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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Territory defence'
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1
Mares, Cesar Rafael. "Extraterritorial prospecting and territory defence in cooperatively breeding meerkats." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/243405.
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In group living animals where natal dispersal is delayed, prospecting allows individuals to asses their future dispersal and breeding opportunities and, in males of some species, may minimize the costs of delaying dispersal by enabling extra-group breeding while still resident in the natal group. While evidence of prospecting is widespread, comparatively little is known about the development of this behaviour and few studies have investigated the factors that may affect investment in prospecting, as it is typically difficult to monitor such mobile individuals. Prospectors typically encounter neighbouring groups during extraterritorial forays and resident individuals in these groups respond aggressively to approaches by extra- group males, given the potential loss in direct and indirect fitness that prospectors may inflict. As with prospecting behaviour, few studies have investigated the causes of individual differences in investment in repelling prospectors and measured the costs of such territory defence. In this dissertation, I exploit our ability to closely monitor prospecting males in meerkats, to investigate the causes of individual variation in extraterritorial prospecting effort and aggressive responses to prospector intrusions. In Chapter 3, I show that, as adults, heavier males invest more in prospecting than lighter ones, and that males time their forays in order to maximize their chances of dispersal, while minimizing the associated costs by prospecting when neighbouring groups are in close proximity to their own. In Chapter 4, I demonstrate that males that are heavier in early life start prospecting at a younger age and contribute less to helping later in life, than lighter males. In Chapter 5, I show that the threats posed by prospectors towards residents are associated with high investment by resident males in repelling intruders, which has measurable costs in terms of weight gain and cooperative contributions to offspring care. Finally, in Chapter 6, the experimental presentation of scent cues reveals that meerkats discriminate between resident and extra-group male scent cues, and that resident dominant males exhibit stronger responses to indirect evidence of prospectors than other group members.
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Whittaker, Xanthe. "The use of song in territory defence by the wren, Troglodytes troglodytes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319616.
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Artioli, Francesca. "L’armée, les villes, l’État : restructurations militaires et politiques urbaines : les transformations de l’intégration territoriale en France et en Italie." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0054.
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Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l’autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l’action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes historiquement organisées par la politique de défense (trois villes en France et trois villes en Italie) sous l’effet des réformes des armées et de l’augmentation des compétences urbaines. Elle développe un cadre analytique issu de la sociologie historique de l’État qui systématise les liens entre les politiques publiques et la structuration et l’intégration territoriales. Le changement des espaces et sociétés urbains exige pour être compris l’étude des modes d’intervention de l’État et des modes d’intervention des exécutifs urbains dans leur articulation réciproque et propre à chaque ville. D’une part, les négociations au sein de l’État entre administrations financières et militaires, ainsi que les mobilisations au centre national par les élus locaux différencient les modes de retrait des armées d’une ville à l’autre. D’autre part, les exécutifs urbains ont une capacité inégale à organiser l’action collective et à transformer les espaces historiquement structurés par l’État. Elle est liée aux agendas politiques urbains et aux modes d’action collective institutionnalisés dans le temps, ainsi qu’aux interventions de l’État qui sont elles-mêmes différenciées entre les deux pays et à l’intérieur de ceux-ci. Ceci amène à revenir sur les transformations des relations central/local entre décentralisation et politiques de la contrainte budgétaireIssues regarding public policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies accross cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces which are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints
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Tomblin, Stephen G. "In defense of territory : province-building under W.A.C. Bennett." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25982.
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The thesis is primarily an attempt to provide a better understanding on how territorial conflicts influenced infrastructural development in British Columbia between the years 1952 and 1972. Primary emphasis is placed upon exploring the territorial component of province-building in British Columbia. The major theme which emerges is that the spatial pattern of economic development witnessed in the province during these years was not merely the product of societal pressure, but instead, reflected the dreams, and ambitions of the W.A.C. Bennett government. Bennett's efforts to build a better integrated provincial society played a major role in strengthening the provincial government's control over the provincial territory.
Six case studies on infrastructural development are investigated: railway transportation, oil and gas development, hydro development, ferry transportation, port development, and highway transportation. The thesis analyzes infrastructural development because it is assumed that the state-centred paradigm is much more useful for explaining provincial expansionism within this policy context.
The thesis has four sections. The first section provides a review of province-building, and assesses how territorial conflicts influence state infrastructure development. The second section includes a review of the political setting. The third section presents the case studies. The final section provides a summary of the findings and concludes that the Bennett government's desire to exploit infrastructure for the purpose of building a more integrated and united territory had a major impact upon the spatial pattern of economic development in British Columbia.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Touzot, Charlotte. "Activités militaires et protection de l'environnement." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0006.
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Il existe de toute évidence des activités militaires dont l’exercice se fait au détriment de l’environnement. D’un point de vue juridique, on constate un mouvement d’exclusion quasi automatique des activités militaires du champ du droit commun de la protection de l’environnement. Ce mouvement d’exclusion se manifeste par la multiplication des dérogations dont bénéficient les activités militaires, lesquelles se justifient par les circonstances exceptionnelles (guerre, urgence) et par la finalité des activités militaires (intérêt général, intérêts supérieurs de la Nation). Ce mouvement se manifeste également par l’extension des exceptions dont bénéficient les activités militaires, principalement liées à la nature impérieuse des activités militaires de Défense. Il faut toutefois noter une environnementalisation progressive de ces activités, notamment due à la mise en œuvre du concept de développement durable au sein des différentes institutions publiques. Il convient alors de rendre compte juridiquement du passage du « vert kaki » au « vert écologique », qui se manifeste par le développement des activités militaires au service de l’environnement. Un tel passage ne peut faire l’économie d’une phase d’adaptation des activités militaires aux enjeux environnementaux, qui est permise par l’intégration de l’environnement dans la gestion du patrimoine militaire, tant au niveau des infrastructures que de la domanialité militaire. Elle trouve également une consécration dans le développement de la sécurité environnementale du territoire national. Les Armées ne se sont pas contentées d’adapter leurs activités aux enjeux environnementaux, elles en ont fait une nouvelle activité dont le champ s’étend de plus en plus. Ce recyclage de l’Armée est par exemple illustré par l’assistance militaire en cas de catastrophes, ainsi que par l’existence d’activités militaires de protection de l’environnement, liées à la mission de surveillance du territoire. Enfin, l’aboutissement du recyclage de l’Armée pourrait consister en une intervention militaire pour l’environnement de type ingérence écologique, à l’instar de l’ingérence humanitaire. L’ensemble de ces réflexions est l’occasion de relire certaines notions classiques de droit public – telles que l’intérêt général, la souveraineté ou encore l’intégrité du territoire – en tentant de leur apporter une dimension géographique et territorialeMilitary activities obviously have an impact on the environment. From a legal point of view, there is an almost automatic exclusion of military activities from the field of ordinary Law for the protection of the environment. This exclusion arises through the multiplication of the exemptions that are in favor of military activities, and which are justified by the exceptional circumstances (war, emergency) and by the aim of military activities (general interest, best interests of the Nation). Exclusion is also expressed through the extension of the exceptions granted to military activities and which are mainly linked to the imperative nature of Defense activities. It should however be noted that a progressive “greening” of these activities is taking place, driven by the concept of sustainable development within the different public institutions. There has then to be better legal accountability for the transition towards “greener” military activities. This transition must be preceded by a process of adaptation of military activities to environmental issues, through the integration of the latter within military heritage management, both on infrastructural and state-owned military levels. Another consecration of this adaptation is the development of the environmental security of the national territory. Armies have not only adapted their activities to environmental issues, but they also made the protection of the environment as a new field, which is progressively expanding. The first example of this “Army recycling” is the military disaster assistance. The second one is the implementation of environmental military activities, linked to the mission of territory surveillance. Lastly, the outcome of this recycling should consist of a military action for the environment, of ecological intervention type, following the model of humanitarian intervention. These considerations represent an opportunity to review some classical Public Law notions – such as general interest, sovereignty and territorial integrity – with an attempt to bring a geographical dimension into the reflection
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Meye, Ndong Serges. "La sécurité et la défense du territoire du Gabon. Analyse géopolitique." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIML009.
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La sécurité du territoire du Gabon s'organise autour des enjeux qui s'enracinent moins dans son statut ancien de "petit cendrillon d'Afrique centrale" que dans les représentations du pouvoir politique, pour qui, le Gabon est un "petit Etat", nanti de ressources géostratégiques, qui attisent des convoitises, surtout des puissances extérieures. Des considérations géopolitiques, auxquelles s'ajoutent la situation problématique de ses frontières terrestres et maritimes et, surtout les nouvelles menaces, en tête desquelles l'immigration clandestine, et les menaces internes, notamment les nouvelles formes de criminalité, les conditions sociopolitiques, la pauvreté socioéconomique, les déviances sociales, sans oublié les difficultés liées à l'encadrement territorial. Des enjeux et des menaces internes et externes, au compte desquels s'organise le Gabon, aux fins de sa sécurité. La sécurité gabonaise, qui considère, ainsi, l'échelle locale (interne) et régionale (externe) du territoire du Gabon, s'enracine principalement dans l'œuvre des forces de police et des forces militaires, qui produisent la sécurité publique, la sécurité civile et surveillent le territoire tout en préparant sa défense opérationnelle, pendant que les pouvoirs publics recherchent l'amélioration des conditions sociopolitiques, la qualité vie socioéconomique et environnementale de la population. La sécurité gabonaise s'étend à l'extérieur, dans la coopération régionale, où le Gabon postule une sécurité politique, basée sur l'ordre régional et l'entente cordiale entre pouvoirs, une sécurité économique qui améliorerait ses dépendances alimentaires, une coopération policière par "l'entraide policière" et, éventuellement un rétablissement de l'ordre sur son territoire. Des actions, à côté desquelles le Gabon s'emploie à une diplomatie de paix dans la région pour éviter des impacts des conflits extérieurs sur son territoire. Plus à l'international, la relation avec la France reste cruciale. Le Gabon cherche à renforcer ses capacités militaires et un possible rétablissement de paix sur son territoire. Toute une organisation de sécurité intérieure et extérieure qui, jusque-là, n'a pas donné les résultats escomptés. L'action de la police reste obsolète et l'insécurité grandissante, la sécurité humaine est très faiblement promue, le pouvoir brillant plutôt dans l'autoritarisme et le phagocytose des opposants et réservant un traitement particuliers aux militaires. L'encadrement territorial ne permet pas un contrôle effectif. A l'extérieur, la sécurité coopérative n'a pas réduit les dépendances alimentaires et ne s'avère pas efficace contre les menaces externes tant en mer que sur terre. Le partenariat de défense avec la France semble être un instrument pour la stabilité du pouvoir que pour le renforcement des capacités militaires des forces armées gabonaise. Autant de difficultés qui permettent aisément d'affirmer que le territoire du Gabon n'est pas en sécuritéGabon‘s territory‘s security involves stakes rooted less in its old status of the “little Cinderella of Central Africa“ than in its geopolitical representations of the political power which views the country as a “small state” rich in geostrategic resources stirring up covetousness, above all from outside powers. Together with territorial issues, come up land and sea borders' problems, above all the new threats, in which illegal migration, internal threats -particularly the new forms of criminality- sociopolitical conditions, socioeconomic poverty, social matters as well as difficulties to control the territory, are at the top of the list. Internal and external threats and stakes around which Gabon organizes itself in order to establish security within its territory. The country takes into account local and regional levels of the territory, mainly relying on police and military forces which seek to set up public and civil security, oversee the territory while preparing its effective defense. Aside from this security initiative, the government endeavors to improve sociopolitical conditions, people's socioeconomic' standards of living, and the protection of the environment. Gabonese's security‘s issue goes beyond its borders, as part of a regional cooperation where Gabon negotiates the political peace based on regional order and entente cordial between political powers. An economic security which would improve food expenses, a police cooperation through “mutual judiciary assistance “and, possibly, the recovering of its territory‘s order. Moreover, Gabon's foreign policy is to maintain peace within the area to avoid its territory to be influenced by external conflicts. From the international point of view, Gabon together with France tries to reinforce its military forces and to make a possible peacemaking in the region. So far, this whole initiative hasn't met the country' expectations. The police ‘efforts are inefficient and there is more and more insecurity. The human dimension is relative; rather, the shining government's authoritarianism, the opposition and the military phagocytosis as well as the territory's control are inefficient. Outside, the foreign judiciary assistance fails to cut food expenses and to fend off of external threats whether on sea or land. The defense cooperation with France seems to be more effective in stabilizing the established power than in reinforcing the military forces. The Gabonese territory is not safe.Safety, Defense, Territory, Geopolitic, Gabon
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Gunnels, Charles William IV. "Interaction Between Winter Dominance and Territory Defense in Male Pronghorn Antelope, Antilocapra Americana." DigitalCommons@USU, 1999. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7342.
Full textAbstract:
In a territorial population of pronghorn from Antelope Island, UT, interaction between male dominance and territory defense was examined. High-ranking males were more likely to defend territories. Closely ranked animals engaged in more dominance interactions than distantly ranked individuals, and middle-ranked animals were involved in disproportionately more interactions than either high- or low-ranking animals. Large males possessed large horns and prongs as well as small cheek patches. Results from a factor analysis suggested that large males defended territories with a high density of sage. However, in this study, we did not observe pronghorn feed on sage during the territorial season. Though male pronghorn practiced resource defense polygyny, large, dominant males did not defend territories with a high density of green vegetation or green forbs. Large males appeared to defend territories with low visibility. In 1996, intruders entered areas that contained females throughout the territorial season. During the next year, highly visible, small territories received the most intrusions. Together, these observations suggest defense of tactical locations. Defending a tactical location may help females avoid harassment and males hide the presence of females.
Different populations of pronghorn practice different mating systems. To understand this variation, we examined the behavior patterns/rates of individual territorial and bachelor males. The highest rates of activity and behavior patterns occurred in March/April and in September. Territorial males cheek rubbed at a higher rate than bachelors. Territorial males were more active and SPUD (sniff, paw, urinate, and defecate) marked at a higher rate than bachelor males in 1996. After the formation of a bachelor herd in 1997, bachelor males showed higher rates of male-male interactions than territorial males. Territorial males maintained the same activity and behavioral rates in the presence and absence of females. Dispersion pattern of scent marks was more clumped in the presence of females. These findings suggest cheek rubs function more as a space-claiming behavior while SPUD marking is more strongly associated with male-male interactions. Comparison to male behavior in nonterritorial populations indicates that the behavioral mechanisms are present in all populations to accommodate shifts in social systems.
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Guintrand, Matthieu. "Sparte et la défense du Péloponnèse méridional du milieu du VIe siècle au milieu du IIe siècle av. J.C." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG1169/document.
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Cette recherche que nous proposons de conduire s’interroge sur la manière dont les Grecs organisaient la défense de leur territoire en prenant le cas de deux régions : la Messénie et la Laconie. Il s’agit de comparer deux régions voisines dont l’histoire est intimement liée, dont les peuples sont proches culturellement, mais aussi presque constamment en conflit. Nous montrons comment était organisée la défense de ces deux régions durant la période de domination de la Laconie sur la Messénie aux époques archaïque et classique. Puis nous étudions leur évolution séparée après que la Messénie ait été libérée. Cette recherche pose la question de la manière dont on s’approprie un territoire par la guerre, dont on assure sa défense à la fois contre l’agression venant de l’extérieur, mais aussi de l’intérieur. On s’interroge sur le sentiment d’appartenance à un territoire, sur la manière dont il est perçu ; mais aussi l’identité d’un peuple, ici les Messéniens qui, après une longue période de domination, réinvente son passé pour revendiquer la possession de son territoire. Pour cette recherche, nous utilisons les sources littéraires et les sources archéologiques que sont les fortifications. Celles-ci n’ont jamais fait l’objet d’étude historique pour la Messénie et la Laconie. Les fortifications sont devenues indispensables pour l’étude historique d’une région en Grèce antique, car elles portent en elles les traces de l’existence d’un site de sa naissance à son abandon, et elles nous offrent des informations qui souvent ne trouvent pas leur traduction dans les sources littérairesThis study aims to provide an inventory of knowledge about fortifications and and the development of defensive policies in the southern Peloponnese, from the mid-6th to the mid-2nd century BC. It is composed of a catalog of Fortifications known in this region (volume II) and a synthesis (volume I) of the development of fortifications and the defense of the cities
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Knowlton, Autumn. "Q'eqchi' Mayas and defense of territory : learning through the contentious politics of land in “post-conflict” Guatemala." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60205.
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My study explores how indigenous Q’eqchi’ Mayas in Guatemala draw political cohesion from their cultural relationship to their ancestral territories when responding to violent dispossession by extractive mining corporations and mono-crop agriculture. Drawing upon participant observation and 39 interviews conducted in the municipalities of Panzós and El Estor in 2013 and 2014, my research considers Q’eqchi’s’ defense of territory (defensa del territorio) as a salient, culturally specific collective action that draws continuity from centuries of conflicts over control of land and natural resources in Guatemala. Throughout Spanish colonization, independence, entry into the world capitalist market, and 20th century political upheavals, conflicts over land have featured consistently. In more recent history, the 36-year internal armed conflict (1960-1996) was a focal point of Q’eqchi’ research contributors’ testimony on their longstanding and interminable suffering for their lands. As a result of favorable conditions for international investors since the signing of the 1996 Peace Accords, the Guatemalan government has opened up the country, and indigenous lands in particular, to large-scale investment and development. Based on my findings, and building on Liza Grandia’s (2012) framing of three “conquests” of Q’eqchi’ lands, my study offers the term “fourth conquest” (Knowlton, 2016), a conquest by corporation, to explain the unique conjuncture of forces Q’eqchi’s face today when defending their lands. Their current tactical focus on land titling and juridical certainty is a response to the renewed invasion of extractive corporations into their ancestral territories. Through applying informal and social movement learning theories, this study considers Q’eqchi’s’ political encounters in defense of land as moments of learning which shape them as political actors and subjects. For Q’eqchi’s, land represents the confluence of cultural and spiritual bonds, material sustenance, and struggles to end political marginalization. A study of the labors involved in defense of territory provides valuable insights into the culturally specific learning processes that both structure and result from myriad political interventions into community, municipal, national, and international politics. Q’eqchi’s are strategically forming short and long-term alliances, and adopting identity claims based on indigenous rights, human rights, Guatemalan citizenship, and their cultural ties to their ancestral territory.Education, Faculty of
Graduate
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Becerril, Flores Lizeth. "Defensa del territorio personal: Estudio comparativo entre hombres y mujeres." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/98793.
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El espacio o zona personal es la distancia que separa a dos personas en un acto social, es aquello que se considera propio como el pensar, cosas materiales y el cuerpo; desde la teoría de la paz o equilibrio (Valdez Medina, 2009) se le conoce como territorio personal.
Valdez Medina (2015), menciona que el territorio personal está contemplado por el cuerpo, lo que se considera me pertenece y los pensamientos. El estudio del territorio personal es muy importante en la psicología dado que el grado de distancia o alejamiento e incluso la reacción que genere cierta invasión al mismo; tiene relación con la edad, el sexo y la cultura de los individuos.
Son pocos los estudios que se han hecho que intentan analizar las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres respecto al territorio personal, de ahí surge el objetivo de la presente investigación que fue describir y comparar las reacciones, que tienen hombres y mujeres con respecto a la percepción de la invasión a su territorio personal. Para lograr esto se aplicó un cuestionario que consta de cinco preguntas abiertas en las que se plantea una situación de invasión al territorio personal a 200 jóvenes de los cuales 100 fueron hombres y 100 mujeres, en un rango de edad de 18 a 25 años, siendo estudiantes de una universidad pública del estado de México.
Para los resultados se realizó un análisis de contenido validado por juicio de análisis de expertos con un grado de acuerdo mayor a 85%, donde se obtuvieron surgieron cuatro categorías para la primera pregunta surgieron cuatro categorías: reacción emocional negativa, reacción asertiva, reacción no asertiva y reacción agresiva. “si alguien se atreve a tocar alguna parte de mi cuerpo y lo hace de una forma que no me parece ni me agrada yo regularmente me... Y ante ello yo...” Para la segunda pregunta “si alguien se atreve a tomar algo mío sin permiso, yo regularmente me...Y ante ello yo...”
Las categorías conformadas fueron: no asertiva, asertividad, agresividad, pasividad y emociones negativas. En la tercera la pregunta “si alguien se atreve a robarme algo que me pertenece yo regularmente me... y ante ello yo...” se obtuvieron tres categorías: acciones y/o emociones negativas, agresiones y acciones y/o emociones positivas. En la cuarta la pregunta “si alguien va en contra de mis creencias, convicciones, opiniones o expectativas yo regularmente... y ante ello yo...” surgen tres categorías: actitud positiva, actitud negativa y actitud pasiva. Y en la quinta pregunta “si alguien intenta o quiere quitarme algo que considero me pertenece yo regularmente me… y ante ello yo…” las categorías adquiridas fueron: enfrentar la situación, reacción emocional, acción positiva y acción negativa. Las distintas categorías para cada pregunta permitieron la clasificación de las reacciones de cada participante.
Respecto de las diferencias por sexo, se encontró que las mujeres suelen reaccionar sintiéndose incómodas, se preocupan por las relaciones sociales, muestran más agresión verbal y se observó que tienen reacciones más emocionales; en comparación con los hombres quien suelen reaccionar con agresión física, no sabiendo qué hacer ante una invasión de su territorio y huyendo de las situaciones para evitar ser invadidos.
Una limitación de la presente investigación es el tipo de estudio, ya que se requiere considerar la posible relación con otras variables como la asertividad al igual que la ansiedad para verificar si la forma de expresar las opiniones personales se asocian con la defensa del territorio personal.
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Coutsinas, Nadia. "Défenses crétoises : fortifications urbaines et défense du territoire en Crète aux époques classique et hellénistique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210510.
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Le but de cette étude est de présenter un tableau des questions de défense en Crète aux époques classique et hellénistique. La cité grecque étant une entité double, la défense de la ville n’a pas été séparée de celle de son territoire.Le point de départ de ce travail est le catalogue des fortifications crétoises, qui comprend 61 sites fortifiés (enceintes urbaines, forts et tours isolées).
À partir d’une étude qui fait une grande place aux questions de topographie, il a été possible d’une part, de dégager des dynamiques régionales et d’autre part, d’identifier certaines caractéristiques et certaines évolutions dans l’implantation des cités crétoises.
L’exemple de la Crète permet d’alimenter le débat sur la place de l’enceinte dans la définition de la cité. Les vestiges archéologiques ne semblent pas aller dans le sens des sources littéraires, selon lesquelles toute cité était nécessairement ceinte d’un rempart. Mais l’existence d’une enceinte semble bien être la marque du statut de cité./This study aims to raise various questions regarding defence in Crete during the classical and Hellenistic Periods. As the Greek city-state was a double entity, it seemed important to not separate the defence of the town from the defence of the territory.
The starting point of this work was the catalogue of Cretan fortifications, which contains 61 fortified sites (city walls, forts and watch-towers).
Topography plays a key role in the study therefore it is possible, on the one hand to separate regional dynamics of some cities and, on the other, to identify certain characteristics and evolutions in the settlement of Cretan cities.
The example of Crete encourages the debate on the role of the city-wall in the definition of the city-state. Archaeological remains do not seem not to agree with literary sources which declare that every town had a wall. However the existence of a city-wall appears to be indicative of the city-state.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Calderon, Vives Evelyn Johana. "El río que camina: estrategia comunicacional Kukama para la defensa del territorio por Radio Ucamara." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/17423.
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Este trabajo recoge la experiencia del medio de identidad kukama Radio Ucamara, en
la selva peruana de Loreto, atravesada por un conflicto territorial que evidencia una disputa
entre la supremacía de la concepción de objeto/mercancía del río Marañón, frente a la
inferiorización de una concepción materna y viva del río, entendido como eje fundamental para
la configuración de la vida del pueblo indígena kukama. El hacer comunicativo de dicho medio
se ha constituido como una praxis decolonizante a través de la estrategia de resistencia a
proyectos que amenazan sus formas de vida vinculadas al río para así garantizar su autonomía.
El objetivo de su estrategia se enraíza en visibilizar los sentidos ontológicos kukama del río y
buscar el reconocimiento de estas en las narrativas estatales y modelos de desarrollo. Así, el
fortalecimiento de la memoria del pueblo kukama en su relación con el territorio (el río) y la
revitalización de la lengua es el corazón de su estrategia de defensa, pensada con un énfasis en
niños y jóvenes. Sus líneas estratégicas de memoria, información e incidencia, se han
desplegado a través de diferentes canales y recursos comunicativos más allá del espectro
radioeléctrico, en articulación con las comunidades indígenas y organizaciones de sociedad
civil. El abordaje teórico de este estudio se orienta desde la Corriente Crítica Latinoamericana
de Comunicación, con aproximaciones a la comunicación indígena, y la Nueva Teoría
Estratégica; asimismo, aborda los conceptos de decolonialidad, interculturalidad crítica y
territorio.Tesis
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Rhoné, Camille. "La défense du territoire en Iran nord-oriental (Khorassan-Transoxiane) IXe-XIe siècle." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010605.
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La défense du territoire dans l’Iran nord-oriental des IXe-XIe siècles est abordée à la fois comme pratique - à travers l'étude des fortifications et de la mobilisation de combattants-, et comme motif rhétorique. Elle apparaît d'abord dans les textes comme un outil de légitimation politique pour les émirs et sultans qui s'emparent d'un pouvoir indépendant au Khorassan et/ou en Transoxiane. Ces derniers justifient leur pouvoir à l'égard du califat et. des populations locales -élites et .gens du commun- en invoquant leur, rôle de défenseurs du Dâr al-islam face à l'Ennemi turk. La conjugaison de la doctrine du jihad et de l’épopée opposant Iran et Turan permet d'ériger le Turk en incarnation de l'Ennemi. Cette construction rhétorique repose a priori sur l'idée d'une frontière unique, longiligne et hermétique faisant face aux steppes du nord- est. Or, une analyse plus serrée des processus et des pratiques de mise en défense, à travers les données archéologiques et textuelles, révèle que cette construction dissimule trois éléments : en premier lieu, les relations avec les Turks sont souvent faites de cohabitation. Ensuite, la priorité est souvent accordée à la protection des échanges et du fonctionnement de l'économie, plutôt qu'au jihad. Enfin, contrairement à leur image idéale de héros protecteur, les dirigeants sultaniens partagent la pratique défensive avec le reste de la population, y compris avec des combattants ne faisant pas partie des armées étatiques. Dans un contexte où les tensions politiques, sociales et territoriales sont récurrentes, la défense est surtout dirigée contre des coreligionnaires musulmans, à toutes les échelles spatiales, en dépit du discours unificateur des émirsDefence of territory in north-east Iran in the 9th-11 th centuries is broached both as a practice –through a study of fortifications and of fighters' mobilization-, and as a rhetorical object. It first appears in texts as a tool of political legitimation for emirs and sultans who seize independent power in Khorassan and/or Transoxiana. They justify their own power in the eyes of the caliph and of local populations -élites and ordinary people- by putting forward their role as defenders of Dar al-islam from the turkish Enemy. The union of jihad doctrine and of the epic in which Iran and Türan are face-to-face permits to make Turks the incarnation of the Enemy. This rhetorical construction is based on the idea of a one, slender and tight frontier facing the steppes of north-east. But a thorough analysis of process and practices of defending the territory, through archeological and textual sources, shows that this construction conceals three elements : first, relations with turkish people are often made of cohabitation. Second, usually priority goes to protecting exchanges and keeping economy in working order, rather than to performing jihad. Third, in spite of their idealized image of protecting heroes, emirs and sultans have to share the practice of defence with the entire population, including fighters who do not belong to state armies. In a context where political, social and territorial tensions are recurrent, defence is directed above all against muslim co-religionisrs, at every spatial scale, in spite of the unifying propaganda of emirs
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Cremonini, Edoardo. "Performance and monitoring of innovative coastal defense works." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Beach protection is today emerging as one of the most relevant environmental issues at the global level. The increasing vulnerability of beaches to human impact and the effect of climate change are determining an increasing risk which implies a significant socioeconomic threat. In fact, erosion of beaches and coastlines is observed with increasing frequency, with implications on the societal resilience to natural hazards. Several different techniques can be applied for protecting beaches and the seashore, ranging from structural methods to green and innovative solutions that are the subject of increasing attention in recent times.
The aim of this thesis is to study innovative defense works against the erosion of the coast: in particular, the study focused on a submerged concrete barrier prototype, called WMESH, whose first modules have been recently installed in an area of the sea bad of the Emilia-Romagna coast. It is a permeable submerged barrier made up of reinforced concrete with a geometry that can dissipate a substantial portion of the wave energy, to promote the sand flow down to the shore and counteract its return. The first monitoring of the positioned modules and statistical tests on the wave and tide conditions in the affected area were performed in order to see the structure's response. These tests allowed to perform computer simulations with the 2D MIKE 21 program: the obtained results show that the structure responds positively, creating a reduction in the significant wave height and generating a sediment accumulation area in the area surrounding it.
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MARCONDES, Java Isvi Pinheiro. "O problema da defesa do território na Capitania de Goiás no século XVIII." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2324.
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Previous issue date: 2011-12-09This work is a study of the territory defense problem in Captiancy of Goiás in the 18th Century, and how one must realize that the the logic that motivated its functioning was not of an economic nature, but obeyed principles devised within a particular political device. Between the 1720s and the 1750s, the defence of the mines of Goiás touted indigenous settlements as true barracks, which served as shelter for the pacified indigenous that were used as soldiers in attacks against the region s indigenous. At that point, it interested organizing the closing of territory, a phenomenon that joined the concentration of fiscal activities under Royal Road, the prohibition of navigation of the Tocantins and Araguaia rivers and fighting against smuggling. However, since the early years of the 1750s, new issues emerged within what was meant by defending the of Goiás. The idea of settlement of the captaincy, now conceived as a more efficient way to defend the royal possessions, articulated the creation of new settlements, now understood as unities of population, evidence of portuguese presence along the full territory extension. Moreover, the creation of roads linking the camps, the opening of communications with others Colony s Captaincy and the franchising of rivers navigation integrated mechanisms triggered in defending territory. Therefore, the aim of this work is the distinction between these two ways of thinking about territory defense.
Este trabalho é um estudo do problema da defesa do território na Capitania de Goiás no século XVIII, e de como é preciso perceber que a lógica que animava seu funcionamento não era de natureza econômica, mas obedecia a princípios concebidos no interior de um dispositivo político particular. Entre as décadas de 1720 e 1750, a defesa das minas de Goiás agenciava os aldeamentos indígenas como verdadeiros quartéis, que serviam de abrigo a indígenas pacificados e utilizados como soldados nas investidas contra os indígenas da região. Àquela altura, interessava organizar o fechamento do território, um fenômeno que unia a concentração das atividades fiscais sobre a Estrada Real, a proibição da navegação dos rios Tocantins e Araguaia e o combate ao contrabando. No entanto, já nos primeiros anos da década de 1750, emergem novas questões no interior daquilo que se entendia por defesa do território de Goiás. A ideia do povoamento da Capitania, agora concebida como meio mais eficiente de defender as possessões reais, articulava a criação de novos aldeamentos, agora entendidos como unidades de povoamento, marcas da presença portuguesa por toda extensão do território. Além disso, a criação de estradas de ligação entre os arraiais, a abertura de comunicações com outras Capitanias da Colônia e o franqueamento da navegação dos rios integraram mecanismos acionados na defesa do território. A distinção entre essas duas formas de pensar a defesa do território, o objetivo deste trabalho.
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Camacho-Schlenker, Sol. "Etude des réseaux de communications acoustiques chez un oiseau chanteur forestier, le Troglodyte mignon (Troglodytes troglodytes)." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00712924.
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Le troglodyte est un oiseau chanteur forestier qui défend son territoire par des chants discrets. Les mâles voisins ayant des territoires adjacents forment des réseaux de communication acoustique. La mise en place, la dynamique et l'évolution dans le temps de ces réseaux en conditions naturelles sont peu connus.Par des enregistrements ciblés et continus, un suivi sur plusieurs années, des analyses acoustiques et des expériences de propagation et de diffusions passives et interactives, nous avons montré que i) les chants suivent des règles de construction syntaxique complexes et présentent des microdialectes, ii) les mâles voisins ont de nombreux chants en commun, discriminent les chant du groupe vs des chants inconnus, iii) les mâles portent une signature acoustique individuelle complexe et utilisent différentes stratégies d'interaction acoustique entre eux, iv) les groupes de voisins sont des communautés pérennes perpétuant des traditions vocales.
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Osorio, Bautista Serafín. "Collective action and conflict of interests: the case of the peasant community of Catac." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/79125.
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Este artículo se propone la comprensión de los cambios en lac omunidad de Catac como resultado de la acción colectiva ante los desafíos del contexto que se configuran como oportunidades y restricciones, y frente a las exigencias internas que se expresan como demandas de los grupos de interés o facciones que conforman la comunidad. En una comunidad heterogénea como Catac, la acción colectiva no es algo que se da por supuesto sino una acción deliberada; sin embargo, tiende a ser frágil y generalmente se rompe ante las presiones externas y las relaciones de poder definidas en términos de facciones al interior de la comunidad.This article proposes a comprehension of social changes in the peasant community of Catac as results of collective action in a context where challenges present themselves as political opportunities and social contentions as well as internal demands of interest groups or factions. In an heterogeneous community as Catac, collective action is not something that is taken for granted but it is deliberately created and constituted. However, it tends to be fragile and usually breaks because of outside pressures and the power relations defined as relations among factions that exist in community.
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Lasagni, Gian Marco. "La Food Defense come requisito per l'export dei prodotti alimentari negli USA: applicazione del Food Safety Modernization Act in aziende alimentari del territorio italiano." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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La Food Defense viene definita come l'insieme di azioni messe in atto da una organizzazione pubblica o privata per prevenire, eliminare o ridurre ad un livello accettabile il rischio derivante da una adulterazione volontaria di un prodotto alimentare. L'implementazione da parte delle aziende del Food Defense Plan, volto a scongiurare sabotaggi a livello delle fasi di processo produttivo, è diventato un requisito obbligatorio per poter esportare i prodotti alimentari in U.S.A in seguito all'istituzione del Food Safety Modernization Act. Tale cogenza deriva da un crescente numero di attacchi perpetuati a livello della Food Supply Chain nella storia recente, con un associato notevole aumento del rischio per la salute pubblica. L'implementazione di un Food Defense Plan prevede la conduzione di una analisi del rischio, la Vulnerability Assessment, al fine di identificare le fasi di processo produttivo più suscettibili ad atti di adulterazione volontaria, seguita dall'implementazione di Mitigation Strategies volte a prevenire, eliminare o ridurre ad un livello accettabile tale rischio. Il Food Defense Plan viene completato dalle misure di monitoraggio, dalle azioni correttive, dalle registrazioni, dalle verifiche e dal riesame della direzione che vengono effettuati al fine di garantire il corretto funzionamento dell'intero sistema di gestione. L'istituzione di misure di Food Defense a livello dello stabilimento produttivo vengono altresì richieste anche a livello dei principali standard di certificazione europei per la sicurezza alimentare, quali BRCGS e FSSC 22000.
Parte di questo elaborato di tesi è stata centrata sull'implementazione di Food Defense Plan in aziende del territorio italiano, prese come casi studio, secondo l'approccio metodologico richiesto dal Food Safety Modernization Act.
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Lucas, Thierry. "L'organisation militaire du territoire de la Confédération béotienne (447-171 avant J.-C.)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H076.
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Les études récentes sur la Béotie ont permis de mieux comprendre la mise en place et le développement du koinon béotien à l’échelle de la région. L’intégration des différentes cités au sein d’une instance fédérale a un aspect militaire indéniable, qui a été fréquemment souligné. Pourtant, il n’existe à ce jour aucune synthèse traitant sur le long terme le fonctionnement des institutions militaires et de l’armée du koinon béotien. C’est ce que je propose dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat. Mon étude est limitée aux phases les mieux connues du koinon béotien, de sa fondation en 447 av. J.-C. à sa dissolution par les Romains en 171 av. J.-C. Un premier chapitre est consacré à la description des institutions du koinon, et notamment du rapport qu’on peut déceler entre la structure politique de la confédération et l’armée. Un deuxi.me chapitre traite de l’armée béotienne à l’époque classique, à partir des récits de batailles où interviennent les Béotiens dans les sources littéraires afin de décrire la composition de cette armée, sa structure et les tactiques employ.es. Pour l’époque hellénistique, ce travail n’était pas possible en raison de la rareté des sources littéraires ; c’est essentiellement la documentation épigraphique, exceptionnellement précise, qui permet de mener une étude sur l’armée fédérale de cette époque. Le troisième chapitre de cette étude est donc consacré à la composition de cette armée et à la réforme de l’armement qui intervient ente 230 et 220, tandis que le quatrième chapitre propose une étude démographique à partir des catalogues militaires. Le cinquième chapitre analyse la culture militaire en Béotie, c’est-à-dire les manifestations et la visibilité du fait militaire dans l’espace funéraire, religieux et culturel. Enfin, un sixième et dernier chapitre porte sur la défense du territoire et l’analyse des fortifications béotiennesRecent studies on Boeotia led to a better understanding of the creation and the development of the Boeotian koinon. The collaboration between the various cities under the form of a federal structure has a clear military expression, which has been ofte n underlined, but never studied in detail. In this PhD thesis I propose a synthesis on the military institutions and the army of the Boeotian koinon. From the foundation of the Classical confederacy in 447 B.C. to the dissolution of the Hellenistic koinon in 171 B.C. Chapter One deals is devoted to the institutions of the koinon, and more particularly to the relation that can be discerned between the political structure of the Confederacy and its army. Chapter Two deals with the federal army of the Classical period as it it described in the literary sources, and more particularly the battle descriptions by the Greek historians. It aims to describe the composition of this army, its structure and the tactics employed. For the Hellenistic period, the lack of literary sources led to a different approach; only the epigraphical record is complete enough to allow such a study. Chapter Three is therefore devoted to the composition of the Hellenistic army and to the military reform which took place between 230 and 220 B.C., while Chapter Four is a demographic study that relies upon the conscript lists. Chapter Five analyses the military culture in Boeotia, that is to say the visibility of the military in the funeral, religious and cultural landscape. Eventually, Chapter Six deals with the defense of the territory and the analysis of the fortifications of Boeotia
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Merediz, Durant Carla. "Impacto de la formalización minera sobre el uso y defensa del territorio comunal de las CC.NN. Boca Inambari y Tres Islas, Madre de Dios." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/7549.
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Analiza los efectos del estancamiento del proceso de formalización minera sobre las comunidades nativas Boca Inambari y Tres Islas en el departamento de Madre de Dios, Perú. Plantea que el estancamiento de la formalización minera en Madre de Dios, la incomunicación intersectorial de las entidades de decisión respecto al potencial de formalización de las Comunidades Nativas, así como las interdicciones, y los engaños de algunos consultores, han desestimulado el afán de las comunidades para ordenar sus actividades y las han conducido a asumir alternativas para subsistir. En consecuencia, identifica los efectos del estancamiento del proceso de formalización sobre el uso de otros recursos naturales diferentes al oro y sobre la soberanía territorial comunal; y caracteriza las estrategias alternativas de subsistencia de las comunidades nativas frente a las interdicciones contra la minería.Tesis
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Silva, Emmanuel Moralez da. "Comportamento social e territorialidade alimentar na gar?a-azul, Egretta caerulea (L) = Feeding territoriality in the little blue heron, Egretta caerulea (L)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17256.
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Previous issue date: 2008-03-28Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The use of habitat is an important part of a species biology. One resource of great importance for the survivor and reproduction of an individual is the food resource. Thus, the social interactions an animal has during the feeding activities are of extremely importance within its behavioral aspects, which represents the part of an organism trough which it interacts with the environment, adapting to changes and variations. Herons are known to form feeding aggregations of even more than thousands of individuals, in which social components of foraging have been identified and studied for several species. More profound studies of these aspects are yet to poor for the Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the social behavior (display postures, vocalizations and co-specific interactions) and the territoriality of the specie during the feeding period in an area of mud bank in the estuarine system of Canan?ia, south coast of S?o Paulo state, Brazil. The defense of a fixed and exclusive area, closest to the mangrove, trough expulsion was observed; some thing that have not yet been registered with concrete data for the specie. Higher capture and success rates, and lower investment rates (steps/min and stabs/min) were registered for individuals foraging in areas corresponding to the defended territory. This could be one of possible reasons for the establishment of territories in the area. Four display postures were registered for the specie, two of then new in the literature, which are used in the interactions between individuals; one vocalization, that apparently is important in the social context of foraging for the specie and, possibly, has a function of advertising and proclaiming the dominance position of the territorial individual within the group. A territorial individual uses three behaviors, of the ones described: expulsion, vocalization and encounter (agonistic encounter between individuals, without physical aggression). Of these, the expulsion is apparently used in the actual defense, actively; while the other two behaviors are used in a more passive way, in the maintenance of the dominance position of the individual, helping it in the defense of its territory in a less direct manner. Therefore, with the results presented in here, new components of the social utilization of the feeding resource for the Little Blue Heron were identified, incorporating aspects of the territorial behavior for a future understanding of its possible adaptive significance. And it also reinforces the importance of the social interactions of herons foraging in great aggregations, in areas ecologically important
A utiliza??o do habitat ? parte importante da biologia de uma esp?cie. Um dos recursos importantes para a sobreviv?ncia e reprodu??o de um indiv?duo ? o recurso alimentar. Desta forma, as intera??es sociais que um animal mant?m durante as atividades de forrageio s?o de suma import?ncia dentre seus aspectos comportamentais, os quais, por sua vez, representam a parte de um organismo atrav?s da qual este interage com o ambiente, adaptando-se as varia??es e mudan?as no meio. Gar?as s?o conhecidas por formar agrega??es alimentares que podem conter at? milhares de indiv?duos, nas quais componentes sociais do forrageio t?m sido identificados e estudados para v?rias esp?cies. Estudos mais aprofundados destes aspectos ainda s?o escassos para a gar?a-azul, Egretta caerulea. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o comportamento social (posturas de exibi??o, vocaliza??es e intera??es co-espec?ficas) e a territorialidade da esp?cie durante o per?odo de forrageio em uma ?rea de baixio lodoso no sistema estuarino de Canan?ia, litoral sul do estado de S?o Paulo, Brasil. Observou-se a defesa de uma ?rea fixa e exclusiva, pr?xima ao manguezal, atrav?s da expuls?o; algo que ainda n?o tinha sido registrado com dados concretos para a esp?cie. Registraram-se taxas de captura e sucesso maiores para indiv?duos forrageando na ?rea correspondente ao territ?rio defendido, assim como menores taxas de investimento no forrageio. Desta forma, esta pode ser uma das raz?es pelo estabelecimento de territ?rios pela esp?cie no local. Registraram-se quatro posturas de exibi??o para a esp?cie, das quais duas s?o novas na literatura e s?o utilizadas nas intera??es entre indiv?duos. Registrou-se uma vocaliza??o, que aparentemente ? importante no contexto social do forrageio para a esp?cie e, possivelmente, tem fun??o de advert?ncia e proclama??o da posi??o de domin?ncia ocupada pelo indiv?duo territorial dentro do grupo. Um indiv?duo territorial utiliza-se de tr?s comportamentos, dos descritos: expuls?o, vocaliza??o e encontro (encontro agon?stico entre indiv?duos, sem agress?o f?sica). Destes, aparentemente a expuls?o ? utilizada na defesa ativa; enquanto que os outros dois comportamentos s?o utilizados de uma forma mais passiva, na manuten??o da posi??o de domin?ncia do indiv?duo, ajudando-o na defesa de seu territ?rio de uma forma menos direta. Assim, com os resultados apresentados neste trabalho, identificaram-se novos componentes do comportamento social da utiliza??o do recurso alimentar pela gar?a-azul, incorporando-se aspectos do comportamento territorial para um futuro entendimento de sua poss?vel signific?ncia adaptativa. Refor?a-se tamb?m a import?ncia das intera??es sociais de gar?as que forrageiam em agregados contendo milhares de indiv?duos, em ?reas ecologicamente importantes
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Mezin, Florent. "Des troupes alpines aux troupes de montagne : (1962-2012) : histoire d'un processus de légitimation professionnelleet d'affirmation d’une identité militaro-territoriale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH035.
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Depuis leur création en 1888, les Alpins constituent une subdivision d’arme à part au sein de l’armée de terre française. Territorialement très marquées, ces unités ont pour mission originelle et spécifique de défendre la frontière alpine. En 1962, après deux guerres mondiales et deux guerres de décolonisation, la France entre dans une nouvelle ère. Face à l’évolution de la menace, le pays opte pour la nucléarisation de son armée. Dans ce contexte de guerre froide, les troupes alpines ne sont plus que des « troupes du territoire ». Elles se marginalisent et peinent à trouver leur place aussi bien dans le nouveau dispositif de sécurité et de défense nationale qu’au sein des territoires alpins en pleine mutation. Pourtant, en 1983, à la surprise générale, la 27e Division Alpine s’intègre dans la Force d’Action Rapide et participe à sa première opération extérieure. Cette OPEX au Liban marque le début d’une renaissance pour les Alpins. Le déploiement des soldats de montagne en Yougoslavie au cours des années 1990 puis en Afghanistan au cours des années 2000 assoit la légitimité opérationnelle des Alpins. Au XXIe siècle, l’armée des Alpes désormais professionnelle, occupe une nouvelle place dans les territoires de montagne et joue un rôle nouveau auprès des sociétés alpines. En effet, le combat de légitimation, de reconnaissance et de rayonnement de la « spécificité montagne » des troupes alpines ne se gagne pas seulement sur les champs de batailles. La quête de traditions nouvelles pour refonder une identité militaire et montagnarde, l’organisation de diverses cérémonies dans l’espace public, la construction d’un patrimoine commun sont autant d’armes aux mains du commandement de la 27e Brigade d’Infanterie de Montagne pour continuer d’exister malgré la « réforme perpétuelle » de la Défense française. La 27e Brigade d'Infanterie de Montagne reste aujourd’hui dépositaire des traditions des Alpins d’autrefois. La 27e BIM reste la brigade d’urgence de montagne de l’armée de Terre. De par ses capacités opérationnelles reconnues, la « 27 » met en œuvre des savoir-faire spécifiques sur les théâtres les plus divers, à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur du territoire nationalSince their creation in 1888, the Alpins form a separate subdivision within the French Army. The primary and specific mission of these territorially very marked units is to defend the Alpine border. In 1962, after two world wars and two decolonization wars, France enters a new era. In response to the threat, the nuclearization of the army is decided by the country. In this context of cold war, the Alpines units are merely territory troops. They become marginalized and hardly find a place as well in the new safety and national defence features as within the Alpins territories which are undergoing profoundchange. However, in 1983, to widespread surprise, the 27e Division Alpine joins the Force d’Action Rapide and takes part in its first external operation. This OPEX (EXternal OPeration) in Lebanon marks a beginning of rebirth for the Alpins. Their operational legitimacy was established by the deployment of mountain soldiers in Yugoslavia in the 1990s and then in Afghanistan in the 2000s. In the XXIth century, the henceforth professional army of the Alps occupies a novel place in the mountain territories and plays a new role to the Alpin societies. Indeed, the struggle for legitimation, appreciation and influence of the “mountain specificity” of the Alpin troops is not to be won on the battlefields only. The search for new traditions in an attempt to rebuild a mountain military identity,the organisation of various ceremonies in the public space, the reconstruction of a common heritage are all weapons in the hands of the 27e Brigade d’Infanterie de Montagne command for the purpose of continuing to exist in spite of the “perpetual reform” of the “Défense française”. The 27e Brigade d'Infanterie de Montagne remains guardian of the traditions of the former Alpins. The 27e BIM stays the emergency brigade of the French land army. Due to its acknowledged operational capabilities, it implements its specific expertise in various theatres, within the national territory or outside
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Yak, John Maluk. "Identity-Based Cultural Paradigms, Trauma, and Interethnic Conflict in South Sudan." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3077.
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In 2011, South Sudan became independent through the agreement and implementation of the comprehensive peace agreement (CPA). However, interethnic conflict also escalated. This cycle of violence impacts the psychological and physical health of local society. When violence between ethnic groups escalates, civilians may be forced to flee their homes. This study employed a phenomenological research approach that examined the views and experiences of the recruited 13 members from the state of Jonglei; 5 members of the Dinka, 3 members of the Murle, and 5 members of the Nuer ethnic groups residing in the United States. In an attempt to understand the root causes of the conflict between ethnic groups, this research used a qualitative study plan that examined interethnic politics, perceptions, and beliefs among South Sudanese ethnic groups: Dinka, Murle, and Nuer. In addition, this study examined the presence of armed ethnic groups, the use of guns, and the relationship between trauma caused by past exposure or experience of violence and subsequent interethnic groups conflict. Data were analyzed with descriptive and patterned coding. The 5 identified themes from analysis of the collected data were: roles of ethnic identity, lack of trust in the system of the distribution of resources, roles of ethnic politicians, uncontrollable use of guns and defense of ethnic territory. In addition, the past war incidents between ethnic groups have a negative impact on the present relationship. The findings of this research may create positive social change for ethnic groups and for communities who may use it as an opportunity to understand their own problems and to establish an ethnic advocacy type of conflict resolution in South Sudan.
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Campos, Simone Silva. "O jogo e os jogos: o jogo da leitura, o jogo de xadrez e a sanidade mental em A defesa Lujin, de Vladimir Nabokov." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6936.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroNo romance A defesa Lujin, de Vladimir Nabokov, publicado em russo em 1930, o texto procura levar o leitor a adotar processos mentais similares ao de um jogador de xadrez e de um esquizofrênico, características do personagem-título do romance. Delineiam-se as expectativas e circunstâncias de um ser de papel que se vê jogando um xadrez em que também é peça e traçam-se paralelos com as expectativas e circunstâncias do leitor perante esse texto literário. O prefácio de Nabokov à edição em inglês de 1964 é tomado como indício de um leitor e um autor implícitos que ele procura moldar. Para análise dos elementos textuais e níveis de abstração mental envolvidos, recorre-se à estética da recepção de Wolfgang Iser e a diversas ideias do psiquiatra e etnólogo Gregory Bateson, entre elas o conceito de duplo vínculo, com atenção às distinções entre mapa/território e play/game. Um duplo duplo vínculo é perpetrado na interação leitor-texto: 1) o leitor é convidado a sentir empatia pela situação do personagem Lujin e a considerá-lo lúcido e louco ao mesmo tempo; e 2) o leitor é colocado como uma instância pseudo-transcendental incapaz de comunicação com a instância inferior (Lujin), gerando uma angústia diretamente relacionável ao seu envolvimento com a ficção, replicando de certa forma a loucura de Lujin. A sinestesia do personagem Lujin é identificada como um dos elementos do texto capaz de recriar a experiência de jogar xadrez até para quem não aprecia o jogo. Analisa-se a conexão entre a esquizofrenia ficcional do personagem Lujin e a visão batesoniana do alcoolismo
In Vladimir Nabokovs novel, The Luzhin Defense, published in Russian in 1930, the text beckons the reader on to adopt mental processes similar to a chess players and a schizophrenic persons both traits of the novels title character. This character sees himself both as player and piece of an ongoing game of chess; his expectations and predicaments are traced in parallel to the readers own as he or she navigates the text. Nabokovs preface to the 1964 English edition is taken as an indication that he tries to shape both an implicit reader and an implicit author. In order to analyze the elements of the text and degrees of mental abstraction involved in this, we refer to Wolfgang Isers reader-response theory and also many of psychiatrist and ethnologist Gregory Batesons ideas, such as the double bind, with special regard to map vs. territory and play vs. game distinctions. A double double bind is built within the reader-text interplay as follows: 1) the reader is invited to feel empathy for Luzhins predicament and to regard him at once as sane and insane; and 2) the reader is posited as a pseudo-transcendental instance unable to communicate with his nether instance (Luzhin) in such a way that it brews a feeling of anxiety directly relatable to his or her engagement in the work of fiction, reproducing, in a way, Luzhins madness. Luzhins synesthesia is identified as one of the text elements with the ability to recreate the chess-playing experience even to readers who are not fond of the game. The connection between Luzhins fictional schizophrenia and Batesons views on alcoholism is analyzed
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Lee, Chen-yu, and 李宸羽. "A Study on the Territory Defined by Religious Belief Defence in Annan District, Tainan." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45415693297924859691.
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碩士雲林科技大學
建築與室內設計系碩士班
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Traditional beliefs in Taiwan comprise wide and rich intentions, and they have already merged with our daily living environments ingeniously. Religious belief defense system not only reveals the local inhabitants’ thinking on religious customs, but also reflects the inhabitants’ knowing on territory because of the characteristics of defining it. In the past, the studies between religious belief defense system and territory mostly focused only on five-fort aspects, but not on exorcisms of ring defenses outside five-fort. As a result, this thesis aims to discourse how religious belief defense system fulfills territory and understands its deep meanings from five-fort forms and surroundings including exorcisms of ring defenses. The research method is field investigation, and the research field consists of sixty cases in Annan District in Tainan City. The researcher tries to understand how religious belief defense system works with territory structures from its presentations there. From the changing phenomena of territory, how the religious belief defense system adapts itself to the changed environment is also discussed. The shapes of religious belief defense system in Anna District are more distinct after the researcher’s investigation records. The thesis has five chapters. Chapter one clarifies the research motivations, contents, and fields. Chapter two tells the researcher’s investigating field and the conditions of religions and sacrifice ranges. Chapter three discusses the forms and sorts of religious belief defense system in Anna District. Chapter four probes into the positions and connections of religious belief defense system in territory space. Chapter five suggests research conclusions, reviews and possible research directions in the future future. The major achievements of this research are: First, it accumulates the base of historical data related to religious belief defense system. Second, it analyzes the forms and sorts of religious belief defense system and explores the variations. Third, it investigates the relationships inside religious belief defense system, its connections to territory space, and how changed territory space affects religious belief defense system.
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Schmidt, Rouven [Verfasser]. "Communication networks in nightingales: singing and territory defence in relation to mating success and settlement / Rouven Schmidt." 2007. http://d-nb.info/985479108/34.
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Jayabharathy, R. "Territorial and mating strategies of males in a lekking population of blackbuck Antilope cervicapra." Thesis, 2021. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5137.
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Territoriality associated with lek-mating systems is unique in that males defend small, heavily clustered territories that lack resources usually thought to attract females, such as food and water. Females visit these male aggregations (leks) solely for the purpose of mating. Males compete intensively to defend mating territories and male mating success is typically highly skewed. Males in this system face the complex problem of making decisions on how much effort to allocate towards territory defence and mate attraction efforts versus maintenance activities and how to time this effort, as the duration of territory tenure in relation to the peak in number of females visiting the lek has important fitness consequences. Associated with the high variance in mating success, there is extensive variation in the behaviour of males holding territories on leks. In my thesis, I attempt to understand this variation in male lekking behaviour, by examining patterns of territorial investment in relation to patterns of expected payoffs, estimating underlying hormone correlates and analysing the social context of male territorial decisions. Using a lekking population of blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) as a model system, I took an integrative approach to study the variation in male territorial and mating behaviour on lek.
In the first chapter, I investigated a principal blackbuck lek to understand the fine scale patterns of variation in male territorial investment and test whether they may arise from associated variation in mating benefits. I found that patterns of male investment in lek attendance, signalling and interactions closely track patterns in payoffs, supporting the hypothesis, that due to the large costs of lekking-related behaviour males should tailor their investment in this behaviour to predictable cues of mating benefits. Apart from responding to indirect spatial and temporal cues of potential mating benefits, males also appeared to modulate their lekking behaviour directly in response to a female visiting their territory.
In the second chapter, I examined relationships between lekking behaviour and testosterone and glucocorticoids on a blackbuck lek. I used a non-invasive technique of monitoring endocrine status by measuring concentration of hormone metabolite in blackbuck faeces using enzyme immunoassays. I found that time during the mating season predicted variation in faecal testosterone and cortisol metabolite concentration, but there was no clear relationship between testosterone/cortisol metabolite concentrations with distance from lek-centre.
In the third chapter, I examined the influence of local interactions on male behaviour by quantifying correlation of behaviours at the male neighbourhood level in the short-term (immediate) and long-term (over the mating season). I found that, in the short-term, neighbourhoods show correlated behaviour suggesting that males respond to the behaviour of neighbouring males when making decisions related to displays and how much time to spend on their territory. I found that, over the long-term, lekking male blackbuck appear to locally influence each other’s investment in intensive displays.
Overall my thesis findings indicate that male investment in high-cost signalling is sensitive to diverse factors, including fine-scale spatial and temporal patterns in potential mating benefits, immediate cues of mating benefits, and to social environment. My findings also suggest that taking an integrative approach and examining hormonal mechanisms may provide insights into trade-offs generating variation in costly male behaviour.
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Macias, Anthony William. "Mining memory: contention and social memory in a Oaxacan territorial defense struggle." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26126.
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Faced with the profound social and ecological threats posed by extractivist projects such as large hydroelectric dams, wind farms, and mining operations, many indigenous communities and their allies in Mexico have articulated new forms of contentious politics into a broad territorial defense movement. This project explores the strategies of contention practiced by an anti-mining movement based in the Municipality of San José del Progreso in the southern state of Oaxaca. As a deeply-divided community that has suffered increased violence and conflict directly related to a Canadian-owned gold and silver mine operating in its vicinity, it presents a valuable case study in how strong social movements can still develop under conditions of disunity. This study combines ethnographic and archival research methods to uncover the deep historical roots of community division, and to develop a close analysis of the contentious strategies employed by the anti-mining movement. The historical record and local narratives show the central role that hacienda colonialism played in creating a salient geography of ethnic discrimination and division in the municipality whose effects can still be seen today. In response to the ongoing processes of colonization and dispossession in San José del Progreso, a legacy of contention has defined and defended both campesino (peasant farmer) and indigenous claims to local territory. More than a series of instrumental strategies designed to expel the hacienda and later mine project, this politics of contention operates as a form of social memory to produce a hybrid form of indigenous/campesino identity linked to healthy land stewardship, an interconnectedness between the earth and human subjects, and a shared history of struggle. As a result, the anti-mining movement in San José del Progreso has shown success in converting its troubled past and checkered present into the foundations of a healthy social and ecological commons, independent of its failure to fully-unite the municipality or close down the mine project in the short-run.text
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Mailly, Sophie. "Une guerre à n’en plus finir : mémoires et récits historiques chez des activistes pour la défense du territoire dans le Guatemala post-conflit." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22031.
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