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Journal articles on the topic 'Ternary Blend Organic Solar Cells'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Weng, Kangkang, Chao Li, Pengqing Bi, Hwa Sook Ryu, Yikun Guo, Xiaotao Hao, Dahui Zhao, Weiwei Li, Han Young Woo, and Yanming Sun. "Ternary organic solar cells based on two compatible PDI-based acceptors with an enhanced power conversion efficiency." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 8 (2019): 3552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta12034j.

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The introduction of perylene diimide (PDI)-based polymer acceptor (PDI-V) into the ternary blends not only broadens the absorption of blend films but also increases the electron mobilities. As a result, a high efficiency of 9.43% was obtained for PDI-based ternary organic solar cells.

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2

Nam, Minwoo, Jaehong Yoo, Yunjae Park, Hye Yeon Noh, Yongkook Park, Junhee Cho, Jung-A. Kim, et al. "Ternary blend organic solar cells with improved morphological stability." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 16 (2019): 9698–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00382g.

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3

Doumon, Nutifafa Y., Félix V. Houard, Jingjin Dong, Panagiotis Christodoulis, Mikhail V. Dryzhov, Giuseppe Portale, and L. Jan Anton Koster. "Improved photostability in ternary blend organic solar cells: the role of [70]PCBM." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 17 (2019): 5104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc06621c.

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4

Yang, Jianzhong, Wenhan He, Kimberly Denman, Ying-Bing Jiang, and Yang Qin. "A molecular breakwater-like tetrapod for organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 5 (2015): 2108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta05405a.

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5

Xu, Weidong, and Feng Gao. "The progress and prospects of non-fullerene acceptors in ternary blend organic solar cells." Materials Horizons 5, no. 2 (2018): 206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7mh00958e.

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6

Li, Hongfei, Zhenhua Yang, Cheng Pan, Naisheng Jiang, Sushil K. Satija, Di Xu, Dilip Gersappe, Chang-Yong Nam, and Miriam H. Rafailovich. "A new strategy to engineer polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells with thick active layers via self-assembly of the tertiary columnar phase." Nanoscale 9, no. 32 (2017): 11511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr03789a.

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7

Xiao, Liangang, Ke Gao, Yangdong Zhang, Xuebin Chen, Lintao Hou, Yong Cao, and Xiaobin Peng. "A complementary absorption small molecule for efficient ternary organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 14 (2016): 5288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta00783j.

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8

Benten, Hiroaki, Takaya Nishida, Daisuke Mori, Huajun Xu, Hideo Ohkita, and Shinzaburo Ito. "High-performance ternary blend all-polymer solar cells with complementary absorption bands from visible to near-infrared wavelengths." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 1 (2016): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03460d.

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9

Farinhas, Joana, Ricardo Oliveira, Quirina Ferreira, Jorge Morgado, and Ana Charas. "Enhanced Efficiency of PTB7 : PC61BM Organic Solar Cells by Adding a Low Efficient Polymer Donor." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4501758.

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Ternary blend polymer solar cells combining two electron-donor polymers, poly[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl] (PTB7) and poly[2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (pBTTT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), as electron-acceptor, were fabricated. The power conversion efficiency of the ternary cells was enhanced by 18%, with respect to the reference binary cells, for a blend composition with 25% (wt%) of pBTTT in the polymers content. The optimized device performance was related to the blend morphology, nonrevealing pBTTT aggregates, and improved charge extraction within the device.

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10

Liao, Chentong, Ming Zhang, Xiaopeng Xu, Feng Liu, Ying Li, and Qiang Peng. "Green solvent-processed efficient non-fullerene organic solar cells enabled by low-bandgap copolymer donors with EDOT side chains." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 2 (2019): 716–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta10882j.

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By a combination of side chain and ternary blend strategies, novel BDT-TT-based copolymer donors were developed to improve the green solvent solubility, crystallinity, energy level, carrier mobility and blend morphology. Non-fullerene binary and ternary blend devices based on PTB-EDOTS exhibited high PCEs of 10.18% and 12.26%, respectively.

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11

Dai, Shuixing, Sreelakshmi Chandrabose, Jingming Xin, Tengfei Li, Kai Chen, Peiyao Xue, Kuan Liu, et al. "High-performance organic solar cells based on polymer donor/small molecule donor/nonfullerene acceptor ternary blends." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 5 (2019): 2268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11637g.

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12

Zhong, Lian, Haijun Bin, Yongxi Li, Ming Zhang, Jianqiu Xu, Xiaojun Li, He Huang, et al. "Ternary non-fullerene polymer solar cells with a high crystallinity n-type organic semiconductor as the second acceptor." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 48 (2018): 24814–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08406h.

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Ternary blend is an effective way to realize high photovoltaic performance of polymer solar cells (PSCs). A highly crystalline n-type organic semiconductor (n-OS) IDIC was introduced into a low crystalline blend of conjugated polymer donor J61 and n-OS acceptor BT-IC.

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13

Gao, Yaxin, Chujun Zhang, and Shu Kong So. "Heat transfer in binary and ternary bulk heterojunction solar cells." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 14 (April 4, 2022): 143301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0080456.

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Ternary strategy is one of the most commonly used methods to boost the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) from a binary blend of donor and acceptor. Fullerene derivatives are popular choices for the ternary component as they could benefit the electrical property. However, the ternary component could also affect other physical properties of the bulk-heterojunction (BHJ). Among these properties, heat transfer has rarely been reported, despite its relevance for thermal durability of OSCs. Here, we employ scanning photothermal deflection technique to study thermal diffusion properties of binary PM6:Y7 and ternary PM6:Y7:X BHJs, where X = PC71BM, ICBA, and N2200. It is found that fullerene derivatives deteriorate the thermal diffusivity ( D) of blend films and the device thermal durability, despite enhancing the electrical and device performance. In contrast, when an n-type conjugated polymer N2200 is used as the ternary component, both the electrical and thermal properties are enhanced, with improved power conversion efficiency and prolonged device thermal durability. These results offer a perspective on how to choose a favorable third component. Fullerene derivatives are not necessarily the optimal choice for ternary component for BHJ cells because of the inferior thermal properties.

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14

Wang, Qiuning, Yiwen Hou, Shasha Shi, Tao Yang, Ciyuan Huang, Shangfei Yao, Ziyang Zhang, et al. "Multicomponent Solar Cells with High Fill Factors and Efficiencies Based on Non-Fullerene Acceptor Isomers." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 5802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185802.

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Multicomponent organic solar cells (OSCs), such as the ternary and quaternary OSCs, not only inherit the simplicity of binary OSCs but further promote light harvesting and power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, we propose a new type of multicomponent solar cells with non-fullerene acceptor isomers. Specifically, we fabricate OSCs with the polymer donor J71 and a mixture of isomers, ITCF, as the acceptors. In comparison, the ternary OSC devices with J71 and two structurally similar (not isomeric) NFAs (IT-DM and IT-4F) are made as control. The morphology experiments reveal that the isomers-containing blend film demonstrates increased crystallinity, more ideal domain size, and a more favorable packing orientation compared with the IT-DM/IT-4F ternary blend. The favorable orientation is correlated with the balanced charge transport, increased exciton dissociation and decreased bimolecular recombination in the ITCF-isomer-based blend film, which contributes to the high fill factor (FF), and thus the high PCE. Additionally, to evaluate the generality of this method, we examine other acceptor isomers including IT-M, IXIC-2Cl and SY1, which show same trend as the ITCF isomers. These results demonstrate that using isomeric blends as the acceptor can be a promising approach to promote the performance of multicomponent non-fullerene OSCs.

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15

Zhang, Shuhua, Lijian Zuo, Jiehuan Chen, Zhongqiang Zhang, Jiangquan Mai, Tsz-Ki Lau, Xinhui Lu, Minmin Shi, and Hongzheng Chen. "Improved photon-to-electron response of ternary blend organic solar cells with a low band gap polymer sensitizer and interfacial modification." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 5 (2016): 1702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta09727d.

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A LBG polymer is incorporated into a PTB7:PC₇₁BM host blend to compose a ternary blend system. Besides extending the absorption range, the crystallinity and preferred face-on orientation of PTB7 are simultaneously improved. Ternary blend PSC of 9.06% is achieved with interfacial modification.

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16

Wang, Meng. "Study on Ternary Blend Organic Solar Cells Based on Multiple Non-fullerene Acceptors." MATEC Web of Conferences 380 (2023): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338001014.

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In recent years, non-fullerene acceptor materials for organic solar cells ( OSCs ) have attracted much attention. Among them, ITIC, Y6 and perylene diimide ( PDI ) have been widely studied because of their easy structure regulation. The application and development of ITIC and its derivatives, Y6, PDI and its derivatives in ternary blend organic solar cells are reviewed in detail. This work focuses on the molecular structure optimization method and the selection of third component materials. At present, the efficiency of organic solar cells has exceeded 18%, but the relationship between molecular structure and photovoltaic performance needs further exploration. Optimizing the synthesis route is still an important research direction in this field.

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17

Hu, Zhenghao, Jian Wang, Xiaoling Ma, Jinhua Gao, Chunyu Xu, Xuelin Wang, Xiaoli Zhang, Zhi Wang, and Fujun Zhang. "Semitransparent organic solar cells exhibiting 13.02% efficiency and 20.2% average visible transmittance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 11 (2021): 6797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta01135a.

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The PCEs of OSCs and AVTs of corresponding blend films can be continuously optimized by adjusting D18-Cl:Y6-1O ratios and introducing Y6 as the third component. 13.02% PCE and 20.2% AVT are achieved in the semitransparent ternary OSCs.

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18

Schlachter, Adrien, Gabriel Marineau-Plante, Pierre D. Harvey, Anupam Agrawal, and Ganesh D. Sharma. "Efficient ternary bulk heterojunction organic solar cells using a low-cost nonfullerene acceptor." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 10, no. 11 (2022): 4372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc05653k.

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To improve the power conversion efficiency of single junction polymer solar cells (PSCs), we have used a ternary blend consisting of a low bandgap D–A conjugated polymer P and two acceptors, i.e., one nonfullerene, Cz-IC, and one fullerene, PC71BM.

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19

Kadem, Burak, Aseel Hassan, Meltem Göksel, Tamara Basova, Ahmet Şenocak, Erhan Demirbaş, and Mahmut Durmuş. "High performance ternary solar cells based on P3HT:PCBM and ZnPc-hybrids." RSC Advances 6, no. 96 (2016): 93453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17590b.

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In this study, single walled carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide covalently and non-covalently functionalised by ZnPc were added to P3HT:PCBM blend in order to investigate the effects of these hybrid materials on P3HT:PCBM organic solar cell performance.

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20

Cheng, Pei, Qinqin Shi, and Xiaowei Zhan. "Ternary Blend Organic Solar Cells Based on P3HT/TT-TTPA/PC61BM." Acta Chimica Sinica 73, no. 3 (2015): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/a14080607.

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21

Wang, Yanbin, Changlong Zhuang, Yawen Fang, Huang Yu, and Biaobing Wang. "Various roles of dye molecules in organic ternary blend solar cells." Dyes and Pigments 176 (May 2020): 108231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108231.

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22

Street, Robert A., Petr P. Khlyabich, Andrey E. Rudenko, and Barry C. Thompson. "Electronic States in Dilute Ternary Blend Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118, no. 46 (November 5, 2014): 26569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp5088724.

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23

Wang, Zhen, Guangchao Han, Lingyun Zhu, Yuan Guo, Yuanping Yi, Zhigang Shuai, and Zhixiang Wei. "Suppressing charge recombination in small-molecule ternary organic solar cells by modulating donor–acceptor interfacial arrangements." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 38 (2018): 24570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp05178j.

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Introducing a proper amount of the third component in ternary blend organic solar cells can result in a significant decrease of docking PC₇₁BM with the central electron-donating unit of electron donors and thus suppress charge recombination.

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24

Qin, Dashan, Pei Cheng, Yifan Wang, Yan Fan, and Xiaowei Zhan. "Electron-transporting third component modifying cathode for simplified inverted ternary blend solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 5 (2016): 1051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc03769g.

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Electron transporting materials widely used in organic light-emitting diodes, such as Bphen, BCP and TPBI, are used as a third component to serve as a cathode buffer layer for fabricating simplified inverted ternary blend polymer solar cells without an additional cathode-modifying interlayer.

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25

Lee, Taeho, Sora Oh, Shafket Rasool, Chang Eun Song, Dongwook Kim, Sang Kyu Lee, Won Suk Shin, and Eunhee Lim. "Non-halogenated solvent-processed ternary-blend solar cells via alkyl-side-chain engineering of a non-fullerene acceptor and their application in large-area devices." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 20 (2020): 10318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta00947d.

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Ternary-blend organic solar cells based on a novel asymmetric non-fullerene acceptor (T2-OEHRH) processed from a non-halogenated solvent exhibit impressive PCEs of 12.10% and 9.32% in small- and large-area devices, respectively.

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26

Bahtiar, Ayi, Siti Halimah Tusaddiah, Wendy Paramandhita S. Mustikasari, Lusi Safriani, Mariah Kartawidjaja, Kei Kanazawa, Ippei Enokida, Yukio Furukawa, and Isao Watanabe. "Optical, Structural and Morphological Properties of Ternary Thin Film Blend of P3HT:PCBM:ZnO Nanoparticles." Materials Science Forum 827 (August 2015): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.119.

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Ternary blend film of conjugated polymer, fullerene and inorganic nanoparticles has intensively studied as active material for high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells. The incorporation of two electron acceptor materials of organic fullerene and inorganic nanoparticles into hybrid with electron donor conjugated polymer is strongly believed can improve the PCE of solar cells by increasing exciton dissociation efficiency due to an increase of interface area between donor and acceptor materials where the positive and negative charges dissociated. We studied optical, structural and morphological properties of ternary thin film containing blend of conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene (P3HT):fullerene derivative PCBM:Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) by measuring its optical absorption, crystal structure and film surface morphology. Zinc oxide nanoparticle was prepared by sol-gel method. It has optical absorption below 370 nm and average particle size 40 nm as shown by TEM picture. Ternary thin blend films of P3HT:PCBM:ZnO-NP were prepared by use of spin-coating method. The UV-Vis spectrum of thin film contains absorption peaks originated from contribution of P3HT at wavelengths 520 nm, 550 nm and 600 nm, from contribution of PCBM at 260 nm and 330 nm and from ZnO-NP at wavelengths below 370 nm which confirms that these three materials were well mixed in the films. Its XRD pattern also contains the peaks from each of these three-materials. In this report, we compare surface morphology of thin films of pure P3HT, pure ZnO-NP, blend of P3HT:PCBM, blend of P3HT:ZnO-NP and ternary blend of P3HT:PCBM:ZnO-NP.

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27

Gounden, Denisha, Michael N. Pillay, Timo Raab, Nolwazi Nombona, Lukas Schmidt-Mende, and Werner E. van Zyl. "Metallophthalocyanines in a ternary photoactive layer (P3HT:MPc:PC70BM) for bulk heterojunction solar cells." Materials Advances 1, no. 8 (2020): 3058–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00725k.

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Novel bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic solar cells have been fabricated by introducing a series of metallophthalocyanines into a photoactive blend of a poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and [6,6]-phenyl C₇₀ butyric acid methyl ester.

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28

Jiang, Qi, and Yingjie Xing. "Interface Tuning between Two Connecting Bulk Heterojunctions in Small Molecule Bilayer Ternary Solar Cells." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 4833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214833.

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Bilayer ternary solar cells are a kind of novel organic photovoltaic device with a triple-component active layer but are different from the ternary bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blend. Two binary BHJs with a common acceptor (or donor) are deposited sequentially in this kind of device. Here, we study the fabrication and optimization of bilayer ternary solar cells using metal phthalocyanine donors and fullerene acceptor. The device power conversion efficiency (PCE) shows a significant dependence on the interface between the two binary BHJs. The interface formed by stacking two BHJs directly demonstrates severe restrictions on the device efficiency. We find that the photovoltaic performance of bilayer ternary cells can be improved by inserting a C60 molecular monolayer between the two binary BHJs. The effect of the C60 interfacial layer on charge transport is analyzed based on their transport characteristics under negative bias. A relationship between the C60 interfacial layer and recombination under illumination is discussed. This work reveals a particular influence due to the interface facing three materials in organic solar cells.

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29

Xu, Xiaopeng, Zhaozhao Bi, Wei Ma, Guangjun Zhang, He Yan, Ying Li, and Qiang Peng. "Stable large area organic solar cells realized by using random terpolymers donors combined with a ternary blend." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 23 (2019): 14199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03188j.

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The combination of terpolymer and ternary blend strategies contributed to stable nonfullerene organic solar cells with improved absorption, energy and charge transfer as well as optimized morphology, resulting in a high PCE of 13.63% in small area devices and 11.43% in large area devices.

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30

Cao, Fong-Yi, Po-Kai Huang, Yen-Chen Su, Wen-Chia Huang, Shao-Ling Chang, Kai-En Hung, and Yen-Ju Cheng. "Forced coplanarity of dithienofluorene-based non-fullerene acceptors to achieve high-efficiency organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 30 (2019): 17947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta05116c.

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This work clearly demonstrates the importance of chemical planarization in designing high-performance nonfullerene acceptors and the ternary-blend device using PBDB-T:DTFT9-FIC:PC₇₁BM achieved a high PCE of 11.82%.

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31

Kipp, Dylan, Rafael Verduzco, and Venkat Ganesan. "Block copolymer compatibilizers for ternary blend polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells – an opportunity for computation aided molecular design." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 1, no. 4 (2016): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6me00060f.

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32

Chang, Shao-Ling, Fong-Yi Cao, Kuo-Hsiu Huang, Wei-Liang Lee, Meng-Hsun Lee, Chain-Shu Hsu, and Yen-Ju Cheng. "2-Dimensional cross-shaped tetrathienonaphthalene-based ladder-type acceptor for high-efficiency organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 24 (2020): 12141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta04240d.

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Development of 2-dimensional cross-shaped ladder-type TC is promising for achieving high-performance n-type materials and the device using PBDB-T:TC-FIC:PC₇₁BM ternary blend achieves a high efficiency of 13.5%.

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33

Yadav, Shubham, and S. Sundar Kumar Iyer. "Building a planar single and binary blend stack ternary organic solar cells." Flexible and Printed Electronics 4, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 034003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ab35f8.

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34

Ghosh, Bablu K., Prafulla Kumar Jha, Swapan K. Ghosh, and Tapan K. Biswas. "Organic solar cells pros and cons: Outlooks toward semitransparent cell efficiency and stability." AIP Advances 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 020701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0124743.

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Organic solar cells (OSCs) are promising for low emissive photovoltaic technology. Excitonic absorption and charge generation to transport process OSC energy loss lessening are central. In this context, donor–acceptor barrier offset, related binding, and thermal effect on energy loss are the key challenge. Semitransparent organic solar cell visible band transmission and near infrared band absorption are anticipated. Near infrared band absorption in a Si material solar cell is higher that supports more energy conversion. Moreover, greater carrier selectivity and open circuit voltage (Voc) is incredible to increase the energy efficiency. OSC utmost absorption but carrier generation and charge transfer state donor–acceptor barrier offset increases carrier recombination loss. Upon analysis of small molecule donors and polymers along with non-fullerene and previously studied fullerene acceptors, it is realized that active material morphology, thickness, and interface design are impending to overcome the energy loss. For efficiency–transparency trade-off as well as stability problem lessening purpose thin active materials and interface, their absorption band tenability and carrier selectivity are main requisites. In this scope, very thin non-fullerene acceptors in ternary blend heterostructures and innovative-transparent hole transport layers can play a vital role. Therefore, recombination loss lessening and transparency purpose near infrared band absorbent thin active layer ternary blend and transparent electrodes of a thin hetero-interface predominant field effect over the thermal effect are reported in the efficiency and stability scope.

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35

Angmo, Dechan, Morten Bjerring, Niels Chr Nielsen, Barry C. Thompson, and Frederik C. Krebs. "Fullerene alloy formation and the benefits for efficient printing of ternary blend organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 21 (2015): 5541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc00781j.

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36

Wright, Matthew, Rui Lin, Murad J. Y. Tayebjee, Binesh Puthen Veettil, Yu Jiang, Xueting Liang, Ashraf Uddin, and Gavin Conibeer. "Effect of blend composition on ternary blend organic solar cells using a low band gap polymer." Synthetic Metals 212 (February 2016): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.12.017.

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37

Kazerouni, Negar, Elizabeth L. Melenbrink, Pratyusha Das, and Barry C. Thompson. "Ternary Blend Organic Solar Cells Incorporating Ductile Conjugated Polymers with Conjugation Break Spacers." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 3, no. 6 (May 19, 2021): 3028–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c00213.

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38

Mohapatra, Aiswarya Abhisek, Vincent Kim, Boregowda Puttaraju, Aditya Sadhanala, Xuechen Jiao, Christopher R. McNeill, Richard H. Friend, and Satish Patil. "Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Drives Higher Efficiency in Ternary Blend Organic Solar Cells." ACS Applied Energy Materials 1, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 4874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b00896.

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39

Lu, Heng, Xinjun Xu, and Zhishan Bo. "Perspective of a new trend in organic photovoltaic: ternary blend polymer solar cells." Science China Materials 59, no. 6 (June 2016): 444–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40843-016-5069-6.

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40

Khlyabich, Petr P., Andrey E. Rudenko, Barry C. Thompson, and Yueh-Lin Loo. "Structural Origins for Tunable Open-Circuit Voltage in Ternary-Blend Organic Solar Cells." Advanced Functional Materials 25, no. 34 (August 6, 2015): 5557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201502287.

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41

Liu, Zhiyong, and Ning Wang. "Small energy loss in ternary organic solar cells with a blend of cascade energy levels: two fullerene-free acceptors as the electron acceptor." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 32 (2019): 10039–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03210j.

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42

Zhou, Zichun, Shengjie Xu, and Xiaozhang Zhu. "Mapping the Side-Chain Length of Small-Molecule Acceptors towards the Optimal Hierarchical Morphology in Ternary Organic Solar Cells." Organic Materials 03, no. 02 (April 2021): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1472-7302.

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Using multiple light-absorbing materials to realize a broader and better absorption spectrum in multi-component organic photovoltaics has achieved significant success to obtain high power conversion efficiency. Meanwhile, the good materials combinations with matched electronic structure and proper blend morphology for charge generation and transport are of primary importance for implementation of the multi-component strategy. Hierarchical morphology has been clearly demonstrated to improve all performance parameters in ternary organic photovoltaics but shows strong dependence on the molecular structures. Here we develop four small-molecule electron acceptors with different alkyl chain lengths to find the optimal solution of alkyl chain towards the defined hierarchical morphology and carry out a clear and comprehensive investigation of the alkyl chain length effects on the structure–morphology–device performance relationships in ternary blends. There is a positive correlation between the power conversion efficiencies of the four ternary systems and their short-circuit current density parameters, manifesting the significance of distinguishing optimal alkyl side chain length of small-molecule electron acceptors for defined hierarchical morphology to afford efficient carrier generation. The non-optimal side chains would retard the BTR crystallization and make the PC71BM domain sizes incontrollable, leading to a morphology without a defined hierarchy. Such a detailed mapping of the alkyl side chain length of small-molecule electron acceptors provides new insight into the materials combinations for the next-step high-performance multi-component organic photovoltaics.

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43

Mohapatra, Aiswarya Abhisek, Ravichandran Shivanna, Suresh Podapangi, Alexander Hinderhofer, M. Ibrahim Dar, Nilabja Maity, Frank Schreiber, Aditya Sadhanala, Richard H. Friend, and Satish Patil. "Role of Morphology and Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Ternary Blend Organic Solar Cells." ACS Applied Energy Materials 3, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 12025–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c02179.

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44

Liu, Xiaoyu, Yajie Yan, Yao Yao, and Ziqi Liang. "Ternary Blend Strategy for Achieving High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells with Nonfullerene Acceptors Involved." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 29 (May 28, 2018): 1802004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201802004.

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45

Safriani, Lusi, Risdiana, Ayi Bahtiar, Annisa Aprilia, I. Kawasaki, and Isao Watanabe. "μSR Study of Charge Carrier Motion in Active Layer P3HT:ZnO:PCBM Hybrid Solar Cells." Materials Science Forum 827 (August 2015): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.131.

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The so-called hybrid (organic-inorganic) solar cell has been developed due to the combining advantage between organic material such as Poly(3-hexylthiohene)/P3HT and inorganic material such as zinc oxide (ZnO). By adding fullerene derivative (6,6-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester/PCBM) to the hybrid solar cell, the performance of solar cell is predicted to be increased. We have studied the charge carrier motion in blend of P3HT:ZnO:PCBM using LF-μSR with and without light irradiation to clarify the charge carrier motion in bulk ternary system of hybrid material. We found that charge carrier motion in P3HT:ZnO:PCBM changes from intra-chain to inter-chain diffusion. One-dimensional intra-chain diffusion is observed in the sample at low temperature below 15 K, while three-dimensional inter-chain is observed at high temperature above 25 K.

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Park, Song Ju, Jung Min Cho, Won-Bae Byun, Jong-Cheol Lee, Won Suk Shin, In-Nam Kang, Sang-Jin Moon, and Sang Kyu Lee. "Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells based on binary and ternary blend systems." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 49, no. 20 (July 28, 2011): 4416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.24882.

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47

Yin, Pan, Zhigang Yin, Yunlong Ma, and Qingdong Zheng. "Improving the charge transport of the ternary blend active layer for efficient semitransparent organic solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 12 (2020): 5177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee03378b.

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With the aid of a suitable third component acceptor material, the best-performance semitransparent organic solar cell shows an outstanding efficiency of 13.49% at an average visible transmittance of 22.58%.

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48

Farinhas, Joana, Ricardo Oliveira, Rickard Hansson, Leif K. E. Ericsson, Ellen Moons, Jorge Morgado, and Ana Charas. "Efficient ternary organic solar cells based on immiscible blends." Organic Electronics 41 (February 2017): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2016.12.009.

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49

Derouiche, H., and A. B. Mohamed. "Thermal Annealing Effect on Poly(3-hexylthiophene): Fullerene:Copper-Phthalocyanine Ternary Photoactive Layer." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/914981.

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We have fabricated poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/fullerene (C60) ternary blend films. This photoactive layer is sandwiched between an indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) photoanode and a bathocuproine (BCP)/aluminium photocathode. The thin films have been characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM) and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy in order to study the influence of P3HT doping on the morphological and optical properties of the photoactive layer. We have also compared the characteristics of three different organic solar cells: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/CuPc0.5:C600.5/BCP/Al and ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT0.3:CuPc0.3:C600.4/BCP/Al with and without annealing. Both structures show good photovoltaic behaviour. Indeed, the incorporation of P3HT into CuPc:C60 thin film improves all the photovoltaic characteristics. We have also seen that thermal annealing significantly improves the optical absorption ability and stabilizes the organic solar cells making it more robust to chemical degradation.

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Zhou, Ke, Xiaobo Zhou, Xiaofeng Xu, Chiara Musumeci, Chuanfei Wang, Weidong Xu, Xiangyi Meng, Wei Ma, and Olle Inganäs. "π–π Stacking Distance and Phase Separation Controlled Efficiency in Stable All-Polymer Solar Cells." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101665.

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The morphology of the active layer plays a crucial role in determining device performance and stability for organic solar cells. All-polymer solar cells (All-PSCs), showing robust and stable morphologies, have been proven to give better thermal stability than their fullerene counterparts. However, outstanding thermal stability is not always the case for polymer blends, and the limiting factors responsible for the poor thermal stability in some All-PSCs, and how to obtain higher efficiency without losing stability, still remain unclear. By studying the morphology of poly [2,3-bis (3-octyloxyphenyl) quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl](TQ1)/poly[4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)-2-thienyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl]] (PCE10)/PNDI-T10 blend systems, we found that the rearranged molecular packing structure and phase separation were mainly responsible for the poor thermal stability in devices containing PCE10. The TQ1/PNDI-T10 devices exhibited an improved PCE with a decreased π–π stacking distance after thermal annealing; PCE10/PNDI-T10 devices showed a better pristine PCE, however, thermal annealing induced the increased π–π stacking distance and thus inferior hole conductivity, leading to a decreased PCE. Thus, a maximum PCE could be achieved in a TQ1/PCE10/PNDI-T10 (1/1/1) ternary system after thermal annealing resulting from their favorable molecular interaction and the trade-off of molecular packing structure variations between TQ1 and PCE10. This indicates that a route to efficient and thermal stable All-PSCs can be achieved in a ternary blend by using material with excellent pristine efficiency, combined with another material showing improved efficiency under thermal annealing.

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