Academic literature on the topic 'Territory defence'
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Journal articles on the topic "Territory defence"
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Bickel, Fabian. "Brexit and Trade Defence: Effects of a Changed Territory." Journal of International Economic Law 24, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgab005.
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ABSTRACT After the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union (EU), the EU’s trade defence measures no longer applied to the territory of the UK. This means that the UK now applies its own trade defence measures and has transitioned some of the EU’s trade defence measures. The EU applies its trade defence measures to the reduced territory of the EU27, while third parties that had imposed trade defence measures against the EU now apply them against the EU27 and the UK. This article analyses the compatibility of these changed measures with WTO law. It argues first that in principle WTO law allows changes in the territorial scope of trade defence measures if the investigation and imposition of the measures remain attributable to the imposing WTO Member. This defends the EU’s and the UK’s approaches. Second, changed circumstances’ reviews or adaptations of the measures by the EU or the UK may be necessary. However, this happens rarely and only if specific evidence is provided. Third, subject to review or adaptations where warranted, third countries can apply their measures targeting the EU against the EU27 and the UK.
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Grant, James W. A., and Jason Praw. "OPTIMAL TERRITORY SIZE IN THE CONVICT CICHLID." Behaviour 136, no. 10-11 (1999): 1347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999500767.
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AbstractModels of optimal territory size are usually tested only by demonstrating that territory size is inversely related to food abundance or intruder number. The most fundamental predictions of the models, however, have rarely been tested: i.e. the fitness of the defender is a function of territory size and the optimal territory is one of intermediate size. We tested these predictions by measuring the growth rate of large convict cichlids (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, formerly Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) while defending food patches against smaller intruders over a 10-day period. Food patches differed in area by more than two orders of magnitude. We manipulated food abundance so that it increased with patch size in a decelerating way. As assumed, the realized benefits of defence (weight of food eaten by the defender) and the costs of defence (chase rate and chase radius) both increased in a decelerating way with increasing patch area. As predicted, the growth rate of the defender first increased and then decreased with increasing patch size. The initial increase in defender growth rate with increasing patch size was related to an increase in food eaten, but the decrease in growth rate for fish defending the largest patches was related to the costs of defence. Fish defending large patches had a low growth efficiency, apparently because of the social stress caused by intruders in their territories. Taken together, these results support the assumptions and predictions of optimal territory size models.
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Breau, Cindy, and James WA Grant. "Manipulating territory size via vegetation structure: optimal size of area guarded by the convict cichlid (Pisces, Cichlidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-002.
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To test the predictions of optimal territory size models, we attempted to manipulate the size of area that a dominant convict cichlid fish (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus) would defend around a food patch by placing simulated vegetation at three different distances from the edge of the patch (0, 11, and 22 cm). As expected, the size of area defended against four smaller intruders increased as the vegetation was moved farther from the patch. Consistent with optimal territory size models, both the costs of defence, measured as chase radius and chase rate, and the benefits of defence, measured as the amount of food eaten by the defender, increased with the distance of the vegetation from the patch. Growth rates of the defenders, however, did not differ among the treatments, perhaps because the benefits of monopolizing food were balanced by the costs of defending a larger area. Our data support the hypothesis that the size of a guarded area around an ephemeral resource patch affects both the costs and benefits of defence.
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Krebs, J. R. "Optimal Foraging, Predation Risk and Territory Defence." Ardea 38-90 (January 2002): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5253/arde.v68.p83.
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Aromaa, Suvi, Jaakko J. Ilvonen, and Jukka Suhonen. "Body mass and territorial defence strategy affect the territory size of odonate species." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1917 (December 18, 2019): 20192398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2398.
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The territory is a distinct mating place that a male defends against intruding conspecific males. The size of a territory varies between species and most of the variation between species has been found to scale allometrically with body mass. The variation that could not be explained by body mass has been explained with several variables such as habitat productivity, trophic level, locomotion strategy and thermoregulation. All previous interspecific comparative studies have been done on vertebrate species such as birds, mammals, reptiles and fishes, meaning that studies using invertebrate species are missing. Here, we studied the relationship of a species's territory size with its fresh body mass (FBM) in addition to other ecologically relevant traits using 86 damselfly and dragonfly (Odonata) species. We found that territory size is strongly affected by species FBM, following an allometric relationship similar to vertebrates. We also found that the territory size of a species was affected by its territorial defence strategy, constantly flying species having larger territories than species that mostly perch. Breeding habitat or the presence of sexual characters did not affect territory sizes, but lotic species and species without wing spots had steeper allometric slopes. It seems that an increase in a species’s body mass increases its territory size and may force the species to shift its territory defence strategy from a percher to a flier.
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Gregorczyk, Dariusz. "NATO and the Warsaw Pact in defence politics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th century." Res Politicae 13 (2021): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/rp.2021.13.02.
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After the year 1945 and during the Cold War, the defence politics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ) in regards to NATO was determined by the country's international politics and its geostrategic placement. The geopolitical situation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was extremely complicated due to its borders shared with NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries. The communist government of Yugoslavia, and the leaders of the Yugoslav People's Army, expected the SFRJ territory to become a warzone should the conflict between the two political blocks escalate to military action. One of the key elements of the doctrine of the SFRJ politicians and military elite was a plan of defense solutions in case of a NATO aggression. The defence strategies of the YPA, especially after 1968, also took into account a possibility of the Warsaw Pact forces entering the country. The defence plans prepared for a NATO aggression were based mostly on the experiences of World War II, expecting the SFRJ territory to be one of the important elements of a future war between the two blocks.
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Kocjančič, Klemen. "Ljutomer during Slovenia’s War of Independence in 1991." Kronika 70, no. 3 (November 11, 2022): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/kronika.70.3.19.
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Drawing on post-war literature, the article at hand conveys the most significant events that took place in Ljutomer and the surrounding area during Slovenia’s War of Independence in 1991. It presents the period of direct preparations to declare Slovenia’s independence as well as preparations for an armed defence thereof by the territorial defence and militsiya. The article also describes the most important events in the territory of the Ljutomer municipality, where direct skirmishes took place with the Yugoslav People’s Army as well fighting in the territory of the territorial area command of Ljutomer. Successful performance of the territorial defence and militsiya importantly contributed to the defence of the independent Slovenia and thus to closing the last chapter of the war history of this area.
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Kocjančič, Klemen. "Ljutomer during Slovenia’s War of Independence in 1991." Kronika 70, no. 3 (November 11, 2022): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/https://doi.org/10.56420/kronika.70.3.19.
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Drawing on post-war literature, the article at hand conveys the most significant events that took place in Ljutomer and the surrounding area during Slovenia’s War of Independence in 1991. It presents the period of direct preparations to declare Slovenia’s independence as well as preparations for an armed defence thereof by the territorial defence and militsiya. The article also describes the most important events in the territory of the Ljutomer municipality, where direct skirmishes took place with the Yugoslav People’s Army as well fighting in the territory of the territorial area command of Ljutomer. Successful performance of the territorial defence and militsiya importantly contributed to the defence of the independent Slovenia and thus to closing the last chapter of the war history of this area.
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Akande, Dapo, and Antonios Tzanakopoulos. "Legal: Use of Force in Self-Defence to Recover Occupied Territory." European Journal of International Law 32, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 1299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab109.
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Abstract This article argues that, in certain circumstances, it is legal for a state to use force in self-defence in order to recover territory unlawfully occupied by another state as a result of an armed attack. Where occupation follows from an unlawful armed attack, the occupation is a continuing armed attack, and the attacked state does not lose its right to self-defence simply because of passage of time. It is argued that while it is trite law that territorial disputes cannot be resolved by recourse to force, it is important to draw the distinction between a territorial dispute, on the one hand, and a situation of armed attack resulting in occupation of territory, on the other. Furthermore, where years pass between the initial attack and the use of force in self-defence, that may suggest that there is no other reasonable means of bringing the armed attack and occupation to an end, rendering the use of force in self-defence the ultima ratio – which is precisely the point of the necessity requirement. On this view, time runs against, rather than in favour of, the aggressor.
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Šimiko, Juraj. "External and Internal Security Dimensions of Early Slavic Stathoods in the Territory of Slovakia." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0032.
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Abstract The article deals with basic characteriristic of external and internal security of first slavic tribes settled in Middle Europe. It describes struggle against external enemies which were Avarian nomadic tribes in the 7th century. It also describes defense against East Francia in the 9th century, importance of fortificated settlements. It characterizes warrior groups as main element of defence. Third part focuses on basic elements of Gret Moravian´s internal security such as law codex named “Law codex for people”
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Territory defence"
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Mares, Cesar Rafael. "Extraterritorial prospecting and territory defence in cooperatively breeding meerkats." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/243405.
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In group living animals where natal dispersal is delayed, prospecting allows individuals to asses their future dispersal and breeding opportunities and, in males of some species, may minimize the costs of delaying dispersal by enabling extra-group breeding while still resident in the natal group. While evidence of prospecting is widespread, comparatively little is known about the development of this behaviour and few studies have investigated the factors that may affect investment in prospecting, as it is typically difficult to monitor such mobile individuals. Prospectors typically encounter neighbouring groups during extraterritorial forays and resident individuals in these groups respond aggressively to approaches by extra- group males, given the potential loss in direct and indirect fitness that prospectors may inflict. As with prospecting behaviour, few studies have investigated the causes of individual differences in investment in repelling prospectors and measured the costs of such territory defence. In this dissertation, I exploit our ability to closely monitor prospecting males in meerkats, to investigate the causes of individual variation in extraterritorial prospecting effort and aggressive responses to prospector intrusions. In Chapter 3, I show that, as adults, heavier males invest more in prospecting than lighter ones, and that males time their forays in order to maximize their chances of dispersal, while minimizing the associated costs by prospecting when neighbouring groups are in close proximity to their own. In Chapter 4, I demonstrate that males that are heavier in early life start prospecting at a younger age and contribute less to helping later in life, than lighter males. In Chapter 5, I show that the threats posed by prospectors towards residents are associated with high investment by resident males in repelling intruders, which has measurable costs in terms of weight gain and cooperative contributions to offspring care. Finally, in Chapter 6, the experimental presentation of scent cues reveals that meerkats discriminate between resident and extra-group male scent cues, and that resident dominant males exhibit stronger responses to indirect evidence of prospectors than other group members.
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Whittaker, Xanthe. "The use of song in territory defence by the wren, Troglodytes troglodytes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319616.
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Artioli, Francesca. "L’armée, les villes, l’État : restructurations militaires et politiques urbaines : les transformations de l’intégration territoriale en France et en Italie." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0054.
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Les restructurations sectorielles et leurs différents effets localisés, le réétalonnage des échelles de l’autorité politique, les modes de gouvernement propres à chaque ville soulèvent une question sur les recompositions de l’action publique et la différenciation territoriale. Cette recherche prend pour objet le changement des villes historiquement organisées par la politique de défense (trois villes en France et trois villes en Italie) sous l’effet des réformes des armées et de l’augmentation des compétences urbaines. Elle développe un cadre analytique issu de la sociologie historique de l’État qui systématise les liens entre les politiques publiques et la structuration et l’intégration territoriales. Le changement des espaces et sociétés urbains exige pour être compris l’étude des modes d’intervention de l’État et des modes d’intervention des exécutifs urbains dans leur articulation réciproque et propre à chaque ville. D’une part, les négociations au sein de l’État entre administrations financières et militaires, ainsi que les mobilisations au centre national par les élus locaux différencient les modes de retrait des armées d’une ville à l’autre. D’autre part, les exécutifs urbains ont une capacité inégale à organiser l’action collective et à transformer les espaces historiquement structurés par l’État. Elle est liée aux agendas politiques urbains et aux modes d’action collective institutionnalisés dans le temps, ainsi qu’aux interventions de l’État qui sont elles-mêmes différenciées entre les deux pays et à l’intérieur de ceux-ci. Ceci amène à revenir sur les transformations des relations central/local entre décentralisation et politiques de la contrainte budgétaireIssues regarding public policies and territorial differentiation have risen as a result of three contemporary phenomena: sectorial structural adjustments and their corresponding territorial impacts; the rescaling of political authority; and the emergence of a variety of local governance models. This dissertation analyses the evolution of six cities, historically modelled by national defence policy, in light of recent defence policy reforms and the rise in local government competencies. The scope of the analysis covers six cities, three in France and three in Italy. The dissertation demonstrates the need to analyse locally-specific forms of national and local public intervention; and their reciprocal interactions; in order to understand urban and social evolutions. It develops a framework inspired by historical sociology of the State that conceptualizes the links between public policy and territorial structuring and integration. On one hand, territorial retrenchment of national defence policy varies accross cities, as a result of negotiations between central defence and financial administrations, and increasing local government lobbying of the central State. On the other hand, it illustrates the varying degrees to which local governments are capable of organising and managing public intervention; and can transform spaces which are historically structured by the State. This capacity hinges upon the nature of urban political agendas; the existing means of institutionalised collective action; as well as upon the ways in which the State operates in cities. The dissertation helps redefine central/local relations in the context of decentralization and budgetary constraints
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Tomblin, Stephen G. "In defense of territory : province-building under W.A.C. Bennett." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25982.
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The thesis is primarily an attempt to provide a better understanding on how territorial conflicts influenced infrastructural development in British Columbia between the years 1952 and 1972. Primary emphasis is placed upon exploring the territorial component of province-building in British Columbia. The major theme which emerges is that the spatial pattern of economic development witnessed in the province during these years was not merely the product of societal pressure, but instead, reflected the dreams, and ambitions of the W.A.C. Bennett government. Bennett's efforts to build a better integrated provincial society played a major role in strengthening the provincial government's control over the provincial territory.
Six case studies on infrastructural development are investigated: railway transportation, oil and gas development, hydro development, ferry transportation, port development, and highway transportation. The thesis analyzes infrastructural development because it is assumed that the state-centred paradigm is much more useful for explaining provincial expansionism within this policy context.
The thesis has four sections. The first section provides a review of province-building, and assesses how territorial conflicts influence state infrastructure development. The second section includes a review of the political setting. The third section presents the case studies. The final section provides a summary of the findings and concludes that the Bennett government's desire to exploit infrastructure for the purpose of building a more integrated and united territory had a major impact upon the spatial pattern of economic development in British Columbia.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Touzot, Charlotte. "Activités militaires et protection de l'environnement." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0006.
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Il existe de toute évidence des activités militaires dont l’exercice se fait au détriment de l’environnement. D’un point de vue juridique, on constate un mouvement d’exclusion quasi automatique des activités militaires du champ du droit commun de la protection de l’environnement. Ce mouvement d’exclusion se manifeste par la multiplication des dérogations dont bénéficient les activités militaires, lesquelles se justifient par les circonstances exceptionnelles (guerre, urgence) et par la finalité des activités militaires (intérêt général, intérêts supérieurs de la Nation). Ce mouvement se manifeste également par l’extension des exceptions dont bénéficient les activités militaires, principalement liées à la nature impérieuse des activités militaires de Défense. Il faut toutefois noter une environnementalisation progressive de ces activités, notamment due à la mise en œuvre du concept de développement durable au sein des différentes institutions publiques. Il convient alors de rendre compte juridiquement du passage du « vert kaki » au « vert écologique », qui se manifeste par le développement des activités militaires au service de l’environnement. Un tel passage ne peut faire l’économie d’une phase d’adaptation des activités militaires aux enjeux environnementaux, qui est permise par l’intégration de l’environnement dans la gestion du patrimoine militaire, tant au niveau des infrastructures que de la domanialité militaire. Elle trouve également une consécration dans le développement de la sécurité environnementale du territoire national. Les Armées ne se sont pas contentées d’adapter leurs activités aux enjeux environnementaux, elles en ont fait une nouvelle activité dont le champ s’étend de plus en plus. Ce recyclage de l’Armée est par exemple illustré par l’assistance militaire en cas de catastrophes, ainsi que par l’existence d’activités militaires de protection de l’environnement, liées à la mission de surveillance du territoire. Enfin, l’aboutissement du recyclage de l’Armée pourrait consister en une intervention militaire pour l’environnement de type ingérence écologique, à l’instar de l’ingérence humanitaire. L’ensemble de ces réflexions est l’occasion de relire certaines notions classiques de droit public – telles que l’intérêt général, la souveraineté ou encore l’intégrité du territoire – en tentant de leur apporter une dimension géographique et territorialeMilitary activities obviously have an impact on the environment. From a legal point of view, there is an almost automatic exclusion of military activities from the field of ordinary Law for the protection of the environment. This exclusion arises through the multiplication of the exemptions that are in favor of military activities, and which are justified by the exceptional circumstances (war, emergency) and by the aim of military activities (general interest, best interests of the Nation). Exclusion is also expressed through the extension of the exceptions granted to military activities and which are mainly linked to the imperative nature of Defense activities. It should however be noted that a progressive “greening” of these activities is taking place, driven by the concept of sustainable development within the different public institutions. There has then to be better legal accountability for the transition towards “greener” military activities. This transition must be preceded by a process of adaptation of military activities to environmental issues, through the integration of the latter within military heritage management, both on infrastructural and state-owned military levels. Another consecration of this adaptation is the development of the environmental security of the national territory. Armies have not only adapted their activities to environmental issues, but they also made the protection of the environment as a new field, which is progressively expanding. The first example of this “Army recycling” is the military disaster assistance. The second one is the implementation of environmental military activities, linked to the mission of territory surveillance. Lastly, the outcome of this recycling should consist of a military action for the environment, of ecological intervention type, following the model of humanitarian intervention. These considerations represent an opportunity to review some classical Public Law notions – such as general interest, sovereignty and territorial integrity – with an attempt to bring a geographical dimension into the reflection
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Meye, Ndong Serges. "La sécurité et la défense du territoire du Gabon. Analyse géopolitique." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIML009.
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La sécurité du territoire du Gabon s'organise autour des enjeux qui s'enracinent moins dans son statut ancien de "petit cendrillon d'Afrique centrale" que dans les représentations du pouvoir politique, pour qui, le Gabon est un "petit Etat", nanti de ressources géostratégiques, qui attisent des convoitises, surtout des puissances extérieures. Des considérations géopolitiques, auxquelles s'ajoutent la situation problématique de ses frontières terrestres et maritimes et, surtout les nouvelles menaces, en tête desquelles l'immigration clandestine, et les menaces internes, notamment les nouvelles formes de criminalité, les conditions sociopolitiques, la pauvreté socioéconomique, les déviances sociales, sans oublié les difficultés liées à l'encadrement territorial. Des enjeux et des menaces internes et externes, au compte desquels s'organise le Gabon, aux fins de sa sécurité. La sécurité gabonaise, qui considère, ainsi, l'échelle locale (interne) et régionale (externe) du territoire du Gabon, s'enracine principalement dans l'œuvre des forces de police et des forces militaires, qui produisent la sécurité publique, la sécurité civile et surveillent le territoire tout en préparant sa défense opérationnelle, pendant que les pouvoirs publics recherchent l'amélioration des conditions sociopolitiques, la qualité vie socioéconomique et environnementale de la population. La sécurité gabonaise s'étend à l'extérieur, dans la coopération régionale, où le Gabon postule une sécurité politique, basée sur l'ordre régional et l'entente cordiale entre pouvoirs, une sécurité économique qui améliorerait ses dépendances alimentaires, une coopération policière par "l'entraide policière" et, éventuellement un rétablissement de l'ordre sur son territoire. Des actions, à côté desquelles le Gabon s'emploie à une diplomatie de paix dans la région pour éviter des impacts des conflits extérieurs sur son territoire. Plus à l'international, la relation avec la France reste cruciale. Le Gabon cherche à renforcer ses capacités militaires et un possible rétablissement de paix sur son territoire. Toute une organisation de sécurité intérieure et extérieure qui, jusque-là, n'a pas donné les résultats escomptés. L'action de la police reste obsolète et l'insécurité grandissante, la sécurité humaine est très faiblement promue, le pouvoir brillant plutôt dans l'autoritarisme et le phagocytose des opposants et réservant un traitement particuliers aux militaires. L'encadrement territorial ne permet pas un contrôle effectif. A l'extérieur, la sécurité coopérative n'a pas réduit les dépendances alimentaires et ne s'avère pas efficace contre les menaces externes tant en mer que sur terre. Le partenariat de défense avec la France semble être un instrument pour la stabilité du pouvoir que pour le renforcement des capacités militaires des forces armées gabonaise. Autant de difficultés qui permettent aisément d'affirmer que le territoire du Gabon n'est pas en sécuritéGabon‘s territory‘s security involves stakes rooted less in its old status of the “little Cinderella of Central Africa“ than in its geopolitical representations of the political power which views the country as a “small state” rich in geostrategic resources stirring up covetousness, above all from outside powers. Together with territorial issues, come up land and sea borders' problems, above all the new threats, in which illegal migration, internal threats -particularly the new forms of criminality- sociopolitical conditions, socioeconomic poverty, social matters as well as difficulties to control the territory, are at the top of the list. Internal and external threats and stakes around which Gabon organizes itself in order to establish security within its territory. The country takes into account local and regional levels of the territory, mainly relying on police and military forces which seek to set up public and civil security, oversee the territory while preparing its effective defense. Aside from this security initiative, the government endeavors to improve sociopolitical conditions, people's socioeconomic' standards of living, and the protection of the environment. Gabonese's security‘s issue goes beyond its borders, as part of a regional cooperation where Gabon negotiates the political peace based on regional order and entente cordial between political powers. An economic security which would improve food expenses, a police cooperation through “mutual judiciary assistance “and, possibly, the recovering of its territory‘s order. Moreover, Gabon's foreign policy is to maintain peace within the area to avoid its territory to be influenced by external conflicts. From the international point of view, Gabon together with France tries to reinforce its military forces and to make a possible peacemaking in the region. So far, this whole initiative hasn't met the country' expectations. The police ‘efforts are inefficient and there is more and more insecurity. The human dimension is relative; rather, the shining government's authoritarianism, the opposition and the military phagocytosis as well as the territory's control are inefficient. Outside, the foreign judiciary assistance fails to cut food expenses and to fend off of external threats whether on sea or land. The defense cooperation with France seems to be more effective in stabilizing the established power than in reinforcing the military forces. The Gabonese territory is not safe.Safety, Defense, Territory, Geopolitic, Gabon
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Gunnels, Charles William IV. "Interaction Between Winter Dominance and Territory Defense in Male Pronghorn Antelope, Antilocapra Americana." DigitalCommons@USU, 1999. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7342.
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In a territorial population of pronghorn from Antelope Island, UT, interaction between male dominance and territory defense was examined. High-ranking males were more likely to defend territories. Closely ranked animals engaged in more dominance interactions than distantly ranked individuals, and middle-ranked animals were involved in disproportionately more interactions than either high- or low-ranking animals. Large males possessed large horns and prongs as well as small cheek patches. Results from a factor analysis suggested that large males defended territories with a high density of sage. However, in this study, we did not observe pronghorn feed on sage during the territorial season. Though male pronghorn practiced resource defense polygyny, large, dominant males did not defend territories with a high density of green vegetation or green forbs. Large males appeared to defend territories with low visibility. In 1996, intruders entered areas that contained females throughout the territorial season. During the next year, highly visible, small territories received the most intrusions. Together, these observations suggest defense of tactical locations. Defending a tactical location may help females avoid harassment and males hide the presence of females.
Different populations of pronghorn practice different mating systems. To understand this variation, we examined the behavior patterns/rates of individual territorial and bachelor males. The highest rates of activity and behavior patterns occurred in March/April and in September. Territorial males cheek rubbed at a higher rate than bachelors. Territorial males were more active and SPUD (sniff, paw, urinate, and defecate) marked at a higher rate than bachelor males in 1996. After the formation of a bachelor herd in 1997, bachelor males showed higher rates of male-male interactions than territorial males. Territorial males maintained the same activity and behavioral rates in the presence and absence of females. Dispersion pattern of scent marks was more clumped in the presence of females. These findings suggest cheek rubs function more as a space-claiming behavior while SPUD marking is more strongly associated with male-male interactions. Comparison to male behavior in nonterritorial populations indicates that the behavioral mechanisms are present in all populations to accommodate shifts in social systems.
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Guintrand, Matthieu. "Sparte et la défense du Péloponnèse méridional du milieu du VIe siècle au milieu du IIe siècle av. J.C." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG1169/document.
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Cette recherche que nous proposons de conduire s’interroge sur la manière dont les Grecs organisaient la défense de leur territoire en prenant le cas de deux régions : la Messénie et la Laconie. Il s’agit de comparer deux régions voisines dont l’histoire est intimement liée, dont les peuples sont proches culturellement, mais aussi presque constamment en conflit. Nous montrons comment était organisée la défense de ces deux régions durant la période de domination de la Laconie sur la Messénie aux époques archaïque et classique. Puis nous étudions leur évolution séparée après que la Messénie ait été libérée. Cette recherche pose la question de la manière dont on s’approprie un territoire par la guerre, dont on assure sa défense à la fois contre l’agression venant de l’extérieur, mais aussi de l’intérieur. On s’interroge sur le sentiment d’appartenance à un territoire, sur la manière dont il est perçu ; mais aussi l’identité d’un peuple, ici les Messéniens qui, après une longue période de domination, réinvente son passé pour revendiquer la possession de son territoire. Pour cette recherche, nous utilisons les sources littéraires et les sources archéologiques que sont les fortifications. Celles-ci n’ont jamais fait l’objet d’étude historique pour la Messénie et la Laconie. Les fortifications sont devenues indispensables pour l’étude historique d’une région en Grèce antique, car elles portent en elles les traces de l’existence d’un site de sa naissance à son abandon, et elles nous offrent des informations qui souvent ne trouvent pas leur traduction dans les sources littérairesThis study aims to provide an inventory of knowledge about fortifications and and the development of defensive policies in the southern Peloponnese, from the mid-6th to the mid-2nd century BC. It is composed of a catalog of Fortifications known in this region (volume II) and a synthesis (volume I) of the development of fortifications and the defense of the cities
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Knowlton, Autumn. "Q'eqchi' Mayas and defense of territory : learning through the contentious politics of land in “post-conflict” Guatemala." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60205.
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My study explores how indigenous Q’eqchi’ Mayas in Guatemala draw political cohesion from their cultural relationship to their ancestral territories when responding to violent dispossession by extractive mining corporations and mono-crop agriculture. Drawing upon participant observation and 39 interviews conducted in the municipalities of Panzós and El Estor in 2013 and 2014, my research considers Q’eqchi’s’ defense of territory (defensa del territorio) as a salient, culturally specific collective action that draws continuity from centuries of conflicts over control of land and natural resources in Guatemala. Throughout Spanish colonization, independence, entry into the world capitalist market, and 20th century political upheavals, conflicts over land have featured consistently. In more recent history, the 36-year internal armed conflict (1960-1996) was a focal point of Q’eqchi’ research contributors’ testimony on their longstanding and interminable suffering for their lands. As a result of favorable conditions for international investors since the signing of the 1996 Peace Accords, the Guatemalan government has opened up the country, and indigenous lands in particular, to large-scale investment and development. Based on my findings, and building on Liza Grandia’s (2012) framing of three “conquests” of Q’eqchi’ lands, my study offers the term “fourth conquest” (Knowlton, 2016), a conquest by corporation, to explain the unique conjuncture of forces Q’eqchi’s face today when defending their lands. Their current tactical focus on land titling and juridical certainty is a response to the renewed invasion of extractive corporations into their ancestral territories. Through applying informal and social movement learning theories, this study considers Q’eqchi’s’ political encounters in defense of land as moments of learning which shape them as political actors and subjects. For Q’eqchi’s, land represents the confluence of cultural and spiritual bonds, material sustenance, and struggles to end political marginalization. A study of the labors involved in defense of territory provides valuable insights into the culturally specific learning processes that both structure and result from myriad political interventions into community, municipal, national, and international politics. Q’eqchi’s are strategically forming short and long-term alliances, and adopting identity claims based on indigenous rights, human rights, Guatemalan citizenship, and their cultural ties to their ancestral territory.Education, Faculty of
Graduate
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Becerril, Flores Lizeth. "Defensa del territorio personal: Estudio comparativo entre hombres y mujeres." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/98793.
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El espacio o zona personal es la distancia que separa a dos personas en un acto social, es aquello que se considera propio como el pensar, cosas materiales y el cuerpo; desde la teoría de la paz o equilibrio (Valdez Medina, 2009) se le conoce como territorio personal.
Valdez Medina (2015), menciona que el territorio personal está contemplado por el cuerpo, lo que se considera me pertenece y los pensamientos. El estudio del territorio personal es muy importante en la psicología dado que el grado de distancia o alejamiento e incluso la reacción que genere cierta invasión al mismo; tiene relación con la edad, el sexo y la cultura de los individuos.
Son pocos los estudios que se han hecho que intentan analizar las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres respecto al territorio personal, de ahí surge el objetivo de la presente investigación que fue describir y comparar las reacciones, que tienen hombres y mujeres con respecto a la percepción de la invasión a su territorio personal. Para lograr esto se aplicó un cuestionario que consta de cinco preguntas abiertas en las que se plantea una situación de invasión al territorio personal a 200 jóvenes de los cuales 100 fueron hombres y 100 mujeres, en un rango de edad de 18 a 25 años, siendo estudiantes de una universidad pública del estado de México.
Para los resultados se realizó un análisis de contenido validado por juicio de análisis de expertos con un grado de acuerdo mayor a 85%, donde se obtuvieron surgieron cuatro categorías para la primera pregunta surgieron cuatro categorías: reacción emocional negativa, reacción asertiva, reacción no asertiva y reacción agresiva. “si alguien se atreve a tocar alguna parte de mi cuerpo y lo hace de una forma que no me parece ni me agrada yo regularmente me... Y ante ello yo...” Para la segunda pregunta “si alguien se atreve a tomar algo mío sin permiso, yo regularmente me...Y ante ello yo...”
Las categorías conformadas fueron: no asertiva, asertividad, agresividad, pasividad y emociones negativas. En la tercera la pregunta “si alguien se atreve a robarme algo que me pertenece yo regularmente me... y ante ello yo...” se obtuvieron tres categorías: acciones y/o emociones negativas, agresiones y acciones y/o emociones positivas. En la cuarta la pregunta “si alguien va en contra de mis creencias, convicciones, opiniones o expectativas yo regularmente... y ante ello yo...” surgen tres categorías: actitud positiva, actitud negativa y actitud pasiva. Y en la quinta pregunta “si alguien intenta o quiere quitarme algo que considero me pertenece yo regularmente me… y ante ello yo…” las categorías adquiridas fueron: enfrentar la situación, reacción emocional, acción positiva y acción negativa. Las distintas categorías para cada pregunta permitieron la clasificación de las reacciones de cada participante.
Respecto de las diferencias por sexo, se encontró que las mujeres suelen reaccionar sintiéndose incómodas, se preocupan por las relaciones sociales, muestran más agresión verbal y se observó que tienen reacciones más emocionales; en comparación con los hombres quien suelen reaccionar con agresión física, no sabiendo qué hacer ante una invasión de su territorio y huyendo de las situaciones para evitar ser invadidos.
Una limitación de la presente investigación es el tipo de estudio, ya que se requiere considerar la posible relación con otras variables como la asertividad al igual que la ansiedad para verificar si la forma de expresar las opiniones personales se asocian con la defensa del territorio personal.
Books on the topic "Territory defence"
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National defence: The military aspects of political geography : a reconnaissance study. [Aberdeen, Scot.]: Dept. of Geography, University of Aberdeen, 1987.
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Desmond, Ball, and Langtry J. O. 1923-, eds. The Northern Territory in the defence of Australia: Geography, history, economy, infrastructure, and defence presence. Canberra, Australia: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1990.
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1923-, Langtry J. O., and Ball Desmond, eds. The Northern Territory in the defence of Australia: Strategic and operational considerations. Canberra, Australia: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1991.
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Ōkoda, Yahiro. Kita no daichi o mamorite gojūnen: Sengo Nihon no hoppō jūshi senryaku. Tōkyō: Kaya Shobō, 2005.
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Citizen Corps (USA Freedom Corps). Citizen Corps state & territory profiles 2004. Washington, DC: Citizen Corps, 2005.
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Pri︠a︡khin, V. N. Zashchita naselenii︠a︡ i territoriĭ v chrezvychaĭnykh situat︠s︡ii︠a︡kh. Minsk: Belorusskiĭ gos. pedagog. universitet im. Maksima Tanka, 1998.
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Marone, Enrico, ed. La filiera del tartufo e la sua valorizzazione in Toscana e Abruzzo. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-036-5.
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There can be no valorisation of the truffle system without a sufficient awareness of the chain that brings the truffle from the ground to the consumer. This in fact renders explicit the link between the product and the territory of origin, eliminating disparities at the level of information between the consumer and the gatherer/producer/transformer. In this case, the value of the product is increased to the extent that along with it we also acquire the quality of the environment that produces it. The research that is presented in this volume offers valid elements of orientation, both for those working in the sector and for the public sector, to which it offers knowledge useful for the defence of the local product and for guiding sector policies.
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Rayner, Robert J. Darwin and Northern Territory Force. New South Wales: Rudder Press, 2001.
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Sánchez, Angela Alonso. Fortificaciones romanas en Extremadura: La defensa del territorio. [Badajoz?]: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura, 1988.
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Prabowo, J. S. Komando teritorial sebagai bagian dari kekuatan TNI AD. Jakarta: Pusat Pengkajian Strategi Nasional, 2013.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Territory defence"
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Cayón Peña, Juan. "Conflict and Territory: A Legal and Metalegal Approach. The Case of Spain." In Security and Defence: Ethical and Legal Challenges in the Face of Current Conflicts, 139–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95939-5_10.
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Steckler, Deanna. "Territory Defense." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1616-1.
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Steckler, Deanna. "Territory Defense." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 6918–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1616.
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Porto-Gonçalves, Carlos Walter. "A Popular Environmentalism in Defence of Life, Dignity and Territory (An Autobiographical Contribution from an Activist Geographer)." In Brazilian Geography, 347–61. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3704-0_20.
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de Leonardis, Massimo. "Introduction: NATO in Its Seventh Decade—A Reappraisal." In NATO in the Post-Cold War Era, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06063-2_1.
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AbstractAfter the Cold War, the Atlantic Alliance played various roles, which were unthinkable in the first decades of its history. NATO performed crisis management, peacekeeping, humanitarian intervention, fight against international terrorism; all these operations took place out-of-area. Since the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, NATO re-discovered its ancient enemy, Russia, and has re-focused mainly on its traditional task, the defence of the member states’ territory. Adaptation is a constant feature of the Atlantic Alliance’s history and became more imperative and frequent in the post-Cold War. A perusal of the North Atlantic Treaty’s text helps to understand how the Alliance worked in different periods. However, large parts of the public opinion in the member states have no clear idea of the Alliance’s purpose and roles. Hence the necessity of a full and scholarly assessment of NATO’s performance during and particularly after the Cold War.
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Serita, Kentaro. "Territorial Air Space and Air Defense Identification Zones." In The Territory of Japan, 173–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3013-5_8.
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Coppola, Emanuela, and Giusy Sica. "Rural and Creativity HUB for the Vulture Regional Park: Making Community, Starting with the Construction of a Participatory LAB." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 389–404. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34211-0_19.
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AbstractThe Vulture Regional Park is a unique territory for its geomorphologic and vegetation characteristics but also because of its strategic position between Basilicata, Campania and Puglia which preserves the signs of different ages, territorialization and deterritorialization that have affected it over the centuries. This territory represents a great scientific challenge for our Center that has proposed an innovative technical-operational methodology based on the territorialist approach [1] and on interpretation planning [2]. This tool allows one to recognise the relationships between the nodes of the identity of places, the development of society and the modification of the behaviors of consumption of resources. Our goal is to make the Vulture Regional Park a model of study and experimentation of a Rural and Creativity Living Lab, through a “place-based and people-oriented” approach. We strongly believe that the value and potential of the territory's resources must be considered as a driver for sustainable development and quality of life in an evolving society. It is necessary to highlight the importance of a broad knowledge of the resources that must be respected and defended.
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Pulido-Rull, Ana. "Native Artists and the Defense of Territory in Sixteenth-CenturyNew Spain." In Transnational Perspectives on the Conquest and Colonization of Latin America, 101–13. New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in the history of the Americas: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429330612-9.
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Cortines, Anna Cecília, Robson Dias Possidônio, Natália Cristina F. Bahia, João Crisóstomo H. Oswaldo Cruz, Leonardo Esteves de Freitas, and Edmundo Gallo. "Social Cartography and the Defense of the Traditional Caiçara Territory of Trindade (Paraty, RJ, Brazil)." In Climate Change Management, 445–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56946-8_27.
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Novelli, Enrico. "The Dairy Products, Nutritional and Legal Value, an Opportunity for the Defense and Promotion of the Territory." In Food Quality, Safety and Technology, 129–44. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1640-1_9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Territory defence"
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Bardzinska-Bonenberg, Teresa. "Ring-and-circle, symbolical and practical meaning of the form in town planning and architecture." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8043.
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In the research analysis of historical urban and architectural developments was confronted with the newest concepts in town planning and architecture. The search was set against the background of political and social situation as well as changing technical possibilities. Applied methodology was focused on finding links between forms created by people and crucial events characterizing analyzed periods. The methods involved included studies of literature, historical registers in museums and research in situ.
Oval or circular urban systems and structures were shaped by several factors: safety, community demand, worship, expression of emotions and experience of decision makers and builders.
At times when the defence of people and their possessions was a frequent necessity it was a ring of walls or circular rampart or tower on a plan of a circle that were used. Logics of this solution can be easily proved by simple equations. When mathematics imbued with magic or religion, and became a tool of shaping architecture, use of a ring was symbolic, and often used in sacred urban layouts and architecture. Circle, as the most perfect of figures was appreciated by the people of power of all periods up to now. First theoretical urban plans developed either from circular focal building or implemented circle or ring in shaping the whole layout. In the era of rationalism theorists of that time saw the opportunity to organize functional zones in concentric way. Recent decades unveiled new phenomena: circular projects in urban and architectural scale.
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Malagugini, Massimo. "La valorizzazione delle torri dell’Imperiese." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11521.
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The enhancement of the towers of the Imperia coastThe complex structure of the Ligurian territory has found a precise correspondence in the development of the defensive structures. If the main cities were able to provide themselves with “closed” defence systems (the most important of which –the Genoese city walls– are second only in size to the Chinese Wall), the smaller cities and the poorly built areas were equipped with a real “network” of widespread and punctual defensive elements. These are the defence towers and watchtowers that were built mainly to face the Saracen invasions and were strongly related to the morphology of the territory. These are now a vast heritage that is in danger of being lost because of the urban transformations that have characterized the last decades, that have changed the territory and that have led to radical transformations of the artifacts that still exist today. The objective of protecting the heritage of the towers present in the Ligurian territory –and in particular on the coasts of Imperia– was the vector that suggested the research conducted at a multidisciplinary level and that led to the census and knowledge of what remains of this complex system of defense spread over the Ligurian coastal territory. The elaboration of a detailed census of the existing artefacts has allowed the analysis of the recurrent typologies, the study of the connections with the geography, and has brought to the knowledge of the state of conservation of this singular architectural patrimony that still today connotes suggestive ambits of the Ligurian territory and represents a great potential for the development of tourist and cultural activities. Subsequently, a number of projects have been developed which, starting from the dissemination of knowledge of the heritage in question, have as their objective the enhancement of it, identifying new possible uses of individual artifacts within a landscape system of collective interest.
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Gómez Cavazos, Enrique Esteban. "Las ciudades de los minerales: reconociendo el legado urbanístico del Norte de México (1885-1921)." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Maestría en Planeación Urbana y Regional. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.5980.
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Este artículo analiza la forma urbana de tres ciudades industriales surgidas de (1885-1921), etapa
en la que México vivió con la industrialización su mayor modernización a manos de capitalistas
norteamericanos y europeos. Estos ejemplos ponen de manifiesto los grandes proyectos
territoriales, urbanos y arquitectónicos que surgieron de la política del régimen del presidente
Porfirio Díaz de fundar y poblar ciudades en el Norte, justificando así el crecimiento económico, la
estructuración del territorio y la defensa de la soberanía nacional en la frontera. This article analyses the urban form of three industrial cities emerged between (1885-1921), Mexico
lived with industrialization his maximum modernization at the hands of American and European
capitalists. These examples highlight the large territorial, urban and architectural projects that
emerged from the policy regime of President Porfirio Díaz to found and populate cities in the North,
justifying the economic growth, the structure of the territory and the defence of national sovereignty
at the border.
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MILANDRU, Marius. "THE IMPORTANCE OF GOODS AND SERVICES REQUISITION PROCESS IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST." In SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE. Publishing House of “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.3.
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Preparing the national economy and territory for defence is an important component in ensuring national security and, in the current geopolitical and military context, it is carried out in peacetime and involves the capitalization of human, material and financial resources in order to ensure the continuity of socio-economic processes and to satisfy the need for defence resources when a state of mobilisation or war is established. Thus, defence forces must be have a full range of resources at their disposal, depending on their specific needs, so that when a crisis, threat or aggression against the state arises, they should be able to carry out their specific missions. Based on the need to make resources available to national defence institutions in extreme situations that endanger the integrity or proper functioning of the State, one of the ways of ensuring the provision of resources is the requisition of goods and services in the public interest.
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Shi, Yanhui, Zijing Shen, Xirui Feng, and Shuying Cheng. "Research on the fringe belts of Shangqiu, China: a morphogenetic approach." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5683.
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Research on the fringe belts of Shangqiu, China: a morphogenetic approach Zijing Shen, Xirui Feng, Shuying Cheng, Yanhui Shi* College of Urban and Environmental Sciences. Peking University. Beijing. China 100871 E-mail: shzj950609@163.com, 873405878@qq.com, corrine0123@126.com, yhshi1988@sina.com* Keywords: fringe belts, morphogenetic analysis, ancient Shangqiu; concentric Conference topic: Urban form and social use of space The concept of the fringe belt has, in recent years, been studied quite widely in the Western world. Fringe belts were first recognized in Europe, primarily in relation to city walls. In China, fringe belts have been rarely studied, despite their very widespread occurrence. Yet China provides a highly complex world of urban morphological phenomena related to cultural settings substantially different from those in the West. In relation to both a long urban history and recent rapid processes of industrialization and urbanization, the fringe belts of Chinese cities deserve more in-depth research. To rectify this deficiency, this paper examines the developmental process and form of the fringe belts of Shangqiu (including both ancient Shangqiu and modern Shangqiu) as a central focus, using the basic methods of morphogenetic analysis. Since the Ming Dynasty the existence of fringe belts in Shangqui relates to double fixation lines (double city walls, the space between which is water for defence against invasion and flood). Since 1949, a new core developed outside ancient Shangqiu. In time, due to the alteration of the city’s organizational system and rapid expansion of modern Shangqiu, the whole of ancient Shangqiu, as well as its fringe belts, has become part of the fringe-belts system of modern Shangqiu. The development of the fringe belts of Shangqiu shows a different pattern from a concentric town such as Alnwick. This finding extends and refines the understanding of fringe belts. References: Louis, H. (1936) ‘Die geographische Gliederung von Gross-Berlin’, Länderkundliche Forschung: Krebs Festschrift (Engelhorn, Stuttgart) 146-71. Conzen, M. R. G. (1969) Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis Institute of British Geographers Publication 27 (George Philip, London).
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Lindmets, Jaana, Marju Luts-Sootak, and Hesi Siimets-Gross. "Imperial Russian Rules on the State of Emergency in the Estonian Republic." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.03.
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In 1918, the Provisional Government of Estonia decided that, until new laws could be established, the legal acts of the Russian empire would continue to be valid. The rules on the state of emergency remained in force, too. At the end of November 1918, the state of emergency was declared throughout the territory of Estonia. For the entire period of its first independence, the Republic of Estonia was under some form of state of emergency either across the whole country or in certain areas. At first the state of emergency was declared using Imperial Russian norms on martial law. In 1930, the Estonian parliament adopted the State of Defence Act, which formally abolished the rules of Russian martial law. However, the Estonian Act on the State of Defence was, in essence, still largely based on the provisions of the General Act on the Governorates of the Russian Empire. The new State of Defence Act was adopted by presidential decree in 1938 and could be described as an attempt to summarise as valid law the practices that the authoritarian regime had hitherto used without legal basis.
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Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Giuseppe Fenu, Gianluca Jiriti, Efisio Mattana, Francesca Meloni, Paolo Mule, and Lina Podda. "Territory defence throughout conservation of the plant diversity: the project of the Protected Sea Area of Capo Carbonara (South eastern Sardinia)." In 2006 First International Symposium on Environment Identities and Mediterranean Area. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseima.2006.345019.
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Canonaco, Brunella, and Francesc Bilotta. "Lettura del sistema fortificato della fascia Tirrenica calabrese attraverso le iconografie storiche." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11527.
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Knowledge of fortified centres of the Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria through historical documentsThis paper offers suggestions for the knowledge of fortified centres of the Tyrrhenian coast of Northern Calabria, through a critical reading of ancient graphic representations of this territory. The exegetical reading of these ancient landscapes has been supported by the notes extracted from literary sources and data deduced from analytical procedures conducted on the assets. The essential characters of the fortresses and the areas surrounding castles have been identified, recognizing the dynamics of settlements, explaining their formal, functional and constructive characters, and verifying the signs of permanence and variance through time. In the surveyed area, the castles are commonly located on hilltops, overlooking the sea and controlling the territory and villages. Because of its dense defence fabric, made of manors and towers, this area can be seen as one of the most representative of the whole Region. The study of this heritage is essential for the comprehension of the historical and architectural characters of the area, and therefore for the enhancement of the built landscape of the entire Mediterranean basin.
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Fábryová, Natália, and Alena Novák Sedláčková. "The airspace of SR and its protection." In Práce a štúdie. University of Žilina, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2021.1.05.
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The paper deals with international regulations of airspace of the Slovak republic and its protection. The paper is focused on the sovereignty airspace and free route airspace. The state has complete and absolute sovereignty over the airspace located above its territory. Airspace protection is important for ensuring territorial inviolability of the Slovak republic. There are defined the categories and classes of airspace. The last chapter consist of a NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defence System, its history and especially its function. In this chapter is defined the idea of „air policing “, which means the protection of airspace itself that is performed during the peace. In this part is described the position of emergency fighter pilots at Airport Sliac and model situations, but also the real situations, when Slovak emergency fighter pilots had to interfere against the aircraft that lost connection with air traffic management.
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Veizaj, Denada, Gjergji Islami, and Andrea Maliqari. "Albanian bunkers. Modern fortifications built in socialism." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11492.
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During the communist regime of Enver Hoxha, Albania built nearly 200 000 bunkers as a measure of protection towards an imaginary attack from (un)known enemies of the Popular Socialist Republic. Most of these structures built in concrete are still part of the landscapes almost in every part of the territory. While the most common type is small and identified from the semi spherical shape, particular bunkers have quite large dimensions and specific features related to their function and location. During the last five years, three of the most unique modern fortifications built during socialism for the displacement of the governmental authorities in case of war, were revealed and made accessible to the public. These structures, transformed today in museums, cultural spaces or simply visitable attractions, are the symbol of an auto-referenced reality within Europe, where the paranoia produced an unusual typology of modern age fortifications. These bunkers, planned to withstand twentieth century military attacks, are extraordinary structures in terms of engineering and building features, and at the same time they represent a very valuable heritage related to the history of communism in Albania. This article aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of the fortification of the Albanian territory during the twentieth century as an overall country defence plan, while focusing on the governmental bunkers in order to understand how the ideological differences with the rest of the world created the need for protection and produced an amazing military infrastructure. The discussion on the future of these structures seems to be strongly related to the ability of recognising these modern fortifications on the Mediterranean as cultural heritage.
Reports on the topic "Territory defence"
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Allan, Duncan, and Ian Bond. A new Russia policy for post-Brexit Britain. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784132842.
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The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The history of UK–Russia relations offers four lessons. First, because the two lack shared values and interests, their relationship is fragile and volatile. Second, adversarial relations are the historical norm. Third, each party exaggerates its importance on the world stage. Fourth, external trends beyond the UK’s control regularly buffet the relationship. These wider trends include the weakening of the Western-centric international order; the rise of populism and opposition to economic globalization; and the global spread of authoritarian forms of governance. A coherent Russia strategy should focus on the protection of UK territory, citizens and institutions; security in the Euro-Atlantic space; international issues such as non-proliferation; economic relations; and people-to-people contacts. The UK should pursue its objectives with the tools of state power, through soft power instruments and through its international partnerships. Despite Brexit, the EU remains an essential security partner for the UK. In advancing its Russia-related interests, the UK should have four operational priorities: rebuilding domestic resilience; concentrating resources on the Euro-Atlantic space; being a trusted ally and partner; and augmenting its soft power. UK decision-makers should be guided by four propositions. In the first place, policy must be based on clear, hard-headed thinking about Russia. Secondly, an adversarial relationship is not in itself contrary to UK interests. Next, Brexit makes it harder for the UK and the EU to deal with Russia. And finally, an effective Russia policy demands a realistic assessment of UK power and influence. The UK is not a ‘pocket superpower’. It is an important but middling power in relative decline. After Brexit, it needs to repair its external reputation and maximize its utility to allies and partners, starting with its European neighbours.
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Peirano, Marta. Hacia una nueva ilustración digital europea. Fundación Carolina, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtfo03.
Full textAbstract:
Europa mantiene una posición delicada en la configuración del nuevo paradigma digital global. Por un lado, lidera la creación de marcos regulatorios capaces de imponer valores democráticos que garanticen un entorno digital más seguro y más justo, y constituye uno de los mercados con más proyección e influencia internacional. Por el otro, carece de una industria propia capaz de competir con los grandes bloques antagónicos de China y EE.UU., y delega el desarrollo de las grandes infraestructuras digitales a las grandes plataformas tecnológicas que amenazan su soberanía. Este contexto viene agravado por tres crisis interconectadas: la crisis climática, la crisis energética y la crisis política. Las decisiones que ahora tomemos serán determinantes a la hora de posicionarnos como una fuerza política capaz de trascender las patologías del capitalismo y defender el Estado del bienestar con la creación de redes productivas basadas en la cooperación. O, por el contrario, nos enfrentaremos a los retos de los próximos años como subordinados de tecnologías ajenas que ejercen un poder sin responsabilidades sobre nuestro territorio y nuestra sociedad.
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Svampa, Maristella. Feminismos ecoterritoriales en América Latina. Entre la violencia patriarcal y extractivista y la interconexión con la naturaleza. Fundación Carolina, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt59.
Full textAbstract:
Desde hace décadas, en el Sur global, y muy particularmente en América Latina, las mujeres desarrollan un fuerte protagonismo en las luchas sociales y en los procesos de autoorganización colectiva vinculados al campo de los derechos humanos y a la defensa de los sectores más excluidos, a lo que se han sumado en los últimos tiempos las luchas ambientalistas. Este texto analiza algunos de los temas centrales que abordan las luchas de las mujeres en su vinculación con los movimientos y organizaciones ambientales y antiextractivistas en la región latinoamericana. Para referirme a estas luchas adopto el concepto de feminismos ecoterritoriales, en virtud de su vinculación con los movimientos ecoterritoriales y las movilizaciones de afectados socioambientales. Por un lado, el texto establece las relaciones con la perspectiva ecofeminista, en el marco de un paradigma relacional y de la cultura de los cuidados. Por otro, destaca las diferentes narrativas de los feminismos ecoterritoriales, así como el rol creciente de la violencia extractiva. El análisis se centra en las diferentes corrientes de los feminismos ecoterritoriales y el modo en que estos van configurando un espacio de geometría variable en torno a ciertos temas: Afectación ambiental y zonas de sacrificio; Agua, territorio y extractivismos; Cuerpos y territorios; Demanda de tierra y soberanía alimentaria.
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Informe sobre as intervencións levadas a cabo no proxecto TRAZAS de Pontevedra. Consello da Cultura Galega, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17075/isilcptp.2021.
Full textAbstract:
Informe do Consello da Cultura Galega emitido en resposta á solicitude achegada o 15 de decembro de 2020 por parte de representantes das asociacións UMIAVIVO, Colectivo pola defensa do territorio ANOVATERRA, asociación Irmandade ILLA DE TAMBO e Colectivo pola defensa do Patrimonio AFORNEIRIÑA na que demandaban o posicionamento do Consello da Cultura Galega (CCG) en relación coa denuncia pública e ante os organismos con competencias na xestión e defensa do patrimonio cultural verbo das intervencións realizadas sobre tres castros da provincia de Pontevedra: Castro de Toiriz (Silleda), Castro da Subidá (Marín) e Castro de Alobre (Vilagarcía de Arousa) e sobre a intención de desenvolver actuacións semellantes noutros 15 castros da provincia.
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Artemisa: En defensa del medio ambiente. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/docinst.6281.
Full textAbstract:
Estamos ante una encrucijada global de proporciones nunca vistas. El planeta se calienta más rápido de lo esperado y enfrentamos condiciones climáticas cada vez más extremas, lo que pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad de la vida humana en el mediano y largo plazo. El nivel de los océanos está aumentando, los arrecifes de coral están muriendo, las especies se están extinguiendo, los glaciares se están derritiendo y las condiciones climáticas extremas se hacen cada vez más frecuentes con intensas olas de calor, inundaciones, huracanes, incendios y/o sequías. Para hacer frente a esta compleja situación, todos, personas e instituciones en los ámbitos nacional, regional y global, tenemos que hacer nuestra parte para evitar llegar a un punto de no retorno. Aunque Colombia solo genera el 0,6 % de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), es uno de los veinte países más amenazados por la crisis climática. Nuestro país alberga el 50 % de los páramos del mundo y es catalogado como una potencia en agua, biodiversidad y ambiente, aloja alrededor del 10 % de la fauna y flora del mundo, teniendo por ello un rol central en los esfuerzos globales que se realizan para mitigar los efectos del cambio climático. También es reconocido por ser el segundo país con más alta presencia en biodiversidad en la tierra, goza de dos océanos, cinco vertientes hidrográficas, ríos, lagunas y ciénagas, siendo de esta manera el agua un recurso fundamental para el desarrollo de las generaciones futuras. El país cuenta con grandes extensiones de páramos, los cuales son la fuente del 70 % de agua dulce en nuestro país y comparte al sur de nuestras fronteras con la Amazonía, considerada la selva tropical más extensa del planeta y el pulmón del mundo. Una porción representativa de ese 10 % del total de la biodiversidad mundial que tiene nuestro país, se encuentra dentro del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP), del que hace parte el Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales y las Reservas Forestales (más de 17 millones de hectáreas), una fuente importante de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos, entre los cuales, el suministro del recurso hídrico incluye más del 62 % de los nacimientos de los acuíferos nacionales y abastece a casi un 80 % de la población colombiana. Así mismo, protege lagunas y ciénagas que contienen el 20 % de los recursos hídricos que abastecen la generación de energía eléctrica del país. En estas áreas protegidas se conservan muestras representativas de los ecosistemas naturales marinos y continentales, los cuales, además de albergar un gran número de especies de fauna y flora, contribuyen a la regulación del clima y protegen las cuencas hidrográficas. Es así como por su especial importancia ecológica, los Parques Nacionales Naturales tienen la función de conservar, proteger y salvaguardar sus ecosistemas de especial valor por medio del Estado y de los particulares. Esta gran riqueza ambiental del país está siendo amenazada por el uso indebido de los recursos naturales, lo que genera un acelerado deterioro de los ecosistemas, alterando su funcionalidad y poniendo en riesgo la biodiversidad. Esta problemática se ha convertido en un reto de primer orden para el Estado colombiano, sus autoridades ambientales y la sociedad en general. El Sector Defensa no ha sido ajeno a esta realidad, por lo que en el marco definido por la ley, la Presidencia de la República y el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, ha reconocido el potencial desestabilizador de las afectaciones causadas por las diversas actividades ilícitas de los Grupos Armados Organizados (GAO), los Grupos Delincuenciales Organizados (GDO) y ciudadanos que hacen un uso indebido de los recursos naturales. Fenómenos como la siembra de cultivos ilícitos, la extracción ilícita de minerales, la tala indiscriminada, la ganadería extensiva, el acaparamiento de tierras, la pesca ilegal, la contaminación, el vertimiento de sustancias peligrosas y el tráfico ilegal de flora y fauna, han debilitado los ecosistemas nacionales. Estas actividades ilegales afectan los recursos hídricos del país, los suelos, los páramos y la atmósfera, produciendo efectos negativos que generan deforestación, pérdida de hábitats, extinción de especies, la destrucción de fuentes de agua, el deterioro de las tierras de cultivos e impactos negativos en las reservas forestales y las áreas que integran el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SINAP). La degradación ambiental que hemos visto no solo es utilizada por las organizaciones criminales para obtener recursos que les permiten sostener su accionar delictivo en diversas zonas del país, más grave aún, se constituye en un atentado directo contra el porvenir de las generaciones futuras. Es por ello que el Sector Defensa ha reconocido el agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente como activos estratégicos de interés nacional, con un carácter principal y prevalente, buscando apoyar con sus capacidades a las autoridades ambientales del país, con el fin de realizar acciones cada vez más eficaces contra las organizaciones criminales responsables del deterioro ambiental. Es en ese contexto surge la idea de este libro, que busca presentar la problemática que se enfrenta y visibilizar las acciones realizadas por el Sector Defensa en coordinación con las autoridades ambientales, con el fin de apoyar la defensa de estos activos estratégicos, así como prevenir los daños futuros a los mismos, en aras de trabajar en la protección de los recursos naturales, bajo una visión multidimensional de la seguridad. El Ministerio de Defensa (MDN) ha sido consciente de los desafíos climáticos a los que se enfrenta, no solo el Sector, sino el territorio nacional, en cuanto a los impactos cada vez mayores derivados de las condiciones meteorológicas extremas y la explotación de los recursos. Por ello, el Sector ha trabajado para alinearse con la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático, los compromisos del país ante la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (NDC), el cumplimiento del CONPES 4021 de diciembre de 2020 para el Control de la Deforestación y la Gestión Sostenible de Bosques, para así aportar con acciones de adaptación, mitigación y gestión del riesgo ante el cambio climático y variabilidad climática mediante del Plan de Gestión de Cambio Climático del Sector Defensa (PIGCCSD). Este libro reúne los principales resultados del Sector Defensa en materia de protección del medio ambiente y resalta la articulación de las políticas, así como de la operativización de las mismas por parte de las Fuerzas Militares y la Policía Nacional, por la protección de los recursos naturales de la Nación, una responsabilidad que ha quedado claramente plasmada en la “Estrategia Artemisa”, que es un esfuerzo permanente, sostenido, conjunto, coordinado, e interinstitucional que permitirá proteger y defender el agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente como activos estratégicos de la Nación, a partir de la lucha contra la deforestación, sus causas directas o subyacentes y contrarrestar los efectos del cambio climático, como también la lucha contra la explotación ilícita de minerales, contra los cultivos ilícitos que afectan el medio ambiente y el conjunto de actividades de control y vigilancia que apoya nuestra Fuerza Pública para la defensa de los recursos naturales. Trabajando de forma articulada con la Fiscalía, el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, el Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (Ideam), y la Unidad de Parques Nacionales Naturales, en diversas zonas del país, la Estrategia Artemisa ha permitido brindar apoyo a las autoridades ambientales y administrativas, para preservar y defender el agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente en las áreas de reserva forestal, áreas protegidas y 59 Parques Nacionales Naturales. Mediante la Directiva Permanente 008 del 22 de marzo de 2022, el MDN institucionalizó e impartió lineamientos e instrucciones al Comando General de las Fueras Militares, la Dirección General de la Policía Nacional y la Unidad de Gestión General del MDN, con el propósito de implementar medidas, desplegar operaciones, actividades de apoyo y gestión ambiental, para la implementación de la Estrategia Artemisa. De esta forma y bajo un enfoque sostenido, conjunto, coordinado, interinstitucional y multilateral, se trabajará para incluir dentro de la doctrina militar y policial las acciones relacionadas con la protección del agua, la diversidad y el medio ambiente, al tiempo que se concentrarán los esfuerzos de inteligencia en la identificación del modus operandi de las organizaciones criminales que afectan el medio ambiente, desarrollando operaciones contra los GAO y los GDO que atentan contra el medio ambiente. Desde el 2019 a la fecha se han realizado diecisiete (17) operaciones sobre las áreas de los Parques Nacionales Naturales, especialmente en las regiones de la Amazonía y la Orinoquía, como son los Parques Nacionales Naturales (PNN) Serranía de Chiribiquete, PNN La Paya, PNN Tinigua, PNN Picachos, PNN Sierra de La Macarena, la Zona de Reserva Forestal de la Amazonía y la Reserva Natural Nukak. Se han dispuesto, para esta campaña, 22.300 hombres de la Fuerza Pública, que, desde sus respectivas unidades militares y policiales resguardan las áreas protegidas del territorio nacional. Estas unidades incluyen: 10 batallones de alta montaña (páramos), una brigada contra el narcotráfico, una brigada contra la minería ilegal, unidades de guardacostas, infantería de marina y efectivos de la Policía Nacional. El Sector Defensa es consciente de que a futuro será fundamental continuar fortaleciendo las capacidades de la Fuerza Pública para, en el marco de sus competencias, continuar apoyando a las autoridades ambientales, entes territoriales y a la comunidad en la defensa y preservación del agua, la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente como activos estratégicos de la Nación. Será fundamental profundizar la disrupción del delito de la explotación ilícita de minerales, mediante el desmantelamiento de las economías ilícitas que se lucran de ella y de la afectación de la cadena criminal. En igual medida, será vital apoyar la recuperación de los ecosistemas más afectados por las actividades ilegales, por medio de actividades de restauración de áreas, del trabajo articulado con las comunidades, la construcción y mantenimiento de viveros forestales y el fortalecimiento a las investigaciones científicas lideradas desde la Armada Nacional y la Dirección General Marítima para la protección de los océanos, el recurso hídrico y sus ecosistemas. De esta forma será posible continuar trabajando en la reducción de los riesgos que se ciernen sobre los ecosistemas del país y disminuir los índices de deforestación, y tras la búsqueda de soluciones que contribuyan a la reducción y mitigación de los GEI. Esta estrategia que ha puesto en marcha el Sector Defensa y que es recogido en esta obra, presenta los aportes sectoriales del trabajo interinstitucional que se han venido realizando en los últimos años, siendo un ejemplo de la forma en la que se pueden sumar esfuerzos para contribuir a la superación de la encrucijada global que nos afecta a todos y que debe ser enfrentada con un esfuerzo común.