Journal articles: 'Territory defence'

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Bickel, Fabian. "Brexit and Trade Defence: Effects of a Changed Territory." Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab005.

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ABSTRACT After the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU), the EU’s trade defence measures no longer applied to the territory of the UK. This means that the UK now applies its own trade defence measures and has transitioned some of the EU’s trade defence measures. The EU applies its trade defence measures to the reduced territory of the EU27, while third parties that had imposed trade defence measures against the EU now apply them against the EU27 and the UK. This article analyses the compatibility of these changed measures with WTO law. It argues first that in principle WTO law allows changes in the territorial scope of trade defence measures if the investigation and imposition of the measures remain attributable to the imposing WTO Member. This defends the EU’s and the UK’s approaches. Second, changed circumstances’ reviews or adaptations of the measures by the EU or the UK may be necessary. However, this happens rarely and only if specific evidence is provided. Third, subject to review or adaptations where warranted, third countries can apply their measures targeting the EU against the EU27 and the UK.

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Grant, James W. A., and Jason Praw. "OPTIMAL TERRITORY SIZE IN THE CONVICT CICHLID." Behaviour 136, no. 10-11 (1999): 1347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999500767.

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AbstractModels of optimal territory size are usually tested only by demonstrating that territory size is inversely related to food abundance or intruder number. The most fundamental predictions of the models, however, have rarely been tested: i.e. the fitness of the defender is a function of territory size and the optimal territory is one of intermediate size. We tested these predictions by measuring the growth rate of large convict cichlids (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, formerly Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) while defending food patches against smaller intruders over a 10-day period. Food patches differed in area by more than two orders of magnitude. We manipulated food abundance so that it increased with patch size in a decelerating way. As assumed, the realized benefits of defence (weight of food eaten by the defender) and the costs of defence (chase rate and chase radius) both increased in a decelerating way with increasing patch area. As predicted, the growth rate of the defender first increased and then decreased with increasing patch size. The initial increase in defender growth rate with increasing patch size was related to an increase in food eaten, but the decrease in growth rate for fish defending the largest patches was related to the costs of defence. Fish defending large patches had a low growth efficiency, apparently because of the social stress caused by intruders in their territories. Taken together, these results support the assumptions and predictions of optimal territory size models.

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Breau, Cindy, and James WA Grant. "Manipulating territory size via vegetation structure: optimal size of area guarded by the convict cichlid (Pisces, Cichlidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-002.

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To test the predictions of optimal territory size models, we attempted to manipulate the size of area that a dominant convict cichlid fish (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus) would defend around a food patch by placing simulated vegetation at three different distances from the edge of the patch (0, 11, and 22 cm). As expected, the size of area defended against four smaller intruders increased as the vegetation was moved farther from the patch. Consistent with optimal territory size models, both the costs of defence, measured as chase radius and chase rate, and the benefits of defence, measured as the amount of food eaten by the defender, increased with the distance of the vegetation from the patch. Growth rates of the defenders, however, did not differ among the treatments, perhaps because the benefits of monopolizing food were balanced by the costs of defending a larger area. Our data support the hypothesis that the size of a guarded area around an ephemeral resource patch affects both the costs and benefits of defence.

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Krebs, J. R. "Optimal Foraging, Predation Risk and Territory Defence." Ardea 38-90 (January 2002): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5253/arde.v68.p83.

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Aromaa, Suvi, Jaakko J. Ilvonen, and Jukka Suhonen. "Body mass and territorial defence strategy affect the territory size of odonate species." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (December 18, 2019): 20192398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2398.

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The territory is a distinct mating place that a male defends against intruding conspecific males. The size of a territory varies between species and most of the variation between species has been found to scale allometrically with body mass. The variation that could not be explained by body mass has been explained with several variables such as habitat productivity, trophic level, locomotion strategy and thermoregulation. All previous interspecific comparative studies have been done on vertebrate species such as birds, mammals, reptiles and fishes, meaning that studies using invertebrate species are missing. Here, we studied the relationship of a species's territory size with its fresh body mass (FBM) in addition to other ecologically relevant traits using 86 damselfly and dragonfly (Odonata) species. We found that territory size is strongly affected by species FBM, following an allometric relationship similar to vertebrates. We also found that the territory size of a species was affected by its territorial defence strategy, constantly flying species having larger territories than species that mostly perch. Breeding habitat or the presence of sexual characters did not affect territory sizes, but lotic species and species without wing spots had steeper allometric slopes. It seems that an increase in a species’s body mass increases its territory size and may force the species to shift its territory defence strategy from a percher to a flier.

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Gregorczyk, Dariusz. "NATO and the Warsaw Pact in defence politics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th century." Res Politicae 13 (2021): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/rp.2021.13.02.

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After the year 1945 and during the Cold War, the defence politics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ) in regards to NATO was determined by the country's international politics and its geostrategic placement. The geopolitical situation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was extremely complicated due to its borders shared with NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries. The communist government of Yugoslavia, and the leaders of the Yugoslav People's Army, expected the SFRJ territory to become a warzone should the conflict between the two political blocks escalate to military action. One of the key elements of the doctrine of the SFRJ politicians and military elite was a plan of defense solutions in case of a NATO aggression. The defence strategies of the YPA, especially after 1968, also took into account a possibility of the Warsaw Pact forces entering the country. The defence plans prepared for a NATO aggression were based mostly on the experiences of World War II, expecting the SFRJ territory to be one of the important elements of a future war between the two blocks.

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Kocjančič, Klemen. "Ljutomer during Slovenia’s War of Independence in 1991." Kronika 70, no. 3 (November 11, 2022): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/kronika.70.3.19.

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Drawing on post-war literature, the article at hand conveys the most significant events that took place in Ljutomer and the surrounding area during Slovenia’s War of Independence in 1991. It presents the period of direct preparations to declare Slovenia’s independence as well as preparations for an armed defence thereof by the territorial defence and militsiya. The article also describes the most important events in the territory of the Ljutomer municipality, where direct skirmishes took place with the Yugoslav People’s Army as well fighting in the territory of the territorial area command of Ljutomer. Successful performance of the territorial defence and militsiya importantly contributed to the defence of the independent Slovenia and thus to closing the last chapter of the war history of this area.

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Kocjančič, Klemen. "Ljutomer during Slovenia’s War of Independence in 1991." Kronika 70, no. 3 (November 11, 2022): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.70.3.19.

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Drawing on post-war literature, the article at hand conveys the most significant events that took place in Ljutomer and the surrounding area during Slovenia’s War of Independence in 1991. It presents the period of direct preparations to declare Slovenia’s independence as well as preparations for an armed defence thereof by the territorial defence and militsiya. The article also describes the most important events in the territory of the Ljutomer municipality, where direct skirmishes took place with the Yugoslav People’s Army as well fighting in the territory of the territorial area command of Ljutomer. Successful performance of the territorial defence and militsiya importantly contributed to the defence of the independent Slovenia and thus to closing the last chapter of the war history of this area.

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Akande, Dapo, and Antonios Tzanakopoulos. "Legal: Use of Force in Self-Defence to Recover Occupied Territory." European Journal of International Law 32, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 1299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab109.

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Abstract This article argues that, in certain circumstances, it is legal for a state to use force in self-defence in order to recover territory unlawfully occupied by another state as a result of an armed attack. Where occupation follows from an unlawful armed attack, the occupation is a continuing armed attack, and the attacked state does not lose its right to self-defence simply because of passage of time. It is argued that while it is trite law that territorial disputes cannot be resolved by recourse to force, it is important to draw the distinction between a territorial dispute, on the one hand, and a situation of armed attack resulting in occupation of territory, on the other. Furthermore, where years pass between the initial attack and the use of force in self-defence, that may suggest that there is no other reasonable means of bringing the armed attack and occupation to an end, rendering the use of force in self-defence the ultima ratio – which is precisely the point of the necessity requirement. On this view, time runs against, rather than in favour of, the aggressor.

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Šimiko, Juraj. "External and Internal Security Dimensions of Early Slavic Stathoods in the Territory of Slovakia." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0032.

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Abstract The article deals with basic characteriristic of external and internal security of first slavic tribes settled in Middle Europe. It describes struggle against external enemies which were Avarian nomadic tribes in the 7th century. It also describes defense against East Francia in the 9th century, importance of fortificated settlements. It characterizes warrior groups as main element of defence. Third part focuses on basic elements of Gret Moravian´s internal security such as law codex named “Law codex for people”

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SCURTU, Costin. "Organizarea și acțiunea sistemului de apărare a Dobrogei în anii 1939-1941." Gândirea Militară Românească 2022, no. 2 (June 2022): 198–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2022.2.12.

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"The European political events of the fourth decade of the twentieth century had bad repercussions on Romania’s security system, which led to the intensification of measures to prepare the economy, population and territory for defence so that the Romanian army was able to counter possible aggression on the national territory. Dobrogea was to know, in its turn, the transformations of the Romanian territory defence system: the 9th Infantry Division was located on the southern border of Dobrogea, and the 10th Infantry Division was located in the Delta and Tulcea County area. In those circumstances, the then-mayor of Constanța, General (r.) Teodor Nicolau, took measures to protect the population in case of possible bombing, building high-capacity underground shelters."

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SCURTU, Costin. "Dobrogea Defence System Organisation and Action in the Years 1939-1941." Romanian Military Thinking 2022, no. 2 (June 2022): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.2.12.

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"The European political events of the fourth decade of the twentieth century had bad repercussions on Romania’s security system, which led to the intensification of measures to prepare the economy, population and territory for defence so that the Romanian army was able to counter possible aggression on the national territory. Dobrogea was to know, in its turn, the transformations of the Romanian territory defence system: the 9th Infantry Division was located on the southern border of Dobrogea, and the 10th Infantry Division was located in the Delta and Tulcea County area. In those circumstances, the then-mayor of Constanța, General (r.) Teodor Nicolau, took measures to protect the population in case of possible bombing, building high-capacity underground shelters."

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Booksmythe, Isobel, Michael D. Jennions, and Patricia R. Y. Backwell. "Interspecific assistance: fiddler crabs help heterospecific neighbours in territory defence." Biology Letters 6, no. 6 (June 9, 2010): 748–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0454.

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Theory predicts that territory owners will help established neighbours to repel intruders, when doing so is less costly than renegotiating boundaries with successful usurpers of neighbouring territories. Here, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, cooperative territory defence between heterospecific male neighbours in the fiddler crabs Uca elegans and Uca mjoebergi . We show experimentally that resident U. elegans were equally likely to help a smaller U. mjoebergi or U. elegans neighbour during simulated intrusions by intermediate sized U. elegans males (50% of cases for both). Helping was, however, significantly less likely to occur when the intruder was a U. mjoebergi male (only 15% of cases).

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Müllerson, Rein. "Self-defence against Armed Attacks by Non-State Actors." Chinese Journal of International Law 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 751–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmz037.

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Abstract Armed attacks in the sense of Article 51 and customary international law can be carried out not only by States, but also by non-State actors (NSA). Self-defensive responses to attacks by NSAs, due to their specific characteristics, may contain a combination of elements of anticipatory self-defence and defensive reprisals. If a State, from the territory of which an attack originates, is unable to prevent an NSA attacking a third State, it has to ask for and to accept the assistance of the victim State, other States, or relevant international organisations. The latter cannot use military force in self-defence in such circumstances without having first sought the consent of the territorial State. However, if a State is unwilling to prevent an NSA, operating from its territory, from attacking third States, it becomes an accessory-after-the-fact to armed attacks of the NSA. Self-defensive, either individual or collective, measures can be carried out on the territory of such a State even without its consent.

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Mulder, Raoul A., Helen Bishop, Michelle Cooper, Sophie Dennis, Melanie Koetsveld, Julia Marshall, Belinda L. Saunders, and Naomi E. Langmore. "Alternate functions for duet and solo songs in magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 1 (2003): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02060.

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Several possible functions have been proposed for antiphonal duetting in birds, including pair-bond maintenance, cooperative territorial defence and acoustic mate guarding. Previous work has suggested that duetting in magpie-larks was consistent with both defence of the territory and guarding the mate against usurpation. We conducted playback experiments designed to distinguish between these two functions. Responses of males and females to simulated intrusion (broadcasts of unfamiliar solo songs) suggested functional differences for solo songs and duets. Both sexes initiated more songs in response to same-sex conspecific song, suggesting that solo songs are used to deter same-sex rivals in the context of territory defence. Contrary to predictions of the mate-guarding and pair-bond maintenance hypotheses, the sex of playback song had no effect on the likelihood of either sex answering their partner's song to form a duet. Thus, duets are most likely to be performed for the purpose of cooperative territorial defence.

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Zöttl, Markus, Lucille Chapuis, Manuel Freiburghaus, and Michael Taborsky. "Strategic reduction of help before dispersal in a cooperative breeder." Biology Letters 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2013): 20120878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0878.

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In cooperative breeders, sexually mature subordinates can either queue for chances to inherit the breeding position in their natal group, or disperse to reproduce independently. The choice of one or the other option may be flexible, as when individuals respond to attractive dispersal options, or they may reflect fixed life-history trajectories. Here, we show in a permanently marked, natural population of the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher that subordinate helpers reduce investment in territory defence shortly before dispersing. Such reduction of effort is not shown by subordinates who stay and inherit the breeding position. This difference suggests that subordinates ready to leave reduce their investment in the natal territory strategically in favour of future life-history perspectives. It seems to be part of a conditional choice of the dispersal tactic, as this reduction in effort appears only shortly before dispersal, whereas philopatric and dispersing helpers do not differ in defence effort earlier in life. Hence, cooperative territory defence is state-dependent and plastic rather than a consistent part of a fixed life-history trajectory.

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Smith, Carl. "Good fences make good neighbours: the role of landmarks in territory partitioning in the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus)." Behaviour 148, no. 2 (2011): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000579511x554233.

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AbstractTerritorial animals sometimes use conspicuous natural landmarks as boundaries to their territories. The utilization of territory-demarcating landmarks may have evolved to limit the costs of territorial defence, since the adoption of clearly defined boundaries by opponents in adjacent territories can reduce the overall rate of aggressive encounters, which can be energetically expensive or might result in injury. Here the role of artificial landmarks as boundaries was tested in territorial male rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus), a fish with a resourcebased mating system. Pairs of size-matched territorial males were permitted to interact for short periods in an otherwise featureless aquarium with an obvious landmark at the shared boundary of their territory either present or absent. The presence of the territory-demarcating landmark significantly reduced both the frequency of territorial incursions by males into adjacent territories and the rate of territorial displays. Males showed individual differences in their propensity to enter the territory of a rival, irrespective of the presence of a territorydemarcating landmark. These results suggest that the cost of defence of a territory may be reduced by utilizing territory-demarcating landmarks, in accordance with the predictions of theoretical models.

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PADDEU, FEDERICA I. "Use of Force against Non-state Actors and the Circumstance Precluding Wrongfulness of Self-Defence." Leiden Journal of International Law 30, no. 1 (October 19, 2016): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156516000583.

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AbstractThe right of self-defence against non-state actors is increasingly invoked and accepted in the practice of states. However, the recognition of this right must overcome a fundamental obstacle: that of explaining why the rights of the host state, in particular its right of territorial sovereignty, is not infringed by the self-defensive force used within its territory. In practice, states invoking self-defence against non-state actors rely on the involvement of the host state with those actors to justify the use of force in that state's territory. It is not clear, from a legal standpoint, how to rationalize the fact of involvement as a form of legal justification. For some, involvement amounts to attribution. For others, involvement is a form of complicity. For others still, involvement may entail a breach of the host state's due diligence obligation to protect the rights of other states in its territory. All of these solutions are deficient in some way, and have failed to receive general endorsement. This article considers whether there may be a different, as yet neglected, solution: self-defence as a circumstance precluding wrongfulness. The article shows that this is not a perfect solution either, since positive law remains uncertain on this point. Nevertheless, it is a solution that may provide a better normative framework for the development of the law of self-defence against non-state actors.

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Stuart-Smith, A. Kari, and Stan Boutin. "Costs of escalated territorial defence in red squirrels." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-156.

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The costs of escalated territorial defence have not been well-documented, although in theoretical studies they are often assumed to be high. We manipulated territorial defence in red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) to assess the costs of territorial disputes in terms of energy, reproductive status, and predation. Feeders containing sunflower seeds were used to manipulate foraging behaviour and induce territorial disputes. Experimental squirrels displayed dramatically higher rates of territorial behaviours in response to feeders, and while there was no difference in survival between experimental and control squirrels, in 4 of the 17 disputes territory owners lost their territories. All 3 females that did so suffered reproductive costs. Territorial disputes were won by the heavier squirrels in all 12 cases where contestants were of different masses, but where the contestants were of similar masses (4 of 5 cases), territory owners were more likely to win.

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Carleton, Alexandra. "The “Other” Relationship to Land: Property, Belonging, and Alternative Ontology." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.24.

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If land is divine and ought not be bought or sold,1 then bounded land, that which we term territory2 regardless of its form of being bounded, cannot be bought or sold without divine assent either. It may be defended, nurtured, utilised but not bought or sold. In defence of this is the human right to life and liberty. Were life and liberty to depend on access to land or territory then no hindrance would stand to merit. Theologically,3 the Divine created the land so the land belongs to the Divine.4 Similarly where humans labour (to work) and create (to make or build), such which is created is the property of the human, whether it is manufactured, built, sown. And from these personal properties flow the rights and privileges of personal property: alienation, transfer, purchase.5

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Rosell, Frank, Gry Gundersen, and Jean-François Le Galliard. "Territory ownership and familiarity status affect how much male root voles (Microtus oeconomus) invest in territory defence." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 62, no. 10 (April 25, 2008): 1559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0585-5.

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Ellison, Nicolas. "Altepet / Chuchutsipi: Cosmopolítica territorial totonaca-nahua y patrimonio biocultural en la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla / Altepet /Chuchutsipi: Nahua-Totonaca Territorial Cosmopolitics and Biocultural Heritage in the Sierra Nororiental of Puebla, Mexico." Revista Trace, no. 78 (July 31, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.78.2020.742.

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Este trabajo revela cómo el concepto de comunidad territorial altepet /chuchutsipi es actualizado en el contexto de la amenaza depredadora de los proyectos de muerte, como los nahuas y totonacos de la Sierra Norte de Puebla califican tanto a las concesiones mineras como a los maíces transgénicos. En este contexto, ¿qué implican o qué excluyen las nociones de territorio y paisaje biocultural desde la experiencia cotidiana y las categorías locales sobre el medio ambiente?, ¿qué se queda fuera cuando la defensa del territorio lleva a encerrar las relaciones locales entre humanos y no humanos en el marco del patrimonio biocultural? Argumentaré que la defensa del territorio a través del patrimonio biocultural es un posicionamiento político legítimo necesario, pero que oculta al mismo tiempo la complejidad (incluso las hibridaciones y reelaboraciones) de las percepciones, prácticas cotidianas y representaciones ecológicas ancladas en la cosmopolítica totonaca-nahua.Abstract: This work reveals how the Nahua-Totonac concept of territorial community, known as “altepet / chuchutsipi” respectively, is updated in the context of the threat of “death projects”, as the Nahua and Totonac people in the Sierra Norte de Puebla (Mexico) call both mining concessions and transgenic maize. In this context, what do the notions of territory and biocultural landscape imply from the perspective of everyday experience and local categories about the environment? What do they exclude? And in the same way, what is left out when the “defence of the territory” leads to enclosing local relations between humans and non-humans within the framework of biocultural heritage? I will argue that the “defence of the territory” through biocultural heritage is an necessary and legitimate political position, which however hides the complexity (including hybridizations and re-elaborations) of the perceptions, daily practices and ecological representations anchored in Totonac-Nahua cosmopolitics.Keywords: cosmopolitics; altepet; biocultural landscape; Nahuas; Totonac.Résumé : Cet article révèle comment le concept nahua-totonaque de la communauté territoriale, « altepet / chuchutsipi » respectivement, est actualisé dans le contexte de la menace prédatrice des « projets de mort », comme les peuples Nahua et Totonaque de la Sierra Nord de Puebla (Mexique) désignent à la fois les concessions minières et le maïs transgénique. Dans ce contexte, qu’impliquent les notions de territoire et de paysage bioculturel appréhendées à partir de l’expérience quotidienne et des catégories locales sur l’environnement ? Qu’est-ce qu’elles excluent ? Et de la même manière, que reste-t-il lorsque la « défense du territoire » conduit à enfermer les relations locales entre humains et non-humains dans le cadre du patrimoine bioculturel ? La « défense du territoire » par le biais du patrimoine bioculturel apparaît comme une position politique légitime qui est nécessaire mais qui cache en même temps la complexité (y compris les hybrides et les ré-élaborations) des perceptions, des pratiques quotidiennes et des représentations écologiques ancrées dans la cosmopolitique nahua-totonaque.Mots-clés : cosmopolitique ; altepet ; paysage bioculturel ; Nahuas ; Totonaques.

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TSAGOURIAS, NICHOLAS. "Self-Defence against Non-state Actors: The Interaction between Self-Defence as a Primary Rule and Self-Defence as a Secondary Rule." Leiden Journal of International Law 29, no. 3 (June 22, 2016): 801–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156516000327.

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AbstractThis article examines the law of self-defence as applied to non-state attacks in light of the coalition air strikes against ISIL in Syria. It critiques the two current interpretations of the law of self-defence – one based on attribution and the other on the ‘unable or unwilling’ test – for failing to address adequately the security threat posed by non-state actors or for not addressing convincingly the legal issues arising from the fact that the self-defence action unfolds on the territory of another state. For this reason, it proposes an alternative framework which combines the primary rule of self-defence to justify the use of defensive force against non-state actors, with the secondary rule of self-defence to excuse the incidental breach of the territorial state's sovereignty.

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Zimmermann, Holger, Aneesh P. H. Bose, Angelika Ziegelbecker, Florian Richter, Sandra Bračun, Helgit Eisner, Cyprian Katongo, et al. "Is biparental defence driven by territory protection, offspring protection or both?" Animal Behaviour 176 (June 2021): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.03.012.

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Bunn, D. S. "Fighting and moult in shrews: Fighting and the defence of territory." Journal of Zoology 148, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02973.x.

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Fedy, Bradley C., and Bridget J. M. Stutchbury. "Territory defence in tropical birds: are females as aggressive as males?" Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58, no. 4 (April 23, 2005): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-005-0928-4.

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Chiver, Ioana, Eugene S. Morton, and Bridget J. M. Stutchbury. "Incubation delays territory defence by male blue-headed vireos, Vireo solitarius." Animal Behaviour 73, no. 1 (January 2007): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.06.001.

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Hagen, Edward H., and Peter Hammerstein. "Did Neanderthals and other early humans sing? Seeking the biological roots of music in the territorial advertisements of primates, lions, hyenas, and wolves." Musicae Scientiae 13, no. 2_suppl (September 2009): 291–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864909013002131.

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Group defence of territories is found in many gregarious mammalian carnivores, including lions, canids, and hyenas. In these taxa, group members often mark territory boundaries and direct aggressive behaviour towards alien conspecifics found within the territory (Boydston et al., 2001). Middle Pleistocene hominids such as Neanderthals occupied an ecological niche similar to such large carnivores (Stiner, 2002), and so could be expected to share with them a suite of behavioural traits. Complex, coordinated vocalizations that function, at least in part, to advertise the group defence of a territory is one behavioural trait exhibited by several social carnivores, as well as many other gregarious animals, including primates. Hagen and Bryant (2003) proposed that the evolution of human music and dance was rooted in such coordinated auditory and visual territorial advertisements, an hypothesis we develop and expand upon here. Human proto-music, in essence, might have been functionally analogous to the howling of wolves.

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Leese, Joseph M., Jennifer L. Snekser, Alexandra Ganim, and Murray Itzkowitz. "Assessment and decision-making in a Caribbean damselfish: nest-site quality influences prioritization of courtship and brood defence." Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (January 20, 2009): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0698.

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In systems where territory quality varies, animals are expected to exhibit plasticity in behaviour in order to maximize fitness relative to their present territory quality. This requires assessment of territory quality followed by decision-making in relation to the priority of activities necessary for survival and reproduction. We examined how differences in territory quality of beaugregory damselfish ( Stegastes leucostictus ) influence the prioritization of courtship and egg defence by comparing behavioural responses of males defending artificial sites (high quality) with males defending natural sites (low quality) when presented with an egg predator, a conspecific female, and a simultaneous choice between both. A significant three-way interaction of territory quality, presentation type and stimulus was observed for time near stimuli. In paired presentations, males defending low-quality territories spent more time near a female and less near an egg predator; while males on high-quality territories spent more time near a predator than a female. Additionally, comparing single and paired presentations reveals that behaviours towards egg predators remain constant while behaviours towards females decrease with paired stimuli. These data suggest that territory quality and ecological context impact decision-making and the relative values of potential reproduction and/or past reproductive effort.

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SCHMIDT, ROUVEN, VALENTIN AMRHEIN, HANSJOERG P. KUNC, and MARC NAGUIB. "The day after: effects of vocal interactions on territory defence in nightingales." Journal of Animal Ecology 76, no. 1 (January 2007): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01182.x.

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Viera, Vanessa M., Vincent A. Viblanc, Ondine Filippi-Codaccioni, Steeve D. Côté, and René Groscolas. "Active territory defence at a low energy cost in a colonial seabird." Animal Behaviour 82, no. 1 (July 2011): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.04.001.

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Colombelli-Négrel, Diane. "Female splendid and variegated fairy-wrens display different strategies during territory defence." Animal Behaviour 119 (September 2016): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.001.

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Scordato, Elizabeth S. C. "Geographical variation in male territory defence strategies in an avian ring species." Animal Behaviour 126 (April 2017): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.001.

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Siracusa, Erin R., David R. Wilson, Emily K. Studd, Stan Boutin, Murray M. Humphries, Ben Dantzer, Jeffrey E. Lane, and Andrew G. McAdam. "North American red squirrels mitigate costs of territory defence through social plasticity." Animal Behaviour 151 (May 2019): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.014.

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Wahlström, Kjell. "Territory defence in male European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)—a sexual ornament?" Acta Theriologica 58, no. 3 (October 4, 2012): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-012-0104-y.

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Grønstøl, Gaute, Donald Blomqvist, Angela Pauliny, and Richard H. Wagner. "Kin selection and polygyny: can relatedness lower the polygyny threshold?" Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 6 (June 2015): 140409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140409.

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Resource polygyny incurs costs of having to share breeding resources for female breeders. When breeding with a relative, however, such costs may be lessened by indirect fitness benefits through kin selection, while benefits from mutualistic behaviour, such as communal defence, may increase. If so, females should be less resistant to sharing a territory with a related female than with a non-related one. We investigated whether kin selection may lower the threshold of breeding polygynously, predicting a closer relatedness between polygynous females breeding on the same territory than between females breeding on different territories. Northern lapwings, Vanellus vanellus , are suitable for testing this hypothesis as they are commonly polygynous, both sexes take part in nest defence, and the efficiency of nest defence increases with the number of defenders. Using an index of relatedness derived from DNA fingerprinting, we found that female lapwings that shared polygynous dyads were on average twice as closely related as were random females. Furthermore, relatedness did not correlate with distance between breeders, indicating that our findings cannot be explained by natal philopatry alone. Our results suggest that the polygyny threshold in lapwings may be lowered by inclusive fitness advantages of kin selection.

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Đukić, Đorđe. "The airspace control of the Republic of Serbia as a security challenge, risk and threat to national security." Vojno delo 73, no. 4 (2021): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2104021d.

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Problems that occur when trying to control in an efficient and timely manner the airspace of the territory of the state surrounded by challenges and threats are becoming more frequent. They arise as a process that accompanies the development of modern lethal weapons for the attacks from the ground and airspace, by increasing the growth of pretensions of great states and state alliances, and the development and spread of economic globalism. One of the causes that can lead to the loss of sovereignty and territorial integrity in the airspace is the slow and longlasting adoption of strategic documents, which define the control of this part of the state territory. These documents should be adapted to respond flexibly to the challenges and changes that threaten the state territory, with special emphasis on its airspace. Through the presentation and consideration of security challenges, risks and threats, this paper will point out the problems that arise in the procedures for the airspace control of the state, in modern times, which fluctuates very quickly in the military and economic sense. Examining the characteristics of the airspace of the Republic of Serbia, as part of its territory, through the terms of sovereignty and territorial integrity, national security strategy and defence strategy, the difficulties and problems in its defence and control will be considered.

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Falkowski, Mariusz, Wojciech Horyń, and Kazimierz Nagody-Mrozowicz. "The Territorial Defence Force as an Element of the National Security System." Security Dimensions 27, no. 27 (September 28, 2018): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0288.

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The purpose of this article is to present the basic determinants as regards the use of the Territorial Defence Force (TDF) in the national defence system. The article focuses on issues related to security and defence as well as their impact on national security, and indicates the need to establish territorial forces in order to increase military potential in any country. What is more, it describes basic tasks which TDF can perform during individual stages of armed operations. Particular attention is paid to the fulfilment of the tasks by TDF as regards purely army-related activities, both military and non-military. It is indicated that TDF is a military formation that fills the gap as regards the security of a given area or territory, and that it can supplement the operational forces, thus constituting a vital element of the national defence system.

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ILINCA, Dragoș. "OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF EU PROFILE IN THE FIELD OF DEFENCE CAPABILITIES. EUROPEAN DEFENCE FUND." BULLETIN OF "CAROL I" NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY 11, no. 4 (January 16, 2023): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-22-90.

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This article brings to attention one of the main developments recorded in the context of European defence cooperation, namely the establishment of the European Defence Fund (EDF). Conceived as an initiative aimed at contributing to the financial support of cooperation projects in the fields of capability development and defence research, the EDF represents an innovation that began to operate starting with 2021, offering additional perspectives for strengthening the Common Security and Defence Policy. Although it is a new initiative, the European Defence Fund was preceded by preparatory measures in which the necessary procedural framework and mechanisms were defined. From this perspective, the analysis developed in this article deepens the thesis regarding the positive impact of EDF for the sustainability of European cooperation in the field of defence. The strategic value of the new tool for integrating capability development and research aspects is another direction explored in the article. Last but not least, the economic role of EDF benefits of special attention in this study, from the perspective of the way in which various entities from the EU territory perceived EDF, being reflected mainly in the increase of their participation in the drafting projects and participating in competition.

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Stiver, Kelly A., Petra Dierkes, Michael Taborsky, H. Lisle Gibbs, and Sigal Balshine. "Relatedness and helping in fish: examining the theoretical predictions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1572 (July 11, 2005): 1593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3123.

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Many studies have attempted to explain the evolution of cooperation, yet little attention has been paid to what factors control the amount or kind of cooperation performed. Kin selection theory suggests that more cooperation, or help , should be given by relatives. However, recent theory suggests that under specific ecological and demographic conditions, unrelated individuals must ‘pay to stay’ in the group and therefore may help more. We tested these contrasting predictions using the cooperatively breeding fish, Neolamprologus pulcher , and found that the degree of work effort by helpers depended on which helping behaviours were considered and on their level of relatedness to the breeding male or female. In the field, helpers unrelated to the breeding male performed more territory defence, while helpers unrelated to the breeding female contributed less to territory defence. In the laboratory, unrelated group members helped more. Our work demonstrates that a number of factors in addition to kinship shape cooperative investment patterns.

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Trapp, Kimberley N. "Back to Basics: Necessity, Proportionality, and the Right of Self-Defence Against Non-State Terrorist Actors." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 56, no. 1 (January 2007): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/lei153.

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The International Court of Justice's decision inDRCvUgandatouches on, but fails to address, the circumstances under which a State has a right to use force in self-defence against non-State actors.1In particular, the Court holds that, because the attacks carried out by anti-Ugandan rebels operating from the Democratic Republic of Congo's (DRC) territory are not attributable to the DRC, Uganda has no right to use force in self-defenceagainst theDRC.2The separate opinions inDRC v Ugandalament the Court's failure to take the opportunity to address the right to act in self-defence against non-State actors3–an issue of such obvious importance to the international community in an age of terrorism. As will be examined below, there are arguably good reasons–on the facts of the case–for the Court's refusal to pronounce itself on the matter. Furthermore, its decision need not be read as absolutely precluding a use of force in foreign territory in response to armed attacks by non-State actors.

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Græger, Nina. "‘Home and away’? Internationalism and territory in the post-1990 Norwegian defence discourse." Cooperation and Conflict 46, no. 1 (March 2011): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836710396347.

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Landmann, Armin, and Christian Kollinsky. "Territory Defence in Black Redstarts, Phoenicurus ochruros: Effects of Intruder and Owner Age?" Ethology 101, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1995.tb00351.x.

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Viera, Vanessa M., Paul M. Nolan, Steeve D. Côté, Pierre Jouventin, and René Groscolas. "Is Territory Defence related to Plumage Ornaments in the King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus?" Ethology 114, no. 2 (January 14, 2008): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01454.x.

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Malan, G., and A. R. Jenkins. "Territory and nest defence in polyandrous pale chanting goshawks: do co-breeders Help?" South African Journal of Zoology 31, no. 4 (January 1996): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1996.11448411.

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York, Jenny E., Katrina J. Wells, and Andrew J. Young. "Dominance-related contributions to collective territory defence are adjusted according to the threat." Animal Behaviour 158 (December 2019): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.09.018.

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Morley, Josephine, and Sigal Balshine. "Faithful fish: territory and mate defence favour monogamy in an African cichlid fish." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 52, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-002-0520-0.

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Silveira, Mayara M., Priscila F. Silva, Renata G. Ferreira, and Ana C. Luchiari. "Fighting off the intruder: context-dependent territory defence in the damselfish Stegastes fuscus." Environmental Biology of Fishes 103, no. 9 (July 19, 2020): 1091–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-020-01011-5.

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Locatello, Lisa, Oliviero Borgheresi, Federica Poli, Andrea Pilastro, and Maria B. Rasotto. "Black goby territorial males adjust their ejaculate's characteristics in response to the presence of sneakers." Biology Letters 17, no. 8 (August 2021): 20210201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0201.

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In many species, males can rapidly adjust their ejaculate performance in response to changing levels of sperm competition, an ability that is probably mediated by seminal fluid adaptive plasticity. In the black goby, Gobius niger , territorial males attach viscous ejaculate trails to the nest roof, from which sperm are slowly released into the water during the long-lasting spawning events. Sneaker males release their sperm in the vicinity of the nest, and territorial males try to keep them at a distance by patrolling their territory. We show here that territorial males' ejaculate trails released a higher proportion of their sperm in the presence of a single sneaker, but this proportion decreased when there were three sneakers, an effect that is most likely mediated by a change in the seminal fluid composition. Field observations showed that when multiple sneaking attempts occurred, territorial males spent more time outside the nest, suggesting that ejaculation rate and territory defence are traded-off. Altogether, these results suggest that the adjustment of sperm release from the ejaculate may be strategic, guaranteeing a more continuous concentration of the territorial male's sperm in the nest, although at a lower level, when he is engaged in prolonged territory defence outside the nest.

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Halstead, John. "L’importance politique et stratégique de l’Arctique : une perspective canadienne." Études internationales 20, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702458ar.

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The Arctic lends a special dimension to Canadian foreign and defence policies because it is the most harsh and the least populated part of Canada, it is where American security interests impinge most insistently and it is the ham in the superpower sandwich. Moreover, the Arctic is being drawn increasingly into the international System, with important policy implications: Canada cannot expect to develop effective policies to deal with its own Arctic in isolation from other countries; and Canada's ability to carry such policies out will depend on the extent to which it can exercise effective control over its vast territory. These implications are of particular importance to Canada's relations with the United States, with whom we must strike a balance between the advantages of cooperation and the need to protect Canadian interests. This task promises to become more complex as the forward air and sea defence of the United States pushes further north, while the move toward space-based warning and surveillance Systems reduces American reliance on Canadian territory and Canadian access to American information. Traditionally Canada has dealt bilaterally with the United States on such matters but the time has come to supplement the bilateral channels with multilateral approaches wherever possible, in order to emphasize the point that the defence of North America is an integral part of the defence of the North Atlantic Treaty area. In accordance with this concept, various measures should be considered to reinforce the strategic unity of NATO, to ensure that defence measures in the Arctic are consistent with strategic stability and with arms control policies, and to establish in the Arctic a regime of mutual security, bolstered by a concerted program of circumpolar cooperation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Territory defence'

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