Relevant bibliographies by topics / TERNARY FUEL

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Academic literature on the topic 'TERNARY FUEL'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "TERNARY FUEL"

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Balakrishnan, Navaneetha Krishnan, Yew Heng Teoh, Heoy Geok How, Thanh Danh Le, and Huu Tho Nguyen. "An Experimental Investigation on the Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled by Diesel-Palm Biodiesel–Ethanol/Propanol Based Ternary Blends." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16021003.

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Issues such as rising fuel prices, fuel costs, and lowering reserves highlight the importance of research into sustainable fuels derived from biological sources. This study is focused on experiments on a CI engine using ethanol and propanol-based ternary blends. Palm biodiesel is kept constant at 40% volumetric concentration, while diesel and ethanol/propanol are varied in different batches. The results obtained with ternary blends were compared with reference fuel diesel, pure palm biodiesel, and a palm biodiesel–diesel binary blend. The ternary blends exhibit lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific energy consumption than diesel and binary blends due to their lower calorific value. Despite in-fuel oxygen presence, lower brake specific oxides of nitrogen and smoke opacity were observed for engine operation with a ternary blend due to the predominant role of higher latent heat of vaporization and volatility of alcohols, but unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased due to the interactive effect of a lower cetane number, higher latent heat of vaporization, and lower kinematic viscosity of alcohols when compared to reference fuels. Among the tested fuels, in-cylinder pressure was observed to decrease with ternary blends due to their lower calorific value, but a raised heat release rate was attributed to lower viscosity and faster burning of alcohols.
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Nita, Irina, Sibel Osman, Olga Iulian, and Raluca Georgiana Sandu. "Density of Ternary Blends with Biodiesel, Diesel Fuel and Isopropanol at Different Temperatures." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (January 15, 2019): 3410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6760.

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The growth in environment pollution as a result of fossil fuels increased consumption has led scientists to focus on biofuels such as biodiesel and bioalcohols. The ternary blends of bioalcohols with fossil fuels and biodiesel show better properties as fuels for diesel engine, than binary blends of biodiesel with diesel fuel. The purpose of this work is to report experimental density data for biodiesel+diesel fuel+isopropanol pseudo-ternary system at atmospheric pressure, covering the whole composition range and for temperature ranging from 293.15 to 323.15K. Based on experimental data, the accuracy of different mixing rules and empirical equations used to calculate the density of the pseudo-ternary system has been evaluated.
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Nita, Irina, and Sibel Geacai. "Study of density and viscosity for ternary mixtures biodiesel+diesel fuel + bioalcohols." Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Chimie 23, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10310-012-0009-2.

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AbstractThe increase of the environment pollution, together with the instable price of crude oil led in the last years to a renewed focus on biofuels. As the demand in the transport sector is continuously increasing, and taking into account the benefits of biofuels, it is expected that the market demand for biofuels to be increased in the near future. In this context, it will be interesting to investigate if new types of biofuels could be used as mixtures with other fuels for internal combustion engines. The aim of this paper is the study of density and viscosity variation with composition and temperature for ternary mixtures biodiesel + diesel fuel + bioalcohol. Experimental densities and viscosities data for ternary blends diesel fuel+biodiesel +isopropyl alcohol/1-butyl alcohol are presented, and some empirical models proposed to predict these properties for binary systems diesel fuel+biodiesel are evaluated for the proposed ternary blends.
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Bu, Moran, Yaolin Guo, Diwei Shi, Zhen Liu, Jiexi Song, Yifan Li, Erxiao Wu, et al. "Pressure Tuned Structural, Electronic and Elastic Properties of U3Si2C2: A First Principles Study." Crystals 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111420.

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U3Si2C2 is expected to be a new nuclear fuel as a ternary compound of uranium, silicon and carbon. However, the relevant research on U3Si2C2 under accident conditions is rarely reported. Hence it is necessary to explore the service behavior of the potential U-Si-C ternary nuclear fuel in extreme environments. In this work, the structural characteristics, electronic behaviors and mechanical properties of U3Si2C2, such as stable crystalline structures, density of states, charge distributions, electron localization function, electronic thermal conductivity and elastic modulus under extreme high pressure are calculated by density functional theory. The calculation results show that the lattice volume sharply increases when the external stress reached 9.8 GPa. Ionic and metallic nature coexist as to the bonding characteristics of U3Si2C2, and the ionic takes the dominant position in bonding. The toughness of U3Si2C2 is predicted to be better compared to U3Si2. Our theoretical investigation may help with the application of U3Si2C2-based fuel and the design of ternary uranium fuels.
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Gahlyan, Suman, Rekha Devi, Manju Rani, Surinder Singh, Ankur Gaur, Payal Bhagat, Sweety Verma, and Sanjeev Maken. "Thermodynamic properties of ternary oxygenated fuel mixtures." Journal of Molecular Liquids 313 (September 2020): 113541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113541.

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Stloukal, Radek, Karel Komers, and Jaroslav Machek. "Ternary Phase Diagram Biodiesel Fuel - Methanol - Water." Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 339, no. 1 (1997): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19973390188.

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Gülüm, Mert. "Prediction of Exhaust Gas Temperature of a Diesel Engine Running with Diesel Fuel-biodiesel-1-pentanol Ternary Blends." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1204, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1204/1/012002.

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Abstract Diesel engines are utilized in the transportation sector owing to their high efficiency. In recent years, biodiesel and higher alcohols have taken the attention of researchers as promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. In this article, diesel fuel is mixed with corn oil biodiesel at the ratio of 80:20 (v/v). 2%, 5% and 8% of 1-pentanol (v/v) are mixed into the diesel fuel-corn oil biodiesel binary blend for obtaining ternary blends. The impacts of ternary blends on some performance and combustion behaviors of a diesel engine are researched. Power and exponential models to predict exhaust gas temperature linking to maximum pressure rise rate, brake effective power, lower heating value, engine speed, equivalence ratio and latent heat of evaporation are derived through the least square error method. The use of ternary blends results in lower brake effective power (5.4246%-6.0066%), exhaust gas temperature (5.9504%-7.9459%,) and peak cylinder pressure (6.8502%-7.1629%), compared to diesel fuel. The average relative errors are specified as 1.9214% and 2.9749% for the power and exponential models, respectively.
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Yilbaşi, Zeki, Murat Kadir Yeşilyurt, Mevlüt Arslan, and Hayri Yaman. "Understanding the performance, emissions, and combustion behaviors of a DI diesel engine using alcohol/hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel ternary blends: Influence of long-chain alcohol type and concentration." Science and Technology for Energy Transition 78 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/stet/2023003.

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In this study, it was aimed to examine the influences of biodiesel–diesel-higher alcohol (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-heptanol) blends on the performance, emission and combustion behaviors of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The tests were performed at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm and variable loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). For the tests, 80% diesel and 20% hemp seed oil biodiesel were blended and called as B20. Biodiesel fuel was produced by transesterification from hemp seed oil in the presence of methanol and potassium hydroxide for the preparation of B20 binary test fuel and other ternary fuels. Furthermore, nine ternary blend fuels [20% HSOB + 70%, 60% and 50% diesel, respectively + 10%, 20% and 30% higher alcohol (pentanol, hexanol and heptanol) respectively] were prepared. The calculations made with the experimental data revealed that the minimum brake specific energy consumption values were 12,48 MJ/kW h, 13,06 MJ/kW h, 13,27 MJ/kW h, 13,35 MJ/kW h, 13,47 MJ/kW h, and 13,59 MJ/kW h, respectively, for diesel fuel at full load, for fuels B20, B20Hx10, B20Hp10, B20Hx20 and B20Pe10, the maximum brake thermal efficiency values were obtained as 28.85%, 27.56%, 27.14%, 26.97%, 26.73% and 26.49%, respectively, for the same fuels at the same load. The increment in higher alcohol concentration in the blend delayed start of combustion and therefore the ignition delay period was prolonged. In the fuel line pressure data, changes were observed depending on the amount, viscosity and density of the fuel. Furthermore, B20Hx10 and B20Hp10 fuels gave the maximum in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, average gas temperature and pressure rise rate values after diesel and biodiesel. The addition of biodiesel and higher alcohol to diesel fuel resulted in a decrease in NOX, CO and unburned HC and smoke emissions and an increase in CO2. NOX, CO and unburned HC values of higher alcohol blended fuels at full load showed lower results, between 3.04–22.24%, 22.85–56.35% and 5.44–22.83%, respectively, compared to diesel fuel. It can be concluded that the use of hemp seed oil biodiesel and higher alcohol in the diesel engine will make a significant contribution to the reduction of NOX emissions.
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Mujtaba, M. A., H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, Fahad Noor, Muhammad Farooq, Hwai Chyuan Ong, M. Gul, et al. "Effect of Additivized Biodiesel Blends on Diesel Engine Performance, Emission, Tribological Characteristics, and Lubricant Tribology." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 3375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133375.

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This research work focuses on investigating the lubricity and analyzing the engine characteristics of diesel–biodiesel blends with fuel additives (titanium dioxide (TiO2) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC)) and their effect on the tribological properties of a mineral lubricant. A blend of palm–sesame oil was used to produce biodiesel using ultrasound-assisted transesterification. B30 (30% biodiesel + 70% diesel) fuel was selected as the base fuel. The additives used in the current study to prepare ternary fuel blends were TiO2 and DMC. B30 + TiO2 showed a significant reduction of 6.72% in the coefficient of friction (COF) compared to B30. B10 (Malaysian commercial diesel) exhibited very poor lubricity and COF among all tested fuels. Both ternary fuel blends showed a promising reduction in wear rate. All contaminated lubricant samples showed an increment in COF due to the dilution of combustible fuels. Lub + B10 (lubricant + B10) showed the highest increment of 42.29% in COF among all contaminated lubricant samples. B30 + TiO2 showed the maximum reduction (6.76%) in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). B30 + DMC showed the maximum increment (8.01%) in brake thermal efficiency (BTE). B30 + DMC exhibited a considerable decline of 32.09% and 25.4% in CO and HC emissions, respectively. The B30 + TiO2 fuel blend showed better lubricity and a significant improvement in engine characteristics.
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Gulum, Mert, Funda Kutlu Onay, and Atilla Bilgin. "Evaluation of Predictive Capabilities of Regression Models and Artificial Neural Networks for Density and Viscosity Measurements of Different Biodiesel-Diesel-Vegetable Oil Ternary Blends." Environmental and Climate Technologies 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 179–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2018-0012.

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Abstract Nowadays, biodiesel and vegetable oils have received increasing attention as renewable clean alternative fuels to fossil diesel fuel because of decreasing petroleum reserves and increasing environmental concerns. However, the straight use of biodiesel and vegetable oils in pure form results in several operational and durability problems in diesel engines because of their higher viscosity than fossil diesel fuel. One of the most used methods for solving the high viscosity problem is to blend them with fossil diesel fuel or alcohol. The reliable viscosity and density data of various biodiesel-diesel-alcohol ternary blends or biodiesel-diesel binary blends are plentifully available in existing literature, however, there is still the scarcity of dependable measurement values on different biodiesel-diesel-vegetable oil ternary blends at various temperatures. Therefore, in this study, waste cooking oil biodiesel (ethyl ester) was produced, and it was blended with fossil diesel fuel and waste cooking oil at different volume ratios to prepare ternary blends. Viscosities and densities of the ternary blends were determined at different temperatures according to DIN 53015 and ISO 4787 standards, respectively. The variation in viscosity with respect to temperature and oil fraction and the change of density vs. temperature were evaluated, rational and exponential models were proposed for these variations, and these models were tested against the density and viscosity data measured by the authors, Nogueira et al. and Baroutian et al. by comparing them to Gupta et al. model, linear model, Cragoe model and ANN (artificial neural networks) previously recommended in existing literature.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "TERNARY FUEL"

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Griffiths, Tamara Lloyd. "Investigations of ternary complexes relevant to the nuclear fuel cycle." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigations-of-ternary-complexes-relevant-to-the-nuclear-fuel-cycle(80e2192f-a0d4-4d7b-92a2-c366a36fc175).html.

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Understanding the behaviour of actinide species is of importance when removing and processing all nuclear waste. Examples include the safe clean-up of contaminated waste ponds and aspects of the TALSPEAK (Trivalent Actinide-Lanthanide Separation by Phosphorus Reagent Extraction from Aqueous Komplexes) process. The chemistry of the ponds and the TALSPEAK process has been studied by probing the aqueous solution behaviour of Ln(III), Am(III), Cm(III) and Th(IV) ions in the presence of organic (EDTA4- (ethylenediamine tetraacetate), DTPA5- (diethylenetriamine pentaacetate) and lactate) and inorganic (CO32- (carbonate) and OH- (hydroxide)) ligands by a variety of techniques including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Ultra Violet-Visible (UV-Vis) and luminescence spectroscopies, as well as potentiometry. Various ternary complexes have been shown to exist, including [M(EDTA)(CO3)]3-(aq), (where M = LnIII, AmIII or CmIII) and [Th(EDTA)(CO3)2]4-(aq), which form approximately over the pH range 8 to 11, and also [M(EDTA)(lactate)]2-(aq) (where M = Ln(III) or Am(III)) and [Th(EDTA)(lactate)]-(aq), which predominantly occur over the pH range 4 to 6. The nature of lactate interaction with [M(DTPA)]2-(aq) complexes (where M = Ln(III) or Am(III)) is unclear, as it may be possible that lactate can coordinate directly to the metal ion or to the acetate groups of DTPA5- (via a H-bonding interaction). The knowledge gained in this research has given a deeper insight into the nature of lanthanide and actinide coordination chemistry in mixed-ligand environments. For example, the increasing solubility of actinide metal ions in the contaminated waste ponds is probably due to the ability of organic ligands present in the ponds to solubilise metal ions at high pH, and also under TALSPEAK conditions of pH 3.5, there is likely to be minimal interaction of lactate with the [Ln(DTPA)]2-(aq) complexes. The determination of metal ion speciation using a combination of NMR, UV-Vis and luminescence spectroscopies, coupled with potentiometry, could be applied to new characterisation challenges faced in the future of the nuclear industry.
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Tsirakos, Sebastiaan. "Gasoline‐Ethanol‐Methanol (GEM) Ternary Fuel Blend as an Alternative Passenger Car Fuel in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-220404.

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Semidey, Flecha Lymarie. "First-principles approach to screening multi-component metal alloys for hydrogen purification membranes." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31710.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Dr. David S. Sholl; Committee Member: Dr. Andrei G. Fedorov; Committee Member: Dr. Ronald R. Chance; Committee Member: Dr. Victor Breedveld; Committee Member: Dr. William Koros. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Sutherland, John D. W. "Studies of possible solid oxide fuel cell anode materials in the MgO:TiO2:ZrO2 ternary system." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13602.

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The MgO:TiO2 :ZrO2 ternary system was investigated as a possible novel anode material in a solid oxide fuel cell. Titanium-substituted yttria-stabilised zirconias have the necessary electrical conductivity properties for a ZrO2 -based fluorite electrode but problems have been encountered such as a decrease in unit-cell size upon reduction leading to mechanical failure. By incorporating magnesium into the titanium-stabilised zirconia structure, it was thought that the cubic-fluorite structure might be stabilised. A phase diagram study was made of the MgO:TiO2 : ZrO2 ternary system at 1500°C. Upon researching the literature phase diagram of the MgO:TiO2 :ZrO2 system, it was found that the authors had not studied the single-phase region in the ZrO2 -rich area extensively and did not use a consistent temperature for their analysis of samples. This has meant that the phase diagram has had to be reinvestigated. The results obtained at 1500°C are in disagreement with the previously published phase diagram. A large area bounded by single-phase cubic-fluorite was detected; however the central region of this domain contained both tetragonal and cubic-fluorite domains. This implies that for the central region of this phase area that the cubic- fluorite phase is not stable at 1500°C. Selected stabilised cubic-fluorite samples with ~ 10 atom% Mg were annealed at l000°C after preparation at 1500°C and it was found that due to the presence of other phases present at 1000°C, that the cubic-fluorite phase is thermodynamically unstable at lower temperatures. DTA analysis revealed that as the titanium content in the cubic-fluorite solid-solution increased, the phase transition from tetragonal phase (+ MgO) to cubic-fluorite phase decreased. These results were used to provide a basis for a temperature phase diagram showing the likely phase transitions that occur at a particular temperature range. The activation energy for conduction increased and ionic conductivity decreased with increasing titanium content in the solid solution, due to the effects of local distortions created by the smaller ionic radius of titanium when compared to zirconium.
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Epifano, Enrica. "Study of the U-Am-O ternary phase diagram." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX084/document.

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Les isotopes de l’Américium sont les principaux contributeurs à la radioactivité des déchets nucléaires. Parmi les scénarios pour diminuer la toxicité des déchets, la transmutation dans les réacteurs à neutrons rapides utilisant des pastilles d’oxyde mixte (U,Am)O2 est une voie prometteuse. Dans ce cadre, la connaissance des propriétés thermodynamiques du système U-Am-O est essentielle pour prédire le comportement des pastilles (U,Am)O2 en conditions nominale et accidentelle. Cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude expérimentale d’oxydes mixtes (U,Am)O2 dans une large gamme de composition (7,5 % at. ≤ Am/(Am+U) ≤ 70 % at.). L’objectif est d’acquérir des données pour développer un modèle thermodynamique avec la méthode semi-empirique CALPHAD. Les résultats peuvent être classés en trois catégories : données structurales, données de diagramme de phase et données thermodynamiques. Pour la modélisation thermodynamique d’un système ternaire, l’optimisation des sous-systèmes binaires est nécessaire. Comme des questions restaient en suspens sur le système Am-O, le diagramme de phase Am-O a tout d’abord été étudié par diffraction des rayons X à haute température. L’existence d’un domaine de composition de la phase bcc AmO1.61 a été mis en évidence et la lacune de miscibilité dans la phase fluorite, proposée dans la littérature, n’a pas été confirmée. Grâce à ces nouveaux résultats, le modèle CALPHAD de Gotcu et al a été modifié. Dans une deuxième étape, des analyses structurales des dioxydes (U,Am)O2±x ont été effectuées par DRX, XAS et spectroscopie RAMAN. La DRX a permis de confirmer que tous les échantillons sont constitués d’une seule phase de structure fluorite. Le rapport O/M (avec M=U+Am) mesuré à température ambiante est inférieur à 2 ; la stabilité de l’Américium trivalent Am3+ a été mise en évidence. Celle-ci induit l’oxydation partielle de l’U4+ en U5+. Cette distribution de charge s’accompagne par la formation de défauts de l’oxygène complexes dans la structure fluorite. Lors de l’étude par DRX HT des oxydes mixtes sous air, il a été montré que la présence d’Am3+ stabilise la phase fluorite par rapport aux oxydes plus riches en oxygène (U4O9, U3O8). De nouvelles données de diagramme de phase ont été obtenues : des conodes dans les domaines biphasés M4O9-M3O8 and MO2+x-M3O8 et la solubilité de l’Américium dans les oxydes M4O9 et M3O8. L’étude du diagramme de phase U-Am-O a été poursuivie par la détermination des températures de solidus/liquidus des oxydes mixtes par une technique de chauffage laser, sous argon et sous air, et par la caractérisation des échantillons après fusion par SEM et XAS. La température de fusion des oxydes mixtes diminue avec une teneur croissante d’Américium (Am/(Am+U)) et d’oxygène (O/(Am+U)). Finalement, les propriétés thermodynamiques des oxydes (U,Am)O2±x ont été mesurées : les incréments enthalpiques par calorimétrie de chute et les pressions partielles des espèces gazeuses par Spectrométrie de Masse couplée à une cellule de Knudsen (KEMS). Une contribution d’excès de la capacité calorifique a été observée à haute température, attribuée à la réduction des oxydes (avec formation de lacunes d’oxygène). Les résultats de KEMS ont permis de déterminer une composition congruente de vaporisation à 2300 K, pour un rapport Am/(Am+U) de 0,6 et un rapport O/(U+Am) inférieur à 1,9. Finalement, la modélisation thermodynamique du système U-Am-O par la méthode CALPHAD a été abordée par la description de la phase fluorite. Un bon accord est obtenu entre le modèle et les données de potentiel d’oxygène pour l’oxyde (U0.5Am0.5)O2±x et de distribution des cations. De plus, le modèle permet de reproduire de façon satisfaisante les données de KEMS. En perspective de ce travail, la modélisation thermodynamique du ternaire sera étendue à la description des équilibres de phase mettant en jeu les oxydes M4O9, M3O8 et la phase liquide
Americium isotopes are the main contributors to the long-term radiotoxicity of the nuclear wastes, after the plutonium extraction. Among the reprocessing scenarios, the transmutation in fast neutron reactors using uranium-americium mixed oxide (U,Am)O2±x pellets seems promising. In this frame, the knowledge of the thermodynamics of the U-Am-O ternary system is of essential for the prediction of the behavior of (U,Am)O2 pellets and their possible interaction with the cladding, under normal and accidental conditions. This thesis is dedicated to the experimental investigation of U-Am mixed oxides on a wide range of Am contents (7.5 at.% ≤ Am/(Am+U) ≤ 70 at.%), with the aim to collect data for developing a thermodynamic model based on the semi-empirical CALPHAD method. The obtained results can be classified in three categories: structural, phase diagram and thermodynamic data. For the thermodynamic modeling of the ternary system, the assessment of the binary sub-systems is first required. As open questions still existed on the Am-O system, a first part of the work was dedicated to the study of the Am-O phase diagram by high-temperature (HT) XRD. The existence of a composition range of the bcc AmO1.61 phase was highlighted and the miscibility gap in the fluorite phase, proposed in the literature, was not found. Thanks to the new experimental data, the existing CALPHAD model of Gotcu et al. was modified. In a second step, structural investigations were performed on synthesized (U,Am)O2±x dioxides by coupling XRD, XAS and Raman spectroscopy. For all the compositions, the XRD confirmed the formation of a single fluorite structure. The O/M ratio (with M=U+Am) at room temperature was determined to be lower than 2; the stability of trivalent americium Am3+ in the dioxide solid solution was highlighted, which induces a partial oxidation of uranium from U4+ to U5+. This charge distribution, peculiar for a dioxide, is accompanied by the formation of complex oxygen defects in the fluorite structure. By a HT-XRD investigation of the mixed oxides under air combined with XAS characterization of the oxidized samples, it was shown that the presence of Am3+ leads to a stabilization of the dioxide fluorite phase toward the formation of oxides richer in oxygen, in comparison to the U-O system. New phase diagram data were obtained in the oxygen rich region at 1470 K: tie-lines in the M4O9-M3O8 and MO2+x-M3O8 domains were determined and the solubility of americium in the M4O9 and M3O8 oxides was estimated. The investigation of the U-Am-O phase diagram continued at higher temperature with the study of the solidus/liquidus transitions using a laser-heating technique, under argon and air, and post-melting characterizations conducted by SEM and XAS. The melting temperature of Am-U dioxides decreases with the increase of both the Am/(Am+U) and O/M ratios. Finally, thermodynamic properties of the U1-yAmyO2±x oxides were measured: enthalpy increments using drop calorimetry, partial vapor pressures by Knudsen cell effusion mass spectrometry (KEMS). An excess contribution to the heat capacity at high temperature was observed and this was attributed to the reduction of the dioxides at high temperature (formation of oxygen vacancies). The KEMS results lead to determine the congruent vaporization composition at 2300 K, for a Am/(Am+U) ratio of 0.6 and an O/M ratio lower than 1.9. Finally, the CALPHAD thermodynamic assessment of the U-Am-O system was started, by focusing the attention on the modelling of the fluorite phase. A good agreement between the model and the oxygen potential data for (U0.5Am0.5O2±x) and the cation distribution was achieved. Furthermore, the model is able to satisfactorily reproduce the KEMS data and hence the equilibrium between the dioxide and gas phase. For the perspectives of this work, the optimization of the thermodynamic model should be extended to describe the phase equilibria involving the M4O9, M3O8 oxides and the liquid phase
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Maumau, Rebecca. "Synthesis of binary and ternary Pd-based Nanocatalysts for alcohol oxidation in alkaline media for fuel cell application." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7731.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
This study explores the use of UV-assisted reduction method to synthesise the catalysts, aiming at reducing synthesis time. The Pd and Au catalyst loading is kept at 5 wt% in order to reduce the cost associated with high loading (20 wt%) of platinum group metals. The synthesised catalysts have SnO2 incorporated in them for two purposes, one being to activate the chemical reaction by absorbing UV-light and the second one is to serve as a promoter for binary and ternary catalysts. All the synthesised electrocatalysts in this study were denoted as Au/10wt%SnO2-C, Au/15wt%SnO2-C, Au/20wt%SnO2-C, Au/40wt%SnO2-C, Au/60wt%SnO2-C, Pd/10wt%SnO2-C, Pd/15wt%SnO2-C, Pd/20wt%SnO2-C, Pd/40wt%SnO2-C, Pd/60wt%SnO2-C and PdAu/10wt%SnO2-C respectively. The UV-assisted reduction method was proved to be effective with the obtained results from TEM, SEM, XRD and electrochemical studies. TEM micrographs revealed nanoparticles of Pd, Au and SnO2 which were proved by the measured d-spacing values corresponding to the element’s structures. The measured average particle size ranged from 3.05 to 14.97 nm for the electrocatalysts. The XRD profiles confirmed the face centred cubic of Pd, Au and tetragonal structures of SnO2. These electrocatalysts showed varied activity towards the oxidation of alcohols namely, methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and glycerol in alkaline electrolyte The cyclic voltammetry results showed improved performance towards the oxidation of glycerol on Au-based electrocatalysts, highest current density of 22.08 mA cm-2 than on Pd-based electrocatalysts. Pd-based electrocatalysts were more active towards the oxidation of ethanol than Au-based electrocatalysts with the highest current density of 19.96 mA cm-2. The co-reduced PdAu on 10wt%SnO2-C electrocatalysts showed the lowest current density of 6.88 mA cm-2 for ethanol oxidation when compared to Pd/10wt%SnO2-C and Au/10wt%SnO2-C. Linear sweep voltammograms showed more negative onset potentials on Pd-based electrocatalysts than Au-based electrocatalysts. The more negative onset potential obtained on Pd-based electrocatalysts was observed for ethanol oxidation. These results correspond to the trend observed in literature for ethanol oxidation being more favoured on Pd-based electrocatalysts whereas the polyalcohol oxidation is more favoured on Au-based electrocatalysts. The best performing and most stable electrocatalyst among the Au-based electrocatalysts is Au/10wt%SnO2-C and Pd/10wt%SnO2-C for the Pd-based electrocatalysts.
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Molefe, Lerato Yvonne. "Polyacrylic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilised ternary nanoalloys of platinum group metals for the electrochemical production of hydrogen from ammonia." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5317.

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Masters of Science
The electrochemical oxidation of ammonia has attracted much attention as an efficient green method for application in direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs) and the production of high purity hydrogen. However, the insufficient performance and high costs of platinum has hindered the large scale application of ammonia (NH₃) electro-oxidation technologies. Therefore, there is a need for the fabrication of efficient electrocatalysts for NH₃ electrooxidation with improved activity and lower Pt loading. Owing to their unique catalytic properties, nanoalloys of platinum group metals (PGMs) are being designated as possible electrocatalysts for NH₃ oxidation. This study presents for the first time a chemical synthesis of unsupported ternary PGM based nanoalloys such as Cu@Pt@Ir with multi-shell structures and Cu-Pt-Ir mixed nanoalloys for electro-catalysis of NH3 oxidation. The nanoalloys were stabilised with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the capping agent. The structural properties of the nanoalloys were studied using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques. The elemental composition, average particle size and morphology of the materials were evaluated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) coupled to energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. High resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) was used for morphological characterisation. Additionally, scanning auger nanoprobe microscopy (NanoSAM) was employed to provide high performance auger (AES) spectral analysis and auger imaging of complex multi-layered Cu@Pt@Ir nanoalloy surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy was used to investigate the crystallinity of the nanoalloys. The electrochemistry of the nanoalloy materials was interrogated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The electrocatalytic activity of novel Cu-Pt-Ir trimetallic nanoalloys for the oxidation of ammonia was tested using CV. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the complete reduction of the metal precursors to the respective nanoparticles. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the PVP polymer as well as formation of a bond between the polymer (PVP) chains and the metal surface for all nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, HRTEM confirmed that the small irregular interconnected PVP stabilised Cu@Pt@Ir NPs were about 5 nm in size. The elemental composition of the alloy nanoparticles measured using EDX also confirmed the presence of Cu, Pt and Ir. Cyclic voltammetry indicated that both the GCE|Cu-Pt-Ir NPs and GCE|Cu@Pt@Ir NPs are active electrocatalysts for NH3 oxidation as witnessed by the formation of a well-defined anodic peak around -0.298 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Thus the GCE|Cu-Pt-Ir NPs was found to be a suitable electrocatalyst that enhances the kinetics of oxidation of ammonia at reduced overpotential and high peak current in comparison with GCE|Cu@Pt@Ir NPs, GCE|Pt NPs, GCE|Ir NPs and GCE|Cu NPs electrocatalysts. The presence of the crystalline phases in each sample was confirmed by XRD analysis. The surface analysis of Cu@Pt@Ir nanoalloy with AES surveys revealed the presence of Pt, Ir and Cu elements in all probed spots suggesting some mixing between the layers of the nanoalloy. Yet, analysis of nanoalloys by CV and XRD confirmed the presence of Cu-Pt and Pt-Ir solid solutions in the Cu-Pt-Ir and Cu@Pt@Ir nanoalloys respectively.
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Wijayasinghe, Athula. "Development and Characterisation of Cathode Materials for the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3811.

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Among the obstacles for the commercialization of the MoltenCarbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC), the dissolution of thestate-of-the-art lithiated NiO cathode is considered as aprimary lifetime limiting constraint. Development ofalternative cathode materials is considered as a main strategyfor solving the cathode dissolution problem. LiFeO2and LiCoO2had earlier been reported as the most promisingalternative materials; however, they could not satisfactorilysubstitute the lithiated NiO. On the other hand, ternarycompositions of LiFeO2, LiCoO2and NiO are expected to combine some desirableproperties of each component. The aim of this work was todevelop alternative cathode materials for MCFC in the LiFeO2-LiCoO2-NiO ternary system. It was carried out byinvestigating electronic conductivity of the materials, firstin the form of bulk pellets and then in ex-situ sinteredporous-gas-diffusion cathodes, and evaluating theirelectrochemical performance by short-time laboratory-scale celloperations.

Materials in the LiFeO2-NiO binary system and five ternary sub-systems,each with a constant molar ratio of LiFeO2:NiO while varying LiCoO2content, were studied. Powders withcharacteristics appropriate for MCFC cathode fabrication couldbe obtained by the Pechini method. The particle size of LiFeO2-LiCoO2-NiO powders considerably depends on thecalcination temperature and the material composition. Theelectrical conductivity study reveals the ability of preparingLiFeO2-LiCoO2-NiO materials with adequate electricalconductivity for MCFC cathode application.

A bimodal pore structure, appropriate for the MCFC cathode,could be achieved in sintered cathodes prepared usingporeformers and sub-micron size powder. Further, this studyindicates the nature of the compromise to be made between theelectrical conductivity, phase purity, pore structure andporosity in optimization of cathodes for MCFC application. Cellperformance comparable to that expected for the cathode in acommercial MCFC could be achieved with cathodes prepared from20 mole% LiFeO2- 20 mole% LiCoO2- 60 mole% NiO ternary composition. It shows aniR-corrected polarization of 62 mV and a iR-drop of 46 mV at acurrent density of 160 mAcm-2at 650 °C. Altogether, this study revealsthe possibility of preparing LiFeO2-LiCoO2-NiO cathode materials suitable for MCFCapplication.

Keywords: molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), MCFC cathode,LiFeO2-LiCoO2-NiO ternary compositions, electrical conductivity,porous gas diffusion electrodes, polarization, electrochemicalperformance, post-cell characterization.

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Strach, Michal. "In situ studies of uranium-plutonium mixed oxides : Influence of composition on phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4044.

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En raison de leurs propriétés chimiques et physiques, les oxydes mixtes d'uranium et de plutonium sont considérés comme combustibles pour les réacteurs nucléaires de quatrième génération. Dans ce cadre, des études expérimentales complémentaires sont nécessaire, notamment pour mieux comprendre les phénomènes mis en jeu lors de la fabrication ou sous irradiation. L'objet de ce travail est d'étudier le diagramme de phase U-Pu-O dans une large gamme de composition et de températures afin d'améliorer notre connaissance de ce système. La plupart des expériences ont été réalisées par diffraction des rayons X en fonction de la température. La contrôle in situ de la pression partielle en oxygène a permis de faire varier la stœchiométrie en oxygène dans le matériau. L'approche expérimentale a été couplée avec la modélisation thermodynamique par la méthode CALPHAD afin de mieux dimensionner les expériences et interpréter les résultats. Cette méthodologie a permis d'améliorer notre connaissance des équilibres de phase dans le système U-Pu-O
Due to their physical and chemical properties, mixed uranium-plutonium oxides are considered for fuel in 4th generation nuclear reactors. In this frame, complementary experimental studies are necessary to develop a better understanding of the phenomena that take place during fabrication and operation in the reactor. The focus of this work was to study the U Pu–O phase diagram in a wide range of compositions and temperatures to ameliorate our knowledge of the phase equilibria in this system. Most of experiments were done using in situ X-ray diffraction at elevated temperatures. The control of the oxygen partial pressure during the treatments made it possible to change the oxygen stoichiometry of the sample, which gave us an opportunity to study rapidly different compositions and the processes involved. The experimental approach was coupled with thermodynamic modeling using the CALPHAD method, to precisely plan the experiments and interpret the obtained results. This approach enabled us to enhance the knowledge of phase equilibria in the U–Pu–O system
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Beckett, Kirsty A. "Multispectral analysis of high spatial resolution 256-channel radiometrics for soil and regolith mapping." Curtin University of Technology, Dept. of Exploration Geophysics, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17703.

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Over the past decade studies into the application of radiometrics for soil and regolith mapping have met with mixed response. While the use of radiometric data for regolith mapping has been generally well received, radiometric methods have not commonly been adopted to assist and improve soil mapping. This thesis contributes to the development of radiometric techniques as soil and regolith mapping tools by examining soil characteristics and radiometric response using non-standard radiometric methods. This is accomplished through the development of new data processing methodologies, which extracts additional information from standard radiometric data that is unattainable using standard processing methods, and development of a new interpretation approach to soil and regolith mapping employing the multispectral processed radiometric data. The new multispectral processing methodology resolves seven gamma ray peaks from standard 256-channel NaI radiometric data to produce new radiometric uranium ternary, thorium ternary and uranium ratio imagery. Changes in the gamma ray relationships, identified through the new imagery, identify changes in soil and/or environmental conditions that are absent or difficult to identify in the standard radiometric imagery. With the isolation of non-standard thorium channels 228 [superscript] Ac (900 keV) and 228 [superscript] Ac (1600 keV), case studies in this thesis demonstrate how the difference of 1.9 years (half-life) between thorium 228 [superscript] Ac and 232 [superscript] Th decay daughter products can be mapped through the interpretation of thorium energy using ternary imagery [red: 208 [superscript] Tl (1764 keV), green: 228 [superscript] Ac (900 keV), blue: 228 [superscript] Ac (1600 keV)]. Energy peak differences may be be linked to local variations in soil chemistry, soil movement, and water movement.
Additionally, through the isolation of non-standard uranium channels 214 [superscript] Bi (1120 keV) and 214 [superscript] Bi (1253 keV), preferential attenuation of lower energy gamma-rays from 214 [superscript] Bi decay events are exploited to map variations in soil density and/or porosity. These variations are illustrated through the interpretation of uranium energy using ternary imagery [red: 214 [superscript] Bi (1764 keV), green: 214 [superscript] Bi (1120 keV), blue: 214 [superscript] Bi (1253 keV)] and uranium peak energy ratio [214 [superscript] Bi 1120 keV / 214 [superscript] Bi 1764 keV] pseudo colour imagery. Case studies examined in this thesis explore the characteristics of 256-channel radiometric spectrum from different resolution datasets from different Western Australian soil types, provide recommendations for acquiring radiometric data for soil mapping in different agricultural environments, demonstrate how high resolution 256-channel radiometric data can be used to model soil properties in three-dimensions, and illustrate how three-dimension soil models can be used to separate surface waterlogging influences from rising groundwater induced waterlogging.
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Books on the topic "TERNARY FUEL"

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Agarwal, R. Thermodynamics and phase diagrams of the Plutonium-Uranium, Uranium-Zirconium, Plutonium-Zirconium, and Plutonium-Uranium-Zirconium systems. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2004.

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Dillon, Marta. Vivir con virus. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/91956.

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Este libro empezó a escribirse hace más de veinte años. El punto final del texto que sigue fue puesto hace más de diez. En el medio, la rutina de escribir cada domingo la columna que saldría publicada en el suplemento No, del diario <i>Página/12</i>. Una enorme ternura me envuelve frente a la nueva puesta en papel de esta red de palabras que una vez me salvaron la vida. Ternura por esa que fui, por la ingenuidad que sobrevive entre líneas, por las comas y los puntos que sobran por todos lados, por esa heterosexualidad convencida de la que me fugué con tanto placer. Todo está dicho en las páginas que siguen, conservé el prólogo de la edición original, del año 2004, en honor a esa sucesión de presentes que hilvanan una trayectoria vital. Muchas cosas han cambiado desde entonces, ahora sabemos que los tratamientos para el vih-sida son realmente efectivos, que el estigma se ha morigerado al mismo tiempo que se aplazó la amenaza de muerte y que hasta se puede prescindir de los condones cuando la carga viral permanece indetectable. Otras siguen igual, hay cuerpos que importan y otros que no, quienes mueren por causas relacionadas al vih sida son en su enorme mayoría pobres, personas trans, indi*s, negr*s; excluid*s. Pero no tengo intenciones de hablar sobre sida, aunque ahí está el origen de esta trama.
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Ruiz Choque, Mario. Normatividad de la educación superior tecnológica en la investigación formativa. Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle (UNE) - Fondo Editorial La Cantuta, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54942/lacantuta.25.

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Existe una menor proporción de titulados por investigaciones conducentes a tesis, lo que limita al egresado insertarse al mercado laboral y productivo, que son actividades de transformación de recursos en bienes y servicios para beneficio de la comunidad, lo que es de importancia la normatividad de institutos de educación superior tecnología, que debe ser integral, secuencial y coherente a la formación investigativa. Como problema general nos preguntamos: ¿Cuál es el impacto de la normatividad de Educación Superior Tecnológica en la investigación formativa, en el Instituto de Educación Superior Tecno lógico Público Luis E. Valcárcel, provincia de Ilo, Moquegua, Perú, periodo 19962018? Y como objetivo general fue el de Analizar este impacto. Como hipótesis general fue, que: La normatividad de Educación Superior Tecnológica ha tenido un impacto favorable en la investigación formativa. Esta Investigación es básica y explicativa, cuyo Diseño es longitudinal y causal comparativa. Su población de estudio está conformada por 111 Titulados, 45 normas externas, 11 normas internas, 7 diseños curriculares (itinerarios). Arribando a las siguientes Conclusiones: 1) Que las características relevantes de la normatividad externa de Educación Superior Tecnológica no favorecen la investigación formativa. 2) Que el impacto de la normatividad externa de Educación Superior Tecnológica no es favorable en la investigación formativa. 3) Que las características relevantes de la normatividad interna de Educación Superior Tecnológica no favorecen la investigación formativa. 4) Que el impacto de la normatividad in terna de Educación Superior Tecnológica no es favorable en la investigación formativa. 5) Que el logro de la investigación formativa es bajo, 6) Que la normatividad de Educación Superior Tecnológica no ha tenido un impacto favorable en la investigación formativa. Y de esta forma se ha corroborado la hipótesis y logrado los objetivos de la investigación.
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Book chapters on the topic "TERNARY FUEL"

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Kim, Cheol, Jung Choi, and Hyeong-Seok Lim. "Embedding Full Ternary Trees into Recursive Circulants." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 874–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36087-5_101.

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Baker, John O., Christine I. Ehrman, William S. Adney, Steven R. Thomas, and Michael E. Himmel. "Hydrolysis of Cellulose Using Ternary Mixtures of Purified Cellulases." In Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 395–403. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1814-2_37.

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Srikanth, Panasa, and B. Srinivasu. "High Performance Ternary Full Adder in CNFET-Memristor Logic Technology." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 420–34. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21514-8_35.

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Altuner, Elif Esra, Tugba Gur, and Fatih Şen. "Ternary/quaternary nanomaterials for direct alcohol fuel cells." In Nanomaterials for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells, 157–72. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821713-9.00001-9.

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Radhakrishnan, Kannan Gopal. "Advanced Fuels for Engine Emission Control." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 148–84. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7303-0.ch007.

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The importance of biodiesel increases day by day due to the depletion of petroleum reserves and increasing environmental concerns. The performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking palm oil-based biodiesel were improved by varying the engine parameters like fuel injection pressure injection timing and thermal barrier-coated engine components. Further, simultaneous improvement of biodiesel fuel properties, as well as engine characteristics, were achieved by implementing fuel modification such as the use of a fuel-borne catalyst added biodiesel, ternary blends, and water micro-emulsion. Modified fuels such as biodiesel-diesel-ethanol or diestrol and diestrol-microemulsion fuel engine modification on the diesel engine. Experiments were carried out on a Kirloskar make, naturally aspirated, single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, and direct injection (DI) diesel engine developing 5.2 kW at a constant speed of 1500 rpm.
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Long Quan, Dang, and Phuoc Huu Le. "Recent Advances in Pt-Based Binary and Ternary Alloy Electrocatalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." In Electrocatalysis [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95940.

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The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is among the most promising alternative energy sources for the near future owing to its advantages of simple construction, compact design, high energy density, and relatively high energy-conversion efficiency. Typically, the electrodes in DMFC is comprised of a Pt-based catalysts supported on great potential of carbon materials such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), carbon black (CB), graphene, etc. It is desired to develop an electrode with high surface area, good electrical conductivity and suitable porosity to allow good reactant flux and high stability in the fuel cell environment. This chapter will provide recent advances in Pt-based binary and ternary electrocatalysts on carbon supports for high-performance anodes in DMFC. Through studying the effects of composition-, support-, and shape dependent electrocatalysts, further fundamental understanding and mechanism in the development of anode catalysts for DMFC will be provided in details.
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Conference papers on the topic "TERNARY FUEL"

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Liu, Yu-Cheng, Anthony J. Savas, and C. Thomas Avedisian. "The Combustion Characteristics of n-Decane/Iso-Octane/Toluene Mixture and Jet-A Fuel Droplets in the Absence of Convection." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64495.

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This study examines the extent to which a ternary mixture of n-decane/iso-octane/toluene in the specific mixture fraction of 42.67/33.02/24.31 (mole fraction), respectively, can replicate the droplet burning characteristics of an aviation fuel, Jet-A (designated by the Air Force as “POSF4658”). Experiments were carried out to examine the droplet combustion characteristics in an environment which minimizes convection to promote spherical symmetry in the burning process. The evolution of droplet diameter, burning rate and flame and soot stand-off ratios were compared to Jet-A to evaluate the potential of this ternary to serve as a Jet-A surrogate regarding the droplet burning process. The results show that the ternary blend has a shorter transient droplet heating period than Jet-A and it closely replicates the evolution of droplet diameter and burning rate. The burning rates for these two fuels are close at the end of burning, and flame and soot standoff ratios for the ternary are also reasonably close to those of Jet-A. The results also suggest that the spherical droplet flame configuration can be a useful tool to evaluate the extent to which a mixture of single component fuels may serve as a surrogate of a real transportation fuel.
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Gouda, Marwa, Wilson Gouveia, Mónica Afonso, Biljana Šljukić, Noha El Essawy, and Diogo Santos. "Novel Ternary Polymer BlendMembranesDopedwith SO4/PO4-TiO2for Low Temperature Fuel Cells." In The 5th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/iccpe19.106.

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FROLOV, S. M., V. A. SMETANYUK, I. O. SHAMSHIN, and F. S. FROLOV. "PULSE-DETONATION STEAM SUPERHEATER." In International Colloquia on Pulsed and Continuous Detonations. TORUS PRESS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/icpcd12b14.

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Systematic experiments to determine the concentration limits of detonation of ternary propane/methane–oxygen–steam mixtures under normal atmospheric pressure have been conducted. The experiments are performed in an innovative pulse-detonation steam superheater (PDSSH) with cyclic detonations of ternary mixtures at variation of fuel-to-oxygen equivalence ratio (from 0.14 to 1.77 in propane mixtures and from 0.3 to 1.84 in methane mixtures) and steam volume fraction (from 0 to 0.7). Experiments are supplemented by thermodynamic calculations. Cyclic detonations of ternary propane/methane–oxygen–steam mixtures allow the generation of highly superheated steam (HSS) with a temperature exceeding 2250 K at atmospheric pressure. The detonation products of stoichiometric ternary mixtures under consideration can contain up to 80% HSS and up to 17% CO2 as well as CO, O2 and H2 in trace amounts. It is proposed to use such a high-temperature environment for deep processing (gasification) of organic municipal and industrial wastes to produce a gas mixture of CO and H2 which can be further used as a fuel gas for PDSSH operation, heat/electricity production, and as a raw material for methanol and synthetic motor fuel production. Due to periodic filling of the PDSSH with the cool ternary gas mixture, the temperature of PDSSH walls and inner elements increases insignificantly, so that conventional (not heat-resistant) construction materials can be used for its production.
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El-Dera, Sandra Erfan, Ahmed Abd El Aziz, and Ahmed Abd El Moneim. "Evaluation of the Activity of Metal-Oxides as Anode Catalysts in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2012-91288.

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In the present work, pure iridium oxide (IrO2), and ternary catalysts (IrSnSb-Oxides and RuIrTi-Oxides) are investigated to be used as anode electrocatalysts in The Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC). Investigations of Methanol Oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution over the catalysts are measured in sulphuric acid as a supportive electrolyte using cyclic voltammetry technique at room temperature (25°C). A specific comparison between the electrocatalytic activities of IrSnSb-Oxides and RuIrTi-Oxides systems is conducted. A comprehensive examination of IrSnSb-Oxides and RuIrTi-Oxides catalysts containing different fractions of the alloying elements are performed to study the effect of varying Iridium Ir content (%) in IrSnSb-Oxides and Ruthenium Ru content (%) in RuIrTi-Oxides on the catalytic activity of ternary catalysts and on the performance of DMFC. It is observed that the electrocatalytic performance of ternary oxides catalysts is strongly dependent on the Ir and Ru content. The generated IrO2 and 33.36% Ru – 1%Ir – 65.64%Ti – Oxides catalysts prove high stability for oxidation of methanol and more proficient electrochemical activity as an anodic electrocatalyst in DMFC at 25°C. The electrochemical measurements of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) for metal oxides show that 46.65%Ir – 40.78%Sn – 12.57%Sb sample and 18.75%Ru – 9.35%Ir – 71.9%Ti sample are the superior hydrogen evolution catalysts at 25°C.
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Strasser, Peter. "Combinatorial Development of Ternary Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation." In ASME 2007 2nd Energy Nanotechnology International Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/enic2007-45060.

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We report a combinatorial and high throughput catalyst optimization of ternary Pt-Co-Ru alloy electrocatalysts for the oxidation of methanol in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell anodes. A densely sampled ternary Pt alloy catalyst library was prepared and electrochemically tested in parallel for catalytic activity. A composition-activity map was obtained from which suitable catalyst candidates with improved activity were identified. Then, high throughput methods for evaluating corrosion stability of the alloy catalysts were developed based on structural and compositional criteria. Finally, combining stability-composition and activity-composition maps resulted in consensus maps which pointed to a new optimized ternary alloy electrocatalyst with overall composition Pt18Co62Ru20.
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FROLOV, S. M., V. A. SMETANYUK, I. O. SHAMSHIN, F. S. FROLOV, and S. N. NABATNIKOV. "PULSE-DETONATION STEAM SUPERHEATER." In 12TH INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON PULSED AND CONTINUOUS DETONATIONS. TORUS PRESS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/icpcd12a24.

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In [1], we patented the innovative pulse-detonation steam superheater (PDSS) for deep oxygen-free and pollutant-free gasification of organic municipal and industrial wastes to produce a gas mixture of H2 and CO. The PDSS is essentially the pulse-detonation engine operating on the ternary fuel-oxygen-steam mixture with fuel represented, e. g., by a gas mixture of H2 and CO (energy gas or syngas). The low-temperature steam (375-380 K) is produced by a standard steam generator. Pulsed detonations in the PDSS are achieved due to intermittent spark ignition of the fuel-oxygen mixture followed by fast deflagration-to-detonation transition and transmission of the detonation wave to the ternary fuel-oxygen-steam mixture. It is implied that the PDSS is directly connected to the waste gasification flow reactor and normally operates on the H2-CO energy gas. However, for starting the plant, the PDSS initially operates on any available hydrocarbon fuel or hydrogen.
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Mukayat, Hastinatun, Khairiah Haji Badri, Ismail Ab Raman, and Suria Ramli. "Effect of water content on partial ternary phase diagram water-in-diesel microemulsion fuel." In THE 2014 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2014 Postgraduate Colloquium. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4895205.

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Nugraha, Aji Satria, Bambang Purnomo, Usman, Siska Pebriani, Soraya Ulfa Muzayanha, and Dwi Febriantini. "The swelling of different nitrile rubbers in gasoline-methanol-ethanol (GME) ternary fuel blend." In THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL RENEWABLE ENERGY CONFERENCE (THE 5TH iTREC). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0063660.

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Scaccia, Silvera, and Stefano Frangini. "Effect of Various Electrolyte Compositions on the NiO Degradation in Molten Carbonates." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74045.

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In the present paper we report the NiO solubility in a variety of alkali carbonate compositions in presence of MgO, CaCO3, BaCO3 and La2O3 additions under different conditions of gas composition and temperature. Two types of binary eutectic melts were chosen, namely the standard electrolyte (62–38) (Li-K)2CO3 and (52–48) % (Li-Na)2CO3 mixtures. The ternary eutectic melt chosen was (43.5-31.5-25.0) mol % (Li-Na-K)2CO3. The observed reduction of NiO solubility induced by the additives can be explained in terms of a higher basic character of all the modified electrolytes, although the NiO dissolution still follows an acidic dissolution mechanism in all the conditions under study.
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Holton, M. M., P. Gokulakrishnan, M. S. Klassen, R. J. Roby, and G. S. Jackson. "Autoignition Delay Time Measurements of Methane, Ethane, and Propane Pure Fuels and Methane-Based Fuel Blends." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59309.

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Autoignition delay experiments in air have been performed in an atmospheric flow reactor using typical natural gas components, namely methane, ethane and propane. Autoignition delay measurements were also made for binary fuel mixtures of methane/ethane and methane/propane and ternary mixtures of methane/ethane/propane. The effect of CO2 addition to the methane-based fuel blends on autoignition delay times was also investigated. Equivalence ratios for the experiments ranged between 0.5 and 1.25 and temperatures ranged from 930 K to 1140 K. Consistent with past studies, increasing equivalence ratio and increasing inlet temperatures over these ranges decreased autoignition delay times. Furthermore, addition of 5–10% ethane or propane decreased autoignition delay time of the binary methane-based fuel by 30–50%. Further addition of either ethane or propane showed less significant reduction of autoignition delays. Addition of 5–10% CO2 slightly decreased the autoignition delay times of methane fuel mixtures. Arrhenius correlations were used to derive activation energies for the ignition of the pure fuels and their mixtures. Results show a reduction in activation energies at the higher temperatures studied, which suggests a change in ignition chemistry at very high temperatures. Measurements show relatively good agreement with predictions from a detailed kinetics mechanism specifically developed to model ignition chemistry of C1-C3 alkanes.
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Reports on the topic "TERNARY FUEL"

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Jalan, V., J. Kosek, J. Giner, E. J. Taylor, E. Anderson, V. Bianchi, C. Brooks, et al. Development of ternary alloy cathode catalysts for phosphoric acid fuel cells: Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6198958.

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Liu, R., K. L. Ley, and C. Pu. Comparison of Pt-based binary and ternary alloy anode catalysts for polymer electrolyte direct methanol fuel cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/460323.

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Leibowitz, L., E. Veleckis, and R. A. Blomquist. Review of the phase equilibria and thermodynamics of binary and ternary systems composed of IFR fuel component metals (U, Pu, and Zr) and nitrogen. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/713925.

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Asenath-Smith, Emily, Emma Ambrogi, Eftihia Barnes, and Jonathon Brame. CuO enhances the photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃ through synergistic reactive oxygen species interactions. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42131.

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Iron oxide (α-Fe₂O₃, hematite) colloids were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and investigated as catalysts for the photodegradation of an organic dye under broad-spectrum illumination. To enhance photocatalytic performance, Fe₂O₃ was combined with other transition-metal oxide (TMO) colloids (e.g., CuO and ZnO), which are sensitive to different regions of the solar spectrum (far visible and ultraviolet, respectively), using a ternary blending approach for compositional mixtures. For a variety of ZnO/Fe₂O₃/CuO mole ratios, the pseudo-first-order rate constant for methyl orange degradation was at least double the sum of the individual Fe₂O₃ and CuO rate constants, indicating there is an underlying synergy governing the photocatalysis reaction with these combinations of TMOs. A full compositional study was carried out to map the interactions between the three TMOs. Additional experiments probed the identity and role of reactive oxygen species and elucidated the mechanism by which CuO enhanced Fe₂O₃ photodegradation while ZnO did not. The increased photocatalytic performance of Fe2O3 in the presence of CuO was associated with hydroxyl radical ROS, consistent with heterogeneous photo-Fenton mechanisms, which are not accessible by ZnO. These results imply that low-cost photocatalytic materials can be engineered for high performance under solar illumination by selective pairing of TMOs with compatible ROS.
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Liu, Y. Y., and M. C. Billone. Thermoelastic stresses in U-Pu-Zr ternary alloy fuels. An analytical interpretation of results in the IFR lead irradiation experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/712394.

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