Journal articles: 'Terrestrial and marine systems'

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MCCALLUM, H., A. KURIS, C. HARVELL, K. LAFFERTY, G. SMITH, and J. PORTER. "Does terrestrial epidemiology apply to marine systems?" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19, no. 11 (November 2004): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.08.009.

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Dawson, Michael N., and William M. Hamner. "A biophysical perspective on dispersal and the geography of evolution in marine and terrestrial systems." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, no. 19 (July 11, 2007): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1089.

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The fluid mechanics of marine and terrestrial systems are surprisingly similar at many spatial and temporal scales. Not surprisingly, the dispersal of organisms that float, swim or fly is influenced by the fluid environments of air and seawater. Nonetheless, it has been argued repeatedly that the geography of evolution differs fundamentally between marine and terrestrial taxa. Might this view emanate from qualitative contrasts between the pelagic ocean and terrestrial land conflated by anthropocentric perception of within- and between-realm variation? We draw on recent advances in biogeography to identify two pairs of biophysically similar marine and terrestrial settings—(i) aerial and marine microplankton and (ii) true islands and brackish seawater lakes—which have similar geographies of evolution. Commonalities at these scales, the largest and smallest biogeographic scales, delimit the geographical extents that can possibly characterize evolution in the remaining majority of species. The geographies of evolution therefore differ statistically , not fundamentally, between marine and terrestrial systems. Comparing the geography of evolution in diverse non-microplanktonic and non-island species from a biophysical perspective is an essential next step for quantifying precisely how marine and terrestrial systems differ and is an important yet under-explored avenue of macroecology.

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Steele, John H. "A comparison of terrestrial and marine ecological systems." Nature 313, no. 6001 (January 1985): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/313355a0.

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Normark, Benjamin B., and Laura Ross. "Genetic conflict, kin and the origins of novel genetic systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1642 (May 19, 2014): 20130364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0364.

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Genetic conflict may have played an important role in the evolution of novel genetic systems. The ancestral system of eumendelian genetics is highly symmetrical. Those derived from it (e.g. thelytokous parthenogenesis, haplodiploidy and parent-specific allele expression) are more asymmetrical in the genetic role played by maternal versus paternal alleles. These asymmetries may have arisen from maternal–paternal genetic conflict, or cytonuclear conflict, or from an interaction between them. Asymmetric genetic systems are much more common in terrestrial and freshwater taxa than in marine taxa. We suggest three reasons for this, based on the relative inhospitability of terrestrial environments to three types of organism: (i) pathogens—departure from the marine realm meant escape from many pathogens and parasites, reducing the need for sexual reproduction; (ii) symbionts—symbionts are no more important in the terrestrial realm than the marine realm but are more likely to be obligately intracellular and vertically transmitted, making them more likely to disrupt their host's genetic systems; (iii) Gametes and embryos—because neither gametes nor embryos can be shed into air as easily as into seawater, the mother's body is a more important environment for both types of organisms in the terrestrial realm than in the marine realm. This environment of asymmetric kinship (with neighbours more closely related by maternal alleles than by paternal alleles) may have helped to drive asymmetries in expression and transmission.

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Grant, Alastair, S. Tuljapurkar, and H. Caswell. "Structured-Population Models in Marine, Terrestrial and Freshwater Systems." Journal of Applied Ecology 34, no. 5 (October 1997): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2405246.

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Moran, Jean, and Glen Snyder. "Halogens and their isotopes in marine and terrestrial systems." Applied Geochemistry 22, no. 3 (March 2007): 491–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.12.001.

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Slade, Norman A., S. Tuljapurkar, and H. Caswell. "Structured-Population Models in Marine, Terrestrial, and Freshwater Systems." Journal of Wildlife Management 62, no. 2 (April 1998): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802363.

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Kenchington, Richard A., and Mary T. Agardy. "Achieving Marine Conservation Through Biosphere Reserve Planning and Management." Environmental Conservation 17, no. 1 (1990): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900017276.

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Most marine ecosystems present priorities for conservation which are different from, but no less urgent than, those of terrestrial systems. These priorities relate to understanding and regulating human use and impact within the large scale, and the high but variable degree of connectivity of marine systems. The identification and preservation of remnant examples of marine ecosystems, otherwise destroyed by human activity, is generally less of an issue than it is for terrestrial conservation. As a consequence, the needs of marine conservation are not readily addressed by models developed for terrestrial ecosystems, which are based on excluding or severely limiting human access in managed areas. An exception is the philosophy of the Biosphere Reserve, developed as part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. This appears particularly appropriate to marine environments, as it focuses on managing human activities and impacts within the sustainable capacity of the ecosystem.

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Antão, Laura H., Amanda E. Bates, Shane A. Blowes, Conor Waldock, Sarah R. Supp, Anne E. Magurran, Maria Dornelas, and Aafke M. Schipper. "Temperature-related biodiversity change across temperate marine and terrestrial systems." Nature Ecology & Evolution 4, no. 7 (May 4, 2020): 927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1185-7.

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Sieg, R. Drew, and Julia Kubanek. "Chemical Ecology of Marine Angiosperms: Opportunities at the Interface of Marine and Terrestrial Systems." Journal of Chemical Ecology 39, no. 6 (May 18, 2013): 687–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0297-9.

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Lalonde, K., A. V. Vähätalo, and Y. Gélinas. "Revisiting the disappearance of terrestrial dissolved organic matter in the ocean: a δ13C study." Biogeosciences 11, no. 13 (July 15, 2014): 3707–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3707-2014.

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Abstract. Organic carbon (OC) depleted in 13C is a widely used tracer for terrestrial organic matter (OM) in aquatic systems. Photochemical reactions can, however, change δ13C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) when chromophoric, aromatic-rich terrestrial OC is selectively mineralized. We assessed the robustness of the δ13C signature of DOC (δ13CDOC) as a tracer for terrestrial OM by estimating its change during the photobleaching of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) from 10 large rivers. These rivers cumulatively account for approximately one-third of the world's freshwater discharge to the global ocean. Photobleaching of CDOM by simulated solar radiation was associated with the photochemical mineralization of 16 to 43% of the DOC and, by preferentially removing compounds depleted in 13C, caused a 1 to 2.9‰ enrichment in δ13C in the residual DOC. Such solar-radiation-induced photochemical isotopic shift could bias the calculations of terrestrial OM discharge in coastal oceans towards the marine end-member. Shifts in terrestrial δ13CDOC should be taken into account when constraining the terrestrial end-member in global calculation of terrestrially derived DOM in the world ocean.

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Lalonde, K., A. V. Vähätalo, and Y. Gélinas. "Revisiting the disappearance of terrestrial dissolved organic matter in the ocean: a δ13C study." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 17117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17117-2013.

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Abstract. Organic carbon (OC) depleted in 13C is a widely used tracer for terrestrial OM in aquatic systems. Photochemical reactions can however change δ13C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) when chromophoric, aromatic-rich terrestrial OC is selectively mineralized. We assessed the robustness of the δ13C signature of DOC (δ13CDOC) as a tracer for terrestrial OM by estimating its change during the photobleaching of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) from ten large rivers. These rivers cumulatively account for approximately 1/3 of the world's freshwater discharge to the global ocean. Photobleaching of CDOM by simulated solar radiation was associated with the photochemical mineralization of 16 to 43% of the DOC and, by preferentially removing compounds depleted in 13C, caused a 1 to 2.9‰ enrichment in δ13C in the residual DOC. Such solar radiation-induced photochemical isotopic shift biases the calculations of terrestrial OM discharge in coastal oceans towards the marine end-member. Shifts in terrestrial δ13CDOC should be taken into account when constraining the terrestrial end-member in global calculation of terrestrially derived DOM in the world ocean.

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Behrendorff, Linda, Luke K. P. Leung, and Benjamin L. Allen. "Utilisation of stranded marine fauna washed ashore on K’gari (Fraser Island), Australia, by dingoes." Australian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 2 (2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo18022.

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Stranded marine fauna have been identified as a potentially significant food resource for terrestrial carnivores, but how such subsidisation influences terrestrial species ecology is not well understood. We describe the dietary and behavioural responses of dingoes (Canis familiaris) to the occurrence of large-animal marine strandings (e.g. dead cetaceans, marine turtles and pinnipeds) between 2006 and 2016 on K’gari (Fraser Island), Australia, to better understand the trophic links between marine and terrestrial systems. A total of 309 strandings were recorded during this period (~3.1 strandings per month), yielding an annual average of 30.3 tons of available carrion to the 100–200 dingoes present on the island. Carcass monitoring with camera traps showed that dingoes used carcasses almost daily after a short period of decomposition. Whole packs of up to seven dingoes of all age classes at a time were observed visiting carcasses for multiple successive days. These data demonstrate that large-animal marine subsidies can be a common, substantial and important food source for dingoes, and that the estimated daily dietary needs of roughly 5–10% of the island’s dingo population were supported by this food source. Our data suggest that marine subsidisation can influence terrestrial carnivore diet, behaviour and abundance, which may produce cascading indirect effects for terrestrial ecosystems in contexts where subsidised carnivores interact strongly with other species.

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Lecours, Vincent, Margaret F. J. Dolan, Aaron Micallef, and Vanessa L. Lucieer. "A review of marine geomorphometry, the quantitative study of the seafloor." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 8 (August 9, 2016): 3207–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3207-2016.

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Abstract. Geomorphometry, the science of quantitative terrain characterization, has traditionally focused on the investigation of terrestrial landscapes. However, the dramatic increase in the availability of digital bathymetric data and the increasing ease by which geomorphometry can be investigated using geographic information systems (GISs) and spatial analysis software has prompted interest in employing geomorphometric techniques to investigate the marine environment. Over the last decade or so, a multitude of geomorphometric techniques (e.g. terrain attributes, feature extraction, automated classification) have been applied to characterize seabed terrain from the coastal zone to the deep sea. Geomorphometric techniques are, however, not as varied, nor as extensively applied, in marine as they are in terrestrial environments. This is at least partly due to difficulties associated with capturing, classifying, and validating terrain characteristics underwater. There is, nevertheless, much common ground between terrestrial and marine geomorphometry applications and it is important that, in developing marine geomorphometry, we learn from experiences in terrestrial studies. However, not all terrestrial solutions can be adopted by marine geomorphometric studies since the dynamic, four-dimensional (4-D) nature of the marine environment causes its own issues throughout the geomorphometry workflow. For instance, issues with underwater positioning, variations in sound velocity in the water column affecting acoustic-based mapping, and our inability to directly observe and measure depth and morphological features on the seafloor are all issues specific to the application of geomorphometry in the marine environment. Such issues fuel the need for a dedicated scientific effort in marine geomorphometry.This review aims to highlight the relatively recent growth of marine geomorphometry as a distinct discipline, and offers the first comprehensive overview of marine geomorphometry to date. We address all the five main steps of geomorphometry, from data collection to the application of terrain attributes and features. We focus on how these steps are relevant to marine geomorphometry and also highlight differences and similarities from terrestrial geomorphometry. We conclude with recommendations and reflections on the future of marine geomorphometry. To ensure that geomorphometry is used and developed to its full potential, there is a need to increase awareness of (1) marine geomorphometry amongst scientists already engaged in terrestrial geomorphometry, and of (2) geomorphometry as a science amongst marine scientists with a wide range of backgrounds and experiences.

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Krieger, Jakob, Philipp Braun, Nicole T. Rivera, Christoph D. Schubart, Carsten H. G. Müller, and Steffen Harzsch. "Comparative analyses of olfactory systems in terrestrial crabs (Brachyura): evidence for aerial olfaction?" PeerJ 3 (December 22, 2015): e1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1433.

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Adaptations to a terrestrial lifestyle occurred convergently multiple times during the evolution of the arthropods. This holds also true for the “true crabs” (Brachyura), a taxon that includes several lineages that invaded land independently. During an evolutionary transition from sea to land, animals have to develop a variety of physiological and anatomical adaptations to a terrestrial life style related to respiration, reproduction, development, circulation, ion and water balance. In addition, sensory systems that function in air instead of in water are essential for an animal’s life on land. Besides vision and mechanosensory systems, on land, the chemical senses have to be modified substantially in comparison to their function in water. Among arthropods, insects are the most successful ones to evolve aerial olfaction. Various aspects of terrestrial adaptation have also been analyzed in those crustacean lineages that evolved terrestrial representatives including the taxa Anomala, Brachyura, Amphipoda, and Isopoda. We are interested in how the chemical senses of terrestrial crustaceans are modified to function in air. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the brains and more specifically the structure of the olfactory system of representatives of brachyuran crabs that display different degrees of terrestriality, from exclusively marine to mainly terrestrial. The methods we used included immunohistochemistry, detection of autofluorescence- and confocal microscopy, as well as three-dimensional reconstruction and morphometry. Our comparative approach shows that both the peripheral and central olfactory pathways are reduced in terrestrial members in comparison to their marine relatives, suggesting a limited function of their olfactory system on land. We conclude that for arthropod lineages that invaded land, evolving aerial olfaction is no trivial task.

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Tomašových, Adam, Jonathan D. Kennedy, Tristan J. Betzner, Nicole Bitler Kuehnle, Stewart Edie, Sora Kim, K. Supriya, et al. "Unifying latitudinal gradients in range size and richness across marine and terrestrial systems." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1830 (May 11, 2016): 20153027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.3027.

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Many marine and terrestrial clades show similar latitudinal gradients in species richness, but opposite gradients in range size—on land, ranges are the smallest in the tropics, whereas in the sea, ranges are the largest in the tropics. Therefore, richness gradients in marine and terrestrial systems do not arise from a shared latitudinal arrangement of species range sizes. Comparing terrestrial birds and marine bivalves, we find that gradients in range size are concordant at the level of genera. Here, both groups show a nested pattern in which narrow-ranging genera are confined to the tropics and broad-ranging genera extend across much of the gradient. We find that (i) genus range size and its variation with latitude is closely associated with per-genus species richness and (ii) broad-ranging genera contain more species both within and outside of the tropics when compared with tropical- or temperate-only genera. Within-genus species diversification thus promotes genus expansion to novel latitudes. Despite underlying differences in the species range-size gradients, species-rich genera are more likely to produce a descendant that extends its range relative to the ancestor's range. These results unify species richness gradients with those of genera, implying that birds and bivalves share similar latitudinal dynamics in net species diversification.

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Machovsky-Capuska, Gabriel E., and David Raubenheimer. "The Nutritional Ecology of Marine Apex Predators." Annual Review of Marine Science 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 361–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095411.

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Apex predators play pivotal roles in marine ecosystems, mediated principally through diet and nutrition. Yet, compared with terrestrial animals, the nutritional ecology of marine predators is poorly understood. One reason is that the field has adhered to an approach that evaluates diet principally in terms of energy gain. Studies in terrestrial systems, by contrast, increasingly adopt a multidimensional approach, the nutritional geometry framework, that distinguishes specific nutrients and calories. We provide evidence that a nutritional approach is likewise relevant to marine apex predators, then demonstrate how nutritional geometry can characterize the nutrient and energy content of marine prey. Next, we show how this framework can be used to reconceptualize ecological interactions via the ecological niche concept, and close with a consideration of its application to problems in marine predator research.

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Oestreich, William K., Melissa S. Chapman, and Larry B. Crowder. "A comparative analysis of dynamic management in marine and terrestrial systems." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 18, no. 9 (July 27, 2020): 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.2243.

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Jiang, Shengming. "Marine Internet for Internetworking in Oceans: A Tutorial." Future Internet 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11070146.

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Ever-increasing human activities in oceans require handy, reliable and cost-effective high-speed network access similar to terrestrial Internet services to be available on and under water. However, terrestrial Internet cannot be extended to oceans seamlessly due to huge differences between terrestrial and oceanic environments, while satellite services are still very expensive especially for ordinary users with communication quality susceptible to weather conditions, and cannot cover underwater networks either. Therefore, marine Internet, proposed about six years ago, is the earliest scheme that tries to systematically address the internetworking issue in oceans and still in its infancy stage. This tutorial aims to introduce the principle, architecture and applications of marine Internet, along with discussion on oceanic environments for communication, currently available and under developing communication systems in oceans, as well as challenging issues necessary for further studies to foster the development of marine Internet.

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Holland, Steven M. "Diversity and tectonics: predictions from neutral theory." Paleobiology 44, no. 2 (March 26, 2018): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2018.2.

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AbstractNumerical simulations of neutral metacommunities are used here to predict the effects of growth and shrinkage of metacommunities, as well as their separation and merging caused by continental collision and rifting and their secondary eustatic effects. Although growth and shrinkage of metacommunities predictably change diversity, separating and merging metacommunities have counterintuitive effects. Separating and merging metacommunities change diversity within the individual areas, especially so for smaller areas, but they cause no change in total diversity of the system, contrary to previous predictions. The response times of metacommunities are likely to be geologically undetectable except for enormously large systems. These models can be used to predict the plate-tectonic effects on the diversity of terrestrial, coastal-marine, deep-marine, and oceanic-island systems. Of these, global and regional coastal-marine systems are the most acutely sensitive to the changes in area and fragmentation caused by plate tectonics. Oceanic-island systems also experience global and regional changes in diversity during supercontinent breakup and assembly, with the global effects driven by the changing length of volcanic arcs, and the regional effects also driven by secondary eustatic changes in shallow-marine area. Although individual terrestrial provinces or continents may experience substantial changes in diversity from rifting and collision, global terrestrial diversity should be unchanged except for the relatively modest contributions caused by the secondary eustatic effects on land area. These changes in diversity may be reinforced or counteracted by the changing latitudinal position of metacommunities.

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Jungbluth, Sean P., Tijana Glavina del Rio, Susannah G. Tringe, Ramunas Stepanauskas, and Michael S. Rappé. "Genomic comparisons of a bacterial lineage that inhabits both marine and terrestrial deep subsurface systems." PeerJ 5 (April 6, 2017): e3134. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3134.

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It is generally accepted that diverse, poorly characterized microorganisms reside deep within Earth’s crust. One such lineage of deep subsurface-dwelling bacteria is an uncultivated member of the Firmicutes phylum that can dominate molecular surveys from both marine and continental rock fracture fluids, sometimes forming the sole member of a single-species microbiome. Here, we reconstructed a genome from basalt-hosted fluids of the deep subseafloor along the eastern Juan de Fuca Ridge flank and used a phylogenomic analysis to show that, despite vast differences in geographic origin and habitat, it forms a monophyletic clade with the terrestrial deep subsurface genome of “Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator” MP104C. While a limited number of differences were observed between the marine genome of “Candidatus Desulfopertinax cowenii” modA32 and its terrestrial relative that may be of potential adaptive importance, here it is revealed that the two are remarkably similar thermophiles possessing the genetic capacity for motility, sporulation, hydrogenotrophy, chemoorganotrophy, dissimilatory sulfate reduction, and the ability to fix inorganic carbon via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway for chemoautotrophic growth. Our results provide insights into the genetic repertoire within marine and terrestrial members of a bacterial lineage that is widespread in the global deep subsurface biosphere, and provides a natural means to investigate adaptations specific to these two environments.

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Fitzpatrick, Scott M., and Christina M. Giovas. "Tropical islands of the Anthropocene: Deep histories of anthropogenic terrestrial–marine entanglement in the Pacific and Caribbean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (September 27, 2021): e2022209118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022209118.

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Islands are useful model systems for examining human–environmental interactions. While many anthropogenic effects visible in the archaeological and paleoecological records are terrestrial in nature (e.g., clearance of tropical forests for agriculture and settlement; introduction of nonnative flora and fauna), native peoples also relied heavily on marine environments for their subsistence and livelihood. Here we use two island case studies—Palau (Micronesia) and the Lesser Antilles (Caribbean)—and approach their long-term settlement history through a “ridge-to-reef” perspective to assess the role that human activity played in land- and seascape change over deep time. In particular, we examine the entanglement of terrestrial and marine ecosystems resulting from anthropogenic effects and cultural responses to socio-environmental feedback. We suggest that on the humanized tropical islands of the Anthropocene, mangroves, near shore and littoral areas, and coral reefs were major sites of terrestrial–marine interface chronicling and modulating anthropogenic effects.

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Roebeling, P. C., M. C. Cunha, L. Arroja, and M. E. van Grieken. "Abatement vs. treatment for efficient diffuse source water pollution management in terrestrial-marine systems." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 5 (May 25, 2015): 730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.259.

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Marine ecosystems are affected by water pollution originating from coastal catchments. The delivery of water pollutants can be reduced through water pollution abatement as well as water pollution treatment. Hence, sustainable economic development of coastal regions requires balancing of the marginal costs from water pollution abatement and/or treatment and the associated marginal benefits from marine resource appreciation. Water pollution delivery reduction costs are, however, not equal across abatement and treatment options. In this paper, an optimal control approach is developed and applied to explore welfare maximizing rates of water pollution abatement and/or treatment for efficient diffuse source water pollution management in terrestrial-marine systems. For the case of diffuse source dissolved inorganic nitrogen water pollution in the Tully-Murray region, Queensland, Australia, (agricultural) water pollution abatement cost, (wetland) water pollution treatment cost and marine benefit functions are determined to explore welfare maximizing rates of water pollution abatement and/or treatment. Considering partial (wetland) treatment costs and positive water quality improvement benefits, results show that welfare gains can be obtained, primarily, through diffuse source water pollution abatement (improved agricultural management practices) and, to a minor extent, through diffuse source water pollution treatment (wetland restoration).

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Ascough, Philippa, Gordon Cook, and Andrew Dugmore. "Methodological approaches to determining the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 29, no. 4 (December 2005): 532–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp461ra.

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The marine radiocarbon reservoir effect is an offset in 14C age between contemporaneous organisms from the terrestrial environment and organisms that derive their carbon from the marine environment. Quantification of this effect is of crucial importance for correct calibration of the 14C ages of marine-influenced samples to the calendrical timescale. This is fundamental to the construction of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental chronologies when such samples are employed in 14C analysis. Quantitative measurements of temporal variations in regional marine reservoir ages also have the potential to be used as a measure of process changes within Earth surface systems, due to their link with climatic and oceanic changes. The various approaches to quantification of the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect are assessed, focusing particularly on the North Atlantic Ocean. Currently, the global average marine reservoir age of surface waters, R(t), is c. 400 radiocarbon years; however, regional values deviate from this as a function of climate and oceanic circulation systems. These local deviations from R(t) are expressed as +R values. Hence, polar waters exhibit greater reservoir ages (δR = c. +400 to +800 14C y) than equatorial waters (δR = c. 0 14C y). Observed temporal variations in δR appear to reflect climatic and oceanographic changes. We assess three approaches to quantification of marine reservoir effects using known age samples (from museum collections), tephra isochrones (present onshore/offshore) and paired marine/terrestrial samples (from the same context in, for example, archaeological sites). The strengths and limitations of these approaches are evaluated using examples from the North Atlantic region. It is proposed that, with a suitable protocol, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements on paired, short-lived, single entity marine and terrestrial samples from archaeological deposits is the most promising approach to constraining changes over at least the last 5 ky BP.

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Grosholz, Edwin D. "Contrasting Rates of Spread for Introduced Species in Terrestrial and Marine Systems." Ecology 77, no. 6 (September 1996): 1680–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2265773.

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Cantasano, Nicola. "Ecological Networks and Fluvial Corridors in Calabria (Southern Italy)." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 12 (December 2021): 1296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1385.

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The anthropic pressure on natural systems is the main cause for the present process of biodiversity loss in terrestrial biosphere [1]. Really, the human disturbance on Earth affects the 74.1% of terrestrial and marine habitats, including 22.4% completely modified, 51.7% partially disturbed and just the 25.9% in natural and pristine conditions [2]. At the beginning of third millenium, in the middle of a post-industrial era, named “Anthropocene” [3], mankind is causing the greatest mass extinction of wildlife in terrestrial biosphere [4-6].

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Holterman, Martijn, Michaela Schratzberger, and Johannes Helder. "Nematodes as evolutionary commuters between marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 128, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 756–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz107.

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Abstract Nematodes are the only major metazoan group which is persistently abundant and diverse across marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. This could be the result of a few major habitat transitions followed by extensive diversification, or numerous habitat transitions followed by moderate diversification. To pinpoint habitat transitions, we superposed nematode habitat associations on an available phylum-wide phylogenetic tree based on small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences (≈2730 SSU rDNA sequences covering ≈1750 nematode taxa). Our analysis revealed at least 30 major habitat transitions within the phylum Nematoda. These transitions as well as their directionality were unevenly spread over the 12 major clades. Most transitions reside in Clades 1–6, and these transitions are bidirectional. Members of Clades 8–12 showed five full transitions, and these took place exclusively from terrestrial to marine systems. We relate our results to the distinct secretory–excretory systems in Clades 1–6 and Clades 8–12, as well as to differences in water permeability of the nematode cuticle. Hence, the phylum Nematoda is characterized by a relatively large number of habitat transitions followed by moderate diversification. The identification of multiple habitat transitions at a low taxonomic level will facilitate future investigations into the mechanisms underlying this unusual ecological flexibility.

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Dickson, Liam C., Kostas A. Katselidis, Christophe Eizaguirre, and Gail Schofield. "Incorporating Geographical Scale and Multiple Environmental Factors to Delineate the Breeding Distribution of Sea Turtles." Drones 5, no. 4 (November 26, 2021): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5040142.

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Temperature is often used to infer how climate influences wildlife distributions; yet, other parameters also contribute, separately and combined, with effects varying across geographical scales. Here, we used an unoccupied aircraft system to explore how environmental parameters affect the regional distribution of the terrestrial and marine breeding habitats of threatened loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Surveys spanned four years and ~620 km coastline of western Greece, encompassing low (<10 nests/km) to high (100–500 nests/km) density nesting areas. We recorded 2395 tracks left by turtles on beaches and 1928 turtles occupying waters adjacent to these beaches. Variation in beach track and inwater turtle densities was explained by temperature, offshore prevailing wind, and physical marine and terrestrial factors combined. The highest beach-track densities (400 tracks/km) occurred on beaches with steep slopes and higher sand temperatures, sheltered from prevailing offshore winds. The highest inwater turtle densities (270 turtles/km) occurred over submerged sandbanks, with warmer sea temperatures associated with offshore wind. Most turtles (90%) occurred over nearshore submerged sandbanks within 10 km of beaches supporting the highest track densities, showing the strong linkage between optimal marine and terrestrial environments for breeding. Our findings demonstrate the utility of UASs in surveying marine megafauna and environmental data at large scales and the importance of integrating multiple factors in climate change models to predict species distributions.

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Abrahms, Briana, Elliott L. Hazen, Ellen O. Aikens, Matthew S. Savoca, Jeremy A. Goldbogen, Steven J. Bograd, Michael G. Jacox, Ladd M. Irvine, Daniel M. Palacios, and Bruce R. Mate. "Memory and resource tracking drive blue whale migrations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (February 25, 2019): 5582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819031116.

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In terrestrial systems, the green wave hypothesis posits that migrating animals can enhance foraging opportunities by tracking phenological variation in high-quality forage across space (i.e., “resource waves”). To track resource waves, animals may rely on proximate cues and/or memory of long-term average phenologies. Although there is growing evidence of resource tracking in terrestrial migrants, such drivers remain unevaluated in migratory marine megafauna. Here we present a test of the green wave hypothesis in a marine system. We compare 10 years of blue whale movement data with the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom resulting in increased prey availability in the California Current Ecosystem, allowing us to investigate resource tracking both contemporaneously (response to proximate cues) and based on climatological conditions (memory) during migrations. Blue whales closely tracked the long-term average phenology of the spring bloom, but did not track contemporaneous green-up. In addition, blue whale foraging locations were characterized by low long-term habitat variability and high long-term productivity compared with contemporaneous measurements. Results indicate that memory of long-term average conditions may have a previously underappreciated role in driving migratory movements of long-lived species in marine systems, and suggest that these animals may struggle to respond to rapid deviations from historical mean environmental conditions. Results further highlight that an ecological theory of migration is conserved across marine and terrestrial systems. Understanding the drivers of animal migration is critical for assessing how environmental changes will affect highly mobile fauna at a global scale.

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Steele, John H., Kenneth H. Brink, and Beth E. Scott. "Comparison of marine and terrestrial ecosystems: suggestions of an evolutionary perspective influenced by environmental variation." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 1 (November 5, 2018): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy149.

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Abstract The transition of plants and animals from sea to land required adaptation to a very different physical and chemical environment. In this paper, we focus on the consequences of the differences between the magnitude of the variability of ocean and atmospheric dynamics, with the ocean environment (in particular temperature and currents) being two to three orders of magnitude less variable than that on land. We suggest that greater insights on possible responses of marine vs. terrestrial systems to rapid climate change can be gained by considering that terrestrial vertebrates, invertebrates and plants have evolved from marine organisms that, pre-Cambrian, had early life history developmental stages as planktonic larvae. Marine larvae were/are adapted to the predictable and minimal range of temperature changes and regularities in ocean currents, as most organisms utilize the energy in these currents as an “auxiliary” source for predictable gamete and larvae dispersal. Post-Cambrian, on land, no such simple strategy was available; instead, most terrestrial organisms have evolved reproductive strategies and behaviours to eliminate, or at least minimize, the consequences of much larger atmospheric variability. Adapting our future use of these systems sensibly will require greater understanding of how the two regimes respond to rapid climate change.

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Walke, R. C., M. C. Thorne, J. T. Smith, and R. Kowe. "Representation of estuarine, coastal and marine biosphere systems within post-closure performance assessments supporting geological disposal of higher activity radioactive wastes in the UK." Mineralogical Magazine 79, no. 6 (November 2015): 1467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2015.6.21.

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AbstractRadioactive Waste Management Limited (RWM) is tasked with implementing geological disposal of the United Kingdom's (UK) higher activity radioactive wastes. This paper describes how RWM's biosphere modelling capability has been extended from a solely terrestrial model to allow potential contaminant releases to estuarine, coastal and marine systems around the UK to be represented. The new models aim to strike a balance between being as simple as can be justified, erring on the side of conservative estimates of potential doses, while also representing the features and processes required to reflect and distinguish UK coastal systems. Sediment dynamics (including meandering of estuaries and sediment accumulation) are explicitly represented in a simplified form that captures the accumulation and remobilization of radionuclides. Long-term transitions between biosphere systems (such as from a salt marsh to a terrestrial system) are outside the scope of the study. The models and supporting data draw on information about the UK that is representative of present-day conditions and represent potential exposures arising from both occupational and recreational habits.?Generic calculations demonstrate that potential doses to humans arising from releases to estuarine, coastal and marine systems are typically more than two orders of magnitude lower than those for equivalent releases to terrestrial systems via well water and groundwater discharge to soil. The extended capability (i) ensures that RWM is able to undertake assessments for potential coastal site contexts, if and when required, and (ii) provides RWM with quantitative evidence to support the principal focus on terrestrial releases ( particularly for more generic assessments).

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Wood, G., E. M. Marzinelli, M. A. Coleman, A. H. Campbell, N. S. Santini, L. Kajlich, J. Verdura, J. Wodak, P. D. Steinberg, and A. Vergés. "Restoring subtidal marine macrophytes in the Anthropocene: trajectories and future-proofing." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 7 (2019): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18226.

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Anthropogenic activities have caused profound changes globally in biodiversity, species interactions and ecosystem functions and services. In terrestrial systems, restoration has emerged as a useful approach to mitigate these changes, and is increasingly recognised as a tool to fortify ecosystems against future disturbances. In marine systems, restoration is also gaining traction as a management tool, but it is still comparatively scant and underdeveloped relative to terrestrial environments. Key coastal habitats, such as seaweed forests and seagrass meadows are showing widespread patterns of decline around the world. As these important ecosystems increasingly become the target of emerging marine restoration campaigns, it is important not only to address current environmental degradation issues, but also to focus on the future. Given the rate at which marine and other environments are changing, and given predicted increases in the frequency and magnitude of multiple stressors, we argue for an urgent need for subtidal marine macrophyte restoration efforts that explicitly incorporate future-proofing in their goals. Here we highlight emerging scientific techniques that can help achieve this, and discuss changes to managerial, political and public frameworks that are needed to support scientific innovation and restoration applications at scale.

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Dobbs, Stephen C., Tim McHargue, Matthew A. Malkowski, Jared T. Gooley, Chayawan Jaikla, Colin J. White, and George E. Hilley. "Are submarine and subaerial drainages morphologically distinct?" Geology 47, no. 11 (September 25, 2019): 1093–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46329.1.

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Abstract The qualitative resemblance between terrestrial and submarine branched valley networks has led to speculation that common underlying processes control their formation. However, quantitative comparisons have been impeded by methodological limitations and coarse resolution in marine systems. We analyze channel concavity and steepness indices of 23 terrestrial and 29 submarine catchments to determine whether their profile morphologies are distinct. Statistical comparisons of these quantities demonstrate that concavity indices in submarine systems are, in general, lower than in subaerial systems, and that submarine tributaries are steeper than their associated mainstem. These differences may reflect distinct drainage formation mechanisms and dynamics of submarine sediment gravity flows as compared to overland flow processes.

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Rasher, Douglas B., E. Paige Stout, Sebastian Engel, Tonya L. Shearer, Julia Kubanek, and Mark E. Hay. "Marine and terrestrial herbivores display convergent chemical ecology despite 400 million years of independent evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 39 (August 31, 2015): 12110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508133112.

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Chemical cues regulate key ecological interactions in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. They are particularly important in terrestrial plant–herbivore interactions, where they mediate both herbivore foraging and plant defense. Although well described for terrestrial interactions, the identity and ecological importance of herbivore foraging cues in marine ecosystems remain unknown. Here we show that the specialist gastropod Elysia tuca hunts its seaweed prey, Halimeda incrassata, by tracking 4-hydroxybenzoic acid to find vegetative prey and the defensive metabolite halimedatetraacetate to find reproductive prey. Foraging cues were predicted to be polar compounds but instead were nonpolar secondary metabolites similar to those used by specialist terrestrial insects. Tracking halimedatetraacetate enables Elysia to increase in abundance by 12- to 18-fold on reproductive Halimeda, despite reproduction in Halimeda being rare and lasting for only ∼36 h. Elysia swarm to reproductive Halimeda where they consume the alga’s gametes, which are resource rich but are chemically defended from most consumers. Elysia sequester functional chloroplasts and halimedatetraacetate from Halimeda to become photosynthetic and chemically defended. Feeding by Elysia suppresses the growth of vegetative Halimeda by ∼50%. Halimeda responds by dropping branches occupied by Elysia, apparently to prevent fungal infection associated with Elysia feeding. Elysia is remarkably similar to some terrestrial insects, not only in its hunting strategy, but also its feeding method, defense tactics, and effects on prey behavior and performance. Such striking parallels indicate that specialist herbivores in marine and terrestrial systems can evolve convergent ecological strategies despite 400 million years of independent evolution in vastly different habitats.

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Schumm, M., S. M. Edie, K. S. Collins, V. Gómez-Bahamón, K. Supriya, A. E. White, T. D. Price, and D. Jablonski. "Common latitudinal gradients in functional richness and functional evenness across marine and terrestrial systems." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1908 (July 31, 2019): 20190745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0745.

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Functional diversity is an important aspect of biodiversity, but its relationship to species diversity in time and space is poorly understood. Here we compare spatial patterns of functional and taxonomic diversity across marine and terrestrial systems to identify commonalities in their respective ecological and evolutionary drivers. We placed species-level ecological traits into comparable multi-dimensional frameworks for two model systems, marine bivalves and terrestrial birds, and used global species-occurrence data to examine the distribution of functional diversity with latitude and longitude. In both systems, tropical faunas show high total functional richness (FR) but low functional evenness (FE) (i.e. the tropics contain a highly skewed distribution of species among functional groups). Functional groups that persist toward the poles become more uniform in species richness, such that FR declines and FE rises with latitude in both systems. Temperate assemblages are more functionally even than tropical assemblages subsampled to temperate levels of species richness, suggesting that high species richness in the tropics reflects a high degree of ecological specialization within a few functional groups and/or factors that favour high recent speciation or reduced extinction rates in those groups.

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Walsh, Stephen J., and Carlos F. Mena. "Interactions of social, terrestrial, and marine sub-systems in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 51 (October 10, 2016): 14536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604990113.

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Galapagos is often cited as an example of the conflicts that are emerging between resource conservation and economic development in island ecosystems, as the pressures associated with tourism threaten nature, including the iconic and emblematic species, unique terrestrial landscapes, and special marine environments. In this paper, two projects are described that rely upon dynamic systems models and agent-based models to examine human–environment interactions. We use a theoretical context rooted in complexity theory to guide the development of our models that are linked to social–ecological dynamics. The goal of this paper is to describe key elements, relationships, and processes to inform and enhance our understanding of human–environment interactions in the Galapagos Islands of Ecuador. By formalizing our knowledge of how systems operate and the manner in which key elements are linked in coupled human–natural systems, we specify rules, relationships, and rates of exchange between social and ecological features derived through statistical functions and/or functions specified in theory or practice. The processes described in our models also have practical applications in that they emphasize how political policies generate different human responses and model outcomes, many detrimental to the social–ecological sustainability of the Galapagos Islands.

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Shaw, John, Yongsheng Wu, and D. Patrick Potter. "Distribution and morphology of inner-shelf sand bodies off southwest Newfoundland based on merged multibeam sonar and LiDAR data." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 1 (January 2020): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0311.

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The inner shelf off southwest Newfoundland, bordering the Laurentian Channel, was mapped with multi-beam sonar between depths of 200 and ∼20 m, overlapping with coverage by marine/terrestrial LiDAR from maximum depths of 30 m to above sea level. The new data provide the first clear view of linkages between terrestrial and nearshore coastal systems and the inner shelf. Offshore sand reservoirs associated with adjacent sandy coastal barriers and spits are thin (∼2 m), and isolated from one another, so that bedrock is the dominant seafloor terrain on the inner most shelf. The offshore sand reservoirs link with complex nearshore bar systems, from which it is inferred that sediment exchange with terrestrial systems can occur. Several isolated sand bodies are interpreted as residuals from former coastal systems destroyed during the Holocene transgression. The new data reveal the unexpected existence of a submarine canyon that facilitates transport of sediment from the inner shelf into the deep glacial trough of the Laurentian Channel.

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He, Donghui, Keith Bristow, Vilim Filipović, Jialong Lv, and Hailong He. "Microplastics in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Scientometric Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 8739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208739.

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Microplastics, as an emerging contaminant, have been shown to threaten the sustainability of ecosystems, and there is also concern about human exposure, as microplastic particles tend to bioaccumulate and biomagnify through the food chain. While microplastics in marine environments have been extensively studied, research on microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems is just starting to gain momentum. In this paper, we used scientometric analysis to understand the current status of microplastic research in terrestrial systems. The global scientific literature on microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems, based on data from the Web of Science between 1986 and 2020, was explored with the VOSviewer scientometric software. Co-occurrence visualization maps and citation analysis were used to identify the relationship among keywords, authors, organizations, countries, and journals focusing on the issues of terrestrial microplastics. The results show that research on microplastics in terrestrial systems just started in the past few years but is increasing rapidly. Science of the Total Environment ranks first among the journals publishing papers on terrestrial microplastics. In addition, we also highlighted the desire to establish standards/protocols for extracting and quantifying microplastics in soils. Future studies are recommended to fill the knowledge gaps on the abundance, distribution, ecological and economic effects, and toxicity of microplastics.

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González-Bergonzoni, Ivan, Kasper L. Johansen, Anders Mosbech, Frank Landkildehus, Erik Jeppesen, and Thomas A. Davidson. "Small birds, big effects: the little auk ( Alle alle ) transforms high Arctic ecosystems." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1849 (February 22, 2017): 20162572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2572.

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In some arctic areas, marine-derived nutrients (MDN) resulting from fish migrations fuel freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, increasing primary production and biodiversity. Less is known, however, about the role of seabird-MDN in shaping ecosystems. Here, we examine how the most abundant seabird in the North Atlantic, the little auk ( Alle alle ), alters freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems around the North Water Polynya (NOW) in Greenland. We compare stable isotope ratios ( δ 15 N and δ 13 C) of freshwater and terrestrial biota, terrestrial vegetation indices and physical–chemical properties, productivity and community structure of fresh waters in catchments with and without little auk colonies. The presence of colonies profoundly alters freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems by providing nutrients and massively enhancing primary production. Based on elevated δ 15 N in MDN, we estimate that MDN fuels more than 85% of terrestrial and aquatic biomass in bird influenced systems. Furthermore, by using different proxies of bird impact (colony distance, algal δ 15 N) it is possible to identify a gradient in ecosystem response to increasing bird impact. Little auk impact acidifies the freshwater systems, reducing taxonomic richness of macroinvertebrates and truncating food webs. These results demonstrate that the little auk acts as an ecosystem engineer, transforming ecosystems across a vast region of Northwest Greenland.

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Cornell, Howard V., and Susan P. Harrison. "Regional effects as important determinants of local diversity in both marine and terrestrial systems." Oikos 122, no. 2 (October 2, 2012): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20691.x.

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Konlechner, Teresa M. "The management challenge posed by marine dispersal of terrestrial plants in coastal dune systems." New Zealand Geographer 64, no. 2 (August 2008): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2008.00139.x.

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Ramanjooloo, Avin, Raymond J. Andersen, and Archana Bhaw-Luximon. "Marine sponge-derived/inspired drugs and their applications in drug delivery systems." Future Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 5 (March 2021): 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2020-0123.

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Oceans harbor a vast biodiversity that is not represented in terrestrial habitats. Marine sponges have been the richest source of marine natural products reported to date, and sponge-derived natural products have served as inspiration for the development of several drugs in clinical use. However, many promising sponge-derived drug candidates have been stalled in clinical trials due to lack of efficacy, off-target toxicity, metabolic instability or poor pharmacokinetics. One possible solution to this high clinical failure rate is to design drug delivery systems that deliver drugs in a controlled and specific manner. This review critically analyzes drugs/drug candidates inspired by sponge natural products and the potential use of drug delivery systems as a new strategy to enhance the success rate for translation into clinical use.

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Bowes, George, Srinath K. Rao, Gonzalo M. Estavillo, and Julia B. Reiskind. "C4 mechanisms in aquatic angiosperms: comparisons with terrestrial C4 systems." Functional Plant Biology 29, no. 3 (2002): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01219.

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Aquatic C4 photosynthesis probably arose in response to dissolved CO2 limitations, possibly before its advent in terrestrial plants. Of over 7600 C4 species, only about a dozen aquatic species are identified. Amphibious Eleocharis species (sedges) have C3–C4 photosynthesis and Kranz anatomy in aerial, but not submersed, leaves. Aquatic grasses have aerial and submersed leaves with C4 or C3–C4 photosynthesis and Kranz anatomy, but some lack Kranz anatomy in the submersed leaves. Two freshwater submersed monocots, Hydrilla verticillata and possibly Egeria densa, are C4 NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) species. A marine macroalga, Udotea flabellum (Chlorophyta), and possibly a diatom, are C4, so it is not confined to angiosperms. Submersed C4 species differ from terrestrial in that β-carboxylation is cytosolic with chloroplastic decarboxylation and Rubisco carboxylation, so the C4 and Calvin cycles operate in the same cell without Kranz anatomy. Unlike terrestrial plants, Hydrilla is a facultative C4 that shifts from C3 to C4 in low [CO2]. It is well documented, with C4 gas exchange and pulse-chase characteristics, enzyme kinetics and localization, high internal [CO2], relative growth rate, and quantum yield studies. It has multiple phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isoforms with C3-like sequences. Hvpepc4 appears to be the photosynthetic form induced in C4 leaves, but it differs from terrestrial C4 isoforms in lacking a C4 signature Serine. The molecular mass of NADP-ME (72 kDa) also resembles a C3 isoform. Hydrilla belongs to the ancient Hydrocharitaceae family, and gives insight to early C4 development. Hydrilla is an excellent ‘minimalist’ system to study C4 photosynthesis regulation without anatomical complexities.

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Chown, Steven L. "Temporal biodiversity change in transformed landscapes: a southern African perspective." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1558 (November 27, 2010): 3729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0274.

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Landscape transformation by humans is virtually ubiquitous, with several suggestions being made that the world's biomes should now be classified according to the extent and nature of this transformation. Even those areas that are thought to have a relatively limited human footprint have experienced substantial biodiversity change. This is true of both marine and terrestrial systems of southern Africa, a region of high biodiversity and including several large conservation areas. Global change drivers have had substantial effects across many levels of the biological hierarchy as is demonstrated in this review, which focuses on terrestrial systems. Interactions among drivers, such as between climate change and invasion, and between changing fire regimes and invasion, are complicating attribution of change effects and management thereof. Likewise CO 2 fertilization is having a much larger impact on terrestrial systems than perhaps commonly acknowledged. Temporal changes in biodiversity, and the seeming failure of institutional attempts to address them, underline a growing polarization of world views, which is hampering efforts to address urgent conservation needs.

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Evans, Matthew R., Mike Bithell, Stephen J. Cornell, Sasha R. X. Dall, Sandra Díaz, Stephen Emmott, Bruno Ernande, et al. "Predictive systems ecology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1771 (November 22, 2013): 20131452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1452.

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Human societies, and their well-being, depend to a significant extent on the state of the ecosystems that surround them. These ecosystems are changing rapidly usually in response to anthropogenic changes in the environment. To determine the likely impact of environmental change on ecosystems and the best ways to manage them, it would be desirable to be able to predict their future states. We present a proposal to develop the paradigm of predictive systems ecology, explicitly to understand and predict the properties and behaviour of ecological systems. We discuss the necessary and desirable features of predictive systems ecology models. There are places where predictive systems ecology is already being practised and we summarize a range of terrestrial and marine examples. Significant challenges remain but we suggest that ecology would benefit both as a scientific discipline and increase its impact in society if it were to embrace the need to become more predictive.

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Ribera d’Alcalà, Maurizio. "Similarities, differences and mechanisms of climate impact on terrestrial vs. marine ecosystems." Nature Conservation 34 (May 3, 2019): 505–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.34.30923.

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Comparisons between terrestrial and marine ecosystems are generally not in the main stream of scientific literature even though Webb (2012) listed several points for which the transfer of knowledge and concepts related to one or to the other system would benefit our understanding of both. Even sharing this view, the leading hypothesis behind this contribution is that the pelagic system, where the dominant biotic component by number and biomass is microscopic, has specific features which strongly differentiate it from the above-the-surface terrestrial systems. Due to this, climate change, i.e. changes in temperature, precipitation and most importantly in the dynamics of the two fluid media, atmosphere and ocean, act with different mechanisms which prevents proceeding with analogies in many cases. In addition, the non-linearity of most of the processes and responses to perturbations requires, in order to obtain reliable forecasts or hindcasts, a detailed analysis of the path followed by the system which is normally overlooked in the step-change simulations or projections.

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Kumagai, Naoki H. "Mechanisms of host use by small crustaceans in marine systems: comparison with terrestrial herbivorous insects." Sessile Organisms 24, no. 2 (2007): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4282/sosj.24.103.

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Guerranti, Cristiana, Guido Perra, Tania Martellini, Luisa Giari, and Alessandra Cincinelli. "Knowledge about Microplastic in Mediterranean Tributary River Ecosystems: Lack of Data and Research Needs on Such a Crucial Marine Pollution Source." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8030216.

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Plastic debris occurring in freshwater environments, which can either come from the surrounding terrestrial areas or transported from upstream, has been identified as one of the main sources and routes of plastic pollution in marine systems. The ocean is the final destination of land- based microplastic sources, but compared to marine environments, the occurrence and effects of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems remain largely unknown. A thorough examination of scientific literature on abundance, distribution patterns, and characteristics of microplastics in freshwater environments in Mediterranean tributary rivers has shown a substantial lack of information and the need to apply adequate and uniform measurement methods.

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Cawthra, H. C., E. W. Bergh, E. A. Wiles, and J. S. Compton. "Late Quaternary deep marine sediment records off southern Africa." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 1007–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0059.

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Abstract High-resolution mapping, sampling and analysis of upper Quaternary southern African continental margin sediments recovered from beyond the Last Glacial Maximum shoreline (>130 m water depth) have expanded our understanding of how marine and terrestrial records are linked over glacial-interglacial climatic cycles. This paper synthesises data currently available from the deep seafloor around southern Africa and, specifically, core sites that demonstrate terrestrial sedimentological connectivity. Several proxies and case studies reveal the evolution of depositional systems, palaeoceanography and palaeoclimate over the last 191 kyr. Hydroacoustic mapping and investigations of submarine canyons have been carried out primarily on the eastern and southwestern margins, while palaeoceanographic productivity and microfossil assemblages have been applied most extensively on the western marine and southern Agulhas Bank. Studies on the western margin indicate that enhanced productivity, less oxygenated bottom waters and reduced marine faunal diversity in the transition to glacial periods, while glacial terminations are associated with reduced productivity and more oxygenated bottom waters. These changes, linked to palaeoceanography and late Quaternary sea-level fluctuations, influence the sedimentary record and sedimentation rates. On the eastern margin, sediment fluxes applied as proxies for rainfall offshore of the Great Kei, Umzimvubu, Limpopo and Zambezi rivers indicate that the southern African climate responds to changes in orbitally-modulated insolation and in particular, to the ~23 kyr precessional cycle, where the proxy records keep pace with this and then diverge at ~80 to 70 kyr. Since the penultimate glacial (Marine Isotope Stage/MIS 6), more humid conditions observed in southern Africa, as the Northern Hemisphere entered phases of rapid cooling, were potentially driven by a combination of warming in the Agulhas Current and shifts of the subtropical anticyclones. Broadly, the sedimentary records reviewed suggest fluctuations in climate and oceanographic circulation that are strongly correlated with the global benthic δ18O record, suggesting sensitivity to high-latitude forcing, and a strong influence of late Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles despite these marine sites being far-removed from terrestrial environments.

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Reinking, Roggenbuck, and Even-Tzur. "Estimating Wave Direction Using Terrestrial GNSS Reflectometry." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091027.

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The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data are part of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) observables. In a marine environment, the oscillation of the SNR data can be used to derive reflector heights. Since the attenuation of the SNR oscillation is related to the roughness of the sea surface, the significant wave height (SWH) of the water surface can be calculated from the analysis of the attenuation. The attenuation depends additionally on the relation between the coherent and the incoherent part of the scattered power. The latter is a function of the correlation length of the surface waves. Since the correlation length changes with respect to the direction of the line of sight relative to the wave direction, the attenuation must show an anisotropic characteristic. In this work, we present a method to derive the wave direction from the anisotropy of the attenuation of the SNR data. The method is investigated based on simulated data, as well by the analysis of experimental data from a GNSS station in the North Sea.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Terrestrial and marine systems'

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