Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Territorial markers'

ABSTRACT Social relationships, habitat utilisation and life history characteristics provide a framework which enables the survival of populations in fluctuating ecological conditions. An understanding of behavioural ecology is critical to the implementation of Natural Resource Management strategies if they are to succeed in their conservation efforts during the emergence of climate change. Egernia whitii from Wedge Island in the Spencer Gulf of South Australia were used as a model system to investigate the interaction of life history traits, scat piling behaviour and chemosensory communication in social lizards. Juveniles typically took ¡Ý 3 years to reach sexual maturity and the results of skeletochronological studies suggested longevity of ¡Ý 13 years. Combined with a mean litter size of 2.2, a pregnancy rate estimated at 75% of eligible females during short-term studies, and highly stable groups, this information suggests several life history features. Prolonged juvenile development and adult longevity may be prerequisite to the development of parental care. Parental care may, in turn, be the determining factor that facilitates the formation of small family groups. In E. whitii parental care takes the form of foetal and neonatal provisioning and tolerance of juveniles by small family or social groups within established resource areas. Presumably, resident juveniles also benefit from adult territorialism. Research on birds suggests that low adult mortality predisposes cooperative breeding or social grouping in birds, and life history traits and ecological factors appear to act together to facilitate cooperative systems. E. whitii practice scat piling both individually and in small groups. Social benefits arising from signalling could confer both cooperative and competitive benefits. Permanent territorial markers have the potential to benefit conspecifics, congenerics and other species. The high incidence of a skink species (E. whitii) refuging with a gecko species (N. milii) on Wedge Island provides an example of interspecific cooperation. The diurnal refuge of the nocturnal gecko is a useful transient shelter for the diurnal skink. Scat piling may release a species ¡®signature¡¯ for each group that allows mutual recognition. Scat piling also facilitates intraspecific scent marking by individual members, which has the potential to indicate relatedness, or social or sexual status within the group. The discovery of cloacal scent marking activity is new to the Egernia genus. E. Whitii differentiate between their own scats, and conspecific and congeneric scats. They scent mark at the site of conspecific scats, and males and females differ in their response to scent cues over time. Scat piling has the potential to make information concerning the social environment available to dispersing transient and potential immigrant conspecifics, enabling settlement choices to be made. This thesis explores some of the behavioural strategies employed by E. whitii to reduce risks to individuals within groups and between groups. Scents eliciting a range of behavioural responses relevant to the formation of adaptive social groupings, reproductive activity, and juvenile protection until maturity and dispersal are likely to be present in this species. Tests confirming chemosensory cues that differentiate sex, kin and age would be an interesting addition to current knowledge. The interaction of delayed maturity, parental care, sociality, chemosensory communication and scat piling highlights the sophistication of this species¡¯ behaviour. An alternative method for permanently marking lizards was developed. Persistence, reliability and individual discrimination were demonstrated using photographic identification and the method was shown to be reliable for broad-scale application by researchers. Naturally occurring toe loss in the field provided a context against which to examine this alternative identification method and revealed the need to further investigate the consequences of routine toe clipping, as this practice appears to diminish survivorship.

Este trabalho apresenta um breve histórico da formação da região metropolitana da Grande Vitória no Estado do Espírito Santo, observando como se deu sua configuração urbana a partir da construção das habitações, principalmente das habitações populares, e tem como principal objetivo analisar a atuação do Estado nesse processo, desde a chegada das primeiras indústrias até a primeira década dos anos 2000, quando se dão novas dinâmicas políticas e econômicas que engendram outras configurações urbanas e outros modelos de habitar, os condomínios fechados por segmento de renda, que pouco dialogam com os demais espaços da cidade. O desenvolvimento do trabalho segue uma estrutura que inicialmente contextualiza o processo histórico de urbanização da região, posteriormente apresenta a configuração do território a partir da produção habitacional - que se dá em consequência desse processo de urbanização. Seguindo o percurso histórico, chega ao período mais recente, o qual aponta as transformações políticas e econômicas locais a partir do contexto mundial e suas implicações urbanas no território local, onde o papel do Estado é analisado tendo como fundamentação crítica os conceitos de Raymundo Faoro, Francisco de Oliveira e as considerações de Ermínia Maricato sobre o Estado Patrimonialista. Por último, é apresentado o estudo de caso, o município de Serra, integrante da região metropolitana da Grande Vitória, local onde se evidenciam as questões colocadas nos capítulos anteriores. O Estado, enquanto agente produtor de localizações, trabalha dentro da lógica patrimonialista, sendo conivente com os interesses privados e permitindo a apropriação especulativa do território pelo mercado imobiliário sem praticar a função social da propriedade urbana, havendo assim um distanciamento ao se pensar em produção de habitações e produção de cidades. E como resultado tem-se a produção fragmentada do espaço urbano a partir da implantação de um modelo de morar lucrativo para o mercado imobiliário - os condomínios fechados - que passa a ser empregado massivamente em habitações populares de mercado, a partir de financiamentos públicos, como o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida, que além de repetir erros dos programas habitacionais do passado, como o BNH, segue segregando o local de habitar do restante da cidade. Esses condomínios apresentam alta densidade de apartamentos por metro quadrado, com área útil reduzida e oferecem em troca áreas de lazer entre muros, que simulam os condomínios de luxo, numa escala equivocada, vendendo o conforto e segurança em espaços confinados, isolando cada vez mais os espaços públicos da cidade.
This research presents a brief history on the formation of the Vitória Metropolitan Region, in the state of Espírito Santo, observing how its urban configuration took place based on housing constructions, especially public housing, and aiming to analyze the performance of the State in this process, since the arrival of the first Industry plants until the beginning 2000\'s decade, when new political and economic dynamics that engender different urban configurations and models of inhabiting take place, such as the closed condominiums by income segment, that almost do not dialogue with other areas of the city. The study follows a structure that initially contextualizes the historical process of urbanization in the region, then presents the territory configuration based on housing production - which is a consequence of this process of urbanization. Following the historic course, it goes to the most recent period, in which points the local political and economic transformations based on the global context and its consequences in the local urban territory. Whereupon, the role of the State is analyzed having as critical reasoning the concepts of Raymundo Faoro and Francisco de Oliveira on Patrimonialist State, and the ErmíniaMaricato\' considerations about it. At last, it is presented a case study, of the municipality of Serra, a member of the Vitoria Metropolitan Region where the issues raised in the previous chapters are evident. The State, as the agent that produces localizations, works inside this patrimonialist logic, conniving with private interests and allowing the speculative appropriation of territory by the imobiliary market, without practicing the social function of urban property. Thus, there is a gap between housing production and city production. As a result a fragmented production of the urban space is evident, which begins with the implementation of a housing model lucrative for the imobiliary market - the closed condominiums - massively used for low-income housing market, but now taking public funding, such as the Minha Casa Minha Vida program, which besides repeating mistakes of past housing programs, such as the BNH, keeps segregating the dwelling place from the rest of the city. Actually, these closed condominiums present high density of housing units with reduced useful areas, and although it offers recreational areas within the walls simulating luxury condominiums, but in a misguided scale, comfort and safety are sold in confined spaces, isolating them more and more from the public spaces of the city.

Denna uppsats bygger på en observationsstudie. Under två veckor observerades en forskargrupp vid en av de prekliniska institutionerna vid Karolinska Institutet. Under observationen var forskargruppen med om en organisatorisk flytt till en medvetet utformad byggnad med en tänkt vision gällande ökad interaktion och samarbete. Genom att studera rummet ur ett sociologiskt perspektiv var syftet att se vad mer som kan påverka beteende utöver den rumsliga utformningen. Rummets påverkanseffekt undersöktes genom studiet av samspelet mellan rummets strategiska utformning och de observerade forskarnas beteende. Studien utgick från följande två frågeställningar: Hur tar sig visionen med Biomedicum i uttryck i den strategiska utformningen av byggnaden? samt Hur gör forskarna för att markera territorium i en ny miljö?. För att besvara frågeställningarna användes ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av Actor-Network Theory samt Kärrholms teori om territorium och territoriella produktionsformer som kompletterades med Certeaus definitioner av strategi och taktik. Utifrån observationen kunde vi se exempel på två olika produktionsformer gällande territorium: territoriell strategi samt territoriell taktik. Den territoriella strategin kunde vi se exempel på i utformningen av Biomedicum. Regler kring användandet av rummet och rummets utformning användes för att främja målet med Biomedicum, vilket bland annat formulerats som att möjliggöra samarbete mellan forskare. Från forskarnas sida kunde vi se olika exempel på territoriell taktik. Den slutsats vi kunde dra av vårt resultat är att det inte endast är det rumsliga som påverkar. Rummet hade visserligen en stark påverkanseffekt men forskarna kunde kringgå den genom territoriell taktik.

Os novos formatos e significados atribuídos aos lugares perante a globalização têm reflexos expressivos na produção do espaço, assim como no cotidiano. Em face das tecnologias de rede a serem implantadas no território do Espírito Santo, inúmeras variáveis se apresentam como possibilidades de novas formas de organização socioespacial. O objeto empírico da tese é o Polo Industrial e de Serviços de Anchieta (ES) no âmbito das relações estabelecidas entre Estado, mercado e redes globais. A hipótese é a de que as estratégias para efetivação do Polo Anchieta privilegiam os interesses do mercado, o que notadamente compromete os processos socioambientais do espaço coletivo e da paisagem. A redução do território à sua dimensão estritamente econômica rompe, de maneira profunda, a trama das relações estabelecidas historicamente nos lugares de vida. O Estado perde autonomia pública e abre mão do seu papel regulatório ao substituir largamente o planejamento por um imediatismo mercadófilo, beneficiando duplamente as grandes corporações: por um lado, permite a instalação dos objetos técnicos, e, por outro, viabiliza a modernização dos sistemas de engenharia e da logística de transportes, vetores fundamentais para a especialização produtiva do território. A tese investiga ainda as tendências de concentração econômica e tecnológica, preferencialmente no litoral e no entorno da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, direcionadas por um Plano de governo, o que leva ao desenvolvimento desigual das redes de infraestrutura. Com isso, a rede técnica é expandida, mas aprofundam-se as diferenças regionais.
New formats and meanings assigned to places as a result of globalization markedly influence space production, as well as daily life. In face of the network technologies that are about to be introduced into the Espirito Santo State territory, countless variables are proposed as possible new forms of social and spatial organization. This thesis empirical object is the Polo Industrial e de Serviços de Anchieta (ES) (Anchieta ES Industry and Service Center) in the context of the relationships established among state, market, and global networks. The hypothesis is that the strategies used to create the Anchieta Industry and Service Center will favor market interests, which will greatly affect common space and landscape, as far as their social-environmental processes are concerned. Reducing the territory to its strictly economic dimension severely breaks up the historically established web of relationships in the living places. The State loses its public autonomy and renounces its ruling role as planning is extensively replaced by a marketing immediacy that will twice benefit the large corporations: on one hand, it allows the set up of the technical objects, and on the other, it makes the modernization of engineering systems and transport logistics feasible, which are fundamental vectors towards the territory productive specialization. This thesis further investigates the economical and technological concentration tendencies, preferably along the coast and surrounding the metropolitan area of Grande Vitória, which are controlled by a government plan and lead to an uneven development of the infrastructure networks. In this way, the technical network is expanded, but the regional differences grow deeper.

This thesis examines the transformation of two Southeast Asian national retail markets altered by the entry of globalising food and general merchandise transnational retail firms. The study examines the dynamic and often contested evolution of Malaysia and Thailand’s retail systems from the 1990s to the mid-2010s and considers how domestic actors and transnational retail firms have shaped the nature and direction of market transformations. Central to this study is the examination of sector-specific regulatory frameworks devised in the early 2000s by Malaysia and Thailand’s national governments to resolve market actor disagreements arising from increased competition and supply system changes initiated by transnational retailers. The research examines the role of state institutions in mediating and guiding the course of development in Malaysia and Thailand’s respective national retail markets. This cross-national comparative study makes an original contribution to the growing economic-geographical literature on the globalisation of retailing by conceptualising national retail markets as dynamic, path-dependent and contested multi-actor sectoral systems that are continually shaped by the institutional and political landscape in which they are embedded. Key to this conceptualisation is the integration of theories explaining processes of globalisation and frameworks that identify patterns of national distinctiveness. Comparative capitalism research is integrated with relational economic geography perspectives in order to conceptualise the complex institutional settings in which national retail markets evolve and are embedded. In particular, the study mobilises the Variegated Capitalism approach to deepen understanding of the diverse causal processes driving national retail market transformation. Making use of qualitative research methods, representatives from both case country retail markets have been interviewed and various sources of documentation have been analysed in order to gain in-depth understanding of the contrasting trajectories of Malaysia and Thailand’s national retail markets. Several key insights emerge from this thesis. Firstly, addressing a current lacuna within the retail globalisation literature surrounding the long-term effects of transnational retail firm entry into national retail markets, it unveils the strategies of resistance and competition by domestic market actors and the mediation of change by national governments through the application of sectoral regulation. Secondly, it highlights the intense negotiations that occur between market actors over the rules that guide economic action in sectoral systems. By examining the formation and implementation of formal regulation this thesis uncovers how different economic actors actively produce and reproduce national retail markets. Furthermore, through the analysis of regulation a wide variety of retail system transitions are revealed. Thirdly, it introduces a heuristic and conceptual framework through which the multi-dimensional nature of retail system change can be examined and linked to the diverse cross-connective globalising processes that contribute to creating distinct national economies. In so doing, this thesis adds to the knowledge about sources of spatial variegation in contemporary capitalism.

Les montagnes Uporoto sont un territoire agricole densément peuplé dont les conditions environnementales permettent la production d'une gamme variée de cultures à destination des marchés urbains nationaux. Située à 1700 m d'altitude, à la périphérie sud-ouest de la Tanzanie, la ville de Mbeya compte environ 400 000 habitants. Elle est la métropole régionale et la porte d'entrée pour les pays enclavés de la sous-région. La ville de Mbeya et les Uporoto sont des entités entre l'urbain et le rural et entre plusieurs échelles géographiques. La fonction d'échange prédomine, elle s'appuie sur l'essor d'un modèle agricole basé sur les cultures alimentaires commerciales. A travers une approche systémique, ce travail géographique montre comment le développement agricole et l'urbanisation sont imbriqués et produisent les causes et les effets de leurs dynamiques. Le propos s'organise en quatre parties et neuf chapitres qui analysent comment l'émergence d'un modèle d'intégration fondé sur de nouvelles cultures commerciales, reposant sur un réseau de marchés et sur la complexité des flux, produit un système qui redéfinit la montagne et sa place dans le territoire. La cohésion du système montagnard est fondée sur les complémentarités à l'intérieur du massif et entre ce dernier et les basses terres, elle est imprégnée de logiques commerciales qui renforcent la dépendance des Uporoto vis-à-vis du marché. Cette thèse propose que l'organisation extravertie du système montagnard participe à une fragmentation du massif et à une intégration défaillante au territoire national.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The productive flexibility and the increasing importance of goods and services quality are some of the major changes that bound the current phase of capitalism. In this context, strategies capable of promoting and communicating the differentiation of commodities become increasingly relevant. Thus, the symbolic dimension and territorial bond of the goods are acquiring greater importance within the markets in the so-called economies of signs and space. In this field, several actors from the agro food system are resorting to strategies anchored in the quality that has been derived from territorial bonds as a means of differentiating their products, among which stands out the figure of Geographical Indications (GIs).Of long standing use in Europe, these figures are still relatively recent in Brazil, where they unfold in two kinds: Indication of Origin ( IP ) and Designation of Origin (DO ). Studies on Brazilian experiments have pointed out to the potential of GIs in promoting territorial development, when able to mobilize and contemplate the interests of different social actors, valuing products, practices, identities and knowledge of the territory. But it has also been pointing out to several cases in which these experiences were merely shaped as a sectoral and socially excluding strategy, benefiting a select club of actors. Thus, this research took care to investigate the experiment of the first Denomination of Brazilian Origin, the DBO of the Rice of the Northern Coast from Rio Grande do Sul. Granted in 2010, DBO certified a peninsula of 300 km between the Lagoa dos Patos lake and the Atlantic Ocean, which has unique climatic conditions for the cultivation of the irrigated rice, covering eleven cities of the Northern Coast of the RS. Thus, the objective was to describe the trajectory of construction and acquisition of the Denomination of Origin, identifying key actors, institutions and social groups involved in this process, their relationships and interests, as well as the difficulties, conflicts and potentialities wrapped in getting the Designation of Origin. Correlatively it also sought to identify eventual impact on the promotion process of territorial development on the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul. For such, the research methodologically proceeded to compile and analyze the available material on secondary sources, as well as field trips to the territory of the Northern Coast of the RS for notes, field records and conducting semi-structured interviews with key informants. It is possible to be considered that the experience of the DBO of the Rice of the Northern Coast from Rio Grande do Sul has not yet reached sufficient evidence to suggest that they are promoting a process of territorial development from the GI approach, given its still markedly sectorial character, manipulated by a club of actors, so that its impact remains limited in social, economic and environmental points of view, in the field of the researched territory.
A flexibilização produtiva e a crescente importância da qualidade de bens e serviços são algumas das principais transformações que demarcam o atual estágio do capitalismo. Neste contexto, estratégias capazes de promover e comunicar as diferenciações de mercadorias se tornam cada vez mais relevantes. Assim, a dimensão simbólica e o vínculo territorial das mercadorias vêm adquirindo maior importância dentro dos mercados nas chamadas economias dos signos e espaços. Neste âmbito, vários atores do sistema agroalimentar vêm recorrendo a estratégias ancoradas na qualidade derivada de vínculos territoriais como instrumento de diferenciação de seus produtos, dentre os quais se destaca a figura das Indicações Geográficas (IGs). De longa data já utilizadas na Europa, tais figuras ainda são relativamente recentes no Brasil, onde se desdobram em duas modalidades: a Indicação de Procedência (IP) e a Denominação de Origem (DO). Estudos sobre as experiências brasileiras têm apontado para o potencial das IGs na promoção do desenvolvimento territorial, quando capaz de mobilizar e contemplar os interesses dos diferentes atores sociais, valorizando produtos, práticas, saberes e identidades do território. Mas também tem apontado para diversos casos em que estas experiências se configuraram apenas como estratégia meramente setorial e excludente socialmente, beneficiando um restrito clube de atores. Assim, esta pesquisa ocupou-se de investigar a experiência da primeira Denominação de Origem brasileira, a DO Litoral Norte Gaúcho para o Arroz. Concedida em 2010, a DO certificou uma península de 300 km entre a Lagoa dos Patos e o Oceano Atlântico que possui condições climáticas singulares para o cultivo do arroz irrigado, abrangendo onze municípios do Litoral Norte do RS. Assim, objetivou-se descrever a trajetória de construção e obtenção da Denominação de Origem, identificando os principais atores, instituições e grupos sociais implicados neste processo, suas relações e interesses, bem como as dificuldades, conflitos e potencialidades envolvidos na obtenção da Denominação de Origem. Correlatamente também se buscou identificar eventuais repercussões no processo de promoção do desenvolvimento territorial no Litoral Norte Gaúcho. Para tanto, metodologicamente procedeu-se a compilação e análise de material disponível em fontes secundárias, bem como incursões ao território do Litoral Norte Gaúcho para observações, registros de campo e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com informantes-chaves. Pode-se considerar que a experiência da DO Litoral Norte Gaúcho para o Arroz ainda não alcançou elementos suficientes que indiquem estar promovendo um processo de desenvolvimento territorial a partir da abordagem de IGs, dado o seu caráter ainda marcadamente setorial, manipulado por um clube de atores, de modo que sua repercussão permanece restrita do ponto de vista social, econômico e ambiental no âmbito do território estudado.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar e apresentar as formas pelas quais uma universidade pode desenvolver competências territoriais e recursos humanos qualificados para o mercado de trabalho regional. Para responder a este propósito optou-se inicialmente por um resgate de teorias que reforçasse esse pensamento e gerasse uma contribuição teórica do estudo. Com a construção de uma associação entre desenvolvimento territorial e mercado de trabalho, a partir da adoção do conceito de desenvolvimento territorial sustentado, com aporte para análise de uma região a partir de suas características culturais, econômicas, políticas e naturais, e do conceito de mercado de trabalho segmentado, para explicar o papel da universidade no desenvolvimento de competências territoriais e recursos humanos qualificados. A justificativa se deu no fato de que diferentes segmentos seriam necessários para que ocorresse o desenvolvimento a partir das competências territoriais, de forma sustentada. Colocando a Universidade neste contexto, a mesma deveria ser vista como um agente de desenvolvimento para as regiões. Como forma de compreender empiricamente o fenômeno estudado optou-se por um estudo de caso com a Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), no campus Santana do Livramento. Destaca-se que a pesquisa foi delimitada a um campus da UNIPAMPA para que fosse possível uma análise mais detalhada do mercado de trabalho na cidade e associação da teoria com o ambiente pesquisado. Foram realizadas entrevistas, análise de documentos e análise de dados secundários como forma de compreender o mercado de trabalho da cidade e a inserção da UNIPAMPA neste local. Em termos metodológicos, acredita-se ter consolidado o trabalho tanto pela triangulação de diferentes técnicas para análise e também pelo uso de uma análise de regressão para verificar mudança estrutural, no caso específico da dinamização do mercado de trabalho a partir da criação da UNIPAMPA. Com a triangulação de dados foi possível a verificação in loco dos elementos destacados na revisão teórica (contribuição empírica do estudo), de como uma universidade, criada com a finalidade de auxiliar no desenvolvimento de uma região estagnada economicamente, pode contribuir para o mercado de trabalho e desenvolvimento. Este fenômeno parte de duas premissas: aumento do número de pessoas qualificadas a trabalharem nesta região, que tenham relação com as competências territoriais e; desenvolvimento das competências territoriais (primeiramente participando como agente ativo de identificação destas) que podem, como consequência, dimensionar os segmentos do mercado de trabalho da região. Por fim, o fechamento do trabalho indica as limitações e as possibilidades de estudos futuros que permitirão melhor compreensão do fenômeno estudado.
This research aimed to identify and present the ways in which a university can develop territorial competence and qualified human resources for the regional labor market. To answer this purpose we choose initially a review of theories that reinforce this idea and generate a theoretical contribution of the study. With the construction of an association between regional development and labor market, from the adoption of the concept of sustainable territorial development, with input for the analysis of a region from its cultural, economic, political and natural, and the concept of segmented labor market to explain the role of universities in the development of territorial competence and qualified human resources. The justification was given in the fact that different segments would be required for development to occur from the territorial jurisdiction in a sustainable way. Putting the University in this context, it should be seen as a development agent for the regions. In order to understand the phenomenon studied empirically we chose a case study with the Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), on Santana do Livramento campus. It is noteworthy that the research was limited to one campus of UNIPAMPA to make it possible a more detailed analysis of the labor market in the city and linking theory with the environment studied. Interviews were conducted, examining documents and secondary data analysis in order to understand the labor market of the city and the insertion of UNIPAMPA. In methodological terms, it is believed to have consolidated the work of both the triangulation of different techniques for analysis and also by using a regression analysis to check for structural change in the specific case of dynamic labor market with the creation of UNIPAMPA. With data triangulation was possible to spot verification of the elements highlighted in the literature review (empirical contribution of the study) of how a university, created with the purpose of assisting the development of a region of depressed economy can contribute to the labor market and development. This phenomenon starts from two premises: increased number of qualified people to work in this region and, development of territorial competence (primarily participating as an active agent to identify these) and as a consequence, scale segments labor market in the region. Finally, the conclusion of this study indicates the limitations and possibilities for future studies that will enable better understanding of the phenomenon.

Based on the historical process that permeates the formation and construction of the Brazilian rural environment, marked by the inequalities in the social, cultural and economic context stands out the public policies created for these areas from the 1990s, as strategies to reduce these disparities, contributing to rural development. Thus, the present study aims to analyze how public policies, particularly the institutional markets, Food Acquisition Program (PAA) and the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) are taking place in the territory of high backwoods Alagoan, leading to into account the challenges and contributions to family farmers and to territorial development. The methodology used was based on the geographic category territory, institutional territory and the social category Family Farmers. The methodological procedures were, literature review, field research having as research criteria the application of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with Family Farmers and Cooperative and Associated Family Farmers, participation of the meetings of the Territorial Collegiate, as well as collection of secondary data with public agencies , such as: IBGE, MDA, SDT, FNDE and CONAB. As a result, it was found that access by Family Farmers from Alto Alagoas to the PAA occurs mainly through the National Supply Company (CONAB) and PNAE via local municipalities, however, in the last two years, there have been production and marketing in these markets. It was also identified that the access to these commercialization channels is constituted individually, in the cooperatives and associations the sale of the products is carried out for the PAA or PNAE and corresponds between 80% and 99% of the production; on the other hand, farmers who do not sell to the programs, do not participate in formal groups and are unaware of the existence of these public policies, only marketing the surplus to local intermediaries. In this way, it is highlighted as the main challenge for the implementation of food acquisition policies in the Territory of high backwoods Alagoan, the incipient articulation of rural policies, as well as the need for the dissemination of semi-arid technologies. Nevertheless, the results of this study show that access to institutional markets contributes positively to improving the living conditions of the supplying Family Farmers and to territorial development.
Com base no processo histórico que permeia a formação e construção do meio rural brasileiro, marcado pelas desigualdades no contexto social, cultural e econômico destaca-se as políticas públicas criadas para essas áreas a partir da década de 1990, como estratégias de diminuir essas disparidades, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento rural. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar de que forma as políticas públicas, particularmente os mercados institucionais, Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) e o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) estão se efetivando no território do Alto Sertão Alagoano, levando em consideração os desafios e contribuições para os Agricultores Familiares fornecedores e para o desenvolvimento territorial. A metodologia utilizada teve como lastro a categoria geográfica território, território institucional e a categoria social Agricultores Familiares. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram, revisão da literatura, pesquisa de campo tendo como critérios de pesquisa a aplicação de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas com Agricultores Familiares e Agricultores Familiares cooperados e associados, participação das reuniões do Colegiado Territorial, bem como levantamento de dados secundários junto órgão públicos, como: IBGE, MDA, SDT, FNDE e CONAB. Como resultados, constatou-se que, o acesso pelos Agricultores Familiares do Alto sertão Alagoano ao PAA ocorre principalmente via a Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB) e o PNAE via as prefeituras locais, no entanto, diante das intempéries climáticas nos últimos dois anos houve diminuição da produção e comercialização nesses mercados. Identificou-se também que o acesso a esses canais de comercialização se constitui de forma individual, nas cooperativas e associações a venda dos produtos é realizada para o PAA ou PNAE e corresponde entre 80% a 99% da produção; em contrapartida os agricultores que não vendem para os programas, não participam de grupos formais e desconhece a existência dessas políticas públicas, comercializando apenas o excedente para os atravessadores locais. Dessa maneira, destaca-se como principal desafio para efetivação das políticas de aquisição de alimentos no Território do Alto sertão Alagoano, a incipiente articulação de políticas voltadas ao meio rural, bem como, a necessidade de disseminação das tecnologias voltadas ao semiárido. Ainda assim, os resultados desse estudo demostram que o acesso aos mercados institucionais contribui positivamente para a melhoria nas condições de vida dos Agricultores Familiares fornecedores e para o desenvolvimento territorial.
São Cristóvão, SE

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In the last three decades, many studies in the social sciences were marked by an intense discussion, focusing on the problems of the field. Conflictual relations with the peasantry grabbers and landowners, as well as the discussion on decomposition or recreating the peasantry class and the way in which this fits into the capitalist market, has been the focus of those discussions. Historically, the Brazilian rural space is conceived as a stage of intense social conflicts, as the main reason the possession and ownership of land. Such conflicts are aimed at a better distribution of land and the promotion of a fair land reform, which, thus, promotes a better distribution of income and consequently fewer social injustices. However, the current landscape of agrarian conflicts are marked by new model of agrarian policy, known as market land reform, based on a land market, idealized by BIRD (Brazilian acronym for World Bank) and promoted and improved by the Brazilian state. In Sergipe, the agrarian problem is exacerbated due to the small land area of the state, which creates a social pressure, aggravating the direct conflicts over land ownership. And it is from the perspective of solving such problems that the agrarian reform Market (RAM as Brazilian acronym), as it is known, is now sold in Sergipe, as well as in every state that has adopted the policy of agrarian reform. In the field of geography, this phenomenon gains a prominent position, since this new form of management of the Brazilian space promotes a brand new territorial dynamics of these spaces. Thus requiring a deeper analysis of the related, multi-dimensional, multi-scale and timeless processes that determine not only new territory, but the peculiar form that territoriality shape them, from a previously recorded identity and experiences in the territories of the past. In Sergipe, such a model of agrarian reform began to be implemented in 2001 with the Fund for Land and Agrarian Reform (then the Land Bank program) and continued with the National Land Credit Program in both lines of credit, CAF and PCPR. In our study, we analyzed both lines using as spatial area the town of Lagarto, and we found that: the ideals of agrarian reform came to be disguised by the policies of RAM; agrarian reform proposed by BIRD had no significant changes in the reality of the beneficiaries; RAM as a public policy of poverty reduction will act as a tool for redefining the territorial dynamics of the spaces where it‟s located; the absence of pubic power in the enterprises of RAM favors the creation of an illegal land market, since the lack of a close up leaves openings for marketing of lots; RAM is incorporated in the implementation of neo-liberal state and it is used as an instrument for perpetuating accumulation of capital, as well as social repression, denying the struggle as an instrument of social transformation and undermining social movements from the discourse of passivity. Against all the odds, good data was found in the territories surveyed. Stands out in this scenario a sense of satisfaction, which assigns the symbolic realization of an identity projected in the fieldwork. In this sense, the appropriation of land by peasant is characterized not by their material relations but by the symbolic value that it has for their way of life and work.
Nas últimas três décadas, muitos estudos nas ciências sociais foram marcados por uma intensa discussão, tendo como foco as problemáticas do campo. As relações conflituosas do campesinato com grileiros e latifundiários, assim como o debate quanto à decomposição ou recriação da classe camponesa e a forma na qual essa se insere no mercado capitalista, vem sendo o foco destas discussões. Historicamente o espaço rural brasileiro é concebido como palco de intensos conflitos sociais, tendo como principal motivo a posse e a propriedade da terra. Tais conflitos têm por objetivo uma melhor distribuição da terra e a promoção de uma reforma agrária justa, que promova, assim, uma melhor distribuição de renda e consequentemente menores injustiças sociais. Contudo, o panorama atual dos conflitos agrários está marcado por novo modelo de política agrária, conhecida como reforma agrária de mercado, baseado em um mercado de terras, idealizados pelo BIRD (Banco Mundial) e promovido e aprimorado pelo Estado brasileiro. Em Sergipe, a problemática agrária é agravada devido à pequena extensão territorial do estado, o que gera uma pressão social, agravando os conflitos diretos pela posse da terra. E é dentro da perspectiva de sanar tal problemática que a reforma agrária de Mercado (RAM), como é conhecida, passa a ser vendida em Sergipe, assim como em todos os estados que a adota como política de reforma agrária. No campo da geografia, tal fenômeno ganha uma posição de destaque, visto que essa nova forma de gestão do espaço brasileiro promove uma novíssima dinâmica territorial desses espaços. Assim, requerendo uma análise mais aprofundada dos processos relacionados, multidimensionais, multiescalares e atemporais, que determinam não só novos territórios, mas a forma peculiar que a territorialidade os moldam, a partir de uma identidade constituída anteriormente e das experiências nos territórios do passado. Em Sergipe, tal modelo de reforma agrária passou a ser implantado a partir de 2001 com o Fundo de Terras e da Reforma Agrária (o então programa Banco da Terra) e deu continuidade com o Programa Nacional de Crédito Fundiário em ambas as linhas de financiamento, a CAF e a PCPR. Em nosso estudo, analisamos ambas as linhas utilizando como recorte espacial o município de Lagarto, ficando constatado que: o ideário da reforma agrária passou a ser travestido pelas políticas de RAM; a reforma agrária proposta pelo BIRD não provocou significativas transformações na realidade dos beneficiários; a RAM enquanto política pública de redução da pobreza passa a agir como instrumento de redefinição das dinâmicas territoriais dos espaços onde se instala; a ausência do poder púbico nos empreendimentos da RAM favorece a criação de um mercado ilegal de terras, visto que a falta de um acompanhamento próximo abre brechas para a comercialização de lotes; a RAM se incorpora na implementação do Estado neoliberal e é usada como instrumento de perpetuação da acumulação de capital, assim como de repressão social, negando a luta como instrumento de transformação social e minando movimentos sociais a partir do discurso da passividade. Mesmo com todas as adversidades, bons materiais foram encontrados nos territórios pesquisados. Destaca-se nesse cenário um sentimento de satisfação, que se atribui pela realização simbólica de uma identidade projetada no trabalho do campo. Nesse sentido, a apropriação do território pelo camponês caracteriza-se não pelas suas relações materiais e sim pelo valor simbólico que este possui para seu modo de vida e trabalho.

O objetivo desta dissertação é avançar o conhecimento sobre como são produzidas as desigualdades sócio-espaciais em Curitiba. Argumenta-se que essas desigualdades são resultado da forma como ocorre a valorização da terra e sua apropriação pelas diferentes camadas sociais, e que em Curitiba esses arranjos são articulados em torno da prática do planejamento urbano. Para aprofundar essa discussão foi escolhido como objeto de estudo o caso específico do Ecoville. Originalmente concebida na década de 1970 sob a denominação de Conectora 5, essa área deveria ser uma nova frente de expansão urbana que evitaria a ocupação de áreas impróprias na cidade. Contudo sua implantação ocorreu de maneira totalmente oposta, produzindo uma área com baixa densidade populacional voltada para camadas de alta renda. O estudo do Ecoville contribui para a compreensão das desigualdades espaciais em Curitiba porque evidencia as contradições que são produzidas em torno da valorização da terra, e qual o papel da prática do planejamento urbano nesse processo.
The goal of this paper is to further the discussion about the production of socially and spatially uneven urban development in Curitiba. It is argued that this urban inequality results from the manner that land values and ways of occupation by different social classes are established, and that in Curitiba these relations are articulated around of the practice of urban planning. A case study was then specified to exemplify this discussion: Ecoville. Originally conceived in the 1970s under the name Conectora 5, this area was intended to be a new urban front that would avoid new settlements at improper areas within the city. However, its implementation followed a totally different path, creating a low density development only suitable for higher income groups. The Ecoville case broadens the understanding on how the urban inequalities are created within Curitiba because it reveals the contradictions that stir around land values, and the role urban planning practice plays in this process.

Political territorial dispute underlie in great proportions the universe of knowledge and the power comprised by both the State and the market. They determine space, protect the territory (sovereign) however, they (de)territorialize whenever their interests are at game. The globalized world context converges to the local, except when this territory itself produces the capital which the system rules. Therefore, this research is located in the Northeast of Brazil, particularly at Polo Costa dos Coqueirais region, in Sergipe’s coast cut by rivers, with 163km of beaches, dunes and its unique vegetation composing, through its landscape and territory identity, perspective to social, economic and environmental development. This research aims at analyzing the tourism public territorial policies and the role of the State in the investments at Polo Costa dos Coqueirais’ in order to reduce poverty in Sergipe within the two last decades. This study is supported by the methodological hermeneutic principles, participativeresearch type, which is complemented by socioeconomics (quantitative) analysis instruments. There is underlying this choice the dimension of phenomenology complement that defines the path to be followed. This definition allowed to develop not only the strategies to elaborate workshops, notebooks to gather document and field data; but also make use of forms and interviews scripts to compose the workshops results. Besides that cartograms were built to gather quantitative data in order to support this study. The substantiation of this thesis consolidates into the following prior premises: ideological (State and Market); the ones that represent tourism society (Polo Council) and pragmatic (community participation). As a result of this relation emerge: (i) International agencies’ methodology, especially BID,that has not been contributing to generate new achievements that lead to better income indicators to the population affected. Fact that corroborates with the argument that the State’s engagement with the social welfare and the lack of effective involvement of the society at conducting tourism territory policies broaden the contradictory effects of tourism investments in the Northeast by great investors; (ii) The bases for support and negotiation of those who represent the Polo’s civil society appear contradictory as this influence in public tourism policies efficiency, society does not keep its management power and this affects the advances which were obtained by participation in tourism development. (iii) Investments in tourism have caused different impacts over distinct communities that make Polo Costa dos Coqueirais. PRODETUR/SE partially accomplishes what has been established by the resource investment program of the multilateral agencies, especially concerning to BID, privileging the market itself, once it is noticeable that there was some distinct improvement between coast regions, in terms of tourism facilities to the South–Center part of the State. Thus, this study advances into proposing a territory matrix of community tourism which embodies the effective citizenship exercise as an essential element to establish, in local scale, a new project to develop tourism activities in order to contribute to overcome poverty .
La dispute politique territoriale existe à grande échelle dans l'univers des savoirs et du pouvoir constitué de l'État et du marché. Ceux-ci déterminent l'espace, le territoire (souverain), mais font preuve de déterritorialisation quand cela arrange leurs intérêts. Ce contexte de monde globalisé est à l'encontre de ce territoire excepté quand celui-ci est touristique et produis le capital et cela est dans l'ordre de système. Cette étude se situe au Nordeste du Brésil, particulièrement dans la région de Polo Costa dos Coqueirais, localisé sur le littoral Sergipanais qui possède 163 km 2 de plages, entrecoupées de fleuves, de dunes et de végétation singulière, composée à travers son paysage et son identité territoriale, des perspectives de développement social, économique et environnemental. Nous nous proposons d'analyser les politiques territoriales du tourisme et le rôle de l’État dans les investissements de l’espace publique de Polo Costa dos coqueirais, et pour vaincre la pauvreté des deux dernières décennies. Le soutien méthodologique est herméneutique, type recherche participant, complété par les instruments de l’analyse socio-économiques (quantitatif). Il y a dans ce choix une dimension de complémentarité avec la phénoménologie qui définit le chemin à être parcouru. Cette décision a permis l’élaboration d’une matrice territoriale de tourisme communautaire. Décision fondée du point de vue philosophique à travers la Proposition d'utilisation Critique-Dialectique et des Dimentions de l'Espace-Temps. Ces définitions ont permis de développer des stratégies pour l'élaboration des ateliers et des cahiers qui enregistrent, les données documentées et celles du terrain ainsi que les formulaires et rapports d'entretien qui viennent s'ajouter aux résultats des ateliers. En dehors de la construction des cartogrammes et relevés de données quantitatives en fonction de l'étude. Les propositions de la thèse ont été élaborées premierement à partir de : les idéologiques (État et marché), celles qui représentent la société du tourisme (conseil de Polo) et les pragmatiques (participation de la communauté). De cette relation propositive nous avons: (i) la méthodologie des organismes internationaux, en particulier du BID, qui ne contribue pas à gérer de nouveaux emplois visant à améliorer le revenu de la population. Ceci corrobore les arguments de ce que la sortie de l'État et le manque effectif d'implication de la société dans la conduite des politiques territoriales du tourisme finissent par amplifier les effets contradictoires des investissements touristiques dans le nordeste, financé par les grands investisseurs; (ii) les bases de soutien et de négociation de ceux qui représentent la société civile de Polo apparaissent contradictoirement, dans la mesure que cette influence dans efficacité des politiques publiques de tourisme, n'est pas approprié quant à la gestion de la direction, et affecte les effets des avancées dans cette participation pour le développement du tourisme. (iii) les investissements dans le secteur du tourisme ont eu un impact différent sur les communautés qui composent Polo Costa dos Coqueirais. Le PRODETUR/SE effectue partiellement ce qui a été établi dans le programme d'investissement d'aides des agences multilatérales, spécialement en ce qui concerne le BID servant ainsi le marché, une fois que l'on voit une amélioration entre les régions du littoral, du point de vue de l'infrastructure touristique pour le centre sud de l'État. Par conséquent, l’État avance une proposition de matrice territoriale du tourisme communautaire qui incorpore l’effet de citoyenneté, élément fondamental, pour établir, à l'échelle locale, un nouveau projet de développement des activités touristiques qui contribuent à triompher de la pauvreté.
A disputa política territorial se dá em larga escala no universo dos saberes e do poder constituído do Estado e do mercado. Esses determinam o espaço, protegem o território (soberania), mas ao mesmo tempo desterritorializam quando dos seus interesses. Esse contexto de mundo globalizado vem de encontro ao local, exceto quando esse território do turismo produz o capital e está na ordem do sistema. Dessa forma, este estudo situa-se no Nordeste do Brasil, particularmente na região do Polo Costa dos Coqueirais, localizada no litoral sergipano, possui 163 km² de praias, entrecortada por rios, dunas e vegetação singular compondo, através de sua paisagem e identidade territorial, perspectivas de desenvolvimento social, econômico e ambiental. Propõe-se analisar as políticas territoriais de turismo e o papel do Estado nos investimentos do espaço público do Polo Costa dos Coqueirais para superação da pobreza, nas duas últimas décadas, em Sergipe. O apoio metodológico consiste no método hermenêutico, tipo pesquisa-participante, complementada pelos instrumentos de análise socioeconômicos (quantitativo). Há nessa escolha uma dimensão de complementariedade com a fenomenologia, que definem o caminho a ser trillado. Essa decisão permitiu desenvolver estratégias para elaboração das oficinas e cadernos que registrassem o apanhado documental e de campo. Formulários e roteiros de entrevistas vieram se somar aos resultados das oficinas, além da construção dos cartogramas em função do estudo. A comprovação da tese alicerça-se nas seguintes premissas: ideológicas (Estado e mercado), as que representam a sociedade do turismo (Conselho do Polo) e pragmáticas (participação da comunidade). Dessa relação propositiva, tem-se: (i) A metodologia dos organismos internacionais, em especial do BID, não vem contribuindo para gerar novos empreendimentos que visem à melhoria nos indicadores de renda da população afetada. Isso corrobora com os argumentos de que o envolvimento mínimo do Estado com o bem-estar social e a falta efetiva da sociedade na condução das políticas territoriais do turismo, acabam por ampliar os efeitos contraditórios dos investimentos turísticos em Sergipe, capitaneados pelos grandes investidores. (ii) As bases de apoio e de negociação dos que representam a sociedade civil do Polo aparecem contraditoriamente, na medida em que esta influencia na eficácia das políticas públicas de turismo, mas não se apropria como gestora de governança e afeta nos avanços tidos nessa participação para com o desenvolvimento do turismo. (iii) Os investimentos no setor de turismo têm impactado de forma diferenciada as diferentes comunidades que compõem o Polo Costa dos Coqueirais. O PRODETUR/SE cumpre parcialmente o que foi estabelecido no programa de investimentos de recursos das agências multilaterais, especialmente no tocante ao BID, atendendo assim ao mercado, uma vez que se percebe uma melhoria diferenciada entre as regiões do litoral, do ponto de vista da infraestrutura turística para o Centro-Sul do Estado. Por conseguinte, o estudo avança em uma proposta de matriz territorial do turismo comunitário, que incorpora o efetivo exercício da cidadania, elemento fundamental para se estabelecer, em escala local, um novo projeto de desenvolvimento das atividades turísticas que contribua para superação da pobreza.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This thesis is based on two pillars: the issue of geographical indications (GIs) and the territorial approach to development. From a comparative study between territories in Brazil and Spain, we used the territorial development perspective to assess the possibilities of geographical indications to contribute to rural development, answering some questions. Which the potential of geographical indications to channel innovation in rural areas and help producers associated with forward territorial development processes? The widespread of GIs in a country interferes in their effects on the territory as it applies? The size of the geographical territory of space is important? The specificity of the product account? Finally, the limits and possibilities for geographical indications act as instruments to channel territorial development processes, since the territories in which they apply are not homogeneous social constructions? After all, how can we understand objectively the territorial development? So, while we employ a multidisciplinary perspective, focusing on the thinking of economists, geographers and social scientists in the territorial approach to development, we seek to find a place for geographical indications in the harvest of the economic literature. In addition, we seek to build a purely objective view of territorial development with which we can identify some results of these strategies in capitalist appropriation processes of rural areas. For basic hypothesis, we have the simple organization of a geographical indication in a given territory wine does not guarantee, a priori, any effect, other than to make a group of associated producers holds control over the amount of raw material produced within a certain spatial area, as well as the technique applied to the raw material, to generate a product with specific characteristics - collectively determined.
Esta tese se sustenta em dois pilares: o tema das indicações geográficas (IGs) e a perspectiva territorial do desenvolvimento. A partir de um estudo comparado entre territórios no Brasil e na Espanha, lançamos mão da perspectiva territorial do desenvolvimento para avaliar as possibilidades das indicações geográficas em contribuir para o desenvolvimento rural, respondendo algumas perguntas. Quais a potencialidades das indicações geográficas para canalizar a inovação em territórios rurais e auxiliar os produtores associados a encaminhar processos de desenvolvimento territorial? O grau de difusão das IGs em um país interfere nos seus efeitos sobre o território em que se aplica? O tamanho do espaço geográfico do território é importante? A especificidade do produto conta? Enfim, quais os limites e possibilidades para as indicações geográficas funcionarem como instrumentos que canalizem processos de desenvolvimento territorial, dado que os territórios em que se aplicam não são construções sociais homogêneas? Afinal, como podemos entender, objetivamente, o desenvolvimento territorial? Assim, ao mesmo tempo em lançamos mão de uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, enfocando o pensamento de economistas, geógrafos e cientistas sociais na perspectiva territorial do desenvolvimento, procuramos encontrar um lugar para as indicações geográficas na seara da literatura econômica. Além disso, procuramos construir uma ideia puramente objetiva de desenvolvimento territorial com a qual possamos identificar alguns resultados destas estratégias nos processos de apropriação capitalista de espaços rurais. Por hipótese básica, temos que a simples organização de uma indicação geográfica em determinado território vitivinícola não garante, aprioristicamente, nenhum tipo de efeito, que não seja o de fazer com que um grupo de produtores associados detenha o controle sobre a quantidade de matéria prima produzida dentro de um determinado recorte espacial, bem como da técnica aplicada sobre essa matéria prima, para gerar um produto com características específicas determinadas coletivamente.
Doutor em Economia

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar a economia campesina da Zona de Reserva Campesina del Valle del rio Cimitarra (VRC) na Colômbia. Para isso, partimos de que expor a lógica, as características da economia campesina em seu território e ressaltar sua importância, por seu caráter alternativo ao capitalismo, não é um exercício suficiente para compreende-la, o exercício que acreditamos pertinente, mais além de caracteriza-la, é observar as circunstancias que as desestruturam, as condições que as possibilitam, por fim, compreender o contexto no qual estão imersas e os processos de ordem político, económico e social que as configuram. Partimos também de que em vez de um destino predeterminado e inexorável à integração ou desintegração da economia campesina existe uma correlação de forças que nos mostra o carácter dominante do ordenamento económico capitalista, mas ao mesmo tempo nos mostra as formas como o “dominado” luta e resiste –ou se adapta ou se integra– nesta relação com o ordenamento económico para assim também determinar seu destino. É por isso que a compreensão do configuracao das economias campesinas deve passar pela compreensão da ação das forças dominantes, mas também a ação das forças dominadas, que em conjunto explicam o destino do campesinato. De forma que nos propomos mostrar neste trabalho que a transformação da economia campesina do VRC está determinada por três forças em tensão: (1) a articulação da economia campesina com o mercado capitalista –os circuitos de acumulacao capitalista–, (2) a violência exercida contra a comunidade campesina, e (3) a organização campesina num contexto de precariedade institucional do Estado.
The goal of this thesis is to study the peasant economy from the Zona de Reserva Campesina del Valle of the Cimitarra river in Colombia. In order to do this, we start from the principle that exposing the logic, features and benefits of the peasant economy in the territory is not enough to understand it. We believe what is important, beyond exposing it, is observing its conflicting development, the circumstances that destructures it, and the conditions that enables it. In summary, understand the context in which they the peasant economies are immersed and the political, economical, and social processes that influence it. We believe that instead of a predetermined destiny towards integration or disintegration of the paseant economy, there exist a correlation of forces that shows the dominant character of the capitalist economic order, but at the same time it show us the ways how the "dominated" fights and resists (or adapts and integrates) in relationship with the economic order to determine its fate. For this reason the understanding of the peasant economies' fate needs to understand the action of the dominant forces but also the action of the dominated forces, that together explain the destiny that the peasant people follows. Therefore, the goal of this work is showing that the transformation of the peasant economy of the Valle del rio Cimitarra is determined by three forces in tension: (1) the articulation of the rural economy with the capitalist market, (2) the violence against the peasant community, and (3) the peasant organization in the context of institutional weakness of the State.
El objetivo de esta disertación es estudiar la economía campesina de la Zona de Reserva Campesina (ZRC) del Valle del rio Cimitarra (VRC) en Colombia. Para ello, partimos de que exponer la lógica, las características de la economía campesina en su territorio y resaltar su importancia, por su carácter alternativo al capitalismo, no es un ejercicio suficiente para comprenderla. El ejercicio que creemos pertinente, más allá de exponerla, es observar las circunstancias que las desestructuran, las condiciones que las posibilitan, en fin, comprender el contexto en el que están inmersas y los procesos de orden político, económico y social que las configuran. Partimos además de que en vez de un destino predeterminado e inexorable hacia la integración o desintegración de la economía campesina existe una correlación de fuerzas que nos muestra el carácter dominante del orden económico capitalista, pero al mismo tiempo nos muestra las formas como el “dominado” lucha y resiste –o se adapta o se integra– en esa relación con el orden económico para así también determinar su devenir. Es por eso que la comprensión del devenir de las economías campesinas debe pasar por comprender la acción de las fuerzas dominantes, pero también la acción de las fuerzas dominadas, que en conjunto explican el destino que va tomando el campesinado. De manera que nos proponemos mostrar en este trabajo que la transformación de la economía campesina del VRC está determinada por tres fuerzas en tensión: (1) la articulación de la economía campesina con el mercado capitalista, (2) la violencia ejercida contra la comunidad campesina, y (3) la organización campesina en un contexto de precariedad institucional del Estado.
CNPq: 190707/2013-5

Orientador: Bernardo Mançano Fernandes
Resumo: El objetivo de esta disertación es estudiar la economía campesina de la Zonade Reserva Campesina (ZRC) del Valle del rio Cimitarra (VRC) en Colombia.Para ello, partimos de que exponer la lógica, las características de la economíacampesina en su territorio y resaltar su importancia, por su carácter alternativoal capitalismo, no es un ejercicio suficiente para comprenderla. El ejercicio quecreemos pertinente, más allá de exponerla, es observar las circunstancias quelas desestructuran, las condiciones que las posibilitan, en fin, comprender elcontexto en el que están inmersas y los procesos de orden político, económicoy social que las configuran. Partimos además de que en vez de un destinopredeterminado e inexorable hacia la integración o desintegración de laeconomía campesina existe una correlación de fuerzas que nos muestra elcarácter dominante del orden económico capitalista, pero al mismo tiempo nosmuestra las formas como el “dominado” lucha y resiste –o se adapta o seintegra– en esa relación con el orden económico para así también determinarsu devenir. Es por eso que la comprensión del devenir de las economíascampesinas debe pasar por comprender la acción de las fuerzas dominantes,pero también la acción de las fuerzas dominadas, que en conjunto explican eldestino que va tomando el campesinado. De manera que nos proponemosmostrar en este trabajo que la transformación de la economía campesina delVRC está determinada por tres fuerzas en te... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Mestre

This thesis deals with the impact of territorial planning on land prices in the towns Hovorany and Čejč. The land is priced according to administrative price and market price. The thesis works with the land as agricultural land, land designed for construction according to the territorial planning and building land.

La filière des fruits et légumes frais est aujourd’hui confrontée à la mise en question des institutions gouvernant ses rapports institués de distribution. De plus en plus, une partie des acteurs intervenant dans le gouvernement de cette filière (collectivités territoriales, producteurs, distributeurs, organisations professionnelles) cherchent à promouvoir de nouvelles formes de distribution, caractérisées par la réduction des distances sociales et / ou relationnelles entre producteurs et consommateurs. La fin des années 2000 a notamment été marquée par la mise en œuvre d’une politique publique nationale destinée à développer les« circuits courts » de commercialisation des produits agricoles, caractérisés par l’absence ou la présence d’un seul intermédiaire entre producteurs et consommateurs. Ces circuits courts sont, en outre, souvent associés par les acteurs à des dynamiques de relocalisation des processus de distribution. Historiquement peu concernée par ces modes de distribution, dont les titulaires de son gouvernement ont au contraire cherché à l’affranchir en les marginalisant économiquement, la filière des fruits et légumes frais redécouvre aujourd’hui de nouvelles manières d’organiser ses marchés et de qualifier les produits. Doit-on pour autant conclure au triomphe des challengers du gouvernement de cette filière, parce qu’ils auraient réussi à institutionnaliser de nouveaux rapports institués de distribution ? Nous prétendons justement montrer, à partir d’une sociologie du gouvernement de la filière inspirée des travaux de la sociologie économique et de l’économie politique, que la réalité est plus complexe et ambigüe. En effet, si, à l’échelle locale, ces challengers parviennent à mieux contrôler les opérations de problématisation, d’instrumentation et de légitimation des enjeux associés à l’institutionnalisation de nouveaux modèles de distribution des fruits et légumes, aux échelles nationale et communautaire, le gouvernement de la filière demeure contrôlé par les acteurs les plus puissants : producteurs spécialisés, organisations de producteurs, enseignes de la grande distribution. Finalement, plutôt qu’à une relocalisation des circuits de distribution de la filière, on assiste en réalité à une évolution des dynamiques de qualification, marquée par la stabilisation du « local » comme une nouvelle institution marchande, dont l’usage stratégique permet aux titulaires du gouvernement de conserver la mainmise sur la définition des enjeux légitimes à traiter, en particulier ceux relatifs aux modèles de développement agricoles à soutenir et encourager
The fruit and vegetables industry (filière) has recently had to deal with issues concerning the legitimate ways of selling these products and a larger range of actors intervening in its government (local authorities, producers, wholesalers, professional organizations) have sought to promote new modes of commercialization which can be described as an attempt to reduce social and geographical distances between producers and consumers. Since 2009, a French public policy has indeed encouraged the development of short food supply chains, defined as supply chains involving none or just one intermediary between the two ends of the chain. These short food supply chains have also been linked by their promoters to the “re-localization” of economic exchanges. Historically, the incumbents of the industry’s government have tried to go beyond such geographical constraints in order to extend their markets spatially, and this by marginalizing politically and economically shorter supply chains. But they now have to deal with new ways of organizing markets and defining the quality of their products. This situation has been examined in this Phd. using rigorous analytical and methodological tools. From this angle, at the local scale challengers have been able to take control away from incumbents by redefining the legitimate issues which need to be treated. At other scales, however, the traditional incumbents are still in control of the industry’s government and the bulk of its economic exchanges. Ultimately, what has taken place is less the re-localization of supply chains within the industry than the institutionalization of new forms of qualification based upon the valuation of the “local” as a distinctive sign of quality

Este trabalho busca refletir sobre as aproximações e afastamentos entre as políticas que se utilizam de projetos urbanos e as de desenvolvimento local. Para isto debate os conceitos de desenvolvimento local extraindo seus elementos definidores para serem utilizados como categorias de análise dos estudos de caso selecionados. O conceito de projeto urbano também foi objeto de discussão, destacando sua faceta de instrumento de gestão e o princípio de apoiar o desenvolvimento de segmentos da cidade de modo amplo, promovendo melhorias físicas, econômicas e sociais. Foram selecionados seis estudos de caso, bastante diversos entre si, com o propósito de discutir a amplitude da prática dos projetos urbanos, suas aderências ou não com o desenvolvimento local e as contradições entre a teoria e a prática. Foram selecionados o Puerto Madero e o Distrito de Design em Buenos Aires, na Argentina; o Complexo Estação das Docas e o Complexo Ver-o-Peso em Belém, capital do Pará; o projeto Eixo Tamanduatehy em Santo André-SP; e o projeto Centro Vivo em São José dos Campos-SP. Este último possibilitou a reflexão sobre a prática da intervenção urbana, uma vez que a autora participou de sua elaboração, enquanto os demais propiciaram uma reflexão a partir da análise feita por outros autores sobre os projetos. Ao final do estudo é possível esboçar a ideia de que o projeto urbano, dependendo das características que assume, pode ser um exemplo territorializado de desenvolvimento local.
This work aims for a reflection about the correspondences and dissimilarities between the policies that utilize urban projects and those of local development. In order to do that, it debates the local development concepts and extracts its key defining elements so these can serve as categories of analysis for selected case studies. The concept of urban project is also an object of discussion, specially its role as a management means to support the development of segment of a city in an ample way, thus promoting spatial, economical and social improvements. Six diverse case studies were selected with the goal of discussing the amplitude of the practice of urban projects, its similarities or not with local development and the contradictions between theory and practice. The selected case studies were Puerto Madero and the Distrito de Design in Buenos Aires, Argentina; the Complexo Estação das Docas and the Complexo Ver-o-Peso in Belém, capital of Pará (a state in Brazil); the project Eixo Tamanduatehy in Santo André, a city in the state of São Paulo in Brazil; the project Centro Vivo in São José dos Campos also a city in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The latter case allowed a reflection about the practice of urban intervention from the perspective of the author who participated in its elaboration. The other five case studies supported a reflection based on the analyses performed by other authors. At the end of this study, it is possible to outline the idea that the urban project, depending on the characteristics that it assumes, can be a territorialized example of local development.

Ce travail s'attache à l'observation des dynamiques émergentes de développement économique des territoires ruraux par le prisme de la marchandisation des activités récréatives. Pour cela il propose de comprendre les effets des entrepreneurs de l'encadrement sportif de nature sur les systèmes territoriaux, touristiques et ruraux. Les sports de nature sont des activités émergentes qui se sont dotées depuis quelques dizaines d'années d'une dimension commerciale et qui s'inscrivent largement dans les espaces ruraux. Dès lors, les sports de nature constituent localement des filières professionnelles suivant lesquelles les opérateurs se structurent, se localisent ou échangent dans le but de développer leurs activités. Celles-ci s'accompagneraient alors d'impacts économiques et territoriaux. Toutefois, ces retombées sont particulièrement complexes à discerner ou à évaluer, se diffusant ou se dissimulant suivant les caractéristiques socio-spatiales des sports de nature marchands. Cependant, des logiques spatiales puis territoriales apparaissent au sein même du marché du tourisme sportif de nature si l'on observe le groupe des entrepreneurs de l'encadrement marchand représentant l'essentiel de l'offre commerciale de sports de nature en milieu rural. Ces logiques peuvent être comparées à celles touchant la répartition et la localisation des sites sportifs ou de l'économie touristique. La problématique de cette recherche est alors la suivante : Comment le marché du tourisme sportif de nature interagit-il avec les territoires ruraux ? Les sports de nature marchands participent à la constitution d'une ressource territoriale, construite puis activée par des facteurs culturels, environnementaux et économiques auxquels s'ajoute un appui de la sphère publique pour qui ces activités sont des moyens d'impulser une nouvelle forme de développement rural diffus. Les territoires ruraux sont les supports d'un marché touristique et sportif de nature dont les effets sur l'économie locale dépendent de la diversité des formes de pratique et de la structuration de cette filière. Cette complexité sociale et spatiale conduit cette recherche à observer les modes de structuration du marché du tourisme sportif de nature en milieu rural qui conditionnent "l'effet territoire", les avantages liés à la territorialisation des entrepreneurs et de leurs offres, à la fois du coté des systèmes productifs, des systèmes sociaux et des systèmes administratifs. Cette recherche se base sur l'exemple du département de l'Ardèche pour illustrer ces mécanismes socio-spatiaux. Ce territoire est une destination sportive de nature historique en France où d'une part le marché du tourisme sportif de nature s'est suffisamment développé pour que la répartition de ces opérateurs, ses acteurs et ses sites de pratique constituent ensemble un objet géographique quantitatif et qualitatif. D'autre part, les institutions publiques et sportives y participent avec les acteurs locaux à la gestion et au développement des activités sportives de nature dans ce milieu rural, au travers des procédures de gestion concertée. Elles soulignent donc bien l'existence d'un système économique local portant sur le tourisme sportif de nature, un marché de l'encadrement professionnel de cette filière en Ardèche. On utilisera ce terrain dans l'objectif d'appuyer des logiques introduites à l'échelle nationale et que l'on confirmera avec une étude approfondie du territoire de l'Ardèche. On aura recourt pour cela à une approche quantitative, statistique et cartographique d'un côté puis qualitative en s'appuyant sur des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès d'un échantillon d'entrepreneurs des sports de nature, d'une part, puis des acteurs locaux de ces activités d'autre part.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Francisco de Assis Comarú
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, 2016.
Este trabalho tem como tema as políticas públicas de regularização fundiária em sua intersecção com o mercado imobiliário. O objeto em análise é um loteamento localizado no município de Osasco (RMSP) que, em período recente, passou por processo de regularização fundiária promovido pelo poder público municipal, que teve na transferência de propriedade seu instrumento. O trabalho tem o objetivo de compreender, baseado na dinâmica imobiliária, como durante a passagem da ilegalidade à legalidade fundiária, ocorrida entre 2008 e 2016, se transformam no território as relações dos moradores e destes com o aparato legal do Estado. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas: de início foi realizada pesquisa na base de dados da Secretaria de Habitação e Desenvolvimento Urbano de Osasco (SEHDU); a segunda etapa consistiu em levantamento quantitativo nos lotes regularizados e teve o objetivo de mensurar as relações de compra e aluguel na área; e, por fim, a última etapa compreendeu a realização de entrevistas com moradores que ao longo dos últimos oito anos compraram imóveis na área. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que neste processo os moradores tiveram suas relações com a moradia e a lei transformadas pelo contato com novos atores e que a passagem à legalidade fundiária não foi linear, acabando por manter e criar irregularidades de diferentes ordens no território.
This work has as its theme the public policies of regularization of lands in its intersection with the real estate market. The object in question is a house allotment, located in the city of Osasco (MRSP). In recent times, It had a land regularization process promoted by the municipal government, which had lands transferred from the city. Based on the real state dynamics, the study aims to understand how during the passage of illegality to legality land that happened between 2008 and 2016, influences on the resident relation with the territory and with the legal apparatus of the state. The work was developed in three stages: the early research, realized in the Department of Housing and Urban Development Osasco¿s (SEHDU) database; the second step consisted of quantitative survey in regularized lands and aimed to measure the relationship of purchase and rent on the area; and finally, the last stage was the interviews, with residents who bought lands on this area, over the past eight years. The results show that in this process the residents had their housing and law relations with transformed by contact with new actors and that the transition that legalized the land was not linear, and ultimately maintained and created irregularities of different orders in the territory.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as dinâmicas mercantis da Cooeprativa Capiibary do Município de San Juan Nepomuceno e da Associação Kokue Pyahu do Município de Abai, localizados no Departamento de Caazapa da Republica do Paraguai. Bem como, a participação destas no desenvolvimento dos agricultores familiares através das estruturas organizativas e, em que medida, favorece a integração no mercado. Estas organizações possibilitam espaços de criação e geração de estratégias para a integração de seus associados às redes agro-produtivas e mercantis, facilitando a produção de commodities, fortalecendo as produções tradicionais e incentivando alternativas de produções orientadas para o mercado. A Cooperativa Capiibary e a Associação Kokue Pyahu se apresentam como instituições localizadas num território em transformação, que aglutinam produtores diferenciados, a partir de sua integração às redes constituídas desde as organizações. Atualmente, a partir da configuração em redes de produção e comercialização, os associados obtêm maiores possibilidades de integração e alternativas para se desenvolver localmente, num território direcionado por um enfoque para o mercado. A partir das documentações e dos dados coletados através de entrevistas, questionários e observações, destaca-se que a cooperativa e a associação fomentaram a organização dos agricultores familiares e sua inserção as redes mercantis mediante a estrutura organizacional. As redes de cooperação institucional contribuíram com a consolidação dos agricultores familiares locais, a partir das informações e das cooperações.
This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of the cooperative business Capiibary the municipality of San Juan Nepomuceno and the Association Pyahu Koku the municipality of Abai, located in the Department of Caazapá of the Republic of Paraguay. Well as participation in developing these family farmers through organizational structures, and to what extent promote market integration. These organizations allow spaces of creation and generation of strategies for the integration of its associated networks and commercial agro-production, facilitating the production of commodities, strengthening traditional production and encouraging alternatives to market-oriented production. The Cooperative Capiibary and Association Pyahu Koku as institutions are located in a territory that bring together producers transformation with different characteristics, from their integration into networks formed from the organizations. Configuration currently under production and marketing networks, the partners have higher integration possibilities and alternatives for local development in the area addressed by an approach to the market. From the documentation and data collected through interviews, questionnaires and observations, we emphasize that the cooperative and the association promoted the organization of family farmers and their integration into commercial networks by organizational structure. Institutional cooperation networks, contributed to the consolidation of local family farmers, from the information and cooperation relations.
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las dinámicas mercantiles de la Cooperativa Capiibary del municipio de San Juan Nepomuceno y la Asociación Kokue Pyahu del municipio de Abai, localizados en el Departamento de Caazapá de la República del Paraguay. Bien como la participación estas en el desarrollo de los agricultores familiares a través de las estructuras organizativas, y en qué medida favorecen la integración al mercado. Estas organizaciones posibilitan espacios de creación y generación de estrategias para la integración de sus asociados a las redes agro-productivas y mercantiles, facilitando la producción de commodities, fortaleciendo las producciones tradicionales e incentivando alternativas de producciones orientadas para el mercado. La Cooperativa Capiibary y la Asociación Kokue Pyahu se presentan como instituciones localizadas en un territorio en transformación que aglutinan a productores con características diferenciadas, a partir de su integración a las redes constituidas desde las organizaciones. Actualmente bajo la configuración en redes de producción y comercialización, los asociados obtienen mayores posibilidades de integración y alternativas para desarrollarse localmente en el territorio direccionado por un enfoque para el mercado. A partir de las documentaciones y los datos recabados a través de las entrevistas, cuestionarios y observaciones, se destacan que la cooperativa y la asociación fomentaron la organización de los agricultores familiares y su integración a las redes mercantiles mediante la estructura organizacional. Las redes de cooperación institucional, contribuyó con la consolidación de los agricultores familiares locales, a partir de las informaciones y las relaciones de cooperaciones.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o papel dos mercados públicos na contemporaneidade, tendo como foco principal os mercados públicos em São Paulo. À luz dos processos de transformação dos mercados ocorridos no cenário internacional, a análise estará centrada no entendimento do contexto socioeconômico e político em que se conformou a ideia de mercado público como equipamento urbano, ligado ao abastecimento, as transformações sofridas no tempo e seu papel na atualidade, tendo em vista as novas demandas urbanas. O foco principal do trabalho será a cidade de São Paulo, tencionando revelar o desenvolvimento histórico deste equipamento, as formas que assumiu em diferentes períodos e chegar numa análise sobre seu papel nos dias de hoje. Fornecer subsídios para as políticas urbanas que envolvem sua permanência como centro de abastecimento, sua apreensão como área de centralidade, sua mudança de função ou a incorporação de novas funções urbanas, também é objetivo da presente pesquisa.
The objective of this study is to analyze the role of public markets in contemporary times, with the main focus being the public markets in São Paulo. In the light of the processes of transformation of markets that is taking place on the international scene, the analysis will be centered on the understanding of the socioeconomic and political context that conformed the idea of public market as urban equipment, Linked to food supply, the transformations suffered over time and its role in the present day, taking into account the new urban demands. The main focus of the work will be the city of São Paulo, intending to reveal the historical development of this equipment, the forms that it assumed in different periods and to arrive at an analysis about its role in the present day. Providing subsidies for urban policies that involve their stay as a center of supply, their apprehension as a central area, their change of function or the incorporation of new urban functions, is also the objective of this research.

This thesis is focusing on increasing the competitiveness of Škoda Auto Pvt. Ltd. and its production in India. The theoretical part contains a definition of globalization, international business and cultural differences based on a theory of Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede. The practical part is analyzing specifications of the automobile industry in India and its growth. Furthermore it investigates the positions of Czech car producer Škoda Auto and its competitiveness within this industry. The data obtained were used in preparation of several variants. These variants are designed to improve the competitive position of Škoda Auto Pvt. Ltd. on the market.

Dagli anni '80 lo sviluppo del sistema agro-alimentare globale ha subito un processo di progressiva globalizzazione che ha interessato sia il complesso della produzione che i modelli di consumo. Questa tendenza ha innanzitutto portato a una crescente integrazione verticale dei produttori agricoli sui mercati globali. La loro azione è stata reciprocamente vincolata all'azione di altri attori specializzati operanti sui mercati di input e output. Allo stesso modo, le recenti trasformazioni dei comportamenti dei consumatori nei cosiddetti paesi occidentalizzati, hanno avuto un impatto su territoriali diversi da quelli che li hanno innescati, contribuendo così a rimodellare le modalità e le pratiche di produzione in quei complessi che entrano nel mercato al fine di soddisfare una nuova domanda agroalimentare diversificata. L'orientamento verso nuovi prodotti, come prodotti biologici, alimenti funzionali o prodotti "esotici" ricchi di proprietà nutrizionali, che fino a poco tempo fa appartenevano esclusivamente a nicchie di mercato specifiche, segna oggi il profilo dell'offerta sui grandi canali di distribuzione. L'evoluzione delle preferenze di consumo ha avuto, e continua ad avere, un'influenza decisiva nell'incorporare nuovi territori e gruppi di produttori nelle catene globali. Tuttavia questa integrazione non è esente da meccanismi deterritorializzazione del prodotto e rimodellamento del tessuto sociale agrario. La tesi, dopo aver descritto tale scenario in relazione al suo impatto generale sulle economie rurali latinoamericane, si concentra su un caso studio specifico riguardante l'evoluzione dell'economia contadina nell'Altiplano boliviano in seguito al boom internazionale della quinoa. Questa evoluzione viene analizzata alla luce dei cambiamenti nel sistema di accesso alla terra, nell'organizzazione del lavoro agricolo e nella sfera della sicurezza alimentare. Il contributo si basa su una ricerca empirica condotta in tre municiplaità rurali dell’altopiano meridionale boliviano attraverso una metodologia quali-quantitativa comprendente l'uso di interviste semi-strutturate, metodologie standardizzate specifiche per la valutazione del livello di sicurezza alimentare (FCS, ELCSA ) e la somministrazione di un questionario. I dati sono stati interpretati attraverso la lente di un complesso quadro teorico che coinvolge il pensiero marxista, la teoria Chayanoviana sull'economia contadina, l'istituzionalismo polanyiano e i recenti contributi della scuola di sociologia rurale di Wgeningen. Partendo dall'analisi del modo tradizionale in cui le comunità andine si sono organizzate storicamente per fornire alle famiglie contadine l'accesso sufficiente alla terra e al lavoro, la tesi segue presentando l'impatto sociale del quinoa-boom. Il lavoro evidenzia nuovi meccanismi di accaparramento e concentrazione della terra ed erosione dell'azione comunitaria, elementi i quali pongono l'economia contadina locale in un processo di erosione e differenziazione di fronte a emergenti conflitti sociali e vulnerabilità nell'ambito della sicurezza alimentare.
Since the 1980s the development of the global agro-food system has undergone a process of progressive globalization which has affected both complex of production and patterns of consumption. This trend has firstly resulted in a growing vertical integration of the agricultural producers on global markets. Their action has been mutually bound to the action of others specialized actors (e.g. input suppliers, intermediaries, marketers etc.) operating on the input and output markets. In the same way, the recent transformations of consumer behaviors, in the so-called westernized countries, have impacted on spatial and territorial contests different from the ones that have triggered them, thus contributing to reshape modes and practices of production in those complexes that enter the market in order to meet a new diversified agro-food demand. The orientation towards new products, such as organic products, functional foods, or “exotic” products rich in nutritional properties, that until recently belonged exclusively to specific market niches, marks today the profile of the supply on the large distribution channels. The evolution of the consumption preferences has had, and still continues to have, a decisive influence in incorporating new territories and groups of producers into the global value chain from which they had remained excluded during the previous Fordist period. Nonetheless, the integration into the global market has proceeded in connection to a process of commodification of the production cycle that, on the one hand, has detached the product from the territories of origin and (fetishization), on the other hand, has restructured the agrarian ground. This thesis after describing the above scenario in relation to its impact on the Latin American agrarian context, moves to focus on a specific case study regarding the evolution of the peasant economy in the Bolivian Altiplano sur under the international quinoa boom. This evolution is analyzed in the light of the changes in the land access system, agricultural labour organization and food security. The contribution is based on an empirical research carried out in three rural municipalities of the Bolivian Southern Highlands through a quali-quantitative methodology comprising the use of semi-structured interviews, specific standardized methodologies for the assessment of the food security level (FCS, ELCSA), and the administration of a questionnaire to a sample of local quinoa producers. Data have been interpreted through the lenses of a complex theoretical framework entailing the Marxist thought, the Chayanovian theorization on the peasant economy, the Polanyian institutionalism and the recent contributions of the Wgeningen Rural Sociology School. By starting from the analysis of the traditional way through which the Andean communities have historically organized themselves in order to provide the peasant households with the sufficient access to land and labour as to satisfy their reproduction needs, the thesis moves to present the social impact of the export boom. It shows new land-grabbing mechanisms, concentration of access to land and erosion of the community action which are now placing the local peasant economy in a pathway of erosion and differentiation in front of emerging social conflicts and vulnerabilities in the sphere of food security.

Face au constat du vieillissement des stations touristiques fordiennes créées ex nihilo, en France, dans les années 1960-1970, ce travail de doctorat en aménagement et urbanisme pose la question de leur requalification. Dans ce champ disciplinaire et professionnel, l'analyse de l'image urbaine des destinations touristiques n'a guère été traitée. L'échelle d'appréhension microterritoriale est privilégiée ici, afin de décrypter les modalités conjointes de leurs structurations et de leurs représentations. On a observé dans quelle mesure l'aménagement et la gestion des espaces publics participent à l'image et à la notoriété des destinations, tout en proposant un outil d'aide à la réflexion et à l'élaboration des projets de requalification. Dans ces stations " archipels ", coupées de l'habitat traditionnel existant, la faible proportion d'habitants permanents a conduit à donner la parole à des interlocuteurs qui en sont les destinataires essentiels : les " touristes ", généralement tenus à l'écart de l'exercice de concertation et de conception urbaine. À la croisée des recherches en urbanisme et en tourisme, l'intérêt s'est porté sur les représentations que ces habitants temporaires se font des espaces publics dans lesquels ils vivent et qu'ils font vivre en retour. Plus précisément, l'objectif de cette recherche consiste à révéler, par une enquête photographique, les marqueurs microterritoriaux identifiés par les touristes, sur lesquels les projets de requalification pourraient, le cas échéant, prendre appui. Axées sur la "libre" catégorisation de plus de cent trente images, ces enquêtes ont été menées à titre expérimental dans une station littorale (Seignosse-Océan) et une station de montagne (Gourette). Ces destinations sont abordées par une approche transversale pensant la réciproque entre leur conception (modalités de structuration urbaine) et leur réception (les représentations des touristes), afin de mieux saisir les enjeux de leur restructuration. Quels sont les lieux urbains emblématiques ? Comment envisager leur valorisation et leur mise en scène ? Quelle place accorder aux piétons dans ces stations qui ont laissé la part belle aux circulations motorisées ? Autant de questions qui ont émergé dans ce travail de recherche centré sur la caractérisation du vieillissement et l'identification des enjeux de requalification de ces destinations aujourd'hui cinquantenaires.

Cette thèse étudie le marché résidentiel français sous différents angles. Tout d'abord, nous analysons les dynamiques qui régissent les prix des logements en intégrant la dimension démographique. En effet, dans un paysage démographique marqué par l'arrivée des premières générations des baby-boomers à l'âge de la retraite et par le vieillissement plus généralement, il s'avère que la population, que ce soit en terme de taille ou de structure, impacte significativement les prix des logements. L'impact négatif avéré du vieillissement sur les prix est atténué par l'effet positif de la taille de la population. Cependant, la restructuration de la population française en faveurs des personnes âgées n,est pas homogène sur tout le territoire. Dès lors, une approche territorialisée perd tout son sens. En suivant une étude typologique des marchés résidentiels départementaux, le lien démographie-marché du logement apparaît comme facteur structurant dans la différenciation des marchés locaux. Certains départements bénéficieront alors de la création de richesse immobilière, tandis que d'autres subiront une perte amplifiée. En fin, nous avons centré notre analyse sur la métropole du Grand Paris, en considérant l'immobilier résidentiel physique comme une classe d'actif dans un portefeuille de valeurs mobilières. Dans ce contexte, l'actif résidentiel démontre une capacité à protéger contre l'inflation ainsi qu'un pouvoir de diversification notable. Le poids alloué à l'actif résidentiel au sein du portefeuille est significatif quelle que soit la commune ciblée
This thesis studies the French residential market from different perspectives. First, we analyze the dynamics that govern housing prices by integrating the demographic dimension. Indeed, in a demographic landscape marked by the arrival of the first generations of baby boomers at retirement age and by aging more generally, it turns out that the population, whether in terms of size or structure, has a significant impact on housing prices. The negative impact of aging on prices is moderated by the positive effect iof population size. However, the restructurinf of the French population in favor of the eldery is not homogeneous throughout the territory. Thus, a territorialized study is particularly appropriate. By following a typology approach of departmental residential markets, the demography-housing market link appears as a structuring factor in the differentiation of local markets. Some departments will then benefit from the creation of real estate wealth, while others will suffer an amplified loss. Finally, we focused our analysis on the metropolis of Parisian Region, considering physical residential real estate as an asset class in a portfolio of securities. In this context, residential assets demonstrate an ability to protect against inflation as well as significant diversification power. The weight allocated to residential assets in the portfolio is significant regardless of the targeted commune

Este trabajo de tesis doctoral se compone de tres artículos que tratan de aportar luz a la relevancia del fenénomeno emprendedor en España. A continuación se describen brevemente cada uno de los capítulos. El capítulo 1 analiza como los emprendedores son influenciados por las economías de aglomeración marshallianas a nivel zona metropolitana. Se toman datos acerca de las nuevas empresas creadas así como el empleo que generan para el caso de España en el período 2000-2008. La forma de medir las economías de aglomeración está basada en la construcción de índices que capturan los efectos de compartir recursos, emparejar mano de obra y generar derrames de conocimiento de acuerdo a la taxonomía propuesta por Marshall (1920). También se construye un índice para comprobar la hipótesis de Chinitz (1961) que mide la influencia de los pequeños proveedores para atraer nuevas iniciativas emprendedoras. Se realiza un análisis sectorial a dos dígitos CNAE-93 y territorial en las 15 principales zonas metropolitanas de España. Los resultados muestran que el empleo generado por emprendedores está altamente influenciado por la capacidad de compartir proveedores y clientes; mientras que la creación de firmas es influenciadas además de por estos efectos por la presencia de pequeños proveedores y la proximidad de empresas innovadoras. El capítulo 2 presenta un análisis de la dinámica laboral española haciendo énfasis en el papel que juegan distintos tipos de capital no tangible (capital del conocimiento, capital humano y capital emprendedor). Las formas no tangibles de capital han sido tratadas en la literatura del crecimiento económico como determinantes de la Productividad Total de los Factores (PTF). La metodología para la modelación del mercado de trabajo utiliza la Teoría de la Reacción en Cadena (Chain Reaction Theory, CRT) desarrollado por Karanassou y Snower (1996, 1998). Para modelar el capital no físico se ha optado por una función de producción Cobb-Douglas aumentada para incluir dicho capital no tangible de acuerdo al trabajo de Audretsch y Keilbach (2004a). Se exploran los efectos a tres niveles de agregación regional (NUTS-I o Nacional, NUTS-II o Autonómico y NUTS-III o Provincial). Los resultados muestran una influencia positiva del capital emprendedor en la demanda de trabajo, la fijación de salarios y la participación en el mercado de trabajo. El capital humano afecta de forma positiva la demanda y oferta de empleo, y su efecto en el salario es más ambiguo. El capital del conocimiento tiene un efecto negativo en las tres ecuaciones lo que parece algo característico de la economía española. El capítulo 3 mide el impacto y efectividad de los apoyos privados externos que reciben los emprendedores como pueden ser Business Angels, Sociedades de Capital Riesgo u otras formas de Venture Capital. La estrategia de estimación se base en la desagregación regional NUTS-V (Municipio) para ver el impacto que estas empresas de apoyo a la creación y operación de las empresas tienen en dicho ámbito geográfico. Los resultados principales muestran que este grupo de empresas tienen un impacto positivo y significativo en la creación de empresas. Por otro lado el apoyo gubernamental medido a través del gasto público muestra efectos negativos sobre la creación de nuevas empresas para la mayor parte de la especificaciones propuestas; mientras la presencia de instituciones financieras tradicionales (Entidades de Depósito), muestra resultados positivos aunque mucho más sensibles a la naturaleza de la especificación. Esto último pone de manifiesto una revisión de la políticas de fomento a los emprendedores en vista de la eficiencia generada por las organizaciones privadas de apoyo, ya sea para promover modelos de financiación similares o para promover su existencia por medio de estímulos fiscales.
This doctoral thesis consists of three articles dealing with the importance of entrepreneurship in Spain . A brief description of each of the chapter follows. Chapter 1 analyzes to what extent Marshallian agglomeration economies affect the creation of new entrepreneurial ventures at the metropolitan level. The measuring of agglomeration economies is based on the construction of indexes using the methodology of Glaeser and Kerr (2009). The indexes attempt to capture the effects of resource sharing, labor matching and knowledge spillovers according to the taxonomy proposed by Marshall (1920). Also an index to measure the influence of small suppliers to attract new business ventures, following Chinitz (1961), is constructed. Data on new firms and employment generated is accounted for the period 2000-2008. The analysis is based on the activity of the 15 largest metropolitan areas in Spain. Sixty industries at two-digit CNAE-93 are considered. The results show that jobs created by entrepreneurs are highly influenced by the ability to share suppliers and customers. Firm creation is influenced by those factors as well as the presence of small suppliers and the proximity to innovative activity. Chapter 2 analyzes the effect of non-tangible capital in the Spanish labor market. The importance of alternative forms of capital have been studied in the tradition of economic growth, as determinants of Total Factor Productivity (TFP), but the connection with the labor market is not so clear. To model the labor market this study will use the chain reaction theory (CRT) developed by Karanassou and Snower (1996, 1998). The CRT is a multi-equation approach to the labor market, that focus in three main equations: labor demand, wage setting and labor supply. The modelling of non-physical capital is based on the augmented Cobb-Douglas production function developed by Audretsch and Keilbach (2004a). This functional form is augmented to include knowledge capital and entrepreneurial capital, and here we also add human capital. Because of the exploratory nature of this work, different variables were used to model the three forms of non-physical capital being also carried out at different levels of regional aggregation (NUTS-I, NUTS-II and NUTS-III). The results show a positive impact of entrepreneurial capital in labor demand, wage setting and labor force participation equations. Human capital affects positively labor demand and labor force participation and negatively the wage determination. Finally, it is important to notice the negative effect of knowledge capital for the three labor market equations as a special feature of the Spanish case. Chapter 3 measures the impact and effectiveness of external support received by entrepreneurs such as Business Angels, Venture Capital or other forms of Venture Capital. The estimation strategy is based on the regional breakdown at NUTS-V (Municipality). The main results show that this type of enterprises have a positive and significant impact on entrepreneurship. Moreover government support , measured through public expenditure, shows negative effects on the creation of new businesses in the majority of specifications; while the presence of traditional financial institutions (banks or saving banks) show a positive influence but very sensitive to the nature of the specification. The results suggest a review of public policies to promote new firms using private support organizations as Business Angels, either promoting similar funding models or support their existence through fiscal stimulus.

Existe una amplia literatura que identifica cómo la estructura urbana afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral a través de dos factores. El primero es la desconexión espacial entre trabajadores y las oportunidades laborales y, el segundo es la segregación residencial. Actualmente, es común que las personas vivan lejos de sus lugares de trabajo. Asimismo, es conocido que los individuos con similares características socioeconómicas tienden a vivir en el mismo vecindario. Por tanto, la segregación residencial y la desconexión espacial entre el trabajo y la residencia de los individuos podrían tener influencia sobre sus resultados en el mercado de trabajo, así como en la tasa de empleo, en la informalidad y en el ingreso. Además, si lo anterior es cierto, los patrones geográficos de estos resultados son menos aleatorios, lo que podría implicar la presencia de efectos derrame. La existencia de estos efectos significaría que la desconexión espacial y la segregación residencial tendrían un rol clave en la determinación de los resultados antes mencionados. En otras palabras la concentración de ventajas o desventajas socioeconómicas ocasionaría efectos derrame sobre los individuos y los vecindarios donde viven. Bajo esta perspectiva, la Ciudad de México es un caso de estudio interesante como se discute extensivamente. La evidencia empírica apunta a que esta ciudad sufre de desconexión espacial y segregación residencial, lo que afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral de sus residentes. Es a partir de esta idea central en la cual se construye la presente tesis. La tesis tiene dos objetivos principales. El primer objetivo es analizar la relación entre la estructura urbana (desconexión espacial y segregación residencial) y los resultados en el mercado laboral en la Ciudad de México en 2010. El segundo objetivo es estudiar los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral de 1990 a 2010. Estudiar estas cuestiones es relevante, pues la elección residencial de los individuos afecta sus resultados laborales a través del acceso a los puestos de trabajo, la segregación residencial o los efectos vecindario. El espacio es un factor económico importante al incrementar los efectos positivos o negativos de la concentración espacial de las ventajas o desventajas, respectivamente. La tesis contribuye a la literatura estudiando los efectos que tiene el acceso a puestos de trabajo informales sobre el empleo. Para probar esta relación estimamos un modelo de probabilidad de estar empleado incluyendo diversos índices de accesibilidad por nivel educativo (básico y post-básico) y estatus laboral (formal e informal). Asimismo, estimamos el parámetro de este índice, el cual toma diferentes valores dependiendo del modo de transporte y del estatus laboral. Esto indica que la accesibilidad por estatus laboral podría afectar la probabilidad de estar empleado de forma distinta. Los resultados indican que los más afectados por la cercanía a las oportunidades laborales son las mujeres, los trabajadores menos educados y los trabajadores informales. Otra contribución es la identificación del impacto distinto que tiene la estructura urbana sobre las oportunidades laborales de acuerdo al género de los trabajadores. Encontramos que la segregación residencial afecta negativamente la participación de las mujeres en la fuerza laboral, en tanto vivir en un vecindario rezagado decrece la probabilidad de ser trabajador formal en los hombres. Finalmente, estudiamos los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral (la tasa de no empleo, la tasa de informalidad laboral y los salarios). Utilizamos diferentes modelos econométricos para explicar los patrones espaciales de dichas variables, identificando los efectos endógenos y contextuales (o los efectos derrame globales y locales, respectivamente). La mayor contribución fue analizar estos resultados por género, extendiendo el análisis a otros resultados laborales además de la tasa de desempleo.
There is a significant portion of the literature that identifies the way the urban structure can affect labor market outcomes by means of two factors. The former is the spatial disconnection between workers and job opportunities, and the latter is residential segregation. At present, it is common for people to live far away from the place they work. Additionally, it is well known that individuals with similar socioeconomic characteristics, such as income, tend to reside in the same neighborhood. Hence, residential segregation and the spatial disconnection between jobs’ location and individuals’ residence may have an influence on the labor market outcomes of individuals, and producing an impact on as the rate of employment, informal employment, and the level of wages. Moreover, if so, the geographic patterns of those labor market outcomes become less random and, then, involving the presence of spillover effects. The existence of spillovers means that spatial disconnection and residential segregation have a key role in determining the previous outcomes. In other words, the spatial concentration of either socio-economic disadvantages or advantages entails spillover effects both for individuals and for the neighborhoods in which they live. Under this perspective, Mexico City is an interesting case study, as we discuss extensively in this dissertation. Empirical evidence witnesses that this city suffers from spatial disconnection and residential segregation that affects the labor market outcomes of its residents. This is the core idea in which the discussion of this thesis will be built around. This dissertation targets two main objectives. The former is to analyze the relationship between urban structure, such as spatial disconnection and residential segregation, and labor market outcomes in Mexico City in 2010. The latter is to study the observed spatial patterns of selected labor marker outcomes from 1990 to 2010. Addressing these research questions is relevant because the residential choices of individuals affect an individual’s labor market outcomes through access to jobs, residential segregation, or neighborhood effects. Space turns to be an important economic factor. It can heighten either positive or negative effects of the spatial concentration of advantageous or disadvantageous opportunities, respectively. The dissertation contributes to the literature by studying the effects of access to informal jobs on employment. In order to prove this relationship, we estimate a probability model of being employed, including different types of job accessibility indices by level of education (basic and post-basic education) and labor status (formal and informal). We also estimate the decay parameter of the accessibility index. This decay parameter takes different values depending on the mode of transport and labor status. This condition indicates that job accessibility by labor status could affect the probability of being employed differently. Our results assess that the most affected by closest job opportunities were women, less educated workers and informal workers. Other contribution of this dissertation is to identify to which extent the effects of the urban structure impact on job opportunities according to the workers’ gender. We found that residential segregation has negative effects on labor-force participation for married women and that living in a deprived neighborhood decreases the probability of being a formal worker for men. Finally, we study the spatial patterns of three labor markets outcomes, namely non-employment rates, informal employment rates, and wages. We use different spatial econometric models to explain the spatial patterns of those variables, identifying endogenous and contextual effects (or global and local spillover effects, respectively). The major contribution of our analysis is studying the different kinds of labor market outcomes by gender, instead of limiting the scope to unemployment only.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The genesis of the research emerges from reflection about the space dynamics of the capital and to the capital. The expansion and the incorporation of territory for capital reveal, in part, strategies of the capitalism production way, which shows the search for accumulation conditions, expanding the alternatives of territory use that is, nowadays, selective and uneven. The present work verified the mechanisms where the capital imposes its practices through the agrarian structure and the valuation of land market, meaning, in our knowledge, that the reproduction of inequalities is showed, many times, by the wide land speculation and the fast land valuation. For this, the snip space will be the Siba?ma community, belonging to Tibau do Sul district, located in Rio Grande do Norte state. It?s a rural area that has, gradually, changing through the advent of urban characteristics, given the association of public and private investments, both domestic and international. Through the empirical observations, inside the Siba?ma community, it was found expansion strategies, incorporation and appropriation of territory by capital. As a result of this practice, it?s occurring the land valuation and the presence of a process of socio-spatial segregation, through the encouraging the opening of new subdivisions, mainly for construction of second homes and tourism enterprises in order to meet the demand of a higher socioeconomic level. The areas still available in Siba?ma, constitute into a reserve of value for the achievement of capitalist rent, being a mechanism of capital reproduction. In this way, to studying the socio-spatial transformations, caused by spatial valuation, we turn to the project of social space designed by Santos(2006), from the perspective of capitalist production of space, by understanding the historical process of formation, the mechanisms and the actions of social actors that produce and consume space
A g?nese desta pesquisa partiu da reflex?o acerca das din?micas espaciais do capital e para o capital. A expans?o e a incorpora??o de territ?rios pelo capital nos revelam, em parte, as estrat?gias do modo de produ??o capitalista, as quais se evidenciam na busca por condi??es de acumula??o, ampliando as alternativas do uso do territ?rio que ocorre de forma seletiva e desigual. Verificamos neste trabalho os mecanismos que o capital se vale para impor suas pr?ticas atrav?s da estrutura fundi?ria e da valoriza??o do mercado de terras, significando, no nosso entendimento, que a reprodu??o das desigualdades acontece, muitas vezes, atrav?s da especula??o fundi?ria acentuada com a r?pida valoriza??o dos terrenos. Para tanto, o recorte espacial ser? a comunidade de Siba?ma, pertencente ao Munic?pio de Tibau do Sul, localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. ? um espa?o rural que vem, paulatinamente, se transformando atrav?s do advento de caracter?sticas urbanas, em face da associa??o de investimentos p?blicos e privados, tanto nacionais, como internacionais. Atrav?s de observa??es emp?ricas, em Siba?ma, constatamos estrat?gias de expans?o, incorpora??o e apropria??o de territ?rios pelo capital. Como conseq??ncia de tal pr?tica, est? ocorrendo a valoriza??o de terras e a presen?a de um processo de segrega??o s?cio-espacial, atrav?s do est?mulo ? abertura de novos loteamentos, principalmente, para constru??o de segundas resid?ncias e empreendimentos tur?sticos, visando o atendimento de uma demanda de n?vel socioecon?mico mais elevado. As ?reas, ainda, dispon?veis em Siba?ma, constituem-se em reserva de valor para realiza??o da renda capitalista, sendo, portanto, mais um mecanismo de reprodu??o do capital. Neste sentido, para estudarmos as transforma??es s?cio-espaciais, provocadas pela valoriza??o do espa?o, recorreremos ao projeto do espa?o social pensado por Santos (2006), atrav?s da perspectiva da produ??o capitalista do espa?o, mediante a compreens?o do processo hist?rico de forma??o, dos mecanismos e das a??es dos atores sociais que produzem e consomem o espa?o

Lorsqu'on pense à la santé, on se représente immédiatement le rôle des professions médicales, des hôpitaux et cliniques qui traitent la maladie. On ne pense généralement pas aux aménageurs. Mais que faire si l'on invite des urbanistes à contribuer aux efforts de la médecine préventive ? Comment adopter des stratégies d'aménagement qui conduisent à des modes de vie plus sains ?Après les actions conjuguées de la santé publique et de la planification urbaine dans leur lutte contre les épidémies et pour l'amélioration des conditions de vie dans les villes surpeuplées de la fin du 19 e siècle, les deux disciplines se sont séparées. Effectivement, bien que les deux métiers partagent des objectifs similaires, leurs approches méthodologiques diffèrent. Cependant, des décennies plus tard, les deux disciplines doivent se réunir à nouveau pour faire face aux nouvelles épidémies : les maladies chroniques (l'asthme, les allergies), auxquelles il faut ajouter les cancers, les maladies cardiovasculaires et pulmonaires, le diabète et l'obésité, qui semblent liées à la pollution (air, eau, sol) et à l'inactivité physique. Si le développement durable a mis l'accent sur la préservation de l'environnement, il a négligé les défis auxquels font face les populations urbaines défavorisées. L'inégalité territoriale s'aggrave en termes de santé publique. La tendance croissante de la certification et de la normalisation en matière d'aménagement durable peut être considérée comme une occasion de promouvoir la résilience en santé publique. La collaboration entre professionnels de la santé publique et aménageurs devrait favoriser le rapprochement de leurs stratégies
When we think about health, the first topic coming to mind is medical professionals, hospitals and clinics that treat the disease. We do not bind up urban planners together with public health concerns. But what if the planners are invited to contribute to preventive medicine? How to adopt urban plan strategies that lead to healthier lifestyles ? Since the combined actions of public health and urban planning fought against epidemics and improved living conditions in crowded cities of the late 19th century, the two disciplines have been both separated from each other. If medical profession and urban planners share similar tenets and strive towards the same goals, their methodological approaches are different. However, decades later, the two disciplines have to be reunited to address new epidemics such as chronic diseases (asthma, allergies), as well as cancers, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, diabetes and obesity, which seem related to pollution (air, water, soil) and physical inactivity. If sustainable development has focused on preserving the environment, it has neglected the challenges facing underprivileged population. The territorial inequality worsens in terms of public health. The growing trend of certification and standardization in sustainable development can be seen as an opportunity to promote public health resilience. Should collaborations between public health professionals and planners encourage the approximation of their strategies

The study of emerging networks of agricultural marketing, in Sergipe, aims to analyze bases, structures, spatial configuration and contributions to agriculture challenges established by the expansion of the global economy which involves transformations of agriculture, driven by the dynamics of the internal and external markets. The analysis of emerging networks of agricultural marketing considers as fundamental elements the activities developed around the production and commercialization involving the countryside and the city, the family agriculture and market, the provision of technical-scientific-informational services, the network infrastructure that allows access to the markets of production and consumption, through actions that involve the presence of actors that constitute the system of networks installed amount and downstream of the primary production and processing of this production. To unveil the complexity that involves the various stages of marketing, was made wide bibliographical survey, being also conducted surveys of five-year census data, annual production and marketing, available in publications of national and international institutions and bodies, of representative institutions of classes. In addition, fieldwork was conducted, from visits to dozens of trade shows by sergipanas cities, to free capital markets and several commercial establishments of agricultural products and production processing. Interviews with professionals have been applied yet, managers, producers, intermediaries and consumers. This study focused on the sweet potatoes, milk, corn and poultry and eggs together in the last decade, are contributing to the dynamics of the contemporary economy and emerging marketing networks form. The expansion of these networks is enabling the access of small production developed by family farmers and agriculture the agricultural market shopping local, regional, national and global levels, seeking to monitor the dynamics of market agriculture operated by global integration of production and consumption. At the same time, the emerging agricultural marketing networks through its multiple forms, will be inserting in the competitive market through the agricultural access and adherence to formal and informal marketing dichotomous. Emerging networks are by crystallizing as occupying a prominent position in the economy and contribute significantly to changes in the landscape of Sergipe, forming new channels with streams of objects, things and linking capital markets, production and processing of internal and external consumption, increasing the visibility of the State as a producer, processor and exporter of consumer goods diversified.
El estudio de nuevas redes de comercialización agrícola, en Sergipe, pretende analizar las bases, estructuras, configuración espacial y contribuciones a los desafíos de la agricultura establecidas por la expansión de la economía mundial que implica transformaciones de la agricultura, impulsado por la dinámica de los mercados internos y externos. El análisis de nuevas redes de comercialización agrícola considera como elementos fundamentales de las actividades desarrolladas por la producción y comercialización que involucra el campo y la ciudad, la granja y mercado, la prestación de servicios técnicos-científicos-informativos, la infraestructura de red que permite el acceso a los mercados de producción y consumo, a través de acciones que implican la presencia de actores que constituyen el sistema de redes instalados aguas arriba y aguas abajo de la producción primaria y el procesamiento de esta producción. Para dar a conocer la complejidad que implica las distintas etapas de comercialización, se realizó encuesta amplia bibliográfica, siendo también realizó estudios de los datos del censo de cinco años, la producción anual y comercialización, disponible en publicaciones de instituciones nacionales e internacionales y organismos, de instituciones representativas de las clases. Además, el trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo, desde visitas a docenas de comercio muestra por las ciudades de sergipanas, para liberar a los mercados de capitales y varios establecimientos comerciales de productos agrícolas y el proceso de producción. Entrevistas con profesionales han sido aplicadas, directores, productores, intermediarios y consumidores. Este estudio se centró en la batatas, leche, maíz, aves de corral y huevos juntos en la última década, está contribuyendo a la dinámica de la economía contemporánea y emergente forma redes de la comercialización. La expansión de estas redes está permitiendo el acceso de la pequeña producción desarrollada por familias de agricultores y la agricultura el mercado agrícola de compras a nivel local, regional, nacional y mundial, tratando de controlar la dinámica de la agricultura de mercado operado por integración global de producción y consumo. Al mismo tiempo, el emergente agrícola marketing redes a través de sus múltiples formas, va ser insertando en el mercado competitivo con el acceso a productos agrícolas y la adherencia al marketing formal e informal dicotómico. Redes emergentes se están desarrollando como ocupando una posición prominente en la economía y contribuyan significativamente a los cambios en el paisaje de Sergipe, formando nuevos canales con las secuencias de objetos, cosas y enlace a los mercados de capitales, producción y procesamiento de consumo interno y externo, aumentar la visibilidad del estado como productor, procesador y exportador de bienes de consumo diversificado.
O estudo de redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola, em Sergipe, tem como objetivo analisar bases, estruturas, configuração espacial e as contribuições para a agricultura frente aos desafios estabelecidos pela expansão da economia globalizada que envolve transformações da agricultura, impulsionada pela dinâmica dos mercados internos e externos. A análise de redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola considera como elementos fundamentais as atividades desenvolvidas em torno da produção e comercialização que envolvem o campo e a cidade, a agricultura familiar e a de mercado, a prestação de serviços técnico-científicos-informacionais, a infraestrutura de redes que possibilita o acesso aos mercados de produção e de consumo, através de ações que envolvem a presença de atores que constituem o sistema de redes instaladas a montante e a jusante da produção primária e de transformação dessa produção. Para desvelar a complexidade que envolve as diversas etapas da comercialização, foi feita vasta prospecção bibliográfica, sendo, também, realizados levantamentos de dados censitários quinquenais, de produção anual e de comercialização, disponíveis em publicações de instituições e organismos nacional e internacional, de instituições representativas de classes. Além disso, foi realizado trabalho de campo, a partir de visitas a dezenas de feiras pelas cidades sergipanas, às feiras livres da capital e vários estabelecimentos comerciais de produtos agrícolas e de transformação da produção. Ainda foram aplicados questionários com profissionais, gestores, produtores, intermediários e consumidores. Este estudo focou a batata doce, o leite, o milho e a avicultura de corte e ovos que juntas, na última década, estão contribuindo para a dinâmica da economia contemporânea e formam redes emergentes da comercialização. A expansão dessas redes está possibilitando o acesso da pequena produção desenvolvida por agricultores familiares e da agricultura comercial ao mercado agrícola local, regional, nacional e global, procurando acompanhar a dinâmica da agricultura de mercado comandada pela integração global de produção e consumo. Ao mesmo tempo, as redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola, através de suas múltiplas formas, vão se inserindo no competitivo mercado agrícola mediante o acesso e aderência à dicotômica comercialização formal e informal. As redes emergentes estão se cristalizando à medida que ocupam posição de destaque na economia e contribuem significativamente para as mudanças na paisagem sergipana, formando novos canais com fluxos de objetos, coisas e capitais que ligam os mercados de produção, de transformação e de consumo interno e externo, ampliando a visibilidade do Estado como produtor, transformador e exportador de bens de consumo diversificado.

Qu'elle soit présentée comme un outil privilégié de gestion des ressources humaines ou comme une solution aux dysfonctionnements du marché du travail, la mobilité résidentielle des salariés est au cœur d'un faisceau d'injonctions qui ignorent les conceptions de l'habiter fondées sur la stabilité et l'ancrage dans les lieux. Cette thèse propose d'étudier la façon dont les individus articulent leurs mobilités résidentielles et professionnelles en croisant des dispositifs d'enquête quantitative et qualitative. Les mobilités résidentielles en France ne sont pas plus fréquentes qu'à la fin des années 1960, et elles coïncident autant avec des mobilités professionnelles ascendantes que descendantes. Se pose alors la question des logiques sociales d'émergence et de résolution de la mobilité résidentielle. La mobilité des salariés est un dispositif de gestion des ressources humaines qu'il faut confronter aux logiques sociales de l'ancrage dans les territoires. Les mobiles doivent faire une difficile " entrée en territoire " dont on a étudié la résolution en observant le travail d'intermédiation d'acteurs marchands, les sociétés de " relocation ". Un marché de l'accompagnement à la mobilité émerge difficilement, et sa dynamique concurrentielle atypique impacte la conciliation de la vie privée et de la vie professionnelle des salariés.

The aim of thesis "Appreciation in municipal property over time" is the selection of the most suitable variant of financing the investment project. The project solves the reconstruction of the existing unused House of Services at the Community House of Seniors. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the functioning of public administration and territorial self-government, public and mixed goods. Municipal budget and revenues of territorial budgets. Furthermore, project funding, grant titles and project preparation and implementation are mentioned. The practical part deals with ways of financing an investment project using bank products, where the use of state subsidy is also used. The calculations take into account income from regulated and market rents. Variants are compared to find the most appropriate funding option for this project.

Investment in human capital is a key tool for the social and economic progress in every country. Thus one of the most important public policies in the last century has focused on increasing the level and quality of education among the population. This goal has been reached by all developed countries. However, the rapid increase of the percentage of the population with high education in developed economies during the last decades has probably contributed to labour market inefficiency. It is observed that part of this population is not working in jobs that require their level of education; otherwise they end up in jobs that require workers with a lower level of education. This situation is called overeducation. This dissertation examines several aspects related to the overeducation phenomenon in Spain. In particular, the first empirical analysis studies whether overeducated workers obtain a higher return on this training – specifically, non-education training activities – than the rest of workers. If it is so, overeducated workers could overcome part of the wage penalty derived from their education-occupation mismatch. The results showed that non-formal education activities have a positive effect on wages, but only overeducated workers who have undergone non-formal education activities receive a wage premium. It seems that this type of training provides overeducated workers with new abilities that permit them to reduce the wage penalisation derived from the mismatch between their level of education and occupation. The aim of the second empirical analysis is to test a supported theory based on the existence of individuals’ skill heterogeneity to explain the wage penalty associated with overeducation. From such a perspective, the wage penalty associated with overeducation is due to the huge variation of skills between workers with the same level of education. Then, overeducated workers would not suffer a wage penalty. In fact, they would earn lower wages as a result of their lower skills. Our hypothesis was that the wage penalty associated with overeducation could be explained by lower skill levels. As a consequence, overeducated workers may not be suffering a wage penalty in Spain, but their earnings are determined by their skill level. Our results show that individuals’ skill heterogeneity explains only 18% of the effect of educational mismatch on wages in Spain. The wage penalty still remains for those overeducated workers who are not less skilled than properly matched workers. Finally, the last empirical analysis aims to identify a relationship between the situation of overeducation of parents and the educational performance of their children. Previous literature found that children of highly educated parents tend to perform better than children of less educated parents. One possible explanation for the positive relationship between parents’ human capital and students’ performance is based on children’s perceptions about the importance of education. In this sense, students whose parents have a high level of education and good jobs might be more aware of the value of education and, consequently, have higher motivation and perform better than other students. Under this point of view, our hypothesis is that the existence of parents’ job-education mismatch can modify the students’ perception about the importance of education and, consequently, have an effect on their performance at school. In particular, we analyse whether there is a relationship between parents’ educational mismatch and the educational performance of their children, and we checked whether it is similar across the performance distribution or, by contrast, whether there are differences between students at the top and at the bottom of the performance distribution. The results shows that students whose parents are overeducated have a penalty in their academic achievement in all three subjects analysed, this effect being stronger for students with lower educational outcomes. So, the results seemed to confirm our hypothesis.

Délimitant les souverainetés fiscales étatiques, les frontières fiscales sont au cœur des préoccupations de l’Union, des Etats membres et des entreprises. L’Union souhaite un marché intérieur sans frontières. Les Etats membres veulent préserver leurs frontières fiscales. L’opposition des volontés de l’Union et des Etats membres conduit à s’interroger sur la situation actuelle et pour l’avenir des frontières fiscales. La confrontation de ces volontés a engendré une dévaluation des frontières fiscales. L’intégration positive et négative prévue par le droit de l’Union a permis de rapprocher ou d’encadrer les législations fiscales des Etats membres. Toutefois, les Etats membres continuent de s’opposer à leur suppression. Mais l’Union change progressivement de position sur les frontières fiscales. Le marché intérieur doit se construire en tenant compte de ces frontières. La permanence des frontières fiscales est donc assurée, d’autant qu’elles savent s’adapter aux changements de la société
In delimiting the tax sovereignty of the states apparatus, tax frontiers are at the heart of the Union’s, the State Members’ and also Companies’. The Union wants an internal market without frontiers. The State Members would like to maintain their tax frontiers. This opposition between the Union and the State Members therefore questions the present and future situation of the tax frontiers. This confrontation between the Union and the State Members has lead to a devaluation of tax frontiers. The positive and negative integration determined by the right of the Union has enabled the tax laws of the State Members to be linked closer together or be supervised. On the other hand, the State Members continue to refuse their suppression. But the Union is changing progressively its position regarding tax frontiers. The internal market must be built taking into account these frontiers. The permanence of fiscal frontiers is therefore ensured, especially since they can adapt to changes in society

The notion of space (abstract, mathematical), inherent to territoriality, characterizes the conventional analytical tools used in planning. However, the approach to dimensionality and geometry within these tools has been questioned. The literature review suggests the need to develop analytical mechanisms, able to relax the geometric and dimensional reference framework that has been adopted in planning decision-making tools. The development of new spatial analysis methods, within spatial econometrics as well as other disciplines which are relevant for territorial planning, provides an opportunity to review the geometric and dimensional notions and the usually applied empirical estimation strategies. Taken hierarchy as a fundamental feature to specify the interaction structure that describes territorial systems, a minimum analytical condition is adopted that supports a new analytical framework, free of strong geometric and dimensional constraints. The research program presented here is based on the codification of spatio-territoriality in housing values, in addition to the relevance of housing price models themselves in territorial planning, motivating the study of the housing market in the case-study of the Aveiro-Ílhavo territorial system. The scientific knowledge about spatial interaction structures is combined with empirical insights, from a new methodology based on simpler econometric methods. It was possible to observe that territorial interaction structures are a combination of classical geographic patterns with an unknown geometry and unknown dimensionality. The results, framed by the theoretical discussion, support the observation of territorial restructuring processes, which arise, among other factors, from the changing role of new information and communication technologies. They also reinforce the adoption of the concept of e-Territorial (local) system to frame these new territorial structural properties.
A noção de espaço (abstrato, matemático), subjacente à territorialidade, constitui a base das ferramentas analíticas convencionais, usadas em planeamento. Contudo, a dimensionalidade e geometria, subjacentes a essas ferramentas, têm vindo a ser questionadas. De facto, a revisão da literatura evidencia a necessidade de desenvolver mecanismos analíticos, capazes de relaxar os referenciais geométricos e dimensionais, adotados ao longo do processo de tomada de decisão no planeamento territorial. O recente desenvolvimento de novos métodos de análise espacial, quer no âmbito da econometria espacial, quer noutras disciplinas de suporte ao planeamento, constitui uma oportunidade de rever as assunções geométricas e dimensionais adotadas, bem como as respetivas estratégias de análise das estruturas territoriais que lhe estão subjacentes. Assumindo a hierarquia como uma propriedade fundamental na organização das interações dos sistemas territoriais, considera-se esta como uma condição mínima analítica, a partir do qual se propõe um novo referencial de estimação, mais liberto das condicionantes geométrica e dimensionais usuais. Neste contexto, assumindo que as propriedades espácio – territoriais são codificadas no valor habitação bem como a relevância do tema no planeamento territorial, adota-se o mercado de habitação no sistema territorial de Aveiro – Ílhavo enquanto caso de estudo. Cruzando as sugestões da literatura científica com os resultados de uma metodologia, de base econométrica, aplicada nestes contextos, observa-se que as estruturas de interação territorial fundem os padrões geográficos expectáveis (dos modelos clássicos) com um conjunto de relações de geometria e dimensionalidade desconhecida. De facto, tendo presente o quadro teórico que aponta para a reestruturação territorial como um elemento transformador associado às novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, as evidências encontradas vêm reforçar a perceção teórica de que se encontram a despoletar os novos sistemas (locais) e-Territoriais.
Programa Doutoral em E-Planeamento

THE DOCTRINE OF THE PROHIBITION ON PARALLEL IMPORTS RESTRICTIONS WITHIN COMPETITION LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION The aim of this thesis is to analyse the current approach of EU competition law to parallel imports restrictions in light of nearly a half-century of EU Courts' case-law's evolution and in comparison with the approach adopted by US antitrust law. The traditional attitude of the EU Courts and of the Commission towards competition restraints of this type is described in literature in clear terms. However, this is not the case when it comes to the recent and current ambiguous developments within EU competition law. Therefore, this thesis aims to verify these two hypotheses. The first hypothesis says that evolution of the EU institutions approach to parallel imports restrictions has a circular nature: it starts from the traditional, intransigent position adopted in the early decades of European integration and it continues through a more lenient, economic approach in the period of the so called modernization of EU competition law to return to a rather traditional attitude typical of the current times. According to the second hypothesis, the current EU institutions' attitude towards parallel imports restrictions has nevertheless been shifted, during the modernization period, to a more...

Рынки стран Центральной Азии развиваются и все больше вовлекаются в процессы глобализации мировой экономики. Вместе с ростом и развитием рынков неуклонно растет конкуренция, в том числе в металлургической отрасли. Для металлоторгующей компании в ситуации сильной конкуренции высока важность эффективного продвижения, базирующегося на правильно выбранной коммуникационной стратегии. В работе предложена модель репутации российской металлургической продукции, проанализировано её актуальное состояние на рынке стран Центральной Азии, а также описаны возможности использования положительной репутации металлургической продукции в качестве основы для стратегии продвижения. На основе полученных результатов была разработана новая коммуникационная стратегия для продвижения ТОО «Специальная металлургия» на рынке стран Центральной Азии, с опорой на положительную репутацию российской металлургической продукции.
Central Asian markets are developing and becoming more involved in the globalization of world economy. Competition in the metallurgical industry is mounting along with the growth and development of markets. The importance of effective promotion in a context of strong competition is high. It is based on a properly chosen communication strategy. Master's thesis proposes a model of reputation for Russian metallurgical products and analyzes its current status on the market of Central Asian countries. It describes the possibilities of using a positive reputation of metallurgical products as a basis for a promotion strategy.