Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Terrils – Environnement'
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Vanhee, Benoît. "Collemboles et terrils : la biodiversité post-industrielle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10185.
Full textCoal tips are the indicators of the industrial past of the coal mining field of the Nord-Pas de Calais Region. This heap of waste of the coal mining look like islands of schists and sandstones in a limono-clayed ocean. The soil of the coal tip presents a landscaped and pedological break in the environment of the field. Besause of no reclamation, these coal tips offer a model of natural colonization for the fauna, the flora and the fonge. We chose sprintails communities as model of appropriation of a new biotope by the soil’s mesofauna. Having highlighted a process of niche assembly perspective and not a dispersal assembly perspective, we proposed a scenario adapted from the theory of filters for the colonization of coal tips. The first colonization phase with concern the naked schists . This first step allows rare species in the environment and exotic species to colonize these hostile area. The second stage intervenes after the beginning of natural revegetation and the community on the uncultivated coal tips shows similarity with the surrounding bocage. The third stage on afforested soils in court of pedogenesis brings in local species of similar vegetal cover. The abandonment of the coal tip drives inevitably to an homogenization of the area. Following this prospecting study, we recommand to the administrators of coal tips maintaining this mosaic of living environments to protect remarkable species
Faucher, Leslie. "Histoire évolutive de deux espèces d’amphibiens pionnières, le Pélodyte ponctué et le Crapaud calamite, en milieu fortement anthropisé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10159.
Full textHuman activities induce habitat loss and fragmentation that have an erosive effect on the level of intraspecific genetic diversity, decreasing the individual fitness and jeopardizing populations’ adaptive capability. Conversely, new human-made areas, such as spoil heaps of northern France, can provide suitable habitats for pioneering species. Spoil heaps being part of a highly human-fragmented landscape, the likelihood of population persistence is questioned given the scarcity of suitable habitats and the occurrence of potential barriers to dispersal. We studied the intraspecific genetic diversity of two anurans, Pelodytes punctatus and Bufo calamita, located in coalfield areas and semi-natural coastal habitats. We focused on the effects of micro-evolutionary processes of genetic drift and gene flow in shaping genetic structure. We studied (i) the biogeographical history of colonization of coalfield areas in B. calamita, (ii) the landscape connectivity using a multispecies approach, and (iii) the evolutionary determinants of variance in breeding success in B. calamita. In coalfield areas, B. calamita populations showed high levels of genetic diversity suggesting several independent colonization events. Nonetheless, marked local genetic discontinuities were observed within coalfield areas for both species, suggesting occurrence of environmental barriers impeding gene flow that may compromise population viability. Within a B. calamita population, we observed a polygynous mating system involving a possible decrease in genetic diversity. Our results suggested that variance in male mating success was linked to male-male competition and may imply distinct mating strategies
Kagambega, Nicolas. "Solutions techniques pour l'atténuation des impacts environnementaux liés à l'activité minière et étude de facteurs aggravants." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28193.
Full textThe mining industry is a source of economic profits for states and populations, and contributes significantly to the fight against poverty and to the creation of direct and indirect jobs. However, the activities of the mining industry can be detrimental to the environment and during all phases (exploration, development, production and closure) through the mining discharges generated. When these tailings generated by mining activity contain sulphide minerals, their exposure to oxygen, water or certain microorganisms causes their oxidation, which can produce an acidic effluent (acid mine drainage or AMD) likely to solubilize metals that have negative impacts on the environment and human health. These different impacts on the environment are likely to be amplified through the use of de-icing salts as fondants during the winter. In regions such as Quebec, where the winter season lasts for several months, road fondants are generally used to clear snow from roads and prevent work stoppages in mines during this period. The objective of this work is to develop methods for the management of mine tailings in a perspective of sustainable development and environmental protection through (i) leaching of tailings residues with commercial organic acids (citric acid, gluconic acid and oxalic acid); (ii) The neutralization of acid mine drainage heavily contaminated by the use of high purity dolomite; (iii) The study of chemical exchanges between metals and sodium chloride in the release of metals. Batch tests followed by column tests were carried out for leaching (with commercial organic acids or de-icing salt and for the neutralization of acid mine drainage). The results obtained show that the solubilization of the metals is carried out by the effect of organic acids and not under the influence of extracellular enzymes. The leaching of tailings by citric acid at 5.10-2 g/l offers the possibility of recovering the metals contained in the tailings released by the mining industry at commercially attractive concentrations. The solubilization of metals depends on the type of acid or acid mixture, concentration, metals and time. Citric acid which is a tricarboxylic acid having three functional groups to which the metals may be associated have the highest solubilization contents. It also forms more stable complexes with metals such as copper, zinc and lead. The mechanisms involved are acidification and complexation. Testing of variance analyzes shows that, in general, there are no statistically significant differences regardless of the acid or mixture of acids used for leaching. The selective sequential extraction tests carried out show that the metals contained in the tailings are of lithogenic origin and that those solubilized essentially belong to the exchangeable, carbonated or oxide/hydroxide geochemical fractions. The technical-economic analysis shows that the leaching of the metals contained in the tailings would be technically and economically profitable. It therefore allows to value these tailings and also to preserve the environment. Pure dolomite, composed of 96% dolomite, allows the neutralization of even highly contaminated acid effluents. It makes it possible to buffer heavily contaminated acid effluents generated by copper or zinc mines. However, its neutralizing power is low for acid mine drainage from old iron or pyrite mines. Finally, de-icing salts amplify the solubilization of metals such as zinc and lead five to twelve times. The phenomena involved in the mobilization of metals by de-icing salts are the solubilization of metals following acidification (ion exchange); chloro-complexation; and the association of sulfate ions with metals. Keywords: Mining, environment, leaching, acid mine drainage, metals.
Adjei, Mensah Evelyne. "Dissémination environnementale du chrome en contexte minier : études physique, chimique et isotopique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UNIP7060.
Full textMetals cycle in the environment and the impact of anthropic activities are major environmental concerns. Ultramafic sites are characterised by their poor content in nutrients (N, P and K), their mineralogy dominated by Fe oxides and their natural enrichment in metals such as Cr, Fe and Ni. Thus, these systems are sites of choice for the mining companies. Mining activities produce huge amounts of wastes such as overburden, low grade ores and tailings. These wastes can be the source of water and soil pollution. Among the metals naturally present in ultramafic systems, chromium is mined as chromite ore. Chromium is stable in the environment under two oxidation states. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) is a nutrient which plays an important role in glycemia control while hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is toxic and carcinogenic. The use of Cr isotopic signature has been proposed in order to trace Cr(VI) in groundwater and assess the source of contamination. To this day, there is no study at the scale of a catchment basin which combines Cr speciation and isotopic signature in order to determine Cr sources of pollution in a mining context. The goal of this study is to determine, with a complete dataset (70 water samples, 2 chromites, 2 tailings, 1 concentrated ore, 15 paddy soils and 5 sediments), what are the sources of Cr and which biogeochemical processes are occurring in environmental settings such as soils impacted by chromite mining. The study site is Sukinda valley (India), fourth site worst polluted in the world in 2007. Environmental, sanitary and social consequences link to such a site confer a particular interest to this valley in the study of Cr sources of pollution and biogeochemical processes involved. The two main problematics detailed in this manuscript are: A. To what extent do mining activities modify Cr mobility, availability, speciation and isotopic signature? Can we trace Cr sources thanks to its isotopic signature? Can we trace the biogeochemical processes involved in Cr bioavailability thanks to Cr isotopic signature in Sukinda valley (India)? B. What is the fate of Cr once released from mining wastes? What are tailings impacts on the surrounding paddy soils?
Vanhee, Benoît. "Collemboles et terrils : la biodiversité post-industrielle." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10185/document.
Full textCoal tips are the indicators of the industrial past of the coal mining field of the Nord-Pas de Calais Region. This heap of waste of the coal mining look like islands of schists and sandstones in a limono-clayed ocean. The soil of the coal tip presents a landscaped and pedological break in the environment of the field. Besause of no reclamation, these coal tips offer a model of natural colonization for the fauna, the flora and the fonge. We chose sprintails communities as model of appropriation of a new biotope by the soil’s mesofauna. Having highlighted a process of niche assembly perspective and not a dispersal assembly perspective, we proposed a scenario adapted from the theory of filters for the colonization of coal tips. The first colonization phase with concern the naked schists . This first step allows rare species in the environment and exotic species to colonize these hostile area. The second stage intervenes after the beginning of natural revegetation and the community on the uncultivated coal tips shows similarity with the surrounding bocage. The third stage on afforested soils in court of pedogenesis brings in local species of similar vegetal cover. The abandonment of the coal tip drives inevitably to an homogenization of the area. Following this prospecting study, we recommand to the administrators of coal tips maintaining this mosaic of living environments to protect remarkable species
Testé, Marc. "Histoire naturelle des phytolithes des basses-terres mayas : implication pour la reconstitution des Paléoenvironnements et des interactions sociétés-environnements." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H023.
Full textIn tropical latitudes, phytoliths represent an important indicator of the paleoenvironmental reconstitutions. Yet, they are still modestly used in past environments studies of Mayan Lowlands, despite the low potential of other vegetation bioindicators. It is in this context, and through the rich sedimentary archives of the Naachtun archaeological site and its surroundings, that we propose a new approach to exploit the inherent advantages of these siliceous microfossils for the study of past environments. Located in the extreme north of Guatemala in the subtropical Petén forest, the territory of Naachtun has been the subject of archaeological and geoarchaeological research since 2010. With its geographical location in the middle of the major Mayan political centers, this site represents a crucial space in the evaluation of the interactions between Mayan societies and the environment over the last 4 millennia, the main issue of this doctoral dissertation. To answer this question, two methodological axes have been privileged. The first axis concerns an actualist approach and aims to calibrate modern phytolith assemblages about the current natural and anthropogenic ecosystems of Naachtun and its region. The second axis, palaeoenvironmental, aims to use fossil phytolith assemblages recorded in off-site contexts, in the bajo palustrine sediments, and intra-site, to propose a reconstruction of the socio-environmental history of Naachtun. This thesis research demonstrates the potential of this new tool for the approach of palaeoenvironments in the Mayan lowlands, but it also provides new knowledge on the use of wetlands by Mayan populations. More broadly, this work is part of the current construction of an imaginary of Mayan societies conscious of their environment and adapted to its changes, a counter-example to our modern problems and crises
En las latitudes tropicales, los fitolitos representan un indicador esencial en la reconstitución de paleoambientes. Sin embargo, todavía se utilizan modestamente en estudios de ambientes pasados en las Tierras Bajas Mayas, a pesar del bajo potencial de otros bioindicadores de vegetación. Es en este contexto, y a través de los ricos archivos sedimentarios del sitio arqueológico de Naachtun y sus alrededores, que proponemos un nuevo enfoque para explotar las ventajas inherentes de estos microfósiles silíceos para el estudio de los ambientes del pasado. Ubicado en el extremo norte de Guatemala en el bosque subtropical del Petén, el territorio de Naachtun ha sido objeto de investigaciones arqueológicas y geoarqueológicas desde 2010. Por su situación geográfica en las tierras bajas y su proximidad a los principales centros políticos mayas, este sitio representa un espacio crucial en la evaluación de las interacciones entre las sociedades mayas y el medio ambiente durante los últimos 4 milenios, el tema principal de este trabajo de doctorado. Para responder a esta pregunta se han privilegiado dos ejes metodológicos. El primer eje se refiere a un enfoque de actualismo y tiene como objetivo calibrar los ensamblajes de fitolitos modernos en relación con los actuales ecosistemas naturales y antropogénicos de Naachtun y su región. El segundo eje, paleoambiental, tiene como objetivo utilizar los ensamblajes de fitolitos fósiles registrados en contextos fuera del sitio, en los sedimentos palustres de bajo, y dentro del sitio, para proponer una reconstrucción de la historia socio-ambiental de Naachtun. Este trabajo de tesis demuestra el potencial de esta nueva herramienta para el abordaje de paleoambientes en las tierras bajas mayas, pero también aporta nuevos conocimientos sobre el uso de los humedales por parte de las poblaciones mayas. En términos más generales, este trabajo se inscribe en la construcción actual de un imaginario de sociedades mayas conscientes de su entorno y adaptadas a sus cambios, un contraejemplo a nuestros problemas y crisis actuales
Croze, Véronique. "Etude du skarn à tungstène de Longobucco (Calabre, Italie) dans son environnement granitique. Pétrographie et géochimie." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01052928.
Full textMolières, Estelle. "Effet des terres rares sur la structure et l'altération des verres borosilicatés." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00735794.
Full textBa, Allassane. "Le droit des terres : défis et enjeux dans le processus de décentralisation au Mali." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010268.
Full textBlanc, Antoine. "Le magmatisme du complexe alcalin minéralisé en terres rares, yttrium et thorium de Bou Naga (Mauritanie) : environnement géologique et géochimique, radiochronologie et signification géodynamique." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE4040.
Full textSaint-Girons, Franck. "Marginalité et innovation culturelle dans les friches urbaines : un enjeu dans l'aménagement du territoire." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU1004.
Full textMarginality was first tackled especially from the 1970's and was analysed by various scientific disciplines, for instance by geography and more particularly by social geography. It was often confused and used to characterise exclusion, and it also knew a shift in meaning so that it was then regarded as subjected. However, why not define marginality as a voluntary choice which will enable the individual to become an active subject who will be shaping their own life and their surroundings. Margins, from then on, come down to laboratories for innovation and creation, thus developing an ideology, standards, and distinct values. Subjects in margin indirectly contribute to the town and territory planning as well as to the local development. Thus, relying on urban wastelands invested in France by creative movements, we aim at showing the dynamics, the process and the mechanisms thanks to which a margin can become a centre of the process of territorial reconstruction and redefinition, leading to new planning approaches and new approaches of territory planning and local development
Blanc, Antoine. "Le Magmatisme du complexe alacalin minéralisé en terres rares, yttrium et thorium de Nou Naga, Mauritanie environnement géologique et géochimique, radiochronologie et signification géodynamique." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596075d.
Full textLaurent, Fabien. "Impact de l'oxydation chimique et de la refonctionnalisation sur des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques de terres contaminées au HAP." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0033.
Full textIn order to clean up polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils, various techniques have been developed during the last decades, but their impact on soil functions was rarely considered. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of chemical oxidation treatments on different physico-chemical and biological parameters of PAH contaminated soil and to propose solutions to improve the biological functioning of oxidized soil. Various laboratory and field experiments have shown that the efficiency of chemical oxidation reactions (Fenton reaction and activated persulfate) on PAH concentrations depended on pollutant availability and soil physico-chemical properties. Besides, intense acidification processes have been observed on uncarbonated soil with a strong impact on soil physico-chemical and biological parameters. Moreover, this alteration was higher with activated persulfate treatment, leading to the loss of trace metals in water percolation. In the strongly acidified soil, the input of materials, suitable for pH increase, resulted in the restoration of biological activities and soil capacity to support vegetation. The association of chemical oxidation treatment and restoration techniques could present a good mean for soil rehabilitation. Finally, an index, which aimed to represent soil conditions based on the weight given to different parameters, was proposed and was used to evaluate changes induced by oxidation treatments and restoration techniques
Amato, Stephane. "Communications numérique engageante : relations entre théories, méthodologies et terrains." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5902.
Full textThis doctoral work relates to the study of change dynamics in favor of eco-friendly practices and tied to mobility through digital binding communication. The research question that ensues concerns the definition of the terms and conditions about the possibility of incorporating previous work on digital binding communication in the broader context of mediated and mediatized interactions on the internet, in a natural environment.In order to try answering this question, we set our discussion on an open theoretical and methodological framework by showing the relationships between binding communication and other perspectives concerning links, interaction rituals, we also broach upon the problematization of individual and collective change. Our work provides a contribution to the debate on the relationship between information and communication. From an empirical standpoint, we conducted an action research at a southern French university. Our goal was within the context of a partnership with this institution, to encourage students to register to a Web device putting potential carpoolers in touch. We conducted two experiments mobilizing the digital binding communication paradigm.Our approach, put in the context of the set of problems and the action research method is not without flaws, especially insofar as its internal validity is weakened by elements beyond our control: historical factors, experimental mortality, confounding variables…All these elements are presented, discussed, put into perspective
Robert, Colas. "Comprendre les changements d'utilisation des terres en France pour mieux estimer leurs impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : De l'observation à la modélisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC263.
Full textFrance is required to account for annual land-cover changes and induced carbon fluxes). This inventory is difficult to calcula te, for data source are complex and contradictory. Moreover, this sector is important as its role in combating climate change is emphasized. This thesis proposes improvements to several identified methodological issues: imperfect data sources, Jack of knowledge about other potential sources„ poorly evaluated uncertainties, validation of landscape dynamics consistency..Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyse and assess current and potential data sources for computing land-cover change area matrixes, in order to enhance the robustness of the inventory. A scientific approach is conducted to assess the inventory, to understand what causes uncertainties in land cover products, to compile datasets and their metadata, to study the landscape dynamics, and to define a new methodological framework allowing better and more consistent estimates of land cover change rates at national scale.This work suggests that the finest spatial, thematical and temporal resolution levels lead to overestimation of false positives. Accuracy and consistency are preferable to precision and scale dependency must be considered. Finally, we propose an interoperability framework for data integration, via a modeling protocol linking land cover change estimation and spatial allocation
Hu, Ruoyu. "Mobilité et transfert des terres rares du sol aux plantes par les champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0057.
Full textRare earth elements (REE) are a group of strategic metals that have been widely used in modern technologies in the recent decades. However, due to the corresponding REE emission from industries and the over-exploitation, large amounts of anthropogenic rare earth can accumulate in the environment, and be phytotoxic. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) benefit to plants in metal-contaminated soils by improving their survival and growth and alleviating metal toxicity, but little information is available about soil contaminated by rare earth elements. The objective of this PhD project is to understand the transfer of REEs from soil to plants and especially the role of AM fungi on plant growth and REE transfer to plants in REE contaminated soils. Experiments were launched using a model legume plant alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a model REE samarium (Sm), and a metal-tolerant Funneliformis mosseae fungus in a growth chamber. We first studied the bioavailability and transfer of an REE to Medicago sativa grown on two contaminated soils differing in their chemical characteristics. The results showed that DTPA extractable Sm was well correlated with Sm uptake in alfalfa shoots. Although the soil to plant transfer factor was low, alfalfa biomass was reduced when the soils were spiked with 100 to 200 mg kg-1 of Sm. Then the hypothesis was drawn that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi might protect the plant against REE toxicity. Therefore, a pot experiment was launched to study the role of AM fungi on alfalfa growth and a compartment experiment was performed to study the transfer of Sm to alfalfa via AM fungal hyphae. The biomass of alfalfa grown on Sm-spiked soil was significantly higher following arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation. P content was also higher in mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal plants, but there was no significant Sm transfer to the plant by F.mosseae. Since there are often multiple REEs in contaminated soils, including light (LREE) and heavy (HREE) REEs, a compartment experiment was launched using 4 REEs, alfalfa and ryegrass, which confirmed that there was no transfer of the 4 REEs to alfalfa plants by F.mosseae. Finally, an REE mining soil collected from China was used to analyze the toxicity of REEs to AM fungal spores and to leek plants inoculated or not with the AM fungus, using spore germination assays and a plant growth experiment. The high concentration of REEs significantly inhibited plant growth and spore germination rate, and the fungus tolerated relatively high REE concentrations, but there was no significant difference in REE tolerance between two isolates of F.mosseae. Other fungi and plants should be tested, and field experiments performed, but our results suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizal plants might be considered in phytorestoration of REE-contaminated soils
Rolland, Raphaëlle. "Au coeur des rochers : La préservation du Canyon de Chelly à l'épreuve du paysage culturel navajo." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0222.
Full textHeart of rocks tackles the complex relationship between the National Park Service (NPS) and Native American residents in the United States, in the particular case of the Canyon de Chelly National Monument, in Arizona, established in 1931 for its archeological and natural wonders, but where Navajo land use rights have been maintained. This is exceptional since the American model of park has, for a long time, systematically dispossessed Native tribes from their ancestral territory, based on the premise that the wilderness must be left at its own course without any human interference. The axis of the Ph. D. , simply stated, develops how preservation, whose legislative framework is evolving towards a better incorporation of Native Americans worldviews, traditional use and increased pressure of tourism, can be integrated with in their different stakes and perspectives in the management of parks
Trommetter, Guillaume. "Développements analytiques et d’échantillonneurs passifs appliqués aux terres rares et platinoïdes : application aux systèmes aquatiques anthropisés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R051.
Full textAquatic ecosystems are fragile systems, vital for the biosphere and yet subject to numerous, sometimes significant, anthropogenic pressures. Currently, reliable methods allow the quantification and study of the fate of metallic trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cd, etc.) and many organic micropollutants in water and sediments. For other elements such as rare earths or platinum group elements, which are increasingly used by industry, their quantification remains more complex and even uncertain due to their very low concentrations. Their quantification is practically impossible without the use of preconcentration techniques or the development of specific analytical methods to reduce the spectral interferences linked to interferents present in high concentrations in the environment. This research work has allowed (i) to quantify precisely these elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with the use of a collision/reaction cell by judiciously choosing the gas and its flow applied in the cell ; (ii) to preconcentrate in situ and then determine concentrations ranging from pg L-1 to ng L-1 for platinum group elements, in areas impacted by human activities (road leaching, Pt-based drug releases), by developing passive sampling techniques called "Diffusive Gradients in thin films (DGTs)" based on the use of two different resins, and (iii) to better understand how some of these elements can be used as tracers of urban discharges, particularly in connection with wastewater treatment plants containing domestic and hospital discharges, in addition to the tracers usually used. To this end, the Marque River served as a pilot site for this prospective study during a period of low water levels. These studies made it possible to determine the current concentrations of rare earths and platinum in environments heavily impacted by human activities, making it possible to monitor their evolution and evaluate their potential impact in the future
Blackbourn, Denis-Richard. "L'homme, le clan et l'animal domestique : aperçu des relations entre l'homme, les animaux domestiques et leur environnement dans les hautes-terres et les iles d'Ecosse du néolithique à la fin du 18e siècle." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1995MNHN0023.
Full textMartinez, Adeline. "Une construction « volcanique » de l’espace social : analyse anthropologique de la réinstallation post-catastrophe d’un village des hautes terres du volcan Merapi (Java, Indonésie)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0684.
Full textBased on a thirty month ethnographic survey, this thesis focuses on a resettlement process of a Merapi volcano upland village (central Java in Indonesia) following the eruption of 2010. Through diachronic and synchronic approach of this process, this thesis shows that beyond social changes, socio-spatial reconfigurations, economic and political issues raised by the implementation of the resettlement program by the Indonesian government, significant elements of the village social space have been maintained : permanence of residential proximity relations, maintenance of organization and social unity, maintenance of relationswith the former village territory and with the surrounding forest, similar ritual spatial anchorage. This continuity, several years after the resettlement, highlights the existence of specific modes of territoriality related to the volcano. These modes are part of a long ecological history, of the history of relations with the central power and the traditional regional power as well as of a specific relationship to the land in which the volcanic entity is completely integrated into the human social life. The analysis of this long-term resettlement process, using a multi-scale approach integrating the village's relations with the outside world, shows that the uncertainty, inherent in the regional volcanism, is socially structuring and, in addition, that it shapes a milieu of certainty. It is in this sense that one can speak, to evoke the Merapi volcano upland space, of a "volcanic" construction of the social space.Keywords: Post-disaster resettlement, Social Space, Volcano, Java, Indonesia
Pigneur, Judith. "Mise au point d’une méthode intégrée d’analyse des impacts des filières de matières premières minérales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC093.
Full textThe subject of the thesis is the development of an integrated method of analysis of the social and environmental costs of depletion in the metal value chains. The supported thesis is that the depletion of metallic resources, beyond the question of the economic limits of exploitation, is a multiplier of the social and environmental costs generated by our current modes of production and consumption. The thesis was carried out as part of the Bureau for Appraisal of Social Impacts for Citizen information (Basic) research and development project on the development of sustainability indicators. The thesis is part of a transdisciplinary approach, combining an approach from the management sciences, namely the analysis of global value chains (GVC), mobilized to understand the influence of the organization of globalized chains on social and environmental impacts, and an economics-based approach, that of social costs, as developed by Karl William Kapp, which looks at the costs of social and environmental damage inherent in our economic system. The thesis aims to contribute to both the reinforcement of the methodological framework of social costs developed by the Basic, but also to the emerging research on depletion within the field of development of sustainability indicators. The research aims to explore the links between depletion, increased social and environmental costs of exploitation, and the influence of globalized chains on the occurrence of these costs. This general problem is divided into two parts. A first theoretical part, composed of chapters 1 and 2, contributes to define the depletion of metals in a perspective of strong sustainability and to formalize a framework of evaluation of the social costs coherent with this definition. In Chapter 1, depletion is redefined as two joint, continuous and irreversible phenomena: 1) loss of quantity (loss of material throughout the supply chain) and quality (diminution of ore grades and difficulties of recycling) of the resource.2) as a multiplier of environmental, health and social impacts of the metal value chains. Chapter 2 proposes a new framework to account for depletion and its social costs, linking the work of ecological economics and institutional economics based on the work of Karl William Kapp. This methodology develops an approach focused on studying the causes of social costs and levers to reduce these costs. A second empirical part applies the evaluation framework to the case study of the neodymium chain used in Nd-Fe-B magnets. This case study shows that, although the depletion of rare earth reserves is not perceived as an imminent danger, the social costs of depletion are already significant and that actions could be implemented to reduce these costs. This case study demonstrates the social and ecological relevance of the analysis of social cost depletion
Svengsuksa, Boua Khay Khone. "Reconstitution du couvert végétal et la revalorisation des terrains après la culture sur brûlis dans le district de Muang Fuang, province de Vientiane, R. D. P. Lao." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0001.
Full textAn analysis has been conducted of the crucial problem of shifting slash-and-burn cultivation in the Muang Fuang District of Laos, Vientiane Province. Studies were made on the peoples now living in the district, composed of Lao, Khmou, Hmong and Yao, who immigrated from nearby areas of persistent insecurity where they previously practiced this system of cultivation. The work focused on the traditional farming practices used by these groups, and on the permanent cultivation techniques now being used (flooded rice fields, and plantations of various crops for local use or for sale in markets and for export) with government encouragement in its effort progressively to replace shifting slash-and-burn agriculture with permanent settlement. An analysis of the impact of these agricultural practices on the vegetation, which was originally a rich, dense semi-evergreen tropical forest, shows that forest regenerates after about ten years, with a trend toward a climax forest type corresponding to the ecological conditions of the region. In order to improve the economy of the region, several possibilities were examined for improving land after shifting slash-and-burn agriculture: establishment of perennial cultivation, irrigated and flooded rice production, and natural resources exploitation, especially of non-timber forest products. This array of products can now be brought to market and exported via new roads built in the district. This has resulted in a new way of life for the inhabitants of the study area, who have become sedentary and are now respecting the environment by progressively abandoning shifting slash-and-burn agriculture
Schrijvers, Dieuwertje. "Evaluation environnementale des options de recyclage selon la méthodologie d’analyse de cycle de vie : établissement d’une approche cohérente appliquée aux études de cas de l’industrie chimique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0555.
Full textModeling of recycling – and allocation in general – is a heavily debated topic in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) domain. This thesis aimed to find a coherent scientific approach to model recycling in LCA that provides relevant information to companies. Existing allocation procedures are captured by mathematical formulas and linked to an LCA goal and an attributional or consequential approach in a systematic framework. A review of official guidelines showed that none of them provides recommendations on allocation that is consistent with this framework. A partitioning approach was identified for attributional LCA (a-LCA). This approach is based on subjective assumptions, which are made explicit by axioms. In consequential LCA (c-LCA), the market-price ratio between the recycled and substituted primary material is introduced as a new indicator to identify whether additional recycling substitutes the production of primary materials or avoids waste treatment. The processes that are affected by a changing demand for a product are identified by a causal loop diagram, which also includes stockpiling as a new element in c-LCA. The application of the allocation procedures is demonstrated by a case study of the recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from used fluorescent lamps. The a-LCA indicated that recycled REEs are more sustainable than primary REEs. The c-LCA showed that recycling is environmentally beneficial as long as the REEs are used in fluorescent lamps that substitute less energy-efficient halogen lamps. This demonstrates that both LCA approaches provide different but useful information for companies. Suggestions are given for policy measures when the market situation does not stimulate environmentally beneficial behavior. It is recommended, among other options, to extend the causal loop diagram of c-LCA to include additional mechanisms, such as rebound effects
Song, Layheang. "Usage des terres, ruissellement de surface, érosion des sols : analyse multi-échelles de l'impact des plantations de teck dans un agro-écosystème montagneux tropical humide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30188.
Full textSoil erosion is yet known as one of the most concerning problems of the environment in the world. Soil erosion is particularly and increasingly driven by anthropogenic activities under the changing climate. In Lao PDR, a tropical country, soil erosion is significantly due to inappropriate land management on the sloping land. The Houay Pano, a cultivated catchment of the northern Lao PDR, is prone to soil erosion, particularly after the conversion from shifting cultivation to teak tree plantation. Land mismanagement by clearing the understory under the teak tree plantation is considered as an underlying cause of higher runoff coefficient (Rc) and soil erosion. Some mitigations such as understory and riparian vegetation are suggested for alleviating soil erosion. However, the mitigation measure of soil erosion and the effect of land use management on surface runoff (SR) and soil loss/sediment yield (Sl) on multiple scales in the teak tree plantation are not fully assessed. In this context, we hypothesize that understory and riparian grass mitigate the soil erosion in the teak tree plantation and that teak tree plantation impacts on SR and Sl driven by dominant processes (inter rill erosion, linear erosion, and deposition) on various spatial scales. Therefore, the objectives set out for this work are: (1) to assess the effect of understory management on SR and Sl in the teak tree plantation on the microplot scale; (2) to assess the ability of riparian grass buffers to mitigate SR and Sl, and to assess their water and sediment trapping efficiencies in the teak tree plantations with no understory on the hillslope scale; and (3) to assess the effect of teak tree plantation on SR and Sl on various spatial scales (microplot, hillslope including micro-catchment, and catchment scales) in a mixed land uses mountainous tropical catchment. In this study, Ban Kokngew village and Houay Pano catchment were selected as experimental study areas during the rainy season. Microplots, Gerlach traps, and weirs were used to estimate SR and Sl on each scale. We followed the TEST model developed for inter rill erosion, which requires a few parameters, to assess Sl on the microplot and upscale it to predict Sl on the hillslope and catchment scale. In a study performed in 2017 in the teak tree plantations of Ban Kokngew on the microplot scale, we showed that Rc and Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectively) under teak tree with understory were less than those under teak tree with no understory (60% and 5455 Mg·km-2, respectively). Hence, soil erosion mitigation by keeping the understory under teak tree plantation reduces Sl by 14 times. In a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on both the microplot and the hillslope scales, we showed that leaving the riparian grass buffer of at least 6 m could limit SR and Sl discharging downstream during small storms (24-hour rainfall < 54.8 mm) with the trapping efficiency up to 88%. Lastly, in a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on various scales, we showed that SR and Sl were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in the teak-dominated micro-catchment than in the mixed-land-use micro-catchment. SR and Sl decreased from the microplot (122 - 196 mm, 275 - 1065 Mg·km-2, respectively) to the micro-catchment (24 - 188 mm, 95 - 3635 Mg·km-2, respectively) and catchment scale (33 mm, 236 Mg·km-2, respectively), except that Sl in teak tree plantation increased from the microplot (1065 Mg·km-2) to the micro-catchment scale (3635 Mg·km-2). [...]
Laurent, Fabien. "Impact de l'oxydation chimique et de la refonctionnalisation sur des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques de terres contaminées au HAP." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0033/document.
Full textIn order to clean up polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils, various techniques have been developed during the last decades, but their impact on soil functions was rarely considered. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of chemical oxidation treatments on different physico-chemical and biological parameters of PAH contaminated soil and to propose solutions to improve the biological functioning of oxidized soil. Various laboratory and field experiments have shown that the efficiency of chemical oxidation reactions (Fenton reaction and activated persulfate) on PAH concentrations depended on pollutant availability and soil physico-chemical properties. Besides, intense acidification processes have been observed on uncarbonated soil with a strong impact on soil physico-chemical and biological parameters. Moreover, this alteration was higher with activated persulfate treatment, leading to the loss of trace metals in water percolation. In the strongly acidified soil, the input of materials, suitable for pH increase, resulted in the restoration of biological activities and soil capacity to support vegetation. The association of chemical oxidation treatment and restoration techniques could present a good mean for soil rehabilitation. Finally, an index, which aimed to represent soil conditions based on the weight given to different parameters, was proposed and was used to evaluate changes induced by oxidation treatments and restoration techniques
Faucher, Leslie. "Histoire évolutive de deux espèces d’amphibiens pionnières, le Pélodyte ponctué et le Crapaud calamite, en milieu fortement anthropisé." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10159/document.
Full textHuman activities induce habitat loss and fragmentation that have an erosive effect on the level of intraspecific genetic diversity, decreasing the individual fitness and jeopardizing populations’ adaptive capability. Conversely, new human-made areas, such as spoil heaps of northern France, can provide suitable habitats for pioneering species. Spoil heaps being part of a highly human-fragmented landscape, the likelihood of population persistence is questioned given the scarcity of suitable habitats and the occurrence of potential barriers to dispersal. We studied the intraspecific genetic diversity of two anurans, Pelodytes punctatus and Bufo calamita, located in coalfield areas and semi-natural coastal habitats. We focused on the effects of micro-evolutionary processes of genetic drift and gene flow in shaping genetic structure. We studied (i) the biogeographical history of colonization of coalfield areas in B. calamita, (ii) the landscape connectivity using a multispecies approach, and (iii) the evolutionary determinants of variance in breeding success in B. calamita. In coalfield areas, B. calamita populations showed high levels of genetic diversity suggesting several independent colonization events. Nonetheless, marked local genetic discontinuities were observed within coalfield areas for both species, suggesting occurrence of environmental barriers impeding gene flow that may compromise population viability. Within a B. calamita population, we observed a polygynous mating system involving a possible decrease in genetic diversity. Our results suggested that variance in male mating success was linked to male-male competition and may imply distinct mating strategies
Lopez, Gonzalez Téodolina. "La convection des fluides dans le sol de Mars et les échanges induits avec l'atmosphère et la paléo-hydrosphère de la planète." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608618.
Full textRobert, Colas. "Comprendre les changements d'utilisation des terres en France pour mieux estimer leurs impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : De l'observation à la modélisation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC263/document.
Full textFrance is required to account for annual land-cover changes and induced carbon fluxes). This inventory is difficult to calcula te, for data source are complex and contradictory. Moreover, this sector is important as its role in combating climate change is emphasized. This thesis proposes improvements to several identified methodological issues: imperfect data sources, Jack of knowledge about other potential sources„ poorly evaluated uncertainties, validation of landscape dynamics consistency..Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyse and assess current and potential data sources for computing land-cover change area matrixes, in order to enhance the robustness of the inventory. A scientific approach is conducted to assess the inventory, to understand what causes uncertainties in land cover products, to compile datasets and their metadata, to study the landscape dynamics, and to define a new methodological framework allowing better and more consistent estimates of land cover change rates at national scale.This work suggests that the finest spatial, thematical and temporal resolution levels lead to overestimation of false positives. Accuracy and consistency are preferable to precision and scale dependency must be considered. Finally, we propose an interoperability framework for data integration, via a modeling protocol linking land cover change estimation and spatial allocation
Soobadar, Aneeza. "Impacts agronomiques et environnementaux de l'épandage de vinasse et de cendre de charbon/bagasse sur les terres agricoles de l'Île Maurice." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464233.
Full textBonnal, Justine. "Étude des mécanismes d'attaque des sables fondus (CMAS) vis-à-vis des barrières environnementales (EBC) et développement de protections anti-CMAS." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0366.
Full textLowering the environmental impact of aeronautical engines is made possible due to higher operating temperatures. This temperature increase (from 1200°C to 1400°C) requires the use of ceramic matrix composites (CMC) protected by an Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC). Rare earth silicates are relevant materials for EBC, as rare earth disilicates (RE₂Si₂O₇, RE = rare earth) or rare earth monosilicates (RE₂SiO₅). The EBC is submitted to corrosion by molten sands ingested by the engine. These sands are mainly constituted of oxides as CaO, MgO, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ and are called « CMAS ». At operating temperature, liquid CMAS infiltrates the porosity and the grain boundaries of EBC, thus notably leading to thermochemical degradation through dissolution and precipitation phenomena. The ternary system CaO-SiO₂-REO₁.₅ contains elements from the liquid medium (CaO), from the material (REO₁.₅), or from both (SiO₂), and is well documented in the literature for RE = yttrium. Two precipitated phases of interest appear in this phase diagram: apatite Ca₂RE₈(SiO₄)₆O₂ and cyclosilicate Ca₃RE₂(Si₃O₉)₂. This work proposes first to consider the thermodynamic aspects of the CaO-SiO₂-REO₁.₅-Al₂O₃ quaternary system in order to show the influence of the alumina content on the liquid field and on the nature of the phases at equilibrium. Then, the EBC/CMAS interaction is studied by using a simplified system, chosen as a reference, constituted of yttrium disilicate and a CAS type liquid (constituted of only three oxides CaO, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂). This model system allows the establishment of reaction mechanisms through (i) the identification of the precipitated phases, (ii) the evolution of the composition of the liquid during the reaction, and (iii) the determination of thermodynamic data as the solubility limits in the liquid. The influence of the EBC/CMAS proportion on the thermodynamic equilibria is emphasized. The influence of the rare earth element and of the liquid composition are then studied in more complex systems. Thus, ytterbium disilicate is used as EBC material, and liquids are enriched in MgO to study both influences of magnesia content and of basicity of the melt. Ytterbium favors equilibrium between liquid and cyclosilicate phase, whereas MgO inhibits cyclosilicate precipitation. The last part of this work confirms the consistence between the experimental results arising from model systems and those obtained from bulk coatings. Different methods are discussed to evaluate the lifetime of EBC in situation of CMAS corrosion: (i) through the calculation of consumed EBC thickness in assuming a limitation by the amount of CaO brought by the liquid, or (ii) through the measurement of data influencing the corrosion rate, as for example the diffusion coefficient of rare earth in the liquid. Lastly, the behavior and efficiency of a new coating proposed as anti-CMAS solution is evaluated
Barbier, Nicolas. "Conflits de gestion du territoire, de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles dans la région des Nez Percé (Idaho, Oregon, Washington) : étude du territoire indien dans le contexte autochtone aux Etats-Unis depuis le début de la conquête de l'Ouest." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOL013.
Full textIn 1855, the United States of America signed a treaty with the Nez Perce Tribe by which the tribe kept 7.5 millions acres out of a 13.5 million acre aboriginal homeland. In 1863, the United States broke the 1855 Treaty and decreased tenfold the size of the Nez Perce Reservation. Yet, several prominent Nez Perce leaders whose lands were ceded under the 1863 Treaty did not sign it. In 1877, the United States Army forced the nontreaty Nez Perce to submit to the territorial ambitions of the United States after killing nontreaty Nez Perce women and children. Then, the federal government used coertion against the Nez Perce and exploited the poverty of many of them in order to get the number of signatures required to sanction the 1893 Agreement. The latter made the implementation of the Dawes Act possible on the Nez Perce Reservation and opened it up to non-Indian settlers. From 1854 to 1895, the Nez Perce people lost more than 98 percent of their aboriginal homeland. Most people living on the Nez Perce Reservation today are non-Indians. Current conflicts between Nez Perce and non-Indians over the management of land, the environment and natural resources all stem from the violence, and methods of coercion and exploitation used by the United States against these American Indians. There are conflicts between the tribe and non-Indian governmental entities, groups and individuals. However, a part of the local non-Indian population supports the tribe or at least some of their tribal claims. I study conflicts related to various issues: Nez Perce struggles to keep their indigenous identity; tribal sovereignty over the 1863 Reservation; private land ownership; the inequitable sharing of powers in the management of wolves, salmon and fires; water rights; degradation, protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems and riparian areas; the potential return of public lands located in the 1855 Treaty Area to the tribe; disagreements about the meaning of sustainable development and concomitant difficulties of launching significant regional projects that can be beneficial at the economic, environmental and social levels. I address these issues in the indigenous context of America since the conquest of the American West by comparing the case of the Nez Perce with the situations of other American Indian nations, and by anchoring it in a national and sometimes international context
Sakho, Mouhamadou Lamine. "Usages du corps et transmission : pratique de la lutte traditionnelle à M'bao." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG034.
Full textThe traditional wrestling is a duel that is practically envisioned in a collective dynamic.The wrestler is impregnated with a space for practice that reflects the social environment. He gets support from his individual experience but his practice is registered in a social imaginary. The wrestler integrates a group that helps him acquire the rudiments of wrestling and with which he plays his battles.Those close to the wrestler involve in different ways during the diverse times of the wrestling match. Nowadays, this cultural game that is bodily and physical in nature tends to significantly participate in the transformation of the social relationships as a lever to acquire a social status in terms of acknowledgement. Our research method focuses essentially on the field. It is a matter of understanding the process through which the stakeholders, wrestlers- in a process that is specific to them and specially in the lebou village of M’bao take ownership of the practice of traditional wrestling
Demailly, Kaduna-Ève. "Jardiner les vacants : fabrique, gouvernance et dynamiques sociales des vacants urbains jardinés du nord-est de l'Île-de-France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010599/document.
Full textSince the early 2000’s, gardened vacant lands – i.e. interstitial lots characterized by obsolete land-use, temporarily taken over and vegetalised by inhabitants – have emerged in France. The regulation by municipalities of such initiatives yields an institutional construct designated as jardin partagé. Gardened vacant land constitutes a specific type of jardin partagé because they are developed on a temporary and vacant lot. The thesis addresses gardened vacant land as territorial marker of social and political processes of “producing” and “living” the contemporary city. The thesis combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies based on 48 case-studies, located in the north-eastern Île-de-France. As argued, the institutionalization of associative gardened areas is an unprecedented fact. Yet, while theses spaces are co-produced and then users are fully involved in the management of vacant gardened, they have a limited role in the decision making process. If the diffusion of institutionalized gardened vacant lands certainly reflects a political commitment, it also emphasizes the increasing profits produced by such negotiated land-use, that are instrumental for municipalities, in order to promote increased safety, enhanced political outreach, and beautification. Finally, social and environmental impacts vary depending on several conditions. On the one hand, the emergence of social bonding is limited to the space of the garden, due to its hybrid status of “club”. On the other hand, gardened vacant lands are rather understood as a toolbox, in order to enhance the quality of life, the environmental education, as well as territories dedicated to ecology and biodiversity
Théberge, Delphine. "Rencontre des acteurs et des imaginaires à travers un processus de dialogue : le cas du Projet pilote d'aménagement écosystémique de la Réserve faunique des Laurentides." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28756/28756.pdf.
Full textSchrijvers, Dieuwertje. "Evaluation environnementale des options de recyclage selon la méthodologie d’analyse de cycle de vie : établissement d’une approche cohérente appliquée aux études de cas de l’industrie chimique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0555/document.
Full textModeling of recycling – and allocation in general – is a heavily debated topic in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) domain. This thesis aimed to find a coherent scientific approach to model recycling in LCA that provides relevant information to companies. Existing allocation procedures are captured by mathematical formulas and linked to an LCA goal and an attributional or consequential approach in a systematic framework. A review of official guidelines showed that none of them provides recommendations on allocation that is consistent with this framework. A partitioning approach was identified for attributional LCA (a-LCA). This approach is based on subjective assumptions, which are made explicit by axioms. In consequential LCA (c-LCA), the market-price ratio between the recycled and substituted primary material is introduced as a new indicator to identify whether additional recycling substitutes the production of primary materials or avoids waste treatment. The processes that are affected by a changing demand for a product are identified by a causal loop diagram, which also includes stockpiling as a new element in c-LCA. The application of the allocation procedures is demonstrated by a case study of the recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from used fluorescent lamps. The a-LCA indicated that recycled REEs are more sustainable than primary REEs. The c-LCA showed that recycling is environmentally beneficial as long as the REEs are used in fluorescent lamps that substitute less energy-efficient halogen lamps. This demonstrates that both LCA approaches provide different but useful information for companies. Suggestions are given for policy measures when the market situation does not stimulate environmentally beneficial behavior. It is recommended, among other options, to extend the causal loop diagram of c-LCA to include additional mechanisms, such as rebound effects
Certain, Cassandre Mathilde Hélène. "Variabilité spatio-temporelle et expérimentale de la valeur fonctionnelle de cinq plantes halophytes de Nouvelle-Calédonie, candidates à l’agriculture biosaline." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nouvelle Calédonie, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NCAL0003.
Full textThe global decrease of freshwaters and non-salinized lands around the world led to the development of saline crops worldwide, from halophyte plants, capable of grow and multiply in high salty environments. Based on intra-genera potentials, five halophytes from Amaranthaceae family drew attention to test their saline crop potential in New Caledonia: Suaeda maritima, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Enchylaena tomentosa, Atriplex jubata and Salsola australis. The cultivation of such plants could encompass several biotechnological applications, belonging to the sectors of agri-foods, cosmetics, bioenergy or ecological restoration. Among these applications, the production of functional vegetables (rich in functional metabolites) from halophyte species is increasing worldwide. The scientific world has clearly established a link between salt tolerance of halophytes and their richness in functional metabolites (such as polyunsaturated fatty acids or antioxidants). But, the functional values of halophytes are assumed to be variable and dictated by their responses to environment (salt tolerance, nutrition, etc.). So, the study of such relationships is essential to define the local agronomic potential of potential future crop species. The present thesis work aimed to assess the potential of each of the five selected species as source of functional metabolites, as well as their functional variabilities according to environmental changes, whether natural or controlled. As such, it shows that the edible tissues of the five species have high functional values for essential minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants in comparison with dietary standards and with other functional vegetables. It also shows the relationships between the compositions for polyunsaturated fatty acid and essential elements in species and the spatio-temporal variations of their natural environment. Finally, it shows the relationships between the growth and the compositions for antioxidants and fatty acids in species and experimental treatments, combining different salinity and nitrogen forms.Ultimately, such results are intended to help the emergence of experimental saline crops at larger scale in New Caledonia, in particular trough recommendations of optimal cultivation practices. Thus, they support some objectives of agricultural local policy, such as the greening and the diversification of agriculture
Veyrat-Charvillon, Stéphane. "ELABORATION D'UNE MÉTHODE DE PRÉDICTION DU VOLUME MAXIMAL D'UNE LAVE TORRENTIELLE (PREVENT)Géomorphologie torrentielle,Topographie de terrain et Stéréophotogrammétrie sur photographies aériennes d'archivesTorrents du Manival, du Merdarêt et des Arches (Alpes-du-Nord, Isère, France)." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011428.
Full textFradette, Olivier. "Croissance des stocks de carbone dix ans après boisement de terrains dénudés boréaux." Thèse, 2012. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2621/1/030430541.pdf.
Full textDembele, Souleymane. "Scénarios d'optimisation de l'utilisation des terres agricoles en milieu subsaharien : cas de l'Office du Niger au Mali." Thèse, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5459/1/D2459.pdf.
Full textMacMillan, Gwyneth A. "À la chasse aux métaux traces dans un Nord canadien en évolution rapide : approches limnologiques, écologiques et collaborative = Hunting for trace metals in a rapidly changing North : limnological, ecological, and collaborative approaches." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21777.
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