Books on the topic 'Territorial markers'
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1
Magnaghi, Alberto, ed. Il territorio bene comune. Firenze: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-134-8.
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The central theme of this book is ecological and territorialist conversion as a strategic response to the crisis. 'The return to the territory' can be conceived as a valorisation of the common heritage of assets (environmental, urban fabric, landscape, socio-cultural) that mould the identity and lifestyles of every place on the earth. This calls for several issues to be addressed: the fusing of fragmented knowledge into a science of the territory that addresses the problems of socio-territorial and environmental decay in an integrated manner; the definition of new markers and policies of public welfare and happiness, including the landscape as a measure of the quality of peoples' life-worlds; the boosting of tools of local democracy and supportive federalism; the restoration of centrality to the rural world in the production of healthy food, hydro-geological protection measures, ecological reclamation, urban and landscape quality and integrated economies.
2
Silván, Luis. Cambios y desigualdades territoriales del trabajo en la Comunidad Europea. [Zaragoza]: ASOCE Editores, 1992.
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3
Pischulov, Viktor. Problems of the territorial organization of the national economy and finance. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1182771.
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The monograph is devoted to certain difficult-to-understand issues of the national economy. The definitions of the main concepts used in the presentation of problems are given. The issues under consideration are of interest in practical activities to regulate the interaction of economic entities in the conditions of territorial markets.
The problems of the theory of the modern system of regulation of the national economy are considered. The analysis of the methodology of institutional models for building the main structural elements of the economy in the regions of the country is carried out.
It may be interesting for practitioners engaged in the problems of regional economy, researchers, teachers, graduate students.
4
Pichardo, Óscar M. Rodríguez. La distribución territorial de la acumulación industrial metropolitana y sus efectos en los mercados de trabajo en la ZMCM, 1985-2004. Toluca, México: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2010.
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5
Jânio Roberto Diniz dos Santos and Suzane Tosta Souza. Leituras sobre a relação estado-capital-trabalho e as políticas de reordenamentos territoriais. Vitória da Conquista, Bahia: Edições UESB, 2010.
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6
The informal sector in the Palestinian territories: The current situation and prospects for structuring the sector. Ramallah: The Democracy and Workers' Rights Center in Palastine, 2008.
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7
Cassi, Laura, Margherita Azzari, and Monica Meini, eds. Cultural Itineraries in Tuscany. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/88-8453-215-9.
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In the conviction that cultural itineraries must assume a growing importance in a tourism based on the criteria of sustainability, three examples of the valorisation of local culture have been elaborated. This is effectively an important component of sustainable development, one of the fundamental aspects of which is the historic memory of the territory. The growth of the tourist and free time market provides an efficacious stimulus for the development of proposals aimed at prospecting new itineraries and alleviating the more consolidated tourist flows, inserting a vast heritage of landscape and cultural resources within significant territorial fabrics. This is also true from the point of view of growing synergies between economy and culture. The three proposed itineraries unwind through areas of great interest in terms of historical traditions and of specific territorial resources which deserve cultural valorisation, particularly in view of the fact that Tuscany offers an enormous wealth distributed in a capillary manner, but much of which is little known.
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Khalīfah, Muḥammad. al-Ṭalab ʻalá al-ʻimālah al-Filasṭīnīyah fī Isrāʼīl wa-al-arāḍī al-muḥtallah. [Bīr Zayt]: Jāmiʻat Bīr Zayt, Barnāmij Dirāsāt al-Tanmiyah, 1999.
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9
Garofalo, Giuseppe, ed. Capitalismo distrettuale, localismi d'impresa, globalizzazione. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-605-1.
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From the late Sixties on, industrial development in Italy evolved through the spread of small and medium sized firms, aggregated in district networks, with an elevated propensity to enterprise and the marked presence of owner-families. Installed within the local systems, the industrial districts tended to simulate large-scale industry exploiting lower costs generated by factors that were not only economic. The districts are characterised in terms of territorial location (above all the thriving areas of the North-east and Centre) and sector, since they are concentrated in the "4 As" (clothing-fashion, home-decor, agri-foodstuffs, automation-mechanics), with some overlapping with "Made in Italy". How can this model be assessed? This is the crucial question in the debate on the condition and prospects of the Italian productive system between the supporters of its capacity to adapt and the critics of economic dwarfism. A dispassionate judgement suggests that the prospects of "small is beautiful" have been superseded, but that the "declinist" view, that sees only the dangers of globalisation and the IT revolution for our SMEs is risky. The concept of irreversible crisis that prevails at present is limiting, both because it is not easy either to "invent", or to copy, a model of industrialisation, and because there is space for a strategic repositioning of the district enterprises. The book develops considerations in this direction, showing how an evolution of the district model is possible, focusing on: gains in productivity, scope economies (through diversification and expansion of the range of products), flexibility of organisation, capacity to meld tradition and innovation aiming at product quality, dimensional growth of the enterprises, new forms of financing, active presence on the international markets and valorisation of the resources of the territory. It is hence necessary to reactivate the behavioural functions of the entrepreneurs.
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COVID-19 and territorial markets. FAO, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4060/cb4141en.
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11
Haines, Daniel. Territorial Hydro-Logics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190648664.003.0003.
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This chapter explains the origins and development of the Indus waters dispute in terms of the fragile Indian and Pakistani states’ search for power and legitimacy after independence. Both new governments framed their claims on Indus water not just necessary for economic development, but as part of their respective nation-making projects. The chapter argues that the Indus dispute helped Indian and Pakistani policy elites to formulate particular ideas about water resources, riparian rights and ‘national’ territory. India, upstream, asserted a sovereign right to use all water flowing within its borders. Pakistan, downstream, appealed to the idea that its own historical uses of Indus Basin water overrode India’s right to autonomy. Controlling the flow of water out of, or into, a state’s territory was a vital marker of its fitness to govern.
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1946-, Preite Massimo, Tuscany (Italy), and Unioncamere Toscana, eds. Le attività commerciali in Toscana: Atlante territoriale. Firenze: Alinea, 2007.
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13
Gent, Stephen E., and Mark J. C. Crescenzi. Market Power Politics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529805.001.0001.
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This book explores how market power competition between states can create disruptions in the global political economy and potentially lead to territorial aggression and war. When a state’s firms have the ability to set prices in a key commodity market like oil or natural gas, state leaders can benefit from increased revenue, stability, and political leverage. Given these potential benefits, states may be motivated to expand their territorial reach in order to gain or maintain such market power. This market power motivation can sometimes lead to war. However, when states are economically interdependent, they may be constrained from using force to achieve their market power goals. This can open up an opportunity for institutional settlements. However, in some cases, institutional rules and procedures can preclude states from reaching a settlement in line with their market power ambitions. When this happens, states may opt for strategic delay and try to gradually accumulate market power over time through salami tactics. To explore how these dynamics play out empirically, the authors examine three cases of market power competition in hard commodity markets: Iraq’s invasion and occupation of Kuwait to seize market power in the oil export market, Russia’s territorial encroachment into Georgia and Ukraine to preserve and expand its market power in the natural gas market, and China’s ongoing use of strategic delay and gray zone tactics in the South and East China Seas to maintain its dominant position in the global market for rare earth elements.
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Gravelle, Matthew, and Stefano Pagliari. Global Markets, National Toolkits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190864576.003.0004.
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A key trend that has characterized implementation of the international agenda to regulate derivatives has been the emergence of a number of disputes over the territorial scope of regulation, as different countries have sought to extend their regulatory oversight over firms and markets that are not legally domiciled in their jurisdiction. What explains the emergence and continuation of these extraterritorial measures in the regulation of global OTC derivatives markets? This chapter addresses this question by exploring the “regulatory land grab” that has characterized the rules introduced in the United States and the European Union to regulate foreign dealers, CCPs, and trading venues. This chapter will argue that the different degrees of extraterritoriality that have emerged in the post-crisis agenda reflect the challenges that regulatory authorities have faced to implement the new prudential agenda in a manner that addresses the highly internationalized nature of derivatives markets.
15
Manitoba. Manitoba Education and Training., ed. Labour market jurisdiction study: A provincial/territorial comparison. [Manitoba]: Manitoba Education and Training, 1990.
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16
R, Kudelʹko A., ed. Sistema kadrovogo obespechenii︠a︡ territorii v sovremennykh ėkonomicheskikh uslovii︠a︡kh. Vladivostok: Dalʹnauka, 2007.
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17
Marta, Panaia, ed. Transformaciones territoriales y productivas en el mercado de trabajo litoral. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Impresiones Buenos Aires - Editorial, 2007.
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18
Schiller, Dan. Growth amid Depression? University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038761.003.0009.
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This chapter examines whether the metamorphosis of communications around internet commodity chains contributed to economic growth or led to a further episode of crisis. More specifically, it considers whether the U.S. information and communications industry, which invested more in information and communications technology (ICT) and software than any other sector including banking and manufacturing, signified that a basis was being laid for market expansion and economic growth. It also discusses whether investment in Web communications commodity chains siphoned revenue and profit mostly from old to new media, so that growth overall remained flat. Finally, it highlights shifts in the territorial profile of communications markets that reflected the ongoing and unfinished historical mutation into digital capitalism.
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Manitoba and the Northwest Territories as markets for Ontario and British Columbia fruit. [S.l: s.n., 1986.
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20
Mission d'appui aux programmes communautaires., ed. Dynamiques de l'emploi et développement territorial, séminaire 13-14-15 juin 1995, Montpellier, France. Paris: Grep éditions, 1995.
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21
Inmaculada, Caravaca Barroso, Méndez Gutiérrez del Valle, Ricardo., Revel J, Pérez Sánchez B, Red Iberoamericana de Investigadores sobre Globalización y Territorio., and Seminario Internacional Impactos Territoriales de los Procesos de Reestructuración (3rd : 1996 : Huelva, Spain), eds. Globalización y territorio: Mercados de trabajo y nuevas formas de exclusión. Huelva: Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Fundación Universitaria, Universidad de Huelva, 1998.
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22
Revel, Jean-francois, Ricardo Mendez, and Inmaculada Caravaca Barroso. Globalizacion y Territorio: Mercados de Trabajo y Nuevas Formas de Exclusion (Collectanea). Universidad de Huelva, 1999.
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23
Eaton, Kent. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800576.003.0006.
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The final chapter concludes the book in two ways. First, it summarizes the central claim that structural significance, institutional capacity, and coalitional dynamics together explain whether subnational officials can advance successful subnational policy challenges. This part of the chapter also assesses the more general theoretical implications of the research findings for each causal variable (structure, capacity, and coalitions). Whereas most of the book examines how decentralization has empowered territorial actors to shape ideological conflicts, the second half of the conclusion reverses this focus by exploring how ideological conflict over the market also shapes territorial outcomes, most significantly through the redistribution of authority and resources between levels of government. The chapter ends with representative examples of recentralization in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru; these show how ideological conflict over the market has led national governments in each country to recentralize authority and resources in the attempt to undercut subnational policy challenges.
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Rippon, Stephen. Kingdom, Civitas, and County. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759379.001.0001.
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This book explores the development of territorial identity in the late prehistoric, Roman, and early medieval periods. Over the course of the Iron Age, a series of marked regional variations in material culture and landscape character emerged across eastern England that reflect the development of discrete zones of social and economic interaction. The boundaries between these zones appear to have run through sparsely settled areas of the landscape on high ground, and corresponded to a series of kingdoms that emerged during the Late Iron Age. In eastern England at least, these pre-Roman socio-economic territories appear to have survived throughout the Roman period despite a trend towards cultural homogenization brought about by Romanization. Although there is no direct evidence for the relationship between these socio-economic zones and the Roman administrative territories known as civitates, they probably corresponded very closely. The fifth century saw some Anglo-Saxon immigration but whereas in East Anglia these communities spread out across much of the landscape, in the Northern Thames Basin they appear to have been restricted to certain coastal and estuarine districts. The remaining areas continued to be occupied by a substantial native British population, including much of the East Saxon kingdom (very little of which appears to have been 'Saxon'). By the sixth century a series of regionally distinct identities - that can be regarded as separate ethnic groups - had developed which corresponded very closely to those that had emerged during the late prehistoric and Roman periods. These ancient regional identities survived through to the Viking incursions, whereafter they were swept away following the English re-conquest and replaced with the counties with which we are familiar today.
25
Kinyanjui, Mary Njeri. African Markets and the Utu-Ubuntu Business Model: A Perspective on Economic Informality in Nairobi. African Minds, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331780.
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The persistence of indigenous African markets in the context of a hostile or neglectful business and policy environment makes them worthy of analysis. An investigation of Afrocentric business ethics is long overdue. Attempting to understand the actions and efforts of informal traders and artisans from their own points of view, and analysing how they organise and get by, allows for viable approaches to be identified to integrate them into global urban models and cultures. Using the utu-ubuntu model to understand the activities of traders and artisans in Nairobi's markets, this book explores how, despite being consistently excluded and disadvantaged, they shape urban spaces in and around the city, and contribute to its development as a whole. With immense resilience, and without discarding their own socio-cultural or economic values, informal traders and artisans have created a territorial complex that can be described as the African metropolis. African Markets and the Utu-buntu Business Model sheds light on the ethics and values that underpin the work of traders and artisans in Nairobi, as well as their resilience and positive impact on urbanisation. This book makes an important contribution to the discourse on urban economics and planning in African cities.
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Friedeburg, Robert Von. Origins of Modern Germany. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0002.
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This article traces the origins of German history; the outcome the Western Federal Republic of 1949–1989, curiously similar to the Eastern Franconian Empire of Ludwig the German emerging with the treaty of Verdun, and the unified Germany at the second half of the twentieth century. Early modern Germans had a wide number of varying and partly contradictory ideas about the relation of empire, nation, and fatherland. This article traces the establishment of Germany as an empire and nation. The German lands were marked by conflicts and tensions between emperors and popes, kings and higher nobility, and among regions under varying degrees of royal influence and control. This article explains pluralism in German society and the eventual formation of the territorial German state, whether the Bonn or Berlin Federal Republic is seen to be the true representative of modern Germany, the territorial state seems to remain unavoidably at center stage.
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Eaton, Kent. Subnational Contention in Neoliberal Peru. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800576.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that, while ideological conflicts over the market in Peru have taken on a sharply territorial logic since the country’s neoliberal turn in 1990, subnational resistance to neoliberalism has been ineffective in the two dimensions conceptualized in this book. According to the argument developed in the first half of the chapter, capacity and coalitional constraints have undermined regional presidents in their attempts to build distinctive subnational policy regimes, including attempted uses of regional zoning authority to regulate mining in ways that would deviate from neoliberalism. The second half of the chapter then demonstrates how structural and coalitional constraints have negatively affected efforts by subnational officials to contest neoliberalism as the dominant national policy regime. Instead, a succession of Peruvian Presidents, including Alejandro Toledo, Alán García, and Ollanta Humala, have been able to overcome territorial resistance and defend the neoliberal reforms introduced in the 1990s by Alberto Fujimori.
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Kelanic, Rosemary A. Black Gold and Blackmail. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748295.001.0001.
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This book seeks to explain why great powers adopt such different strategies to protect their oil access from politically motivated disruptions. In extreme cases, such as Imperial Japan in 1941, great powers fought wars to grab oil territory in anticipation of a potential embargo by the Allies; in other instances, such as Germany in the early Nazi period, states chose relatively subdued measures like, oil alliances or domestic policies, to conserve oil. What accounts for this variation? Fundamentally, it is puzzling that great powers fear oil coercion at all because the global market makes oil sanctions very difficult to enforce. This book argues that two variables determine what strategy a great power will adopt: the petroleum deficit, which measures how much oil the state produces domestically compared to what it needs for its strategic objectives; and disruptibility, which estimates the susceptibility of a state's oil imports to military interdiction—that is, blockade. Because global markets undercut the effectiveness of oil sanctions, blockade is in practice the only true threat to great power oil access. That, combined with the devastating consequences of oil deprivation to a state's military power, explains why states fear oil coercion deeply despite the adaptive functions of the market. Together, these two variables predict a state's coercive vulnerability, which determines how willing the state will be to accept the costs and risks attendant on various potential strategies. Only those great powers with large deficits and highly disruptible imports will adopt the most extreme strategy: direct control of oil through territorial conquest.
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Alexandrowicz, C. H. The Discriminatory Clause in South Asian Treaties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1957). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766070.003.0010.
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The division of Indian and other South Asian markets among the various European nationalities led to vital changes of territorial sovereignty. The corresponding process of commercial, political, and military manoeuvering was accompanied by treaty making which formalised the initial power positions, and the relevant clauses and stipulations reflected the consecutive stages of the struggle. As soon as some of the European powers or agencies obtained from their Asian counterparts preferential treatment coupled with prohibitions directed against other European nationalities, all of them plunged into retaliatory practices, each attempting to secure the maximum of concessions or the establishment of a monopoly for itself. This chapter examines the various discriminatory or prohibitory clauses included in some treaties and the type or pattern of stipulation adopted by the contracting parties.
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Elkins, Evan. Locked Out. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830572.001.0001.
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“This content is not available in your country.” Media consumers around the world regularly run into this reminder of geography’s imprint on digital culture. Despite utopian hopes of a borderless digital society in an era of globalization, DVDs, video games, and streaming platforms include digital rights management mechanisms like region codes and IP address detection systems that block media access within certain territories. Although propped up by national and transnational intellectual property regulation, these technologies of “regional lockout” are designed primarily to keep the entertainment industries’ global markets distinct. Beyond this, they frustrate consumers around the world and place certain territories on a hierarchy of global media access. Drawing on extensive research of media-industry strategies, consumer and retailer practices, and media regulation, Locked Out explores regional lockout in DVDs, console video games, and streaming video and music platforms. The book argues that regional lockout has shaped global media culture over the past few decades in three interrelated ways: as technological regulation, media distribution, and geocultural discrimination. As a form of digital rights management, regional lockout builds in limitations on the affordances of digital software and hardware. As distribution, it seeks to ensure that digital technologies accommodate media industries’ traditional segmentation of markets. Finally, as a cultural system, regional lockout shapes and reflects long-standing global hierarchies of power and discrimination.
31
Alicia, Castagna, Raposo Isabel, and Woelflin María Lidia, eds. Reestructuración productiva, mercado laboral y desigualdades regionales en Argentina: Red iberoamericana de investigadores en globalización y territorio (sección argentina). Rosario, Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística, Escuela de Economía, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas, 2001.
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32
Dodds, Klaus. 3. Geopolitical architectures. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199676781.003.0003.
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‘Geopolitical architectures’ suggests that our understandings of a world composed of an international system based on territorial states, exclusive jurisdictions, and national boundaries is enduring but not all encompassing. What is the relationship between fixity and flow? How do architectures seek to impose fixity on flows? Neo-liberal globalization, with due emphasis on market accessibility and privatization, encourages two kinds of geopolitical architectures – one predicated on spatial containment (as epitomized by the war on terror) and the other underpinned by spatial administration. The financial crisis of 2008 onwards has revealed some of this geopolitical work, and the ‘Occupy Movement’ was in large part about trying to fix flows.
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Christie, Jessica Joyce. Rock Shrines, Ceque Lines, and Pilgrimage in the Inca Provinces. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.11.
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This chapter links rock shrines, ceque lines, and pilgrimage as an imperial strategy devised in the heartland and exported into the provinces to order and coalesce Inca territories into an empire-wide ideological geography. Current understandings of carved rock shrines/huacas as materializations of stone ideology are explained. These rock huacas defined certain ceque lines and roads, and their political charge was performed in pilgrimage-related rituals. These roads, as well as their stony markers, could hold many positions on the fluid continuum between physical, functional, symbolic, ideological, and conceptual, and thus, functioned both as long-distance ceques and ceque shrines. Evidence from the provinces is presented in three case studies: the Island of the Sun in Lake Titicaca, Vilcashuamán/Intiwatana, and Ingapirca/Coyuctur.
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Els mercats de treball de Catalunya, 1981-1986-1991. [Barcelona]: Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Política Territorial i Obres Públiques, Direcció General de Planificació i Acció Territorial, 1995.
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35
Cremona, Marise, and Joanne Scott, eds. EU Law Beyond EU Borders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842170.001.0001.
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This book addresses the impact of EU law beyond its own borders, the use of law as a powerful instrument of EU external action, and some of the normative challenges this poses. The phenomenon of EU law operating beyond its borders, which may be termed its ‘global reach’, includes the extraterritorial application of EU law, territorial extension, and the so-called ‘Brussels Effect’ resulting from unilateral legislative and regulatory action. It also includes the impact of the EU’s bilateral relationships, and its engagement with multilateral fora and the negotiation of international legal instruments. The book maps this phenomenon across a range of policy fields, including the environment, the internet and data protection, banking and financial markets, competition policy and migration. It argues that in looking beyond the undoubtedly important instrumental function of law we can start to identify the ways in which law shapes the EU’s external identity and its relations with other legal regimes, both enabling and constraining the EU’s external action.
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Gerber, David A. American Immigration: A Very Short Introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780197542422.001.0001.
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American Immigration: A Very Short Introduction traces three massive waves of immigration from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, and analyzes the nature of immigration as a purposeful, structured activity, attitudes supporting or hostile to immigration, policies and laws regulating immigration, and the nature of and prospects for assimilation. There have been some dramatic developments since 2011, including the crisis along the southwestern border and the intense conflict over illegal immigration. The population of the United States has diverse sources: territorial acquisition through conquest and colonialism, the slave trade, and voluntary immigration. Many Americans value the memory of immigrant ancestors, and are sentimentally inclined to immigrant strivings. Alongside this sits the perception that immigration destabilizes social order, cultural coherence, job markets, and political alignments. The nearly 250 years of American nationhood has been characterized by both support for openness to immigration and embrace of a cosmopolitan formulation of American identity and for restrictions and assertions of belief in a core Anglo-American national character.
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Heal, Bridget. The Desire for Images. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737575.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 examines in detail the impact of Calvinist reform on Lutheran attitudes towards images in the two territories that form the main focus of this study: Electoral Saxony and Brandenburg. It shows that images served as confessional markers not only for Lutheran theologians but also for laypeople. In Saxony, where Elector Christian I introduced short-lived Calvinist reforms in 1586–91, members of the political elite expressed their loyalty to Lutheranism through the epitaphs and altarpieces that they commissioned. In Brandenburg, where Elector Johann Sigismund attempted to introduce a fully fledged Calvinist Reformation in 1615, there was widespread resistance to iconoclasm. In April 1615, Berlin’s Lutheran inhabitants rioted, in part in response to the stripping of the city’s main church. The chapter analyzes accounts of this riot and considers its legacy, arguing that during this period conflict served to embed images even more firmly in Lutheran confessional consciousness.
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Altman, Ida. The Spanish Atlantic, 1650–1780. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0011.
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During the years from the mid-seventeenth to the end of the eighteenth century, the Spanish empire exhibited increasing economic diversity and robustness and maintained its dominant position among European empires in the Americas without serious challenge, notwithstanding Spain's eclipse as a military power in Europe and maritime power on the seas. In size alone, Spain's possessions in the Americas dwarfed those of any other colonising nation and indeed, despite some losses in the Caribbean, were growing both in territorial extent and in the size and density of populations. Spanish America loomed large in the Atlantic world, and its peripheries in particular fell within the orbit of other nations that increasingly participated in and profited from its potential both as a market, especially for African slaves and manufactured goods, and as a producer of desirable raw materials. This article discusses the history of the Spanish Atlantic during the years 1650–1780, focusing on its population growth, reorganisation and reform of the region, and colonial revolts.
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Banerjee, Amitava, and Kaleab Asrress. Prevention of cardiovascular disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0343.
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The global scale of the cardiovascular disease epidemic is unquestionable, with cardiovascular disease causing a greater burden of mortality and morbidity than any other disease, regardless of country or population. With demographic change and ageing populations, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors is set to increase. The commonest cardiovascular diseases are atherosclerotic, affecting all arterial territories. The ‘burden of disease’ approach has highlighted the fact that cardiovascular disease and non-communicable diseases are not simply diseases of affluence but affect people of all countries, with enormous costs in terms of public health, healthcare, and overall economies. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality in all regions of the world apart from sub-Saharan Africa, followed by cerebrovascular disease. It should be noted, however, that there has been a major decline in cardiovascular disease mortality in Western Europe, the US, and Japan over the past 40 years. There are multiple factors underlying these favourable trends but understanding the epidemiology and characterizing individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease has been central in formulating preventive and treatment strategies. The INTERHEART study showed that 90% of cardiovascular risk can be explained by nine easily identifiable risk factors; an awareness of these, and the discovery of novel factors, will continue to serve in the fight to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease. Geoffrey Rose first championed population-wide approaches versus strategies which target only high-risk individuals. Prevention aims to ‘catch the disease’ upstream, therefore delaying, reducing, or eliminating the risk of coronary artery disease. Surrogate markers for coronary artery disease have emerged in efforts to detect disease at earlier stages, and in order to better understand the pathophysiology. For example, coronary artery calcium scoring is emerging as a marker of future risk of coronary artery disease. Risk stratification scores are increasingly used as tools to individualize a person’s future risk of coronary artery disease in order to better target treatment and prevention strategies.
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Haq, Khadija, ed. Triumph of the Human Spirit. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0023.
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This chapter is a transcript of Haq’s address to the North South Roundtable of 1992, where he identifies five critical challenges for the global economy for the future. If addressed properly, these can change the course of human history. He stresses on the need for redefining security to include security for people, not just of land or territories; to redefine the existing models of development to include ‘sustainable human development’; to find a more pragmatic balance between market efficiency and social compassion; to forge a new partnership between the North and the South to address issues of inequality; and the need to think on new patterns of governance for the next decade.
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Mevorach, Irit. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782896.003.0007.
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This chapter provides a summary and concluding remarks regarding the future of cross-border insolvency. It argues based on the analysis in the previous chapters that a regime that fits current market conditions and increases global and local welfare is within reach, and is founded on the emerging norms of modified universalism. Persisting territorial inclinations should not cast a shadow over the desirability of modified universalism. Rather than yielding to territorialist inclinations, international actors should strengthen modified universalism by attempting to close gaps in the system to reflect agreed norms and by working to overcome negative biases in favour of positive ones. Modified universalism can crystallize into binding law in the form of customary international law (CIL), which can close gaps and overcome biases. The system can further foster compliance with the norms through a range of measures. While cross-border insolvency is already governed by proper instruments, certain gaps remain. It is suggested that there is room for additional work on the instruments and generally on strengthening the cross-border insolvency system. Future reform should continue to be multifaceted, with different roles assigned to different actors.
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Githire, Njeri. Dis(h)coursing Hunger. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038785.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the use of the trope of hunger in Lindsey Collen's There is a Tide (1990) and Mutiny (2001) to dispel the myth of Mauritius as a model of paradise that permeates historical, travel, and literary writing. In these texts, the plight of characters debilitated by lack of nourishment, literally and metaphorically, and symbolically consumed by the ravenous, parasitic apotheoses of capitalist market relations points to cannibalism as the ultimate act of domination. Specifically, Collen draws an analogy between the historic slavery that had been the economic basis of the island as a plantation colony, and contemporary economic processes that commodify bodies in the production of consumable goods. In this general scenario of cannibalistic cravings that threaten the autonomy of physical and national bodies, the predicament of the Chagossians (or Chagos Islanders)—forcibly displaced to Mauritius after their island was expropriated and turned into a strategic lynchpin for U.S. military operations in the Middle East and the wider Indian Ocean region—evokes territorial appropriation as spatial cannibalism par excellence. The chapter also highlights the newer forms of cannibal intent that continue to define islands' contact and subsequent negotiations with consumer culture.
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Saraceno, Chiara, David Benassi, and Enrica Morlicchio. Poverty in Italy. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352211.001.0001.
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Italy is one of the EU countries that was hardest hit by the 2008 financial crisis and is also slowest in recovering, even compared to other Mediterranean countries that share some of its societal features. Poverty has steadily increased throughout the period following 2008, and no clear indication of a trend reversal is yet visible. Working poor, the young, children and migrant foreign households are the main victims of the situation. Also the territorial divide has deepened, with the Southern regions bearing the brunt of the crisis much more, and for a longer time, than the Centre-North ones. According to the authors, the duration and depth of the crisis in Italy, and its impact on poverty, were largely a consequence of long-term structural features of the Italian economy, of its weak and fragmented social safety net, with its high expectations concerning family solidarity and the gender division of labour on the one hand, of its sluggish growth since the 1990s on the other. Governments’ austerity choices in reaction to the crisis (and under pressure from the EU) have further strengthened these features, although the recent introduction of a minimum income provision has marked an important change in the policy approach to poverty.
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Valenti, Marco. Changing Rural Settlements in the Early Middle Ages in Central and Northern Italy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0012.
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Archaeological sites of this period reveal the continued existence of a very ruralized society. The countryside, subject to a significant strengthening of economic control, was the primary source of wealth and success for the middle and upper social strata that invested in it. Choosing to optimize the exploitation of agricultural land led defining settlements in a more urban way. Since rural sites were the spaces where the labour force was ‘anchored’, they were often fortified to protect assets. Examples include both large lay and ecclesiastical aristocratic landowners and more local elites all over Italy. In the vast majority of cases we have fortified villages that are, in fact, agricultural holdings (manorial estates). In any context, the signs of material power exercised by a dominant figure include the management and a very pronounced control of activities, goods, foodstuffs, and labour, which find their counterpart in features and topography of rural centres. Settlements where production is aimed at wealth accumulation, often defended even from insiders by separating the spaces of power from those of the peasant masses, are frequently observed archaeologically. This is evidenced by the structural changes taking place both in the villages and in the single residential building types, serving as signs of a significant effort devoted to the centralization of production means (animals, tools, craft-shops), in order to increase what appears to be the main objective of landed elites: managing territorial resources in order to store foodstuffs, not only for personal consumption but also for to sell them in urban markets; in other words, to produce wealth.
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Freudlsperger, Christian. Trade Policy in Multilevel Government. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856122.001.0001.
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Trade Policy in Multilevel Government investigates how multilevel polities organize openness in a globalizing political and economic environment. In recent years, the multilevel politics of trade caught the broader public’s attention, not least due to the Wallonian regional parliament’s initial rejection of the EU-Canada trade deal in 2016. In all multilevel polities, competencies held by states and regions have increasingly become the subject of international rule-setting. This is particularly so in the field of trade, which has progressively targeted so-called “behind the border” regulatory barriers. In their reaction to this “deep trade” agenda, constituent units in different multilevel polities have shown widely varying degrees of openness to liberalizing their markets. Why is that? Trade Policy in Multilevel Government argues that domestic institutions and procedures of intergovernmental relations are the decisive factor. Countering a widely held belief among practitioners and analysts of trade policy that involving subcentral actors complicates trade negotiations, it demonstrates that the more voice a multilevel polity affords its constituent units in trade policy-making, the less the latter have an incentive eventually to exit from emerging trade deals. While in shared rule systems constituent unit governments are directly represented along the entirety of the policy cycle, in self-rule systems territorial representation is achieved merely indirectly. Shared rule systems are hence more effective than self-rule systems in organizing openness to trade. The book tests the explanatory power of this theory on the understudied case of international procurement liberalization in extensive studies of three systems of multilevel government: Canada, the European Union, and the United States.
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Hamilton, Douglas, and John McAleer, eds. Islands and the British Empire in the Age of Sail. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847229.001.0001.
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Islands are not just geographical units or physical facts; their importance and significance arise from the human activities associated with them. The maritime routes of sailing ships, victualling requirements of their sailors, and strategic demands of seaborne empires in the age of sail – as well as their intrinsic value as sources of rare commodities – meant that islands across the globe played prominent parts in imperial consolidation and expansion. This volume examines the ways in which islands (and groups of islands) contributed to the establishment, extension, and maintenance of the British Empire in the age of sail. Chapters explore the geographical, topographical, economic, and social diversity of the islands that comprised a large component of the British Empire in an era of rapid and significant expansion. Although many were isolated rocky outcrops, they acted as crucial nodal points, providing critical assistance for ships and men embarked on the long-distance voyages that characterized British overseas activities in the period. Intercontinental maritime trade, colonial settlement, and scientific exploration would have been impossible without these oceanic islands. They also acted as sites of strategic competition, contestation, and conflict for rival European powers keen to outstrip each other in developing and maintaining overseas markets, plantations, and settlements. The importance of islands outstripped their physical size, populations, or individual economic contribution to the imperial balance sheet. Standing at the centre of maritime routes of global connectivity, islands offer historians fresh perspectives on the intercontinental communication, commercial connections, and territorial expansion that characterized the British Empire.
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Sudra, Paweł. Rozpraszanie i koncentracja zabudowy na przykładzie aglomeracji warszawskiej po 1989 roku = Dispersion and concentration of built-up areas on the example of the Warsaw agglomeration after 1989. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Polska Akademia Nauk, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/9788361590057.
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The research problem undertaken in the study is the occurrence of dispersed and concentrated built-up (in particular residential) area patterns caused by suburbanisation processes in a large urban agglomeration, on the example of the Warsaw metropolitan area. The research concerned the period after 1989, when the political and economic transformation in Poland began. The historical and contemporary socio-economic conditions of suburbanization and urban sprawl are described, which have the features of a spontaneous, chaotic dispersion, quite different than in Western countries. It is partly to blame for faulty spatial planning. The succession of urban development into rural areas is subordinated to the factors of the construction market. In the empirical part of the analysis, topographic data on all buildings in the urban agglomeration and databases on land use derived from satellite images were used to investigate settlement changes. A multidimensional study was carried out relating to various spatial scales, types of spatial relations and territorial units. Measures of spatial concentration of point patterns as well as landscape metrics were used for this purpose. The indicators used were subject to critical methodological evaluation afterwards. The study was performed in several temporal cross-sections. The locations of new development in agricultural, forest and wasteland areas have been identified. Finally, recommendations for the implementation of appropriate spatial policy and improvement of the spatial order in the Warsaw agglomeration were formulated
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de Mello e Souza, Laura, and João José Reis. Popular Movements in Colonial Brazil. Edited by Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0032.
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To speak of popular movements in Brazil before 1822 raises problems, especially if European and Atlantic contexts are considered. Who are the people, and how would they manifest themselves in a social formation marked by three centuries of slavery that not only deeply influenced the lives of Brazil's inhabitants but also articulated all economic and social relations, and radically demeaned the value of manual labour? Bondage in Brazil involved millions of slaves from Africa, and before that, the enslavement of thousands of indigenous peoples; this diversity occasioned much tension and conflict. Similarly, since Portuguese America was a group of colonial territories subject to a monarchical regime located on the other side of the Atlantic, animosities developed between those who lived in the kingdom (Reino) and those who lived and, more particularly, were born in America. Consequently, numerous social movements gained an anti-metropolitan, even anti-colonial, character without, until the early nineteenth century, mobilizing any significant popular participation. It is, therefore, important to differentiate between social movements and popular movements; the latter included slave rebellions.
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Bindseil, Ulrich. Central Banking before 1800. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849995.001.0001.
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During the 20th century, a view established itself, according to which (a) defining central banking would be difficult, (b) the Sveriges Riksbank (established in 1668) and the Bank of England (established in 1694) would have been the first central banks, (c) although at that time central banks did not have a policy mandate and no concept of central banking would have existed before the 19th century. This book challenges these views and rehabilitates pre-1800 central banking, including the role of numerous other institutions, mainly on the European continent. Central banking should be defined as being associated with the issuance of “central bank money”, i.e. financial money of the highest possible credit quality, that is accepted for settlement of any other financial claim in the same way as species money is accepted as it is considered credit, liquidity and market risk free, to use modern terminology. Issuing central bank money is a natural monopoly, and therefore central banks were always based on public charters regulating them and giving them a unique role in a sovereign territorial entity. Many early central banks were not only based on a public charter but were also publicly owned and managed, and had well defined policy objectives. The book reviews these policy objectives and the financial operations of 25 central banks established before 1800. The book shows that many of the central bank controversies debated today actually date back to the period 1400-1800.
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Bianchi, Giovanna. Public Powers, Private Powers, and the Exploitation of Metals for Coinage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0029.
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In 1994, an article appeared in the Italian journal Archeologia Medievale, written by Chris Wickham and Riccardo Francovich, entitled ‘Uno scavo archeologico ed il problema dello sviluppo della signoria territoriale: Rocca San Silvestro e i rapporti di produzione minerari’. It marked a breakthrough in the study of the exploitation of mineral resources (especially silver) in relation to forms of power, and the associated economic structure, and control of production between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. On the basis of the data available to archeological research at the time, the article ended with a series of open questions, especially relating to the early medieval period. The new campaign of field research, focused on the mining landscape of the Colline Metallifere in southern Tuscany, has made it possible to gather more information. While the data that has now been gathered are not yet sufficient to give definite and complete answers to those questions, they nevertheless allow us to now formulate some hypotheses which may serve as the foundations for broader considerations as regards the relationship between the exploitation of a fundamental resource for the economy of the time, and the main players and agents in that system of exploitation, within a landscape that was undergoing transformation in the period between the early medieval period and the middle centuries of the Middle Ages.