament les de protecció, persecució i resposta conformen els pilars de la lluita antiterrorista a la Unió Europea. En l'estudi s'observa un augment de la mobilització i de les accions gihadistes. Aquesta circumstància obliga els Estats membres a millorar la cooperació judicial i policial.
El retorn dels "combatents estrangers", així com els processos ràpids de radicalització de nombrosos ciutadans europeus ho fa imprescindible .Destacamos la importància de les polítiques d'integració dirigides a la Comunitat musulmana, amb l'objectiu que els seus membres, sobretot, els més joves no es vegin atrets per l'islam rigorista, com a pas previ a convertir-se en terroristes.El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es determinar si las políticas antiterroristas emprendidas en la Unión Europea han disminuido la amenaza yihadista. En primer lugar hemos abordado la ideología en la que se basa el yihadismo. A continuación se han tratado los principales instrumentos jurídicos y policiales aprobados en el Espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia. Finalmente hemos desarrollado las estrategias que en el ámbito de la prevención de la radicalización se han aprobado a nivel comunitario y estatal. Las políticas de prevención junto las de protección, persecución y respuesta conforman los pilares de la lucha antiterrorista en la Unión Europea. En el estudio se observa un aumento de la movilización y de las acciones yihadistas. Esta circunstancia obliga a los Estados miembros a mejorar la cooperación judicial y policial. El retorno de los "combatientes extranjeros", así como los procesos rápidos de radicalización de numerosos ciudadanos europeos lo hace imprescindible .Destacamos la importancia de las políticas de integración dirigidas a la Comunidad musulmana, con el objetivo de que sus miembros, sobre todo, los más jóvenes no se vean atraídos por el islam rigorista, como paso previo a convertirse en terroristas.
The aim of this Doctoral Thesis is to determine whether anti-terrorist policies undertaken in the European Union have diminished the jihadist threat. In the first place we have approached the ideology on which jihadism is based. The main legal and police instruments adopted in the area of freedom, security and justice have been discussed below. Finally we have developed the strategies that have been approved at the community and state level in the area of radicalization prevention. Prevention policies together with protection, persecution and response form the pillars of the fight against terrorism in the European Union. The study shows an increase inmobilization and jihadist actions. This requires Member States to improve judicial and police cooperation. The return of "foreign fighters", as well as the rapid processes of radicalization of many European citizens, makes it imperative. We emphasize the importance of integration policies aimed at the Muslim community, with the aim that its members, Younger people are not attracted to rigorous Islam, as a precursor to becoming terrorists.
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Worrell, Blake Greig James Michael. "Determinants of international terrorist group formation, 1968-1999." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5107.
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Kiefer, John J. "Urban terrorism : strategies for mitigating terrorist attacks against the domestic urban environment /." Connect to this resource. (Authorized users only), 2001.
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Bittner, Jan, and Markus Lederer. "Finanzmärkte und Sicherheit : die Bekämpfung der Finanzquellen des Terrorismus." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/973/.
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Since 9/11, the fight against the financial sources of terrorism has become a major arena
for international co-operation. In the first part, the paper highlights the borderline between security studies and international political economy. The second part of the paper asks how successful the international community is in this fight.
The authors show that the idea of seizing terrorist funds and denying access to the international financial system is not a very promising one. They conclude that, so far, results have been mixed and that only a political approach to the problem promises a solution.
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Gok, Ozkan. "Structural Disadvantage, Terrorism, and Non-terrorist Violent Crime in Turkey." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258729259.
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Bhattacharya, Srobana. "WHO SUPPORTS TERRORISM? A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TERRORIST RESOURCE NETWORKS." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/781.
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Studies on civilian support for terrorist groups are limited in what they are able to say about why some terrorist groups have high civilian support while others do not. Most of these studies have focused on resource provision, overlooking the fact that it is only a strategy to extract resources in future. Additionally, these studies pay scant attention to existing resource structure, especially territorial and political control to explain terrorist-civilian interaction. The importance of territorial control and political involvement with respect to terrorism has been under studied because of the inherent clandestine and violent nature of terrorist groups. However, careful analysis of several terrorist groups reveals that these two factors are important in determining the levels of civilian support received. My findings bring the question of territorial control to the forefront and opens up avenues for more systematic analysis about this link between terrorist-civilian interaction and territorial control. My research also offers a unique lens in understanding terrorist-group behavior. While most studies highlight terrorist's interaction with national or international government, I look at terrorist's interaction with civilians, a crucial section of the audience. Furthermore, I approach this topic by emphasizing the bi-directional nature of this interaction - a. perception of civilians by the terrorist group and b. terrorist group's perception of the civilians. This dissertation argues that both these perceptions are based on the preexisting, dynamic, and acquiredconditions in whichthe terrorist groups operate. I explore six specific conditions within these three categories - terrorist groups' territorial control; political involvement; sub-group affiliations, ideological motivation, target selection and ethnic composition to understand how they affect civilian support for terrorist groups. I conduct a two step nested analysis. While most studies on terrorism rely on event count data, this methodology offers a more detailed understanding of the cases. In the first step, I conduct a fifteen case comparison to trace the necessary and sufficient conditions for high civilian support for terrorist groups. Results indicate that combinations of territorial control, sub-group affiliations and political involvement along with nationalist ideology is crucial in understanding levels of civilian support for terrorist groups. Following this, in the second step of my nested analysis, I conduct an in-depth case study of the Maoist extremist group in India. I investigate the temporal variation of civilian support for this group. The findings suggest that territorial shift and group's change in tactics affect the nature of civilian support. Following this, counter terrorism policies should take into account the nature of terrorist-civilian interactions while intervening in areas where terrorists and civilians are interacting regularly.
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Gocer, Ilyas. "Another approach to counter-terrorism: terrorists with guilty consciences." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27835.
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There are some cases in which terrorists had second thoughts about harming other people. Their conscience, specifically their guilty conscience, forced them to reconsider their plan. This raises thought-provoking questions are there other examples of terrorists pulling back from an operation because of their guilty conscience, and can countries take advantage of this phenomenon to reduce the prevalence of terrorism This thesis will answer these questions in an exploration of how exploiting guilty consciences can be an element of a countrys counter-terrorism strategy that focuses on the personal, psychological component of terrorism.
Books on the topic "Terrorism"
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Organization, North Atlantic Treaty, ed. Terrorism =: Le Terrorisme. Brussels: NATO library, 1991.
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Maxwell, Taylor. The terrorist. London: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1988.
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1925-, WHITTAKER DAVID J. Terrorists and Terrorism. London: Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2004.
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1933-, Gupta Kulwant Rai, ed. International terrorism: Conventions, resolutions, legislations, terrorist organisations and terrorists. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 2002.
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Clive, Williams. Terrorism explained: The facts about terrorism and terrorist groups. Sydney: New Holland, 2004.
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J, Whittaker David. The terrorism reader. New York: Routledge, 2001.
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Steven, Anzovin, ed. Terrorism. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1986.
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Simon, Jeffrey. The terrorist trap: America's experience with terrorism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
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Simon, Jeffrey D. The terrorist trap: America's experience with terrorism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
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Service, Canadian Security Intelligence. Trends in terrorism =: Tendances du terrorisme. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Security Intelligence Service = Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Terrorism"
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Rothenberger, Liane, and Valerie Hase. "Content Analysis in the Research Field of Terrorism Coverage." In Standardisierte Inhaltsanalyse in der Kommunikationswissenschaft – Standardized Content Analysis in Communication Research, 137–46. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36179-2_12.
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AbstractThe relationship between terrorism and journalism has been described as symbiotic or parasitic, meaning that especially terrorists gain from news media publicity. This chapter describes how journalists cover terrorist attacks and terrorist groups. It focuses on common research designs (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, and computational approaches). Moreover, it explains how variables such as sourcing, labeling of acts and actors of political violence, radicalization narratives, or emotionalization are often studied in terrorism research and journalism studies.
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Clutterbuck, Richard. "Terrorism and Terrorists." In The Future of Political Violence, 20–26. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18187-2_3.
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Tilly, Charles. "Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists." In Collective Violence, Contentious Politics, and Social Change, 293–303. New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315205021-18.
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Colarik, Andrew. "Cyber Terrorism Evolution." In Cyber Terrorism, 33–57. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-021-9.ch003.
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Begin to discern the connection between terrorism and technology. Ö Understand the evolution from hackers to crackers, crackers to cyber criminals, and cyber criminals to cyber terrorists. Ö Identify the key elements that comprise the term cyber terrorism. Ö Become familiar with the support role that a cyber terrorist can bring to a terrorist organization. Ö Understand the potential collaborations between criminal organizations and terrorist groups in attaining cyber skills.
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Colarik, Andrew. "The Power of Terrorism." In Cyber Terrorism, 14–32. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-021-9.ch002.
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Create a foundational understanding of traditional terrorism in order to apply its goals, methods, and means to cyber terrorism. Ö Identify the key elements that comprise the term terrorism. Ö Understand the political orientation of terrorism. Ö Become aware of many of terrorism’s actors throughout the world. Ö Discern many of the goals of terrorist organizations.
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Abrahms, Max. "11. Can Terrorism Be Rational?" In Contemporary Terrorism Studies, 201–17. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198829560.003.0011.
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This chapter looks into the rationality of terrorism. It starts off by looking into the paradox of terrorism. Political scientists typically view terrorists as rational political actors. However, empirical research on terrorism suggests that terrorism is in fact an ineffective political tactic. Evidence indicates that in instances where there has been terrorist attacks on civilians, governments rarely grant concessions. This might explain why terrorism is often selected as a tactic only if alternative options are no longer viable. The chapter uses Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State as case studies to examine broader patterns of terrorism. Knowing the priority of terrorists is vital for governments when considering counterterrorism actions. Having an understanding of the grievances of terrorists helps political actors predict which targets the terrorists will attack.
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Ben, Saul. "18 Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism, and International Humanitarian Law." In The Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198855309.003.0018.
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This concluding chapter addresses the debate about the coverage, adequacy, and effectiveness of international humanitarian law (IHL) in regulating ‘terrorism’. IHL does not recognize any specific legal categories for, or special regime governing, terrorists and terrorist groups. Rather, the general norms of IHL apply to terrorists according to their conduct. IHL was precisely developed as a kind of exceptional or emergency law comprehensively addressing all forms of violence in armed conflict, including that which is labelled ‘terrorist’ in other areas of law. Particularly relevant to terrorism are the general IHL rules on the classification of violence as armed conflict, the categorization of persons during conflict, targeting, detention, criminal liability, and fair trial. Thus, terrorist and counter-terrorist violence may constitute a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) to which IHL applies if the violence is sufficiently intense and organized. The chapter then considers three key legal issues of particular relevance and specificity to terrorism in armed conflict.
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Eid, Mahmoud. "Cyber-Terrorism and Ethical Journalism." In Ethical Impact of Technological Advancements and Applications in Society, 263–83. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1773-5.ch021.
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Terrorism has been a constant threat in traditional and contemporary societies. Recently, it has been converged with new media technology and cyberspace, resulting in the modern tactic, cyber-terrorism, which has become most effective in achieving terrorist goals. Among the countless cyber-terrorist cases and scenarios of only this last decade, the paper discusses four cyber-terrorism cases that represent the most recent severe cyber-terrorist attacks on infrastructure and network systems—Internet Black Tigers, MafiaBoy, Solo, and Irhabi 007. Regardless of the nature of actors and their motivations, cyber-terrorists hit very aggressively causing serious damages. Cyber-terrorists are rational actors who use the most advanced technology; hence, the critical need for the use of counter-threat swords by actors on the other side. Given that terrorist goals are mostly dependent on the media’s reactions, journalistic practices are significant and need to be most effective. A major tool that can help journalists in their anti- and counter-terrorist strategies with cyber-terrorists is rationalism, merged with the expected socially responsible conduct. Rational behaviour, founded in game theory, along with major journalistic ethical principles are fundamental components of effective media decision-making during times of terrorism.
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Chitadze, Nika. "Problems of Terrorism in the Modern World." In Global Perspectives on the Psychology of Terrorism, 15–36. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5311-7.ch002.
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Currently, the study of the topic of terrorism is especially relevant in connection with the increase in the number of terrorist attacks committed by various terrorist organizations around the world. The constant threat of terror leads to the destabilization of the political, economic, and social situation in the state. Lack of confidence in personal safety contributes to the growth of anxiety, fears, and mental stress, which negatively affects psychological health, leading to the development of various psychosomatic disorders among the population. The genesis of the concept of “terrorism,” the history of terrorism, the psychology of the personality of terrorists and terrorist groups, the victimology of terrorism, methods of providing psychological first aid in terrorist attacks, methods of negotiating with terrorists, technologies for forming a model of safe behavior are the main issues during the study of the basic aspects related to terrorism.
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Colarik, Andrew. "Introduction." In Cyber Terrorism, 1–13. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-021-9.ch001.
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Learn more about recent terrorist atrocities. Ö Identify the main sponsors of global terrorism today. Ö Comprehend the link between diminished terrorist attacks over time and their need to create new venues/methods of global reach and devastation. Ö Understand the organizational link between terrorists and technology. Ö Begin to discover the importance of securing the global information infrastructure.
Conference papers on the topic "Terrorism"
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Petrović, Dragana. "MEDIA, TERRORISM AND LAW ENFORCEMENT." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 1. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko1.239p.
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Considering its basic idea (essence), terrorism is shown to be "propaganda with the help of violence". This special theatrical form of violence, through media communication, attracts the attention of millions of people. Has the media become the "weapon" of the terrorists they report on? Who is using (exploiting) whom in this brutal game designed to produce fear, terror and chaos in the public? Does the media serve terrorism by giving it the publicity it needs to achieve its goal - conveying a political message, etc.? It is not possible to fully and reliably answer the previously asked questions, but it can be proven with almost certainty that the relationship between terrorism and the media does not flow in one direction. Just the opposite. Pointing to the interdependence of terrorism and the media is not new. According to one point of view (an older one), media reporting and terrorism are closely related, which through a certain cause-and-effect relationship leads to the spread of terrorism. With the opposite sign, a completely different approach can be outlined - there is no causal relationship between the quantity of reporting and the spread of terrorist incidents. As our intention is to develop this topic problematically, first of all, we must start from what is generally known. Terrorist organizations need publicity. Terrorist acts in themselves are nothing without an audience. On the other hand, the media scene "cries out" for spectacular news - analyzes show that every major terrorist attack gains the potential of exclusivity through global multiplication through "top" or "breaking news". The text suggests the creation of an effective communication platform in order to respond to the threat (restriction of terrorists' access to the media, reduction or censorship of news reporting terrorist actions and news about criminals, etc.). In this connection, the very sensitive issue of the relationship between terrorism, the media and the law came to the fore, which required a special analysis - thus reaching some answers, understandings and orientations that would allow us a better overview and insight into the problem and character of this complex issues.
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Nikiforova, Elena Nikolaevna, Evgeniia Pavlovna Gavrilova, and Viktoriia Sergeevna Evdokimova. "Unification of national legislation in the field of countering extremism and terrorism as a factor of international security." In All-Russian scientific and practical conference. Publishing house Sreda, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-32803.
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The article emphasizes that the fight against extremism and terrorism, as a complex problem, has become one of the priorities in the fight against crime for states at the global and regional levels. The level of development of legal acts in the field of countering extremism and terrorism, the severity of punishment for crimes of extremist and terrorist orientation in some countries are analyzed. It is concluded that in modern legislation of different countries, there is no single approach to the definition of the concepts of "terrorism" and "extremism", there is no uniform approach to the system and types of punishments. The proposal on the expediency of a uniform definition of the concepts: “terrorism”, “terrorist”, “international terrorist activity”, unification of national legislation in the field of combating extremism and terrorism as a factor of international security is substantiated
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Ilijevski, Ice, Zlate Dimovski, and Kire Babanoski. "THE NEED OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES AND THE STATE SECURITY SERVICES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.11.01.20.p14.
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Terrorism is a global threat to the whole humanity, which has particularly negative and harmful consequences. Terrorist attacks, incidents, and actions are a form of security endangerment with varied and constantly changing ways of committing. The fight against terrorism is highly dependent on the efficiency of the measures and activities of the law enforcement agencies, their speed in detecting terrorist organizations, their preparatory actions and their response to a terrorist attack. This fight requires close co-operation between such entities in order to exchange information and timely detect illegal activities that precede terrorist acts. The main subject of this paper is to discuss the measures and activities of the private security companies and the state security services in preventing terrorist acts as well as taking action following a terrorist attack. The purpose of this paper is to present the current situation and future perspectives of cooperation between the security authorities, to raise the awareness of the important role that the private security sector plays, and to enhance its well-deserved position with other security authorities in the efficient functioning of the fight against terrorism. Keywords: terrorism, terrorist attacks, security authorities, cooperation, relations
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Demyanov, German, and Talantbek Torogeldiev. "Countering terrorism and extremism." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/076-083.
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The article deals with the issues of terrorism and extremism, analyzes the legal aspects in the field of countering terrorism and extremism in the Russian Federation. The author identifies the problems in anti-terrorist and anti-extremist activities and suggests the author's ways to solve them, as well as analyzes the parties that contribute to the successful fight against these problems.
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Kochkarov, Ruslan, and Zulfiya Chochueva. "Legal mechanisms for countering the financing of terrorism." In East – West: Practical Approaches to Countering Terrorism and Preventing Violent Extremism. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcshss.iyia7043.
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The financing of terrorism, as an illegal criminal act, was first proposed at the international level in the United Nations Declaration of 1994. The idea was further developed in United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1373 adopted in 2001. This document obliged all member states of the UN Security Council to introduce into their criminal legislation norms governing prosecution for activities related to the provision or collection of funds to finance terrorism. This study aims to analyze the corpus delicti of terrorist financing and investigate the need to introduce this article into the legislation of the Russian Federation. Modern times are characterized by the high growth of terrorist crimes, involvement in terrorist groups, and financing this criminal activity. The problem of combating terrorism is international. Countering this phenomenon and strengthening international cooperation to maintain the rule of law and legal order has been relevant for the past few decades. The authors of the research work consider the obligations of the Russian Federation arising from the requirements of the international community and the international legal framework. International cooperation allowed to establish the official recognition of the financing of terrorism at the legislative level as criminal and punishable.
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Petrović, Dragana. "TERRORISM AND TERRORISTS – understanding the structure and way of carrying out activities." In Tradicija, krivično i međunarodno krivično pravo. Srpsko udruženje za međunarodno krivično pravo, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/tkmkp24.178p.
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Terrorism is like an elephant at your front door,“ says author Timothy Thornton Ash, „you recognize it when you see it.“ No ideology, no visionary motivation, no goal can justify the energy that feeds this kind of evil. Modern terrorism erases all borders, all walls and consciences… In our modernity and globalization, its „value“ increases enormously, which attracts even more those who believe that this type of violence (extreme, theatrical…) will pay off. . In attempts to completely destroy the established order or its total transformation, terrorists attract the attention of the public to their goals, promote fear and an atmosphere of alarmism. Apocalyptic nihilists, planners and perpetrators of terrorist attacks offer no compromise – which can only result in one – catastrophic images of the massacre of innocent civilians, women and children. Expect reciprocity, ie. hitting one global network with another, an anti-terrorist network, is the only form of response that can provide appropriate results. Unfortunately, the international community (hypocritical, according to the „principle of double standards“) is constantly torn between recognizing the specific nature of the challenges it has been facing in recent years and insisting that its response take the form of a globalized anti-terrorist coalition. Perhaps as an answer to a bunch of questions that arise here – to expect reciprocity in this sense would mean, however, to misunderstand the essence of the challenge, because replacing violence with violence, as someone said these days, would mean „making a deal with the devil“. And maybe this kind of behavior brings us to the edge of the abyss, ruin…
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Algan, Neşe, Mehmet Balcılar, Harun Bal, and Müge Manga. "Impact of Terrorism on Financial Markets: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01706.
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This study investigates the impact of terrorism on the Turkish financial market using daily data from Jan 4, 1988 to May 24, 2016. In order to measure the impacts of terrorist attacks in Turkey we test for causality from terrorism index to returns and volatilities of 3 aggregate and 16 sector level stock indices using a recently developed nonparametric causality-in-test test of Balcilar et al. (2016). The results obtained indicate that there is no causality from terrorist activities to stock market returns (1st moment). However, we find significant causality at various quantiles from terrorist activates to volatility (2nd moment) of tourism, food and basic materials sectors.
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Hussain, Asaf. "COMBATTING TERRORISM IN BRITAIN: GÜLEN’S IDEAS." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/eodp8177.
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Western policies are focused on fighting terrorist groups rather than terrorist ideology and its roots causes. This paper tries to identify those root causes and the means of eradicating terrorist ideology. A common misunderstanding is that Islam is prone to violence and extremism, if not itself the cause of terrorism. This misconception is based on ignorance of the many Muslim groups and faith-based movements that work towards peace and better relations in the world because of Islam, not despite it. The Gülen movement is one of the most successful and famous of those faith-based movements. Policy-makers need to become familiar with such movements, their motivations, methods and arguments. The extremist/terrorist ideology must be rebut- ted; however, of the many interpretations of Islam circulating in the world the most radical ones dominate the media and therefore the attention of younger Muslims. Media and policy- makers have not paid enough attention to the authentic interpretations of Islam embraced by the majority – the interpretations of mainstream Muslim thinkers like Fethullah Gülen. Gülen’s teachings and principles and the movement’s activities and projects can help inform and shape state policies. This paper explains how the views of thinkers like Gülen can be translated into policy terms to defeat terrorism.
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Arsikj, Davor, and Marjan Nikolovski. "FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS FROM THE MIDDLE EAST AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH RADICALIZATION, VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.3.6.22.p16.
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Foreign terrorist fighters pose an asymmetric security threat and their return to the Republic of North Macedonia is a problem which the security services and the society as a whole face. In the last decade, a large number of foreign terrorist fighters have returned to their homes from the battlefields in Syria and Iraq, and the country has intervened with law amendments to the Criminal Code of 2014 to allow foreign terrorist fighters to be prosecuted and sentenced to appropriate punishments. Foreign terrorist fighters are closely related to violent extremism and radicalization, which in some cases can lead to terrorism. A radicalized foreign fighter who has returned home can spread the idea of radicalization and be an instigator for committing criminal activity - terrorism. The processes of deradicalization and resocialization are crucial for dealing with this phenomenon, considering that young people are susceptible to the influence of violent extremism and are a fertile soil for initial radicalization. The experiences of the neighboring countries have been developed in terms of how they deal with and how they prevent these negative phenomena in the community, related to foreign terrorist fighters. Foreign terrorist fighters can also carry out terrorist attacks through their involvement in violent extremism and radicalization. This is confirmed by several terrorist attacks that have taken place in the recent years in Europe, carried out by foreign terrorist fighters who are more radicalized and with significant combat experience. Keywords: foreign terrorist fighters, violent extremism, radicalization, terrorism, security threat
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Silva, Bárbara Thaís Pinheiro, and Robson Cunha Rael. "The various normative fronts in the fight against terrorism and the limitations surround the concept." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-063.
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Abstract The term "war on terrorism" is not a legal term, since by international law, for there to be a war, belligerent states must engage in armed conflict with each other. Therefore, although many states are engaged in the fight against terrorism, this fight only qualifies as war if and when there is a fighting state on the side of the terrorist organization, so there is nothing to prevent the "war on terrorism" from turning into an interstate war (CORDESMAN, 2018).
Reports on the topic "Terrorism"
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Schmidt, Alex P. Defining Terrorism. ICCT, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19165/2023.3.01.
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This report summarizes, and builds on, some of the author’s previous conceptual work. It approaches the definition of terrorism from five angles: (i) by focusing on the history of terrorism; (ii) by focusing on the psychology of ‘terror’ (the threat and fear factor); (iii) by focusing on forms of political violence other than terrorist violence; (iv) by focusing on the terrorist act; and (v) by focusing on the terrorist. Subsequently it addresses the question who should have definition power? The author looks at how terrorists, victims of terrorism, religious authorities, mass and social media, national governments, the United Nations, and members from academia have tried to define terrorism. In his conclusion, the author pleads for a narrow definition of terrorism. The main body of the text is followed by a sample of definitions of terrorism and a bibliography of books, book chapters, and articles on the subject.
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Iffat, Idris. Effectiveness of Different Methods to the Counter Financing of Terrorism. Institute of Development Studies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.091.
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Countering financing of terrorism (CFT) has been a core component of counter terrorism strategies since the 9/11 attacks on the US in 2001. Key CFT measures are criminalisation of terrorism financing; sanctions and assets freezing/seizure; and use of financial intelligence. CFT assessments focus on implementation of these measures, rather than on impact in terms of preventing terrorist activity. This rapid review therefore looks at the effectiveness of different CFT measures. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature, including policy papers and reports from agencies involved in CFT implementation. While there is available literature on terrorism financing (how groups raise funds), and on the various approaches to CFT as well as implementation assessment, the review found very little on the impact of CFT in preventing terrorism. Reflecting this, it was also difficult to identify specific examples of CFT impact and effectiveness. The limited literature on the latter suggests that, while CFT measures can hamper terrorists/terrorist groups, they cannot stop them entirely. Despite this, CFT remains a useful tool for governments in the fight against terrorism/their efforts to counter terrorism. However, the current CFT model needs to be reformed to address significant changes in both the terrorist threat and terrorism financing environment.
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Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Cybercrimes and Digital Forensics. Cyber-enabled Terrorism in the African and Arab Regions: Survey Report from NAUSS-UNCCT Workshop. Naif University Press, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/iwjx5145.
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The seventh review of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (A/RES/75/291) underscored Member States' deep concern regarding the use of the Internet and other technologies for terrorist activities. Emphasizing collaboration among academia, the private sector, and civil society, the resolution sought to prevent terrorists from finding safe haven online while promoting an open, secure, and innovative Internet. In alignment with these principles, the Centre of Excellence in Cybercrimes and Digital Forensics (CoECDF) at Naif Arab University for Security Sciences (NAUSS) and UNOCT's United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) conducted a workshop on Cyber-enabled terrorism. A survey of selected Member States in Africa and the Middle East was conducted during the workshop, revealing their apprehensions about the misuse of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) for terrorism. The survey outcomes aim to inform Member States' capacity-building strategies to combat cyber-enabled terrorism. The report comprehensively analyzes cyber-enabled terrorism threats in the African and Arab regions, offering key insights, findings, and recommendations. It identifies active terrorist groups, their methods, and the crucial need for specific skills in digital forensics, cyber security, and cyber intelligence. The diverse requirements of the African and Arab regions underscore the necessity for tailored capacity-building efforts in tackling cyber-enabled terrorism.
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Mehra, Tanya, and Julie Coleman. The Role of the UN Security Council in Countering Terrorism & Violent Extremism: The Limits of Criminalization? RESOLVE Network, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/sfi2022.4.
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After the 9/11 attacks, a united global community entered an era which saw the proliferation of United Nations entities and organs focused on responding to terrorism. These bodies were created, at least in part, in response to the recognized need for a comprehensive multilateral counter-terrorism architecture to ensure international peace and security in the face of the growing specter of violent extremism. This response has notably also included an array of UN Security Council resolutions (UNSCRs) adopted to counter the threat of terrorism. A little over 20 years after the adoption of Resolution 1373 (2001), 52 terrorism related resolutions now exist, creating an elaborate set of measures for Member States to implement. Despite this, however, terrorism was arguably more prevalent in 2021 than in 2001. A myriad of factors have led to the continued spread of terrorism, including the increasingly transnational nature of terrorists and terrorist networks, as well as the failure to adequately address the structural factors and underlying conditions that are conducive to the spread of violent extremism. In order to explain its persistence, one must not only examine the continued appeal of terrorist groups and violent extremist ideology and propaganda, but also reflect upon where, how, and why counter-terrorism responses have often failed to reduce the threat or, in some cases, even exacerbated the factors which give rise to terrorism in the first place. This includes the response of the Security Council, whose resolutions have created the obligation or expectation for Member States to continuously expand the criminalization of terrorism, without evidence that such an approach will lead to less terrorism. This brief focuses on how some UNSCRs include measures that require Member States to criminalize conduct that has historically fallen within the pre-crime space and lacks a clear link to terrorist activities, and examines the subsequent impact this has on human rights and the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. At the same time, it explores the role that States themselves have played in the exceptionalization of terrorism in terms of criminal justice responses. Finally, it offers recommendations for both the UNSC and Members States on how to ensure that counter-terrorism architecture can both be human-rights based and simultaneously conducive to promoting peace and security.
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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum. Medical Care in Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law and State Responses to Terrorism. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/hwga7438.
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The surge in armed conflicts involving terrorism has brought to the fore the general question of medical care in armed conflict and the particular legal protections afforded to those providing such care to terrorists. Against this backdrop, we evaluate international humanitarian law (IHL) protections for wartime medical assistance concerning terrorists. Through that lens, we expose gaps and weaknesses in IHL. We also examine tensions between IHL and state responses to terrorism more broadly. In studying the IHL regime applicable to medical care, substantive fragmentation and gaps in legal protection between states and across types of conflict emerge. These ruptures are not new. But they are increasingly noticeable as terrorism is more frequently conceptualized as forming part of armed conflicts and as more states undertake aggressive responses to terrorist threats. The U.N. Security Council has been a key driver of these responses, requiring member states to take more and broader steps to obviate terrorist threats. Yet so far the Council has not required that, in doing so, states fully exempt impartial wartime medical care, even in circumstances that would render such care protected under IHL. Rather, the Council seems to consider providing medical assistance and supplies to al-Qaeda and its associates as at least a partial ground for designating those who facilitate such care as terrorists themselves. The overall result today is unsatisfactory. By prosecuting physicians for supporting terrorists through medical care in armed conflicts, some states are likely violating their IHL treaty obligations. But in certain other instances where states intentionally curtail impartial medical care there is no clear IHL violation. Both those actual IHL violations and the lack of clear IHL violations, we think, are cause for concern. The former represent failures to implement the legal regime. And the latter highlight the non-comprehensiveness - or, at least, the indeterminateness and variability - of the normative framework.
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Hunt, Charles T., and Shannon Zimmerman. Counter-Terrorism & Peace Operations: The Impacts of UN Security Council Approaches to Tackling Terror on the Pursuit of Peace. RESOLVE Network, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/sfi2022.2.
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United Nations peace operations are generally considered a poor vehicle for counter-terrorism. Yet, UN peace operations are regularly deployed by the Security Council to settings affected by terrorism and violent extremism. The confluence of terrorism and conflict make this co-existence inevitable, but some missions have also engaged more directly in countering these elements. For example, the UNSC continues to support the mission in Somalia, which actively faces terrorist threats, and has also deployed a peacekeeping mission to Mali amid a jihadist insurgency. At the same time, in places like the Democratic Republic of Congo, peace operations have engaged in offensive military operations that target groups labelled as “terrorists” by their host government partners. Academics and peacekeeping experts have raised concerns and noted the initial impacts of counter-terrorism efforts on UN peace operations. Building on this work, this brief draws on illustrative examples from the field to examine how the UNSC’s counter-terrorism framework has impacted the mandates and practice of the UN’s peace operations, particularly the large stabilization operations deployed in Africa. It shows that counter-terrorism efforts at the level of the UNSC have blurred the normative distinctions between peace operations and counter-terrorism to the detriment of the former. This brief concludes by providing recommendations to ensure that UNSC responses to terrorism and violent extremism do not unintentionally undermine the effectiveness of UN peace operations.
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Wilson, Robert C. Nuclear Terrorism: Terrorist Goals Determine Propensity for Use. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401376.
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Morrison, John F. Analyzing Interviews with Terrorists. RESOLVE Network, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/rve2020.7.
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For years the dominant narrative has been that there is a dearth of primary sources in terrorism studies. This is now changing. The talk about the scarcity of data is gradually being replaced by discussions of a “data revolution” and a “golden age” of terrorism research. We are now publishing more research based on the analysis of primary source data than ever before. Included in this has been some ground-breaking interview research with recent and former terrorists—research that could define how we think about terrorist involvement for years to come. With this increased access to data, if our research is to have any analytical value and concurrently respected both within and outside of academia, we need to actively consider how we analyze it. This chapter discusses some of the issues that need to be taken into consideration when analyzing first-hand interviews, including the importance of specificity, different available analytic techniques, the role of triangulation, and ethical practices.
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DU Mont III, Robert B. Defining Terrorism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406502.
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Sinai, Joshua, and Ramon Miro. Combatting Terrorism: Literature on Future Trends in Terrorism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada302268.
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