Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Territory of Christmas Island'

In 1974 the Australian Government decided that from 1975 all education on its Territory of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, would be integrated into a single service. It further decided that all schools would be staffed by Australian teachers from its recent1y established Commonwealth Teaching Service and would implement a curriculum closely reflecting those on the Australian mainland. These were decisive shifts from the previous system of separating the 'Asian' education system from the 'European' (Australian) system. This thesis sets out to find the reasons for these decisions and the expectations, or objectives, of those who made them. The changes to education had many Impacts on the Christmas Island community - both intended or unintended. These impacts are used to assist in evaluations of the policy objectives. The thesis uses the methodology of public policy analysis to examine the links between the government's education policy and its other broader policies regarding the Island. It thus examines operational decisions in the context of strategic considerations. The mid 1970s saw rapid changes in many Australian Government policies. Its new Christmas Island policies were responses to a range of complex, interrelated problems which emerged in the early 1970s - only 15 years after it assumed sovereignty. At the centre of these policy responses was Resettlement. The government's education decisions are examined in the light of the objectives and implications of its Resettlement policy as well as other inputs to the policy problem.

[Truncated abstract] This research investigates social capital within the everyday space and actions of sociability on Christmas Island. The theory of social capital as proposed by Robert Putnam (1995) provides the framework for this investigation which was conducted in two phases. Quantitative and qualitative approaches and a mixed methods concurrent nested strategy were used in both phases of the investigation and the analyses. The analyses also incorporated multiple perspectives of both social capital and physical activity processes. In the first phase, I sought to: (a) uncover the determinants of social capital within the Christmas Island community; (b) develop a social capital typology; and (c) establish the relationship between the determinants of social capital and adults’ physical activity involvement. In all, 212 participants took part in the study . . . Overall, several factors affected women’s social capital and physical activity. These included: (a) women’s societal roles and positions; (b) household and cultural norms relating to gender-based time and space negotiations; (c) ideologies surrounding ethic of care; and (d) role commitment. These factors also influenced women’s recruitment into becoming active in their community. Network embeddedness and autonomy, assimilation and acculturation as well as language and knowledge competency further distinguished the community and physical activity status of European and Asian women. Analysis related to the two physical activity programmes in part 3 showed how various forms of latent social capital within the community can be synergized to produce physical activity benefits and empower inactive and minority-group women. Findings in this study also support trust as an important element in the establishment of relatedness in a physical activity setting.

The rapid change in climate currently being recorded in the Western Canadian Arctic is projected to have a major influence on the permafrost ground that underlies more than half of Canada's landmass. The isolation of this vast landscape has inhibited scientific research consequently limiting the body of knowledge on sub-surface permafrost features. Specifically, there is limited information about massive ground ice units, large tabular bodies of ice with a gravimetric moisture content greater than 250% (percent dry weight). Massive ground ice bodies originate from the burial of surface ice, such as glaciers or snowbanks or from the in-situ freezing of groundwater, termed intrasedimental ice. The environmental history held within the ice provides valuable information on the progression of past climates and the high water content frozen within this ice can cause widespread changes on the topography, infrastructure and ultimately the people of this region who use the land. Located in the headwalls of retrogressive thaw slumps on Herschel Island, Yukon, natural exposures of massive ground ice provided an ideal setting for studying ice units with uncertain origins. Within this study, seventeen distinct massive ice units, observed in four different exposures, were sampled for laboratory analysis. The aim of this research is to resolve the origin of these less understood massive ice bodies with a recently developed tool that analyzes the molar ratios of atmospheric gases occluded within the ice units. This is supported with the recognized method of cryostratigraphy, O-H stable isotopes analysis and geochemical measurements. The results of these tests, presented in two manuscripts, reveal a complicated cryotic history that identifies massive ice units with atmospheric and intrasedimental characteristics. An isolated unit of white ice observed in the upper portion of a retrogressive thaw slump exhibits a strong atmospheric signature with low atmospheric gas ratios of N2/Ar and δD vs. δ18O regression line that closely parallels the local meteoric water line (LMWL). An atmospheric origin for this unit of ice is further supported by low conductivity values measured within the ice unit. These chemical investigations combined with an equally conclusive cryostratigraphic examination suggest that this massive ice unit is a recently buried snowbank. A proposed model of snowbank burial is also presented to clarify and support this conclusion. A distinctive unit of blue coloured ice exposed at an ocean bluff contained occluded gasses with molar ratios of N2/Ar and O2/Ar gas that were strongly correlated to the same gas ratios measured in the current atmosphere. A vertical transect within a large retrogressive thaw slump on the south shore of the island distinguished seven separate massive ice units in addition to an ice wedge. Two of the units measured revealed intrasedimental ice origins due to low N2/Ar atmospheric gas ratios and high conductivity values. A third isolated unit of white ice, confined by unconformities, reflected a molar gas ratio of N2/Ar that strongly correlated with the N2/Ar ratio of the current atmosphere measured during the study. An atmospheric source for this ice was further supported by a δD vs. δ18O regression line similar to that of the LMWL. These findings provide a new layer of interpretation adding to the previously established body of knowledge and produce a more decisive explanation to the origin of massive ice units on Herschel Island. This work is relevant for understanding the origin and nature of the massive ice units, the geomorphic response to past climates and providing important information for the responsible development and management of this landscape in the future both on Herschel Island Territorial Park and throughout the Western Canadian Arctic.
Le changement rapide du climat actuellement observé dans l'Arctique de l'Ouest Canadien devrait avoir une influence majeure sur le pergélisol représentant plus de la moitié de la masse continentale du Canada. L'isolement de ces vastes étendues a limité les efforts de recherche scientifique à leur sujet et par conséquent le niveau de connaissances des caractéristiques du pergélisol. Plus particulièrement, peu d'information existe au sujet des unités massives de glace de sol, c'est-à-dire de grands corps tabulaire de glace avec une teneur en humidité gravimétrique supérieure à 250% (pour cent en poids sec), que l'on retrouve dans ces régions. Ces glaces de sol peuvent provenir de l'enterrement d'étendue de glace en surface, tels que des glaciers, des bancs de neige, ou encore de la congélation in situ d'eaux souterraines, autrement nommées glaces intrasedimental. La glace de sol peut fournir de précieuse information sur l'historique et l'évolution des climats passés. La haute teneur en eau congelé dans la glace peut causer d'importants changements dans la topographie, pour les infrastructures et ultimement pour les habitants de cette région qui font usage du sol.Situé dans le mur de tête de glissements de dégel rétrogressif de l'île Herschel au Yukon, des affleurements de glace souterraine fournissent un cadre idéal pour étudier des unités de glace ayant des origines incertaines. Pour la présente étude, dix-sept unités de glace massive distinctes, observée dans quatre expositions différentes, ont été échantillonnés pour l'analyse en laboratoire. Le but de cette recherche est de comprendre l'origine de ces unités de glace massive moins bien connues en faisant usage d'un outil récemment développé permettant d'analyser les rapports molaires entre differents gaz atmosphériques occlus à l'intérieur des unités de glace. Cette approche repose sur la méthode reconnue de cryostratigraphy, sur l'analyse d'isotopes stables O-H ainsi que sur des mesures géochimiques. Les résultats de ces tests, présentés en deux manuscrits, révèlent une histoire cryotique complexe identifiant des unités de glace massive avec des caractéristiques atmosphériques et intrasedimental.Une unité isolée de glace blanche ayant été observée dans la partie supérieure d'un glissements de dégel rétrogressif présente une signature atmosphérique forte avec de faibles ratios de gaz atmosphériques N2/Ar ainsi qu'une droite de régression δD vs. δ18O qui se rapproche étroitement de la ligne d'eau locales météorique. L'hypothèse d'une origine atmosphérique pour cette unité de la glace est soutenu par de faibles valeurs de conductivité mesurées à meme l'unité de la glace. Ces études chimiques combinées à un examen cryostratigraphique tout aussi concluant suggèrent que cette unité massive de glace est en fait un banc de neige récemment enterré. Un modèle d'enterrement de banc de neige est également présenté à clarifier pour appuyer cette conclusion.Une unité distincte de glace de couleur bleue exposée par un bluff océanique contient des gaz occlus avec des ratios molaires de N2/Ar et de O2/Ar fortement corrélées aux mêmes ratios mesurées dans l'atmosphère actuel. Deux des unités mesurées révélé une origines de glace intrasedimental en raison du faible taux de N2/Ar gaz atmosphériques et d'une conductivité élevée. Une troisième unité de glace blanche isolée et confinée reflète un ratio molaire des gaz N2/Ar fortement corrélée avec le ratio N2/Ar de l'atmosphère actuel. Une origine atmosphérique pour cette unité de glace est aussi soutenue par une ligne de régression δD vs. δ18O similaire à celle de l'LMWL.Ces résultats fournissent une nouvelle couche d'interprétation qui s'ajoute aux connaissances précédemment établies et fournissent une explication plus robuste quant à l'origine des unités de glace massive sur l'île Herschel.

Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.
Thesis: M.C.P, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 303-309).
The atoll nation of Tuvalu lies only a few meters above the seas of the equatorial Pacific, and is at high risk for inundation and storm surges due to climate change. However, in spite of the media narrative of "sinking" Tuvalu, when understood in broader contexts of time and space, the existence of atolls is highly temporal and dynamic, based on sediment hydrodynamics and coral reef production. The designation of Tuvalu as a 'nation' is also a narrow temporal framing, of colonial origin. The inhabitants of Tuvalu's atolls were historically highly mobile peoples, moving from island to island in response to resource or social concerns. Tuvaluans today continue to be mobile peoples, migrating between atolls and globally, but this movement is now limited by global territorial sanctions. Climate change creates the risk of uncertain territory and uncertain identity for Tuvaluans; the submergence of the islands below mean sea level threatens rights to their territorial waters (EEZ) as well as their nationhood status as they lose the space to practice their cultural identity. The modern nation-state views its contents (population and geography) as relatively static. The inherently fluid nature of these components in Tuvalu, further amplified by climate change, problematizes the hard lines of territory and state drawn sharply in the contemporary era. When both ground and people are acknowledged as fluid entities, how might we re-imagine the spatial and social form of the Tuvaluan nation? How can Tuvalu continue to exert territorial claims when both the subject and object of nationhood are in flux? And how can Tuvalu's spatially oriented cultural identity be maintained as its population becomes increasingly mobile? Instead of ceding territory to the rising waters of climate change, this thesis posits 'seeding' territory as an alternative. The project explores the propagation of the architectural 'seed' as a way to 'grow' territory in the context of migratory populations and unstable geographies. The seeds consider territory both in the sense of transnational legislation (per the UN Law of the Seas) but also in the cultural sense of Tuvaluans, as a collective space of shared resources and identity. The seeds generate physical territory and facilitate social networks and identities. The design of these seeds is then conceptually tested in future social and environmental scenarios both for both the in- and ex- situ nation.
by Elizabeth Yarina.
M. Arch.
M.C.P

This thesis investigates the geomorphology of retrogressive thaw slumps and active layer slides on Herschel Island, northern Yukon Territory. In particular, it examines the formation and morphology of both landforms, and the ground ice characteristics of retrogressive thaw slumps. During 1988-1989 a number of retrogressive thaw slumps and active layer slides were surveyed and monitored. Field and laboratory investigations involved (1) documentation of landform distribution, setting and morphology, (2) examination of processes of landform formation, and (3) the examination of cryostratigraphy, ground ice characteristics and material properties.
Retrogressive thaw slumps developed in areas of low to moderate slopes underlain by a variety of sediments with ice contents up to 4500% (on a dry weight basis). Slump headwall retreat rates of up to 19.5 m/yr were recorded. By comparison, active layer slides developed on steeper slopes underlain mainly by marine silts and clays. The sediments exposed in the slide floors and headwalls displayed no visible ground ice, but moisture contents were between 15-35%. Retrogressive thaw slumps and active layer slides form by entirely different processes. However, they do occur in close association and are influenced by many of the same parameters.

Climate change and warming have been linked to enhanced coastal erosion in the arctic. Specifically, permafrost is believed to be thawing at greater rates, and wave dynamics are expected to increase in intensity. As a result, thermokarst activity, which includes the occurrence of retrogressive thaw slumps, will be more frequent along arctic coasts.
The availability of airborne and spaceborne imagery in the arctic over the last fifty years has made possible the temporal analysis of permafrost and ground ice-related erosion. The objectives of this thesis are (1) the creation of a large scale database for horizontal coastal retreat on Herschel Island for the 1952-2000 timespan, (2) the investigation of retrogressive thaw slump activity over the same period and its relation to coastal erosion, and (3) the elaboration of stereophotogrammetric techniques to investigate retrogressive thaw slump activity volumetrically. Herschel Island, located on the northern coast of the Yukon Territory, was chosen as the study site for this research, because of the widespread presence of retrogressive thaw slumps and the lack of data for coastal erosion during the last fifty years.
Photogrammetric tools were used to create orthorectified and stereo-images of the Island for the years 1952, 1970, 2000 and 2004 from airphoto archives and Ikonos (1 m resolution) imagery. Coastal erosion was found to be stable or declining on Herschel Island except in the vicinity of retrogressive thaw slumps. In addition, retrogressive thaw slumps were identified on the imagery and observed to have increased in frequency for the 1952-2000 period.
Stereophotogrammetric analysis of two retrogressive thaw slumps showed that eroded sediment volumes from these landforms are considerable and should be included in future assessments of sediment release from arctic coasts to the oceanic shelves.

This study identifies Late Quaternary glacial ice-flow direction in east-central Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., by the study of its composition and its relation to bedrock sources. The spatial distribution of five till types suggests a hypothesis which attempts to reconcile the Innuitian Ice Sheet model of Blake with the Franklin Ice Complex model of England. Glaciers draining from ice sheets in northern Ellesmere Island and Greenland filled Kane Basin and flowed southward toward Smith Sound. When this southward-flowing ice reached the bottleneck at Smith Sound (40 km wide), it overrode the adjacent landmasses of Pim Island and Cape Herschel and forced Buchanan Bay ice southward through the channel that is now occupied by Rice Strait. Southward-flowing ice continued to drain towards Baffin Bay, overriding the coastal areas of Nares Strait at Wade Point and Cape Isabella. The results presented here partially support the Innuitian ice sheet hypothesis, but do not negate the Franklin Ice Complex model. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The goal of this study is to develop a general theoretical perspective for the archaeological study of intersocietal interaction among hunter-gatherers. Several theoretical frameworks have been offered for the study of interaction, including acculturation, ecological interdependency, peer polity interaction, world-system theory, and a number of more particularist approaches. Although all offer valuable insights, only world-system theory has the potential for application to all types and scales of intersocietal interaction, past and present. The perspective developed here represents an experimental modification of the world-system perspective, with the addition of aspects of previous hunter-gatherer studies, most of which are strongly influenced by cultural ecology.
This theoretical perspective is used to develop a model of change in hunter-gatherer world-systems. Particularly important factors in this model are the density and spatio-temporal distribution of subsistence resources, and the availability of "preciosities" (exchanged objects of high value). These factors are hypothesized to affect hunter-gatherer world-systems in terms of three variables: (1) "breadth", the number of interacting regional groups; (2) "depth", the relative importance of the interaction to each regional group; and (3) "internal differentiation", the degree of variability among regional groups within the interacting system. Finally, the model is tested on the archaeological and ethnographic records of the Inuit inhabitants of Herschel Island, northern Yukon Territory, and adjacent regions during the "contact period" of the past 500 years. The test predictions are largely supported by the data, which indicate that the increasing availability of preciosities and the changing distribution of subsistence resources during the contact period caused the indigenous world-system to increase in depth and breadth, and to begin to change in pattern of internal differentiation.

An essential requirement in evaluating the potential impacts of climate warming in Polar Regions, is a greater understanding of the nature and behavior of the active layer and the permafrost system. Numerous studies have documented the inherent capacity of permafrost to limit significant degradation from seasonal thawing because of the ability of overlying soil layers to dissipate influxes of heat. However, information on the degree to which these layers are able to act as buffers to permafrost degradation is limited, and thus further research on this system is needed.The research presented in this thesis in the form of two manuscripts. The first manuscript (Chapter 3) discusses the role of chemical processes in the soil weathering regime on Herschel Island. Three distinct cryostratigraphic layers were observed in the soil profiles, including; (1) the modern active-layer located immediately below the ground surface (0 – 39 cm); (2) a paleo-active (transition layer), extending from the bottom of the modern active layer to the top of an undisturbed permafrost layer (39 – 192 cm); and (3) the underlying permafrost. These layers are marked by two thaw unconformities that separate the modern active layer from the transition layer and the transition layer from the permafrost layer, respectively. The two thaw unconformities were distinguished by abrupt breaks in the cryogenic texture and peaks in the concentrations of several chemical components. The upper thaw unconformity, located at the base of the modern active layer, coincided with a doubling in the concentration of major soluble cations and a tripling in the organic matter content compared to those of the overlying soil horizons. The lower thaw unconformity is marked by the highest concentration of Al2O3 and K2O in the entire profile and the second highest concentration of Na2O. Between these two unconformities, (i.e. in the transition zone), soluble cation concentrations varied considerably, the bulk soil SiO2 concentration increased significantly and there was a noticeable decrease in the concentrations of Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO and K2O in the depth interval of 82-107 cm. Chemical weathering indices recorded an overall decrease in the intensity of chemical weathering with depth; the soil layers immediately above the first thaw unconformity were the most weathered and the deeper permafrost layer was the least weathered.The second manuscript (Chapter 4) employs a heat conduction algorithm (Stefan equation) based on the composition and thermal properties of the soils discussed in Chapter 3, and measured active layer depth values, to evaluate heat transfer from the ground surface to the underlying permafrost. Thermal constants (the square root of the ratio of twice the thermal conductivity of the unfrozen soil to the latent heat of fusion of ice) were calculated using the De Vries method and were compared to empirical thermal constants derived from measurements of active layer depths and the corresponding thawing degree days using the Stefan equation. The theoretical constants are approximately 38% lower than those derived empirically, a difference that is likely due to the fact that the Stefan equation does not consider advective heat transfer and that the active layer depths were probably overestimated because of the method of measurement (resistance to penetration of a metal probe). Third generation Canadian Global Coupled Models (CGCM 3.1/T63) from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), based on the IPCC SRES A2 and B1 scenarios, were used in conjunction with the theoretically and empirically derived thermal constants to predict active layer depths for 2050 and 2100. These calculations suggest that the active layer will thicken by up to 41.76 % before the end of this century. This thesis provides new insights into the important role that the active and transition layers play in controlling the response of permafrost systems to climate change.
Une condition essentielle pour évaluer les impacts potentiels du réchauffement climatique dans les régions polaires est l'acquisition d'une meilleure compréhension de la nature et du comportement de la couche active du pergélisol. La recherche présentée dans cette thèse est présentés sous la forme de deux manuscrits. Le premier manuscrit examine le rôle des processus chimiques dans le régime d'altération du sol sur l'île Herschel. Trois couches distinctes cryostratigraphiques ont été observées dans les profils de sol: (1) la couche active moderne située immédiatement sous la surface du sol (0 - 39 cm), (2) la couche paléo-active (couche de transition) s'étendant de la base de la couche moderne active à la partie supérieure de la couche de pergélisol non perturbée (39 - 192 cm) et (3) le pergélisol sous-jacent. Ces couches sont marquées par deux discordances de dégel séparant la couche active moderne de la couche de transition et la couche de transition de la couche de pergélisol, respectivement. Ces deux discordances de dégel ont été identifiées grâce à la présence de ruptures brutales dans la texture cryogénique et par des pics dans la concentration de plusieurs composants chimiques. La discordance de dégel supérieure, située à la base de la couche moderne active, coïncide avec un doublement de la concentration des principaux cations solubles et un triplement de la teneur en matière organique par rapport aux horizons sus-jacents. La discordance de dégel inférieure est marquée par la plus forte concentration en Al2O3 et en K2O de l'ensemble du profil et par la deuxième plus forte concentration en Na2O. Entre ces deux discordances, les concentrations en cations solubles varient considérablement, la concentration en SiO2 du sol brut s'accroit de façon significative et on observe une diminution notable des concentrations en Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO et K2O dans l'intervalle de profondeur de 82-107 cm. Les indices d'altération chimique ont enregistré une diminution globale de l'intensité de l'altération chimique avec la profondeur ; les couches de sol immédiatement au-dessus de la première discordance de dégel sont les plus altérées et la couche profonde du pergélisol est la moins altérée.Le second manuscrit utilise un algorithme de conduction de la chaleur basé sur la composition et les propriétés thermiques des sols examinés au chapitre 3 et sur les mesures des valeurs de profondeur de la couche active afin d'évaluer le transfert de chaleur de la surface du sol au pergélisol sous-jacent. Des constantes thermiques (la racine carrée du rapport entre deux fois la conductivité thermique du sol non gelé et la chaleur latente de fusion de la glace) ont été calculées en utilisant la méthode de De Vries et comparées aux constantes thermiques empiriques issues des mesures de profondeur de la couche active et des degrés-jours de dégel correspondant en utilisant l'équation de Stefan. Les constantes théoriques sont environ 38% inférieures à celles obtenues empiriquement, une différence qui s'explique probablement par le fait que l'équation de Stefan ne considère pas le transfert de chaleur par advection et que les profondeurs de la couche active ont probablement été surestimées en raison de la méthode de mesure (résistance à la pénétration d'une sonde métallique). La troisième génération du modèle couplé climatique global canadien (CGCM 3.1/T63) du Centre canadien de la modélisation et de l'analyse climatique (CCmaC), basée sur les scénarios A2 et B1 du IPCC SRES, a été utilisée en conjonction avec les constantes thermiques théoriques et empiriques pour prédire les profondeurs de la couche active pour 2050 et 2100. Ces calculs suggèrent que la couche active s'épaissira de jusqu'à 41,76% avant la fin du siècle.Ce mémoire apporte un nouvel éclairage sur le rôle important que les couches actives et de transition jouent dans le contrôle de la réponse des systèmes de pergélisol au changement climatique.

Since vegetation exerts strong controls on local ecosystem processes, understanding the effects of disturbance on short-term and long-term revegetation patterns is a critical component of understanding the effects of climate change on the Arctic. Arctic landscapes underlain by massive ground ice and ice-rich permafrost are inherently unstable and often display evidence of past and present thaw subsidence. Retrogressive thaw slumps are permafrost thaw features which are progressively backwasting and tend to go through cycles of activity, resulting in dramatic changes to the landscape. The cyclic pattern of disturbance and stabilization related to these thaw slumps results in a patchy tundra landscape where there are easily identifiable geomorphic units reflecting the stage of stabilization and the time since disturbance. This research investigates natural revegetation and patterns of succession following permafrost disturbance by retrogressive thaw slumps on Herschel Island, Yukon. With future warming expected, the presence and areal extent of thaw slumps on Herschel Island and the Yukon North Slope are predicted to increase. The research objectives of this work include determining the diagnostic features of disturbed surfaces, describing the vegetation succession following thaw slump disturbance, and creating a baseline vegetation dataset for future comparison. Seven sites were chosen for the study, representing undisturbed areas in addition to 250 year old, 20 year old, and 10 year old stabilized thaw slumps. Species presence, diversity, and cover are used to describe the plant community. Percent cover vegetation data are analyzed using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Indicator species are identified for each age class, and the pH, organic matter content, active layer depth, and gravimetric water content of each age class' soil are presented. Results indicate that distinct vegetation communities and soil characteristics are associated with each age class, with the least differentiation occurring between the 10 and 20 year old sites. The observation that after 250 years the stabilized slump area does not support the same vegetation community as the undisturbed tundra has important implications for the complex biotic relationships of the Western Arctic. These findings suggest that if future climate warming leads to an increase in the number of retrogressive thaw slumps, the species composition of the area will be altered and certain plant species may become scarcer.
La végétation exerce des contrôles puissants sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Comprendre les effets des perturbations sur les motifs de revégétalisation à court et long terme est donc un élément crucial dans la compréhension des effets des changements climatiques sur l'Arctique. Les paysages Arctiques qui reposent sur des dépôts massifs de glace souterraine et de pergélisol riche en glace sont essentiellement instables et montrent souvent des signes de subsidence dus au dégel dans le passé et dans le présent. Les glissements rétrogressifs dus au dégel sont des traits caractéristiques du retrait progressif des glaces et ont tendance à entrer dans des cycles d'activités, pouvant amener des changements drastiques au paysage. Les motifs cycliques des perturbations et stabilisations reliées à ces glissements dus au dégel donnent comme résultat un paysage de toundra inégal où les unités géomorphologiques reflétant l'étape de stabilisation et le moment de la perturbation sont facilement identifiables. Ce projet mène une enquête sur la revégétalisation naturelle et les motifs de succession suite à des perturbations dues à des glissements rétrogressifs dus au dégel sur l'Île Herschel au Yukon. Vue le réchauffement prévu dans le future, la présence et superficie des glissements dus au dégel sur l'Île Herschel et du Versant nord du Yukon sont prévus d'augmenter. Les objectifs de recherche de ce projet sont de déterminer les caractéristiques diagnostiques des surfaces perturbées, de décrire la succession de la végétation suite au glissement dû au dégel, et de créer une base de données référant à la végétation qui pourra servir lors de comparaisons futures. Sept sites ont étés choisis pour ce projet, représentant des zones non-perturbées ainsi que des zones de glissements dus au dégel stabilisés depuis 250 ans, 20 ans, et 10 ans. La présence des espèces, la diversité et la couverture ont été utilisés afin de décrire la communauté végétale. Les données sur le pourcentage de couverture végétale ont étés analysés avec le positionnement multidimensionnel non-métrique (NMDS), le multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP), et la classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH). Les espèces indicatrices ont été identifiés selon leur classe d'âge, et pour chacune le pH, le contenu de matière organique, la profondeur de la couche active et la teneur en eau pondérale du sol sont présentés. Les résultats indiquent que les communautés végétales et caractéristiques du sol distinctes sont associées à chaque classe d'âge, la différentiation la moins importante ayant lieu à l'intervalle des sites de 10 et 20 ans. L'observation qu'après 250 ans la zone de glissement stabilisée ne supporte plus la même communauté végétale que les zones non-perturbées de la toundra a des implications importantes pour notre compréhension des relations biotiques complexes dans l'Arctique de l'ouest. Ces résultats suggèrent que si le réchauffement climatique futur mène à une augmentation des glissements rétrogressifs dus au dégel, la composition des espèces sera modifiée et certaine espèces végétales pourraient devenir plus rare.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Este trabalho descreve e discute o processo de formação de identidades raciais positivas em um território negro, tomando como objeto de estudo a restinga de Marambaia, localizada no litoral sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e conhecida como Ilha de Marambaia. Esta é uma área que na atualidade constitui um dos maiores ícones da resistência racial no Rio de Janeiro, no que se refere à regularização fundiária dos territórios remanescentes de quilombos, de acordo com o Artigo 68 da Constituição Federal de 1988. Desde a doação informal destas terras para as famílias dos ex-escravos ali residentes por um comerciante de escravos do século XIX carioca, até os nossos dias, este território tem sido alvo de disputas de todas as ordens pela sua posse, uso e propriedade. Controlada pela Marinha do Brasil desde 1971, e recentemente reconhecida como área de remanescente de quilombo, esta restinga ainda abriga as famílias dos ex-escravos herdeiros da doação inicial, os mesmos que disputam com os demais agentes sociais ali presentes o direito de propriedade do território em base ao seu patrimônio racial e cultural. Este trabalho visa compreender como se deram os processos que possibilitaram desconstruir as identidades raciais negativas ali existentes, dando lugar a identidades raciais positivas, individuais e coletivas, para os moradores históricos da região. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa e a base documental está composta por entrevistas realizadas com moradores e agentes institucionais, documentação pública sobre o seu reconhecimento como área de remanescente de quilombo e informações históricas, geográficas e antropológicas contidas no laudo antropológico oficial sobre a região.
This work describes and discusses the process of construction of a positive racial identity within a black territory. The object of this study is the Marambaia Reef, located on the Southern coast of Rio de Janeiro State, which is known as Marambaia Island. At this moment, this area is the most important reference of racial resistance in Rio de Janeiro, concerning the concession of land property titles to the heirs of runaway societies remaining territories, as prescribed by Article 68 of the 1988 Federal Constitution. Since the informal donation by a carioca slave trader from the Nineteenth Century of this lands to the families of ex-slaves who used to live there, untill our days, this territory have been under several disputes for its holding, use and property. Controlled by the Brazilian Navy since 1971, and recently recognized as a runaway society remaining area, this reef still shelters the families of the ex-slaves who are the heirs of the initial donation. Those are the ones who presently dispute with many others social agents the right of use and property of this territory based on their racial and cultural heritage. The goal of this work is to understand the process that made possible to deconstruct the previouss negative racial identity of that population to give birth to positive racial identities, individual and collective, for the historical owners of that land. In terms of methods, this work uses a qualitative approach and the documental base is composed by interviews with residents and institutional agents, public documentation about the recognition of the region as a runaway society remaining area and the historical, geographic and anthropological data contained on the official anthropologial report about the region.

A lake sediment core spanning 9900 years, collected from a small lake on western Victoria Island, provides a high-resolution record of diatom community dynamics over the Holocene. Ten radiocarbon dates and 210Pb dating provided the core chronology. Loss-on-ignition (LOI) gradually increased over the Holocene whereas carbonate content and magnetic susceptibility showed an inverse trend. Biogenic silica content had apparent cyclicity over ~1500 year periods. Major shifts in diatom assemblages at 8100-8000 calendar years before present (cal yrs BP), 5800-5700 cal yrs BP, and 3800-3500 cal yrs BP occurred simultaneously with millennial-scale climate changes reported from the region. There is evidence of diatom community response to centennial scale variations such as the 'Medieval Warm Period' (~1000-700 calendar years before present, cal yrs BP), 'Little Ice Age' (~800-150 cal yrs BP) and recent warming. Variations of the taxa within the genera Staurosira, Pseudostaurosira, Fragilaria, and Staurosirella, usually combined into one genus in Arctic lake sediment studies, suggest these taxa may be more useful in paleolimnological studies than previously believed. Although recent changes in diatom community composition, production and species richness were apparent they were surpassed at other periods throughout the Holocene. The rate of community compositional change in the last few centuries was rapid, however it was not exceptional in the lake history.

[Truncated abstract] The Northern Bonaparte Basin and adjacent Darwin Shelf form part of a major petroleum province on the northwestern margin of Australia. The middle to Late Cretaceous Bathurst Island Group consists of siliciclastic and pelagic carbonate strata that form the regional seal to underlying Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reservoir sandstones. The Bathurst Island Group has previously been subdivided into four stratigraphic sequences or ‘play intervals’ bound by regional disconformities in the Valanginian (KV horizon), Lower Aptian (KA horizon), upper Lower Cenomanian (KC horizon), Middle Campanian (KSC horizon), and at the CretaceousPaleocene boundary (T horizon). Correlation of these sedimentary packages and stratigraphic surfaces requires high-resolution calcareous microfossil biostratigraphy, while palaeobathymetric determinations based on benthonic foraminiferal assemblages are important for determining the subsidence history of the area and relative sea-level changes. This study presents the first detailed stratigraphic distributions, taxonomic lists and illustrations of foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils from the Bathurst Island Group of the Northern Bonaparte Basin and Darwin Shelf. A biostratigraphic framework has been constructed for the study area incorporating ‘standard’ (Tethyan) Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal and calcareous nannofossil events where applicable, and integrating locally defined events where necessary. This framework allows Cretaceous strata to be correlated regionally across the study area and to the global chronostratigraphic scale. Correlation of the Northern Bonaparte Basin and Darwin Shelf strata to the Cretaceous Stages and international time scale is based on recent ties of nannofossil and foraminiferal events to macrofossil zones and palaeomagnetic polarity chrons at ratified and proposed Global Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs). Calcareous nannofossil events recorded in the study area that are critical for defining stage boundaries include the lowest occurrences of Prediscosphaera columnata, Micula decussata, Lithastrinus grillii, and Aspidolithus parcus parcus, and the highest occurrences of Helenea chiastia, Lithastrinus moratus, Aspidolithus parcus constrictus, and Eiffellithus eximius. Important planktonic foraminiferal events for correlation include the lowest occurrences of Rotalipora gr. globotruncanoides, and Dicarinella asymetrica, and the highest occurrences of Planomalina buxtorfi, Rotalipora cushmani, and Dicarinella asymetrica. During the middle to Late Cretaceous the Northern Bonaparte Basin and Darwin Shelf occupied mid-high palaeolatitudes between 35ºS to 45ºS. These palaeolatitudes are reflected in the transitional character of the planktonic microfossil assemblages, which combine elements of the low-latitude, warm-water Tethyan Province to the north and the cool-water high-latitude Austral Province to the south. ‘Standard’ Tethyan zonations are most applicable for uppermost AlbianMiddle Campanian strata because equator-to-pole temperature gradients were weakly developed, and global climate was warm and equable during this interval. These conditions resulted in broad latitudinal distributions for Tethyan marker species, and consequently most UC calcareous nannofossil zones and European-Mediterranean planktonic foraminiferal zones are recognised. In contrast, the EarlyLate Albian and the late Middle CampanianMaastrichtian were intervals of greater bioprovinciality and stronger palaeotemperature gradients. In these intervals application of the Tethyan zonations is more difficult, and a number of the Tethyan biostratigraphic markers are absent from the study area (e.g. Ticinella species in the Albian and Radotruncana calcarata in the Late Campanian). Cretaceous palaeobathymetric reconstruction of the study area is based on comparison of the foraminiferal assemblages with those of previous Cretaceous palaeobathymetric studies. Marginal marine assemblages consist solely of low diversity siliceous agglutinated foraminifera (e.g. Trochammina). Inner and middle neritic water depths (0-100 m) contain rare to common planktonic foraminifera (mainly globigerine forms), robertinids (e.g. Epistomina), siliceous agglutinates, lagenids, buliminids (e.g. Neobulimina), and rotaliids. The outer neritic zone (100-200 m water depth) contains abundant planktonic foraminifera (keeled and globigerine), calcareous agglutinates (e.g. Dorothia), and diverse lagenids, buliminids, and rotaliids. Upper-middle bathyal water depths (200-1000 m) are characterised by abundant planktonic foraminifera, common siliceous agglutinated taxa (e.g. Glomospira), rare to common Osangularia, and globular species of Gyroidinoides, Pullenia, and Paralabamina.

High latitude areas have been identified in most GCMs as regions where global warming will appear earliest and be the greatest. Since much of Canada's north is underlain by permafrost, a warming of 3-5°C could cause widespread erosion and thermokarst. The Arctic coastal zone is particularly vulnerable, as it lies at the interface between terrestrial systems dominated by permafrost, and marine systems dominated by sea ice and wave action. This study aims at understanding some mechanisms of arctic coastal erosion, such as thermoerosional niches and block failure. The final goal of this research is to identify the areas of Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, which are likely to experience the greatest magnitude of change in the near future. This information is then coupled with a climate change scenario in order to predict future coastal erosion in the area.

Bambara groundnut presents a great adaptation potential for mitigating climate change and as a potential alternative crop for the future in its production regions and beyond. Experiments were conducted at the Field Research Centre of the Crops for the Future and the Screenhouse of the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus to determine the growth variables, yield and nitrogen fixation of Bambara groundnut landraces at different rates of Christmas Island Rock Phosphate and rice biochar in the study area. The treatments consisted of three Bambara groundnut landraces [Ex-Sokoto, Kaaro and NN-1, for which two (Ex-Sokoto and Kaaro) were maintained after the first experiment], two biochar levels (0 and 10 t ha-1) and four levels of rock phosphate (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1, the equivalent of 0, 555.6, 1111.1 and 1666.7 kg ha-1 Christmas Island Rock Phosphate). The treatments in experiment 1 and 3 were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, whereas experiment 2 was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) replicated three times. For all the experiments, data were collected on growth, yield and nitrogen fixation of the crop. The results obtained revealed grain yield and N fixed ranging from 703-2256 kg ha-1 and 32-81 kg ha-1, respectively in experiment 1, 13.2-18.0 g plant-1 and 587-894 mg plant-1, respectively in experiment 2 and 891-1220 kg ha-1 and 101.6-103.4 kg ha-1, respectively in experiment 3, which are comparable to the yields obtained in other regions. Hence, Bambara groundnut can adapt to the tropical acid soil and the growing conditions in the study area. The two field experiments confirm Ex-Sokoto landrace to perform better in the study area in terms of yield than Kaaro landrace. Growing Bambara groundnut and returning the residues (haulm + shells) back to the soil resulted in net addition of N to the soil in the range of 1 to 25.6 kg ha-1, 150-261 mg plant-1 and 63.3-74.1 kg ha-1 observed in experiment 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Application of biochar increased the yield and nitrogen fixation of the crop in the study area. However, the effect of rock phosphate application on the yield and N fixation of the crop was only observed in the screenhouse studies and was optimum at the application rate of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (0.56 g kg-1 soil). Thus, Ex-Sokoto landrace could be recommended for grain yield in the study area. Application of biochar at 10 t ha-1 alone was optimum for increased yield of the crop. The implication of the study is that farmers in the study area could apply 10 t ha-1 of biochar on Ex-Sokoto landrace to enhance the yield of the crop.

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CAPES
O turismo se configura como uma atividade socioeconômica organizada, capaz de promover a integração/fragmentação e a produção/consumo dos espaços. Cria novas formas de ocupação e relações sociais que permitem o surgimento de novos territórios, como exemplo, o território turístico. Como premissa do estudo toma-se o Plano de Desenvolvimento Integrado do Turismo Sustentável (PDITS) Polo Costa dos Arrecifes para o território turístico de Fernando de Noronha. O PDITS aspira desenvolver o turismo de forma integrada e sustentável, associado à valorização cultural, preservação ambiental e participação comunitária, considerando as relações de poder estabelecidas entre os agentes produtores do espaço. Nessa perspectiva, a dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a contribuição do PDITS Polo Costa dos Arrecifes para o território turístico de Fernando de Noronha. Como objetivos específicos, pretende discutir o processo de planejamento, formulação do PDITS e a relação com o Plano Nacional do Turismo, Plano Estratégico de Turismo de Pernambuco e o Plano de Manejo de Fernando de Noronha; compreender a participação dos atores sociais no processo de planejamento e implementação das ações do PDITS Polo Costa dos Arrecifes; além de identificar quais das ações foram implementadas em Fernando de Noronha e como essas incidem na transformação espacial do território. Trata-se de uma pesquisa institucional e documental com abordagem quanti-qualitativa. Foram realizados levantamentos de dados secundários e primários, entrevistas com os gestores públicos e atores sociais, membros do Conselho Noronhense de Turismo, além de visitas de campo. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que as estratégias do PDITS foram planejadas e implementadas de forma desarticulada, que não houve participação dos atores sociais na formulação das políticas de turismo. Mesmo assim, foram de grande importância para estruturar e impulsionar o turismo na ilha, contudo, foram incipientes no planejamento e desenvolvimento do turismo sustentável e integrado na ilha de Fernando de Noronha. Ressalta-se que para promover a sustentabilidade do território turístico de Fernando de Noronha é necessário maior envolvimento dos atores sociais em todas as fases do planejamento do turismo, para garantir a efetividade das políticas e distribuição espacial menos desigual e centralizadora dos benefícios promovidos pelo turismo.
Tourism is an organized socioeconomic activity capable of promoting integration/ fragmentation and the production/consumption of locations. This activity creates new ways of occupancy and social relations, which allow the outbreak of new territories such as the touristic territory. Based on this premise, this study refers to the contribution of the Integrated Development Plan of Sustainable Tourism (IDPST) – Reef Coast to the touristic territory of Fernando de Noronha. The Integrated Development Plan of Sustainable Tourism (IDPST) aims to improve tourism in a sustainable and integrated way, connected with cultural valorization, environmental preservation and communitarian participation, it also considers the established relations of power among the local producers. On this perspective, this study seeks as general objective to analyze the contribution of IDPST Reef Coast to the touristic territory of Fernando de Noronha.The specific objectives intend to discuss the planning process, IDPST formulation and its relations with the Tourism National Plan, the Strategic Tourism Plan of Pernambuco and the Handling Plan of Fernando de Noronha; to understand the participation of social actors in the planning and in the implementation process of the IDPST Reef Coast actions; besides they intend to identify which actions from the IDPST were deployed in Fernando de Noronha, and how they affect the spatial transformation of the territory. This study broaches an institutional and documental survey with a quantitative and qualitative approach. Primary and secondary data survey were carried out, interviews were performed with public managers and social actor, who are members of the Noronhense Tourism Committee, besides technical visits that were made in loco. The results pointed that the IDPTS strategies were planned and implemented in a disjointed way, they also noticed the nonexistence of social participation during the formulation process of public politics for Fernando de Noronha. Even so those strategies were relevant for structuring and propelling the tourism in this mentioned island, although those politics were incipient considering the planning and improvement of integrated and sustainable tourism in Fernando de Noronha Island. It is also important to emphasize that in order to promote sustainability in the touristic territory of Fernando de Noronha it is necessary that the local population and social actors get more engaged in all phases of the touristic planning, to ensure the effectiveness of those politics, also to guarantee less unequal and less centralized benefits.

This report presents a summary of the work done by the author for the Eco2 Initiative, a French energy consulting company, during the development of an official document (PCET) concerning the climate and a French island off the Madagascar coast in the Indian Ocean. Firstly, the thesis examines some background details including a short description of the PCET contents and goals, and describes the studied regional territory occupying the western quarter of La Réunion. The PCET aims at reducing both the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the territory and the territory's vulnerability to climate change in the future. The report treats only the GHG inventory and the beginning of an action plan design for the reduction of GHG emissions from all possible local sources. Secondly, the methodology is discussed. The chosen method for the inventory is Bilan Carbone® which accounts for all Kyoto protocol gases the territory is responsible for or depends on, during one year. The emissions are split into ten categories: energy industry, industrial processes, residential, tertiary, agriculture and fishing, freight, people transportation, roads and construction, waste management, and import and local goods production. Finally, the results of the inventory are displayed for each of the ten categories. The design process of the action plan is then described and an account example of selecting and adding an action is given. The current state of the PCET is also displayed, warning the reader that the analysis can further be extended and more actions can be added until a final feasible version is reached for any specific territory. As a conclusion, the main results are summarized, the directions for the next steps in the particularly studied region are pointed out, and a critical point of view is adopted for the wider implementation of the devised action plan and its influence on the decision making process for future energy policies.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This dissertation deals with the management of the territory, the regional sustainable economy, information and educational environment, and geoconservation, whereas a greater understanding of these issues may assist in the application process of aspiring geoparks. It aims to contribute to the preparation of the candidature file of the project Fernando de Noronha Geopark to UNESCO, analyzing the actions performed in the Geopark Azores (Portugal) in order to propose good practices. The theoretical basis includes topics such as geodiversity, geological heritage, geosites,geoconservation, Geotourism and sustainable tourism. The methodology of this study was conducted by a bibliographic and documentary study, with field research in Fernando de Noronha (PE) and the Azores (Portugal). Considerations are made concerning the management of the territory in geoparks and benefits and problems identified in the Geopark are presented. Finally, some actions are proposed in a plan of actions. It is concluded that Fernando de Noronha has the potential to integrate the Global Network of Geoparks, since it develops some guidelines and criteria of UNESCO. However, some actions should be carried out before the submission of the candidature file to the organization. Such actions include the creation of a management structure, development of educational programs focusing on the geology of the archipelago, a strategy of geoconservation and incentive to the development of new products based on local features.
Esta dissertação trata da gestão do território, da economia regional sustentável, da informação e ambiente educacional e da geoconservação, visto que um maior entendimento destas questões pode auxiliar no processo de candidatura de geoparks aspirantes. Tem como objetivo contribuir com a proposta de elaboração do Dossiê de Candidatura do Projeto Geopark Fernando de Noronha à UNESCO, analisando as ações realizadas no Geopark Açores (Portugal) a fim de propor boas práticas. O embasamento teórico engloba temas como geodiversidade, patrimônio geológico, geossítios, geoconservação, geoturismo e turismo sustentável. A metodologia deste trabalho foi realizada mediante um estudo bibliográfico e documental, com pesquisa de campo em Fernando de Noronha (PE) e nos Açores (Portugal). São feitas considerações a respeito da gestão do território em geoparks e apresentados os benefícios e problemas identificados no Geopark Açores. Por fim, algumas ações são propostas em um Plano de Ações. Conclui-se que Fernando de Noronha tem potencial para integrar a Rede Global de Geoparks, pois já desenvolve algumas diretrizes e critérios da UNESCO, no entanto, algumas ações devem ser realizadas antes da submissão do dossiê de candidatura à organização. Tais ações incluem a criação de uma estrutura de gestão, desenvolvimento de programas educativos com enfoque na geologia do arquipélago, uma estratégia de geoconservação e fomento a novos produtos baseados nas características locais.

[EN] Exhibitions are a cornerstone of Alison and Peter Smithsons' multifaceted approach to their work. A powerful medium for conveying and materialising their ideas which provided them, throughout their career, with the opportunity to freely create experimental constructions to relay their thoughts. The exhibitions they staged in the 1950s and 60s, such as 'Parallel of Life and Art', 'House of the Future', and 'Patio & Pavilion' were, and still are, at least as important to architectural critics as their few built works or many writings. However, from the 1970s onwards little is known about their prolific work in the realm of exhibitions. In his lecture 'The Masque and the Exhibition: Stages Towards the Real' in 1980, Peter Smithson mentioned the importance of exhibitions in shaping the Smithsons' architecture as places of opportunity in which to experiment with reality. This comment makes it logical to think that if the exhibitions held before then had always been a powerful tool - a tool used, furthermore, by the Smithsons to create some of their most intense productions - then those staged after said lecture, which acknowledged and highlighted this aspect of their work might, despite being little known, be at least as intense as the previous exhibitions with greater media visibility. This idea, together with the expectations raised by the 'Christmas-Hogmanay' exhibition - not only because it was staged whilst said lecture was being drafted but also because of the ideas that sprang from the analysis of a related collage mentioned in the prelude to this doctoral thesis - channelled the research towards this final period of the Smithsons' exhibition architecture. The research herein focuses specifically on two groups of exhibitions that stand out amongst the Smithsons' wide range of documented exhibitions on account of their inherent intellectual cohesion enabling the concepts staged by Alison and Peter Smithson to be seen more clearly. This doctoral thesis consists of four chapters. It begins with an introductory chapter which firstly analyses and contextualises architecture in the shape of exhibitions; then outlines the importance of exhibitions in Alison and Peter Smithson's work; and finally puts the specific period under study into context in terms of both their career and the discourse of architecture in general. The two main chapters in this thesis are entitled 'Christmas Exhibitions' and 'Tecta Exhibitions', each organised in a similar fashion: a short introduction to the group of exhibitions followed by an in-depth analysis of each exhibition in the group based mainly on the unpublished documentation to which the author had access in the three main archives devoted to Alison and Peter Smithson: The Alison and Peter Smithson Archive in the Special Collections Department of the Frances Loeb Library at Harvard Design School (USA); the Alison and Peter Smithson Archive / Tecta Archive at Lauenförde (Germany); and the Smithson Family Archive in Stamford (United Kingdom). Finally, each chapter ends with an essay which analyses and links up the different concepts conveyed by each individual exhibition and the exhibitions in the group as a whole. The last chapter is a short epilogue that gathers up all the concepts set out previously in relation to the Christmas and Tecta exhibitions, and shows how they all tie in together in the Smithsons' most experimental work: the Hexenhaus at Bad Karlshafen.
[ES] Dentro del enfoque polifácetico del trabajo de Alison and Peter Smithson, las exposiciones son pieza fundamental. Un medio poderoso para comunicar y materializar sus ideas que les brindó a lo largo de toda su trayectoria la oportunidad de abordar con libertad la construcción experimental de su pensamiento. Sus propuestas expositivas de la década de los cincuenta y sesenta, como Parallel of Life and Art, House of the Future, o Patio & Pavilion, han sido y son tanto o más relevantes para la crítica arquitectónica como sus escasas obras construidas o sus abundantes escritos. Sin embargo, a partir de la década de los setenta, poco se conoce de su prolífica producción expositiva. Peter Smithson en la conferencia "The Masque and the Exhibition: Stages Towards the Real" en 1980 expresaba el importante significado que tenían las exposiciones para la conformación de su arquitectura como lugares de oportunidad para experimentar con la realidad. A partir de esta reflexión, parece lógico pensar que si hasta ese momento dichas instalaciones siempre fueron una herramienta con la que los Smithson han ofrecido algunos de sus momentos más intensos, las realizadas a partir de ese momento de reconocimiento consciente y puesta en valor de esta faceta de su trabajo, pese a su poca difusión, podrían entrañar una intensidad al menos similar a las que ya han destacado hasta el momento en los medios. Esta consideración, unida a las expectativas generadas en torno a la exposición Christmas-Hogmanay, tanto por ser simultánea a la elaboración de dicha conferencia, como por las ideas que se desprenden del análisis de un collage vinculado a la misma que aparece como preludio de esta tesis doctoral, ha dirigido la investigación hacia este último periodo de su arquitectura expositiva. En concreto, el estudio se centra en dos grupos que, dentro del amplio abanico de montajes expositivos realizados, destacan por poseer una cohesión intelectual propia que permitirá descubrir con mayor claridad las reflexiones que Alison y Peter Smithson ponen en escena. La tesis doctoral se estructura en cuatro grandes apartados. Arranca con un capítulo de introducción dedicado a enmarcar el tema de estudio en el que primero se analiza y contextualiza la arquitectura hecha exposición; después, se presenta la relevancia que tiene la obra expositiva en el trabajo de Alison y Peter Smithson; y finalmente se contextualiza el periodo concreto en el que se centra el estudio atendiendo tanto a su propia trayectoria como al discurso arquitectónico general. Los dos grandes apartados de la disertación son las exposiciones de Navidad y las realizadas junto a TECTA, estructurándose ambos de manera similar. Tras una breve introducción al grupo de exposiciones que se va a analizar, aparecen ampliamente documentadas cada una de las exposiciones que conforma el grupo a partir, principalmente, de la documentación inédita a la que se ha tenido acceso en los tres principales archivos dedicados a Alison and Peter Smithson: The Alison and Peter Smithson Archive en el Special Collections Department de la Frances Loeb Library de la Harvard Design School (Estados Unidos); The Alison and Peter Smithson Archiv / TECTA Archiv en Lauenförde (Alemania); y The Smithson Family Archive en Stamford (Inglaterra). Finalmente, cada capítulo se cierra con un ensayo en el que se analizan y relacionan las diferentes reflexiones que las exposiciones ofrecen, de manera individual y en su conjunto. El último capítulo es un breve epílogo que reúne y entrelaza todo lo anteriormente expuesto, a través de las exposiciones de Navidad y TECTA, en su obra más experimental, la Hexenhaus en Bad Karlshafen.
[CAT] Dins de l'enfocament polifacètic del treball d'Alison i Peter Smithson, les exposicions en són una peça fonamental. Un mitjà poderós per a comunicar i materialitzar les idees que, al llarg de tota la seua trajectòria, els van brindar l'oportunitat d'abordar amb llibertat la construcció experimental del seu pensament. Les seues propostes expositives de la dècada dels cinquanta i seixanta, com ara Parallel of Life and Art, House of the Future, o Patio & Pavilion, han sigut i són tant o més rellevants per a la crítica arquitectònica com les seues escasses obres construïdes o els seus abundants escrits. No obstant això, a partir de la dècada dels setanta, poc es coneix de la seua prolífica producció expositiva. Peter Smithson, en la conferència "The Masque and the Exhibition: Stages Towards the Real" al 1980, expressava l'important significat que tenien les exposicions per a la conformació de la seua arquitectura com a llocs d'oportunitat per a experimentar amb la realitat. A partir d'aquesta reflexió, sembla lògic pensar que, si fins a eixe moment les dites instal·lacions sempre van ser una eina amb la qual els Smithson han ofert alguns dels seus moments més intensos, les que van realitzar a partir d'aquest moment de reconeixement conscient i posada en valor d'aquesta faceta del seu treball, tot i la poca difusió, podrien contenir una intensitat com a mínim similar a la d'aquelles que ja han destacat fins al moment en els mitjans. Aquesta consideració, unida a les expectatives generades entorn a l'exposició Christmas-Hogmanay, tant per ser simultània a l'elaboració de la dita conferència, com per les idees que es desprenen de l'anàlisi d'un collage vinculat a la mateixa que apareix com a preludi d'aquesta tesi doctoral, ha dirigit la investigació cap a aquest últim període de la seua arquitectura expositiva. En concret, l'estudi se centra en dos grups que, dins de l'ampli ventall de muntatges expositius realitzats, destaquen per posseir una cohesió intel·lectual pròpia que permetrà descobrir amb una major claredat les reflexions que Alison i Peter Smithson posen en escena. La tesi doctoral s'estructura en quatre grans capítols. Arrenca amb un apartat d'introducció dedicat a emmarcar el tema d'estudi, en què primer s'analitza i contextualitza l'arquitectura feta exposició; després, es presenta la rellevància que té l'obra expositiva en el treball d'Alison i Peter Smithson; i finalment es contextualitza el període concret en què se centra l'estudi, atenent tant a la seua pròpia trajectòria com al discurs arquitectònic general. Els dos grans capítols de la dissertació són les exposicions de Nadal i les realitzades junt amb TECTA, i s'estructuren tots dos de manera similar. Després d'una breu introducció al grup d'exposicions que s'analitzarà, apareixen amplament documentades cadascuna de les exposicions que conforma el grup, a partir principalment de la documentació inèdita a la qual s'ha tingut accés en els tres principals arxius dedicats a Alison i Peter Smithson: The Alison and Peter Smithson Archive a l'Special Collections Department de la Frances Loeb Library de la Harvard Design School (Estats Units d'Amèrica); The Alison and Peter Smithson Archiv / TECTA Archiv a Lauenförde (Alemanya); i The Smithson Family Archive a Stamford (Anglaterra). Finalment, cada capítol es tanca amb un assaig en què s'analitzen i relacionen les diferents reflexions que les exposicions ofereixen, de manera individual i en conjunt. L'últim capítol és un breu epíleg que reuneix i entrellaça tot allò exposat anteriorment, a través de les exposicions de Nadal i TECTA, en la seua obra més experimental, la Hexenhausen Bad Karlshafen.
Ábalos Ramos, A. (2016). ALISON AND PETER SMITHSON: THE TRANSIENT AND THE PERMANENT [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62223
TESIS

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif de comprendre l'émergence, les enjeux et l'acceptabilité des gérontechnologies à La Réunion. Depuis les années 2000, les nouvelles technologies de la santé et de l'autonomie ont pris une place de plus en plus importante dans le débat public sur le vieillissement. Les politiques publiques de la vieillesse se sont construites, depuis les années 1960, sur un changement de paradigme du vieillissement. Celui-ci est passé d'une conception centrée sur la perte d'autonomie à une conception plus globale prenant en compte l'ensemble des situations individuelles et des domaines de l'existence impactés par l'avancée en âge. De plus, elles se sont construites en laissant de plus en plus de latitudes aux territoires pour la ‘gestion’ du vieillissement. La Réunion connaît un vieillissement rapide de sa population dans un contexte de pauvreté important. Ce contexte pousse le territoire à innover et trouver des solutions globales de la manière la plus anticipée possible. Les innovations sociales et technologiques étudiées dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse permettent deux niveaux de lecture. En prenant appui sur la prise en charge de la perte d'autonomie et la prévention, le premier concerne l'analyse du monde gérontologique et met en lumière l'importance du contexte notamment institutionnel comme cadre de régulation de la relation des individus aux innovations. Le second niveau se place davantage du côté des personnes âgées concernées par l'utilisation de ces technologies de la santé et de l'autonomie. Il permet d'analyser la complexité du processus d'acceptabilité au prisme des reconfigurations sociales induites par le vieillissement
This PhD thesis aims at understanding the emergence, the stakes and the acceptability of gerontechnologies in Reunion Island. Since the early 2000s, new technologies in health and autonomy became increasingly important in the public debate on aging. Since the 1960s, public policies of old age are built on a paradigm shift of aging. This paradigm has switched from a conception based on the autonomy loss to a more global conception taking into account all individual situations and existence fields impacted by age. Moreover, they have been built leaving more and more latitudes to the territories for the aging 'management'. Reunion Island is experiencing a rapid aging of its population in a high poverty context. This context encourages the territory to innovate and find global solutions in the most anticipated way possible. The social and technological innovations studied in this thesis allow two analysis levels. Based on the autonomy loss and prevention management, the first level is related to the gerontological analysis and highlights the importance of institutional context as a framework for regulating the relationship between individuals and innovation. The second level is closer to the elderly concerned by the use of these health and autonomy technologies. The complexity of the acceptability process can be analyzed through the prism of social reconfigurations induced by aging

Fondée sur une ethnographie de longue durée à La Chaumière, cette thèse souhaite prendre pour objet l’analyse de la migration mahoraise dans les processus de constructions identitaires propres à La Réunion. Les migrants mahorais deviennent alors un enjeu et un objet des politiques locales qui questionnent leur place au sein de la société réunionnaise. À partir d’une imprégnation quotidienne, l’analyse d’un territoire délimité – La Chaumière – permet de comprendre à l’échelle départementale les modalités de migration, les stratégies d’adaptation et l’émergence de nouvelles territorialités des populations en provenance de Mayotte et des Comores en contexte réunionnais. En effet, ce choix d’analyser un groupe dans un cadre territorial bien délimité dans une ville où la politique locale tend à la mise en valeur de sa diversité ethnico-religieuse, permet ainsi d’évaluer les différentes modalités de construction des projets migratoires et d’implantation de ces familles françaises originaires de Mayotte. Venue du dernier département français, la majorité de sa population est musulmane, dite de tradition bantoue, et émigre massivement vers La Réunion depuis les années 2000. Les modalités de migration et les stratégies d’adaptation sont complexes, et interpellent la cohabitation culturelle et cultuelle réunionnaise. Un multiculturalisme constamment réinterrogé par les différentes problématiques d’habitat et de chômage, l’augmentation des conflits et des discours racistes, et par les réflexions sur l’identité réunionnaise
Based on a long-term ethnography in La Chaumière district, this thesis wants to analyse the mahoran migration and the identity construction processes in Reunion island. The mahoran migrants become a challenge for local policies, it poses a question a what place for the mahoran migrants in the reunion society. Starting from a daily observation, these analysis of a delimitated territory – La Chaumière – makes it possible to understand the methods of migration, the adaptation strategies and the emergence of new territorialities of this population who comes from Mayotte Island and Comorian Union to Reunion Island from a departemental point of view. Moreover, this choice to study a group within a territorial framework delimited in a city where local policy tends to develop cultural and religious diversity allows to evaluate the various methods of migratory construction projects and the establishment of these French families from Mayotte Island. Coming from the lastest French department, the majority of its population is Muslim, with some bantu tradition and has massively emigrated in Reunion island since the 2000’s. These migration methods and these adaptation strategies are complex and challenge the cultural and cultual Reunion island cohabitation. A multiculturalism constantly questioned by the living place and unemployment problems, the increase of racist conflicts and speeches, and by the reflection of the reunion identity

Parvenir à la sécurité alimentaire dans un respect des écosystèmes planétaires et des sociétés humaines reste un des grands défis des prochaines décennies. Les filières agricoles sont potentiellement des leviers puissants pour repenser les modes de production et d'approvisionnement en produits alimentaires. Elles font donc actuellement face à de fortes pressions pour intégrer le développement durable dans leur stratégie. En ce sens, les décideurs industriels et politiques sont fortement demandeurs de méthodes pour évaluer de façon systématique à la fois les impacts et les services rendus par les filières aux écosystèmes et aux sociétés. Cette thèse propose un cadre conceptuel permettant de mesurer le progrès d'une filière agricole en matière de contribution au développement durable de son territoire. Ce cadre conceptuel comprend une analyse stratégique du territoire en vue de l'identification collective d'enjeux et de mesures d'amélioration techniques et organisationnelles. Il incite à une quantification et une spatialisation des effets dans un objectif d'équité interterritoriale. Il est recommandé d'inclure dans l'analyse les différentes parties prenantes généralement impliquées : les fournisseurs, les concurrents, l'environnement industriel et la communauté. Sur la base de théories de management stratégique des entreprises, il est possible de réduire le nombre de parties prenantes à considérer afin de concentrer l'analyse sur les plus concernées par les mesures d'amélioration. Ce cadre conceptuel intègre potentiellement de nombreuses méthodes d'évaluation déjà reconnues et disponibles dans la littérature pour peu qu'elles répondent à certains critères de compatibilité. À chaque analyse, les méthodes les plus pertinentes sont sélectionnées selon les enjeux du territoire. Ce cadre conceptuel a été appliqué à l'évaluation des effets de la principale filière avicole réunionnaise sur son territoire. Plusieurs scénarios d'amélioration et de croissance ont été explorés afin d'évaluer les perspectives de progression de la filière vers un état plus durable. Les effets de l'activité de la filière sur ses parties prenantes ont été calculés en mobilisant deux méthodes d'évaluation : l'analyse environnementale du cycle de vie et la méthode des effets. Les résultats montrent que les exploitations agricoles réunionnaises et la fourniture électrique sur l'île sont responsables de la majorité des impacts environnementaux sur le territoire. A l'échelle globale, ces impacts résultent avant tout des cultures de maïs, de soja et de riz et de la production d'électricité. Les impacts socio-économiques de la filière interviennent surtout sur le territoire grâce à un recours important aux services locaux hautement générateurs d'emplois et d'un soutien fort aux communautés rurales. L'analyse met en évidence les compromis qui doivent être faits entre réduction des impacts environnementaux et accroissement des bénéfices sociaux et économiques pour le territoire. Le niveau de généricité du cadre conceptuel proposé a été évalué succinctement par rapport au mode d'organisation d'autres filières. Les filières agricoles prennent des formes très diverses dans le monde et l'on évalue aujourd'hui insuffisamment leurs effets sur les territoires. Une mise en œuvre systématique et généralisée du cadre conceptuel proposé pourrait y remédier
Increasing food security while respecting global ecosystems and human societies will be one of the major challenges of the coming decades. Agricultural supply chains are potentially powerful tools for rethinking production and food supply patterns. They are currently under pressure to include sustainability in their corporate strategy. In this context, both industry and policy makers require methods to systematically evaluate both the impact and the provision of services by supply chains to ecosystems and societies. This thesis proposes a conceptual framework to measure the progress of a supply chain in terms of its contribution to the sustainable development of the territory in which it operates. The framework includes a strategic analysis of the territory for the collective identification of issues and possible measures for technical and organizational improvement. The framework encourages the quantification and spatial differentiation of effects with a view to inter-territorial equity. The different stakeholders involved, suppliers, competitors, the industrial environment and the community, should be included in the analysis. Applying strategic management theories, the number of stakeholders to include can be reduced to focus the analysis on the stakeholders that would be most affected by improvement measures. The framework can incorporate many available evaluation methods in the literature, such as life cycle assessment and the effects method, after some methodological adjustments. In each analysis, the most relevant methods are selected depending on the issues identified in the territory concerned. The conceptual framework was used to assess the effects of the main poultry supply chain in Reunion Island. Several scenarios for improvement and growth were explored to assess the prospects for progress of the supply chain towards sustainability. The effects of the activities of the supply chain on its stakeholders were calculated using two assessment methods: environmental life cycle assessment and the effects method. The results showed that in Reunion Island, the farms and the electricity supply are responsible for the majority of environmental impacts at the territorial scale, while at the global scale, environmental impacts result primarily from the production of maize, soybean and rice and the supply of electricity. Most of the social-economic impacts of the supply chain occur within the territory, which relies heavily on services, generating local employment and strong support for rural communities. The results of the analysis also highlight the required trade-offs between reducing environmental impacts and increasing the social and economic benefits of the supply chain. The proposed conceptual framework remains to be thoroughly evaluated in other supply chains. Agricultural supply chains take very different forms in the world today and their effects on territories have not been sufficiently evaluated. The widespread implementation of a systematic conceptual framework could remedy this situation

Les îles indépendantes de la Caraïbe et l'île Maurice dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien se sont lancées dans le développement pour réduire les risques liés à l'économie de plantation. Notre interrogation porte sur l'industrialisation. Quelles grandes politiques ont été mises en œuvre pour l'industrialisation ? Quels types d'industries trouvons-nous ? Dans quelles conditions peuvent-elles s'implanter ? Quels sont les impacts sur le développement socio-spatial ? La réflexion porte sur l'industrialisation : d'abord de substitution aux importations puis extravertie. Dans le cadre de cette dernière politique se sont développées les zones franches industrielles d'exportation. Ce qui explique l'analyse sur le concept de zone franche et les conditions de leur émergence dans un environnement économique protégé (1ère partie). L'étude comparée de l'île Maurice et de la République dominicaine met en exergue les dynamiques spatiales des zones franches, dynamiques largement dépendantes des possibilités d'implantation des unités d'assemblage. L'arrivée des industries délocalisées a un impact sur les organisations sociales, économiques et spatiales. De nouvelles classes sociales ont vu le jour. La zone franche mauricienne est devenue un district industriel tandis que les zones franches dominicaines - des enclaves économiques - ont des dynamismes fondamentalement différents. La multiplication des unités d'assemblage sur le territoire mauricien et des enclaves en République dominicaine aboutit à des modèles de l'expansion spatiale de l'espace industriel dont le moteur est la synergie générée par le système des acteurs (2ème partie). Le démantèlement des accords commerciaux sur le textile et l'habillement - principaux secteurs opérant dans ces zones - amène de nouvelles réponses locales comme la prise en compte du rôle des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises dans le développement territorial. L'impact des zones franches dans les sociétés conduit à l'étude de la culture ouvrière. Qu'en est-il de la culture ouvrière ? Enfin, rendre moins vulnérable un système économique spécialisé passe par la promotion des trois piliers du développement durable et la diversification des activités (3ème partie).

Ce travail de recherche prend sa source dans les dynamiques actuelles qui affectent les liens entre agricultures et territoires. L'activité agricole n'est plus évaluée à l'aune de son seul rôle alimentaire, son inscription sur le territoire est aujourd'hui renégociée au regard d'enjeux sociaux et environnementaux. Cet examen de l'agriculture sous l'angle d'une pluralité de fonctions ouvre une fenêtre de réflexion sur la place au sein des territoires de filières agricoles à la marge des modèles d'intensification et de modernisation promus depuis une cinquantaine d'années par les politiques agricoles. Nous nous interrogeons en particulier sur l'incidence pour ces filières de l'attention accrue accordée à la biodiversité. En déplaçant le curseur, dans les représentations des acteurs, entre agriculture auxiliaire et agriculture prédatrice, l'enjeu biodiversité est susceptible de modifier les ressources et les contraintes avec lesquelles se construit l'inscription territoriale d'une filière agricole. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que ce processus ne se résume pas à un encadrement de la fonction environnementale, mais est le résultat de compromis territoriaux faisant également intervenir les représentations des autres fonctions de l'activité agricole, économiques, sociales, culturelles. A partir des concepts et des outils de la géographie sociale, en considérant une filière agricole, à l'instar du territoire, comme un objet socio-spatial, nous proposons une analyse en deux temps. A partir des discours d'un panel d'acteurs intervenant sur le territoire, nous analysons, dans un premier temps les représentations des fonctions de l'activité agricole, et, dans un second temps, l'intégration de ces représentations dans leurs stratégies, et les ajustements induits sur les ressources (géographiques, économiques, politiques, symboliques) que mobilise une filière agricole. Nous appliquons cette démarche d'analyse à une filière agricole réunionnaise, la vanille, héritière d'une histoire économique florissante aujourd'hui fragilisée. L'analyse montre que l'attention accrue portée à la biodiversité réunionnaise est un facteur d'évolution de l'inscription territoriale de cette filière : porteuse de contraintes, elle s'accompagne également de nouvelles opportunités. Les arbitrages observés font intervenir, au-delà des seuls enjeux écologiques, les représentations des fonctions sociales, culturelles, et économiques de cette filière. Les acteurs de la filière construisent notamment différentes stratégies de reterritorialisation, s'appuyant à des degrés divers sur ces fonctions attribuées à l'activité agricole. La mise en perspective de cette étude de cas avec celle de la filière café guadeloupéenne pose les bases d'une discussion sur la pertinence de la mobilisation du concept de « service environnemental » dans le cas de ces filières à la marge des modèles promus par les politiques agricoles. L'intervention du Parc National de Guadeloupe sur les dynamiques de relance des filières patrimoniales guadeloupéennes fournit des éléments de discussion sur le rôle d'un Parc National vis-à-vis de ce type de filières agricoles. Leur fragilité met en balance des enjeux économiques, sociaux, culturels et environnementaux dont l'imbrication invite à dépasser leur prise en compte segmentée dans le cadre des politiques sectorielles
This research deals with changing interactions between agriculture and territories. Food production is no longer the only criteria used to assess agricultural systems efficiency. Social and environmental issues are increasingly taken into account. This new understanding of the role of agriculture within territories raises the issue of the role of some extensive marginal agricultural models, aside intensive models promoted by agricultural policies. We focus on how increasing concerns on biodiversity may impact these models. Addressing biodiversity issues may change the way agriculture is considered, from a threat to a potential ally in natural areas management. We assume that this redefinition of agriculture’s role goes beyond a mere reframing of environmental functions but results of genuine trade-offs with other cultural and social functions. Considering an agricultural industry as a geographical object, we propose a two-stage analysis. Using actor’s discourses, we analyze (i) their perceptions of agricultural functions, then (ii) the integration of these perceptions in their strategies, that contribute to transforming resources (geographical, economical, political, and ideological resources) used by agriculture. This analytical framework is applied on a small but emblematic Reunionese agricultural industry, vanilla, whose economical profitability is questioned today. Our analysis reveals that biodiversity issues both raise new constraints and restriction but also generate new opportunities for actors to make their strategies evolve. Trade-offs between ecological, economical, social and cultural issues are part of these dynamics. The comparison with another marginal insular agricultural industry, coffee in Guadeloupe, reveals similar dynamics, and allows us to discuss the way agriculture could be managed, especially considering environmental and ecological aspects. Although the concept of « environmental service » offers new perspectives, its actual implementation isn’t suited to such agricultural systems, whose characteristics are not those of conventional productivist models. In Guadeloupe, the support the National Park granted to this type of agriculture models (coffee and vanilla) give us some elements to discuss the relevance and the interest of such an intervention. The vulnerability of such marginal industries, and the close intertwining of economic, social, cultural and environmental issues at stake, suggest to cross sectoral settings and to promote a territorial governance allowing a transverse consideration of their specificities

Les Hauts de l’île de la Réunion ont toujours été au cœur d’enjeux sociaux, économiques et politiques émergeant de considérations plurielles reléguant ces territoires à une image de zones de non-droit, à un modèle de régions attractives à développer. Un vaste plan d’aménagement des Hauts accompagné d’une réforme foncière structurante intervient en 1978 afin de limiter l’exode rural, d’améliorer les conditions de vie des habitants. Conjointement, depuis les années 60, l’histoire des régions des Plaines (Plaine des Cafres et Plaine des Palmistes) est marquée par la structuration d’élevages bovins laitiers et allaitants autour de Sociétés d’intérêt collectif agricole (Sica). L'accroissement de ces filières de production animale marque les esprits jusque dans les années 90. La profession (particulièrement l'élevage laitier) vit ses premiers arrêts d'activités et des problématiques de reprises d'exploitations. Dans les années 2000, patrimoine, tourisme et protection de l'environnement requalifient les enjeux de la Plaine des Cafres initialement développée par le secteur agricole. Resituer l’élevage au sein de différentes politiques d’aménagement permet de considérer l’activité au sein d’un contexte insulaire fragile dépendant de directives supra-nationales. En croisant diverses études, nous postulons que l'évaluation des capacités socio-économiques du secteur professionnel doit s'accompagner de la prise en compte des activités de loisirs et touristiques, des réglementations vis-à-vis de la protection de la nature, des phénomènes de rurbanisation dans l'aménagement des territoires et de l'étude des processus patrimoniaux. Ces défis faisant partie intégrante des discussions sur la consolidation de l'élevage bovin réunionnais à la Plaine des Cafres considèrent les liens actuels et à venir de l'activité avec les mutations de la société dans l'évolution de l'environnement insulaire. En partant du principe que les mutations actuelles du territoire, avec leur système de contraintes et de leviers de développement, sont le fruit de stratégies politiques et institutionnelles, nous nous demandons comment elles sont vécues et appropriées par les habitants et quelles en sont les formes de médiations ? L’étude d’une localité de la région des Plaines, la Grande ferme, par l’approche de type anthropologique et l’étude approfondie des réseaux sociaux a été retenue. L’originalité de la démarche présentée s’appuie sur une articulation entre une approche très localisée et une approche géographique régionale
The "tops of the Reunion Island" has always been at the heart of social, economic and political issues emerging from plural considerations relegating these territories to an image of non-rights zones, to a model of attractive regions to develop. In 1978, an extensive plan for the development of the Hauts region, accompanied by a structural land reform, was implemented in order to limit the exodus from the countryside and improve the living conditions of the inhabitants. Since the 1960s, the history of the Plains (Plaine des Cafres and Plaine des Palmistes) has been jointly marked by the structuring of dairy and lactating cattle farms around cooperative societies. The increase in these animal production sectors was a source of much interest until the 1990s. The profession (especially dairy farming) saw its first stoppages of activities and problems of taking over farms. In the 2000s, heritage, tourism and environmental protection requalify the stakes of the Plaine des Cafres originally developed by the agricultural sector. If livestock is to be reared within various management policies, activity can be considered within a fragile island context dependent on supra-national directives. By crossing various studies, we postulate that the evaluation of the socio-economic capacities of the professional sector must be accompanied by the consideration of leisure and tourist activities, regulations regardingwith regard to the protection of nature, the phenomena of rurbanization in the planning of territories and the study of heritage processes. These challenges are an integral part of the discussions on the consolidation of Reunion cattle farming in the Plaine des Cafres consider the current and future links of the activity with the changes in society in the evolution of the environment. Starting from the principle that the current changes in the territory, with their system of constraints and levers of development, are the fruit of political and institutional strategies, we ask ourselves how they are lived and appropriate by the inhabitants and what are the forms of mediations? The study of a locality in the Plains region, the Grande ferme, using an anthropological approach and an in-depth study of social networks was chosen. The originality of the approach presented is based on an articulation between a very localized approach and a regional geographical approach

Les enjeux globaux actuels autour de l’élevage laitier – et plus largement l’agriculture – tendent vers des systèmes productifs plus durables et qui participent au développement des territoires où ils s’inscrivent. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient i) de capturer les dynamiques des systèmes agricoles et leur diversité, avec un focus sur l’élevage laitier ; ii) de développer un cadre d’analyse de la contribution des systèmes d’élevage laitier identifiés à la durabilité des territoires dans lesquels ils s’inscrivent ; iii) de l’appliquer à deux situations contrastées : le territoire de Vinukonda (VM), dans l’état de l’Andhra Pradesh au sud-est de l’Inde et le territoire des Hauts de l’Île de la Réunion (RI), île française d’outremer située dans l’océan Indien. Le cadre d’analyse développé combine l’approche système agraire et une évaluation multicritère de la durabilité. L’approche système agraire i) a mis en lumière les dynamiques agricoles et plus particulièrement laitières des deux territoires d’étude, ii) a permis l’identification et la caractérisation des systèmes de production actuels, et iii) a amené à la définition des enjeux actuels des deux territoires d’étude. L’évaluation multicritère de la durabilité a été nourrie de l’approche système agraire pour la sélection d’indicateurs d’évaluation pertinents et pour l’unité d’évaluation primaire : le système de production. Cette évaluation a finalement traduit les enjeux de durabilité préalablement identifiés en scores explicites et comparables entre eux, à partir desquels il a été possible de proposer des leviers pour améliorer la contribution des systèmes de production laitiers étudiés au développement durable du territoire dans lequel ils s’inscrivent. Ainsi, l’élevage laitier contribuera plus au développement durable des territoires quand : les conditions de production telles que l’accès aux ressources fourragères seront sécurisées pour tous les producteurs, en particulier les plus démunis (VM) ; les niveaux de prix du lait permettront une rémunération du travail suffisante pour couvrir les besoins des ménages et pour investir dans du capital qui, en retour, permettra d’améliorer les conditions de production (VM, RI) ; les niveaux de prix du lait couplés à des politiques de développement territorial permettront aux producteurs laitiers de s’orienter vers des systèmes de production alternatifs, moins consommateurs d’intrants, créateurs de produits à haute valeur ajoutée et donc de richesse, et en lien direct avec les consommateurs (RI) ; les femmes, pourvoyeuses majoritaires de main d’œuvre dans l’élevage laitier, pourront gérer, à l’égal des hommes, les revenus tirés de cette production laitière (VM)
The current global challenges around dairy farming - and more broadly agriculture - tend towards more sustainable production systems that contribute to the development of territories in which they are embedded. The thesis objectives were i) to capture the dynamics of agricultural systems and their diversity, with a focus on dairy farming; ii) to develop a framework for analysing the contribution of identified dairy farming systems to their territories sustainability; iii) to apply it to two contrasting situations: the territory of Vinukonda (VM), in the state of Andhra Pradesh in Southeast India and the territory of Reunion Island highlands (RI), a French overseas island located in the Indian Ocean. The analytical framework developed combines the agrarian system approach and a multi-criteria sustainability assessment. The agrarian system approach i) highlighted the agricultural and more particularly dairy dynamics of the two study territories, ii) allowed the identification and characterisation of current production systems, and iii) led to the definition of the two study territories current issues. The multi-criteria sustainability assessment was based on the agrarian system approach for the selection of relevant evaluation indicators and for the primary evaluation unit: the production system. This evaluation finally translated the sustainability issues previously identified into explicit and comparable scores. From it, it was possible to propose levers to improve the contribution of the studied dairy production systems to the sustainable development of the territory in which they are embedded. Hence, dairy farming will better contribute to the sustainable development of territories when: production conditions such as access to fodder resources will be secured for all producers, especially the poorest (VM); milk price levels will allow sufficient labour remuneration to cover household needs and to invest in capital which in turn will improve production conditions (VM, RI); milk price levels coupled with territorial development policies will enable dairy farmers to move towards alternative production systems that consume less inputs, create products with high added value and therefore wealth, and are directly linked to consumers (RI); women, who provide the majority of dairy farming workforce, will be able to manage – on an equal basis with men – the income derived from dairy production (VM)

碩士
中原大學
建築研究所
86
"Territory" is the forming, either by arrangement or staking out, of the existence and scope of awareness of "space" based on the psychological motives of "occupation" and "retention". This behavior can be defined as the "territoriality" of man. The harsh living conditions of Penghu produced in the local residents sincere belief in ghosts and spirits. Viewed from the angle of folk beliefs, "village territory" is a two- dimensional response to the fear of and confrontation with the supernatural world. Residents follow principles as defined by traditional universal views as they constructed a symbolic spiritual line of defense of temples to distinguish the different qualities of different spaces, thereby congealing a common cultural awareness. The following preliminary research results were arrived at through the three steps of "expression of territorial consciousness", "construction of territorial significance", and "reflections on territorial similarities and differences", used to analyze the way residents think about and explain village space which was then tested and verified by the analysis of an expert Taoist Master and deductions by the observer: 1.The residents of both islands have three principles regarding territorial consciousness as based on their understanding of life, i.e. imagery (e.g. landmark structures and signs), scope (e.g. topography, arrangement of residences, and area for making livelihood), and requirements (e.g. division and management of administration, and folk religion). Of these, their territorial views of religion can best bring together and reflect the actual life and culture of the Penghu area. 2.The community of each village expressed concrete influence and standards and used regularly scheduled and irregular rituals to promote and strengthen the awareness of "territorial" defense systems. The significance of their construction system uses "interior-exterior" (內外), "central"(中心), and "boundary"(邊緣) as foundations for awareness and arrives at the goal of spatial formation by means of "rituals"(儀式). 3.The concept of implementation of the two islands are currently typified by the three territorial types "panliengshih"(邦聯式), "lienheshih"(聯合式), and "shuangchongshih"(雙重式). 4."Man" is the starting point for the nature of all territoriality. The manipulation of tangible elements and spatial awareness are used to manifest intangible holy meaning for the purpose of maintaining harmony. Differences and similarities between them form a multi-factor environment, exchange, or human dominance to continually adjust and deal with the environment.

Northern Goshawk breeding habitat was conceptualized and analyzed as a system composed of different sized components organized within a hierarchy. The organization of the hierarchy was asymmetric with smaller components nested within and subordinate to larger components. Components considered in the breeding habitat hierarchy of goshawks were nest tree, nest site, nest territory, foraging area, and landscape. Choice at any level within the hierarchy was contrasted with the next level in the hierarchy. Thus it was found that goshawks chose nest trees with a largerdbh (79.0 ± 4.4 cm) than the nest site average (43 ± 2.7 cm) (p=0.000036); the averagedbh of the nest site (43.2± 3.1 cm) was significantly larger than the territory (33.2± 1.9cm) (p=0.018). The nest territory when contrasted with random unoccupied locations in the landscape demonstrated a composition of a central site of trees with largedbh and fewer stems when compared with the surrounding forest. I hypothesize that this pattern reduces thepredation risk at the nest site. I investigated the nest site relative to the assumed foraging area (radius of 3000m; approximately 3000ha). Goshawks selected nest sites which were significantly further from young clear cuts (>10 ha). The average distance from a nest site to a recentclearcut greater than 10 ha was 1,350 m of the nest while for unoccupied sites the average distance was 770 m (p = 0.011). Finally, at the landscape level, areas of approximately 10,000 ha, goshawks on Vancouver Island were more abundant, had more nest sites, and had higher productivity per active nest in old growth forests (>120 years) than in either second growth (majority less than 80 years) or fragmented landscapes. The majority of goshawk prey, as determined though pellet analysis was red squirrel (69%). Red squirrels were equally abundant in second growth and old growth yet less abundant in fragmented landscapes. Despite similar abundance of their main prey item goshawks were not as abundant in second growth forests as in old growth forests. I conclude that the structure of second growth and fragmented landscape reduces the availability of key prey species and therefor the suitability of these landscape fpr goshawks is lower.
Graduate

This research project explores ways in which place-based Indigenous perspectives can inform national park ‘visitor experience’ planning, management, and information delivery. Engaged in collaborative processes with Tseshaht First Nation, this project explores knowledge of Tseshaht-identified places of cultural significance in Tseshaht traditional territory, discussed in the context of creating a web-based digital map. In attempting to explore Nuu-chah-nulth-informed ways in which to more widely share cultural history and knowledge in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, I learned of the many dynamics that are revealed when the depth of Nuu-chah-nulth connections to place are made visible. This research project examines knowledge, power, and place in the context of Indigenous self-representation. Informed by Indigenous ways of knowing and Indigenous principles of knowledge-sharing, this thesis is an ethnography of knowledge-sharing in modern contexts fraught with issues of state power, commodification, and colonialism.
Graduate

A method of inferring tropospheric gravity wave source characteristics from middle atmosphere observations has been adapted from previous studies for use with MF radar observations of the equatorial mesosphere-lower thermosphere at Christmas Island in the central Pacific. The nature of the techniques applied also permitted an analysis of the momentum flux associated with the characterised sources and its effects on the equatorial mean flow and diurnal solar thermal tide. An anisotropic function of gravity wave horizontal phase speed was identified as being characteristic of convectively generated source spectra. This was applied stochastically to a ray-tracing model to isolate numerical estimates of the function parameters. The inferred spectral characteristics were found to be consistent with current theories relating convective gravity wave spectra to tropospheric conditions and parameters characterising tropical deep convection. The results obtained provide observational constraints on the model spectra used in gravity wave parameterisations in numerical weather prediction and general circulation models. The interaction of gravity waves with the diurnal solar thermal tide was found to cause an amplification of the tide in the vicinity of the mesopause. The gravity wave-tidal interactions were highly sensitive to spectral width and amplitude. Estimates were made of the high frequency gravity wave contribution to forcing the MSAO with variable results. The data used in the analysis are part of a large archive which now has the potential to provide tighter constraints on wave spectra through the use of the methods developed here.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemistry and Physics, 2009

O presente trabalho estuda a vida e obra do padre Manuel Juvenal Pita Ferreira, nascido em 1912, sacerdote da Diocese do Funchal e uma figura destacada no século XX. Marcou muito o seu tempo nos campos religioso, histórico, cultural e social, destacando-se, desde cedo, enquanto seminarista (primeiro, no Mosteiro Novo; depois, no Seminário da Encarnação), pela sua fina sensibilidade para as questões da doutrina e da história. Ordenado presbítero em 1935, é nomeado para importantes cargos eclesiásticos, sendo, mais tarde, vigário paroquial na Ribeira Brava (1938-1940) e em São Vicente (1940-1941), pároco no Porto Santo (1941-1945) e em São Gonçalo (1945-1963) até ao seu falecimento. Dotado de imensas qualidades, viveu uma intensa atividade pastoral, sobretudo na Ribeira Brava, onde soube aliar à instrução catequética o conhecimento cultural, junto dos jovens e das crianças, por meio do teatro, tendo-se ligado também ao Escutismo. Como investigador, com uma predileção especial pela história – embora sem formação específica nesta área (não era doutorado) – contribuiu para o conhecimento mais profundo de algumas realidades, tais como os primórdios e as origens do descobrimento do arquipélago da Madeira, a criação e desenvolvimento da Diocese do Funchal, trazendo a público estudos inéditos sobre estes assuntos, socorrendo-se sempre das fontes primárias (manuscritos e outros documentos, consultados em diversos arquivos), pretendendo fazer justiça aos factos, pelo que chegou mesmo a contrariar alguns estudos e autores do seu tempo e do passado, o que lhe valeu duras críticas, que soube, no entanto, enfrentar com firmeza e argumentos, por meio de provas fidedignas, isto é, demonstrando tudo o que consultou. Incansável na promoção da cultura, promoveu diversas exposições de arte e património religioso (escultura, ourivesaria sacra), em conjunto com o engenheiro Luiz Peter Clode. Soube unir os seus conhecimentos e seu perfil intelectual para o serviço da fé e da Igreja, relacionando a arte sacra e a Liturgia, nomeadamente no concernente às obras de arte presentes na Sé do Funchal. Unindo o seu interesse pela História às suas preocupações de pastor, o sacerdote investiu tempo e forças em estudos de campo, como o estudo folclórico sobre O Natal na Madeira, recolhendo, por toda a ilha, inúmeros dados sobre as tradições natalícias madeirenses (as quadras natalícias, as Missas do Parto, a matança do porco, etc.), cheias de significado e carregadas de fé e do Evangelho. Sacerdote dedicado, integrou-se, nos anos 60, no movimento de renovação da catequese, incrementado na diocese pelo seu bispo, Dom Frei David de Sousa, publicando, em três partes, um Curso de Iniciação Catequística, dirigido aos catequistas e aos catequizandos. Eclesiástico fervoroso, intelectual refinado e homem de valores humanos e evangélicos bem enraizados, soube também estar atento à realidade social do seu tempo, como se pode ver pelo seu discurso às Conferências Vicentinas, realizado em 1945, e pela forma como se abeirou dos pobres e necessitados do lugar onde paroquiava, S. Gonçalo. Esquematicamente, apresentamos Pita Ferreira como um homem de sensibilidade, em várias vertentes: a) a sensibilidade pastoral – demonstrada na renovação da catequese e pela aproximação do povo simples, das crianças e dos jovens, e ainda pela defesa do património religioso; b) a sensibilidade litúrgica com que estudou a Sé do Funchal e seu património artístico; c) a sensibilidade histórica, bem patente na sua investigação, em vários campos: pastoral; popular; eclesiástico; d) a sensibilidade social, a partir do Evangelho, com a qual se demonstrou um homem atento às realidades do seu tempo, aproximando-se dos pobres, no bairro social na Paróquia de São Gonçalo, desde 1945.
This thesis studies the life and work of priest Manuel Juvenal Pita Ferreira, who was born in 1912, and was a priest in Funchal´s diocese, and a remarkable man of the 20th century. He had a major impact in the religious, historical, cultural and social areas, standing out, while still a seminarist (first in “Mosteiro Novo” and then in “Seminário da Encarnação”), because of his sensivity on issues related with history as well as doctrine. He was ordained a priest in 1935, and nomenated for important ecclesiastical positions, becoming later on, a vicar in parish of Ribeira Brava (1938-1940), also in São Vicente (1940-1941), then a priest in Porto Santo (1941-1945) and finally in São Gonçalo (1945-1963) until his death. Priest Manuel Juvenal Pita Ferreira, had several qualities, and lived an intense pastoral activity, especially in Ribeira Brava, where he combined his cultural knowlegde with the preaching to children and youth, throughout theathre and also scouting. As a researcher, with a special predilection for history – although without specific training in this area (he was not a doctorate) – he contributed to a deeper understanding of some realities, such as the beginning and origins of the discovery of Madeira´s archipelago, the creation and development of the Diocese of Funchal, bringing unprecedented studies on these subjects to the public, always using primary sources (manuscripts and other documents, consulted in various archives), intending to corroborate the facts, which actually, contradicted some studies and authors of the his time and the past which made him being criticise. Nevertheless knew how to deal with it with firmness and arguments, through reliable evidence, in everything he consulted. He had a major role in promoting culture, namely several art and religious heritage exhibitions (sculpture, sacred jewelery), together with engineer Luiz Peter Clode. He knew how to join his knowledge and his intellectual profile for the service of faith and the Church, relating sacred art and the Liturgy, namely with regard to the works of art present in the Cathedral of Funchal. Joining his interest in history with his concerns as a pastor, the priest invested time and strength in field studies, such as the folkloric study on Christmas in Madeira, collecting, throughout the island, numerous data on Madeiran Christmas traditions (Christmas Masses, Jesus birth Masses, the slaughter of the pig, etc.), full of meaning and loaded with faith and the Gospel. Aa a dedicated priest, he joined the movement for the renewal of catechesis in the 1960s, augmented in the diocese by his bishop, Dom Frei David de Sousa, publishing, in three parts, a Catechism Initiation Course (in portuguese: Curso de Iniciação Catequística), for the catechists and students of catechism. Also known as passionate ecclesiastical, refined intellectual and a man of well-rooted human and evangelical values, he also knew how to be attentive to the social reality of his time, as can be seen in his speech to the Vincentian Conferences, held in 1945, and the way he approached the poor and in need of calling where he was parish, S. Gonçalo. We presente, schematically, Pita Ferreira as a man of sensitivity, in several aspects: a) pastoral sensitivity - demonstrated in the renewal of catechesis and in the approach of humble people, children and young people, and also in the defense of religious heritage; b) the liturgical sensitivity with which he studied the Funchal Cathedral and its artistic heritage; c) the historical sensitivity, clearly evident in his investigation, in several fields: pastoral; popular; churchman; d) social sensitivity, starting from the Gospel, with which a man was attentive to the realities of his time, approaching the poor, in the social district in the Parish of São Gonçalo, since 1945.