Journal articles on the topic 'Termination'
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1
Gao, Wang, Shi, Wu, and Takagi. "Characterization of Multitermination CG Flashes Using a 3D Lightning Mapping System (FALMA)." Atmosphere 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10100625.
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We characterized 205 multiple-termination negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes that were imaged by the Fast Antenna Lightning Mapping Array (FALMA) in Japan during the summer of 2017. The parameters we used included termination number, termination distance, fork height, return stroke (RS) number, the interval between the first RS of each termination, the shortest time difference between the strokes at different terminations, and the first RS intensities separated by termination occurrence orders. It was found that the multiple-termination flashes (MTFs) had a termination number ranging from 2 to 5, with the majority (148/205) at 2. The termination distance (with high probability) was between 2 and 4 km, with 10 out of 359 MTF termination distances being longer than 10 km. For most MTFs (146/205), their leader forks for different terminations occurred at a height between 4 and 6 km, indicating that the fork process mainly occurred inside the cloud. The RS number of the MTFs ranged from 2 to 18, with an arithmetic mean (AM) value of 5.8. The interval between the first RS of each termination in the MTFs ranged from 0.5 to 965.3 ms, with an AM value of 225.6 ms, while the shortest time difference between the strokes at different terminations had an AM value of 189.6 ms. The intensity of the first stroke in each termination tended to decrease with increasing termination occurrence orders.
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Lee, Sooncheol, and Changwon Kang. "Opposite Consequences of Two Transcription Pauses Caused by an Intrinsic Terminator Oligo(U)." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 18 (March 11, 2011): 15738–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m110.203521.
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The RNA oligo(U) sequence, along with an immediately preceding RNA hairpin structure, is an essential cis-acting element for bacterial class I intrinsic termination. This sequence not only causes a pause in transcription during the beginning of the termination process but also facilitates transcript release at the end of the process. In this study, the oligo(U) sequence of the bacteriophage T7 intrinsic terminator Tϕ, rather than the hairpin structure, induced pauses of phage T7 RNA polymerase not only at the termination site, triggering a termination process, but also 3 bp upstream, exerting an antitermination effect. The upstream pause presumably allowed RNA to form a thermodynamically more stable secondary structure rather than a terminator hairpin and to persist because the 5′-half of the terminator hairpin-forming sequence could be sequestered by a farther upstream sequence via sequence-specific hybridization, prohibiting formation of the terminator hairpin and termination. The putative antiterminator RNA structure lacked several base pairs essential for termination when probed using RNases A, T1, and V1. When the antiterminator was destabilized by incorporation of IMP into nascent RNA at G residue positions, antitermination was abolished. Furthermore, antitermination strength increased with more stable antiterminator secondary structures and longer pauses. Thus, the oligo(U)-mediated pause prior to the termination site can exert a cis-acting antitermination activity on intrinsic terminator Tϕ, and the termination efficiency depends primarily on the termination-interfering pause that precedes the termination-facilitating pause at the termination site.
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Mirabito, Diane M. "Revisiting Unplanned Termination: Clinicians’ Perceptions of Termination from Adolescent Mental Health Treatment." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 87, no. 2 (April 2006): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3510.
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This qualitative study explored clinicians’ perceptions about unplanned terminations from outpatient mental health treatment among economically disadvantaged, inner-city adolescents. Findings revealed that most terminations were unplanned, unannounced, and unilaterally initiated by adolescents. Planned terminations occurred only when short-term treatment and situational factors for clients or clinicians dictated termination. Client, clinician, and clinic factors that contributed to unplanned terminations, or treatment dropout, included normative adolescent development, the ways clinicians conducted treatment, and the agency context. Although clinicians believed that the process of termination and closure was important, they rarely initiated it. Implications for practice include reconceptualizing termination; developing collaborative, consistent goals between adolescents and clinicians; use of problem-focused, intermittent, time-limited interventions; and development of organizational and clinical structures to guide case review and closure.
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Parry, Simon, Robert L. Wilby, Christel Prudhomme, and Paul J. Wood. "A systematic assessment of drought termination in the United Kingdom." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 10 (October 20, 2016): 4265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4265-2016.
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Abstract. Drought termination can be associated with dramatic transitions from drought to flooding. Greater attention may be given to these newsworthy and memorable events, but drought terminations that proceed gradually also pose challenges for water resource managers. This paper defines drought termination as a distinctive phase of the event. Using observed river flow records for 52 UK catchments, a more systematic and objective approach for detecting drought terminations is demonstrated. The parameters of the approach are informed by a sensitivity analysis that ensures a focus on terminations of multi-season to multi-year droughts. The resulting inventory of 467 drought terminations provides an unprecedented historical perspective on this phenomenon in the UK. Nationally and regionally coherent drought termination events are identifiable, although their characteristics vary both between and within major episodes. Contrasting drought termination events in 1995–1998 and 2009–2012 are examined in greater depth. The data are also used to assess potential linkages between metrics of drought termination and catchment properties. The duration of drought termination is moderately negatively correlated with elevation (rs = −0.47) and catchment average rainfall (rs = −0.42), suggesting that wetter catchments in upland areas of the UK tend to experience shorter drought terminations. More urbanized catchments tend to have gradual drought terminations (contrary to expectations of flashy hydrological response in such areas), although this may also reflect the type of catchments typical of lowland England. Significant correlations are found between the duration of the drought development phase and both the duration (rs = −0.29) and rate (rs = 0.28) of drought termination. This suggests that prolonged drought development phases tend to be followed by shorter and more abrupt drought terminations. The inventory helps to place individual events within a long-term context. The drought termination phase in 2009–2012 was, at the time, regarded as exceptional in terms of magnitude and spatial footprint, but the Thames river flow record identifies several comparable events before 1930. The chronology could, in due course, provide a basis for exploring the complex drivers, long-term variability, and impacts of drought termination events.
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Jiang, Shan, and Chen L. Miller. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100279.
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Reverse mortgages generally have open maturity dates. The variability of the exact termination time of a mortgage is one of the most important risks faced by the lenders and mortgage insurers. This paper analyzes the termination experience of reverse mortgages in the United States (US). We find that reverse mortgages can be terminated by three distinct events: refinancing, mortality and mobility. Using the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insured Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM) loan data, we estimate the probability of the termination through individual events. The results show that refinance termination and other termination events are driven by different factors. Refinances are mainly driven by macroeconomic conditions, such as the appreciation of the house value and decline in interest rate, and usually done in the beginning years of the loan origination. Mortality terminations follow closely the US mortality tables, which are governed by age and gender. Mobility termination shares a similar pattern with mortality termination, especially in the later years of the loan life. Meanwhile, the initial cash drawdown pattern has significant but different impacts on each type of termination. By separating refinance termination from the two other types of terminations, we show that refinance termination slows down when the interest rate starts to rise. Without separating refinance termination, HECM investors could over-project the number of future HECM terminations in a rising interest rate scenario and result in loss of funds.
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Wallach, David, and Andrew Kovalenko. "Self-termination of the terminator." Nature Immunology 9, no. 12 (December 2008): 1325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1208-1325.
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Mills, Catherine. "The Case of the Missing Hand: Gender, Disability, and Bodily Norms in Selective Termination." Hypatia 30, no. 1 (2015): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12137.
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The practice of terminating a pregnancy following the diagnosis of a fetal abnormality raises questions about notions of bodily normality and the ways these shape ethical decision‐making. This is particularly the case with terminations done on the basis of ostensibly minor morphological anomalies, such as cleft lip and isolated malformations of the limbs or digits. In this paper, I examine a recent case of selective termination after a morphology ultrasound scan revealed the fetus to be missing a hand (acheiria). Using the work of Georges Canguilhem, I show that a person with acheiria could be considered normal. Further, I show that this case reveals a kind of “undecidability” in the significance of fetal sex/gender and disability in termination. From this, I consider the conceptual interaction of disability with sex/gender, to argue that the ethics of disability termination are not as distinct from those of sex/gender selection as is commonly supposed.
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Kox, Tim, Amir Hossein Omranpoor, and Stephane Kenmoe. "Structure and Reactivity of CoFe2O4(001) Surfaces in Contact with a Thin Water Film." Physchem 2, no. 4 (October 17, 2022): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physchem2040023.
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CoFe2O4 is a promising catalytic material for many chemical reactions. We used ab initio molecular dynamic simulations to study the structure and reactivity of the A- and B-terminations of the low-index CoFe2O4(001) surfaces to water adsorption at room temperature. Upon adsorption, water partly dissociates on both termination with a higher dissociation degree on the A-termination (30% versus 19%). The 2-fold coordinated Fe3+(tet) in the tetrahedral voids and the 5-fold coordinated Fe3+(oct) in the octahedral voids are the main active sites for water dissociation on the A- and B-termination, respectively. Molecular water, hydroxydes, and surface OH resulting from proton transfer to surface oxygens are present on the surfaces. Both water-free surface terminations undergo reconstruction. The outermost Fe3+(tet) on the A-termination and B-termination move towards the nearby unoccupied octahedral voids. In the presence of a thin film of 32 water molecules, the reconstructions are partially and completely lifted on the A- and B-termination, respectively.
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Martínez-Trujillo, Miguel, Alejandra Sánchez-Trujillo, Víctor Ceja, Federico Ávila-Moreno, Rosa María Bermúdez-Cruz, Donald Court, and Cecilia Montañez. "Sequences required for transcription termination at the intrinsic λtI terminator." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 2 (February 2010): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w09-123.
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The λtI terminator is located approximately 280 bp beyond the λint gene, and it has a typical structure of an intrinsic terminator. To identify sequences required for λtI transcription termination a set of deletion mutants were generated, either from the 5′ or the 3′ end onto the λtI region. The termination efficiency was determined by measuring galactokinase (galK) levels by Northern blot assays and by in vitro transcription termination. The importance of the uridines and the stability of the stem structure in the termination were demonstrated. The nontranscribed DNA beyond the 3′ end also affects termination. Additionally, sequences upstream have a small effect on transcription termination. The in vivo RNA termination sites at λtI were determined by S1 mapping and were located at 8 different positions. Processing of transcripts from the 3′ end confirmed the importance of the hairpin stem in protection against exonuclease.
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DALY, JOHN A., ALF STEINAR SÆTRE, and ERIC BRUN. "KILLING MUSHROOMS: THE REALPOLITIK OF TERMINATING INNOVATION PROJECTS." International Journal of Innovation Management 16, no. 05 (October 2012): 1250024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919612003861.
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Successful organizations depend not only on highly successful ideas and projects, but also on terminating poorer projects so that they do not drain their intellectual and other resources. There is, however, evidence that organizations let many projects go on for too long before terminating them. This paper investigates managers' termination behaviors in the energy industry along two dimensions — termination and accommodation. Managers have two main concerns when terminating innovative ideas and projects. One is that the idea is actually abandoned (termination) and the other is that whoever came up with the idea does not become de-motivated when a project is terminated (accommodation). We explore the variance in the data to generate categories of termination and accommodation behaviors. We group our findings into seven major categories of termination strategies that vary with respect to accommodation. We then discuss three major features of accommodation strategies.
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Her, Young-Won, Jennifer Howard, and Myungsoo Son. "Timing of auditor terminations and client firm risk." Managerial Auditing Journal 34, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 650–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-03-2018-1831.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine whether the timing of auditor terminations signals the riskiness of client firms. Design/methodology/approach This empirical study uses a sample of auditor switches during 2003-2014 to conduct univariate tests and multivariate regression analyses. Auditor switches occurring after the audit report date but before the shareholders’ meeting are classified as “planned” terminations and auditor switches that occur outside of this window are classified as “abrupt” terminations. Findings First, abrupt terminations are more strongly related to client risk factors than planned terminations. Second, relative to planned terminations, abrupt terminations are more likely to result from an auditor resignation rather than a client dismissal. Third, abrupt termination firms are more likely to have internal control weaknesses and experience delistings in the following year. Future operating performance is also worse after an abrupt termination. Finally, auditors and investors view abrupt terminations as riskier than planned terminations. Practical implications As the timing of the auditor termination is publicly available information, it can provide an important signal of deteriorating financial performance to shareholders and potential investors. Abrupt terminations could be costly to shareholders because those firms likely have lower quality financial reporting (due to internal control weakness) and deterioration of future operating performance. Originality/value While concurrent studies investigate the relation between the timing of new auditor appointment and audit quality, this is the first study to document the relation between the timing of auditor termination and the riskiness of client firms.
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Melnyk, Valentyna, and Tammo Bijmolt. "The effects of introducing and terminating loyalty programs." European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 3/4 (April 13, 2015): 398–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2012-0694.
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Purpose – The goal of this paper is to empirically investigate the effects of an loyalty program (LP) introduction and termination, accounting for simultaneous effects of LP designs, cross-customer effects and competition effects. Despite firms across the globe spend billions of dollars on LPs, it is not clear: whether these programs enhance customer loyalty, what happens if a program is terminated and which LP design elements enhance effectiveness of LPs. Design/methodology/approach – The authors empirically investigate to what extent the effects of introducing and terminating a LP depend on: its monetary and non-monetary design elements, customer characteristics and competition. The empirical evidence is based on a bivariate hierarchical linear model, using a large-scale dataset involving 9,783 consumers rating 24 different LPs across eight industries. Findings – While the characteristics of LP are more important in influencing customer behavior when they join the LP, the competitive environment and the duration of membership in an LP are the primary drivers of customer reactions to LP termination. Non-monetary discrimination between members and non-members is a more powerful tool in creating customer loyalty than offering higher discounts or saving points. The effect of discrimination on loyalty sustains when an LP is terminated. Research limitations/implications – This is the first research to empirically investigate the effect of an LP termination, accounting for simultaneous effects of LP designs and competition effects. The authors measured behavioral intentions in a hypothetical case of LP termination. Future research could assess the effects of LP termination and the moderating role of both monetary and non-monetary design elements on other behavioral loyalty variables based on, e.g. household panel data, when such data on LP terminations across industries becomes available. Practical implications – When a firm considers the introduction of an LP or changing an existing one, non-monetary discrimination between members and non-members seems to be the most effective tool in building sustainable customer loyalty. Further, offering a relatively low saving rate is a viable way to keep costs down because the savings percentage does not significantly affect loyalty. For the same reason, firms can also consider reducing or eliminating LP-based discounts. The competitive environment and the duration of membership in an LP are the primary drivers of customer reactions to LP termination. Originality/value – To the best of authors’ knowledge, the potential effects of LP termination have not been addressed in the current literature. The authors empirically assess the effects of LP termination and effects of those programs at the introduction. Understanding the factors that moderate the potential negative impact of terminating an LP is of crucial importance to managers and researchers alike. The paper is of great value for firms that consider introducing, modifying or terminating an LP.
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Pohrebniak, V. Ya. "THE JURIDICAL NATURE OF TERMINATION OF SUBJECTIVE CIVIL RIGHT." Legal horizons 33, no. 20 (2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i20.p47.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the essence of termination of subjective civil right as juridical possibilities of appropriate person ensured by provisions of civil law of Ukraine. Ignoring the widespread understanding of termination of subjective civil right as the termination of its belonging to a person the author proposes an alternative point of view on this problem. The independent character of appropriate phenomenon determines the necessity of designation the essence of its termination as an element of juridical reality. In this context, the termination not always mean the termination of belonging of appropriate subjective civil right to a person. The problem is researched by the author in the context of structural connection between elements of juridical construction of civil relationship and terminative influence of juridical facts over them. Particularly the order of termination of the subjective civil right related to its realization and to a waiver of it is analyzed. Considerable attention is paid to termination of the subjective civil right that is the result of the termination of a subjective civil obligation that corresponds to such right, termination of subject and object of relationship. The author also determines juridical schematizations related to the complex influence of terminative circumstances over civil relationships. The content of the sign of absolute termination of a subjective civil right is concretized in the article. It is defined that it means termination of subjective civil right absolutely, but not the only termination its belonging to bearer. The termination of subjective civil right doesn’t relate to its emergence at another person that is the transfer of the right. It is defined that termination of subjective civil rights also characterized by finality. This characteristic concretizes juridical situations in which appropriate juridical consequences appear. Finality means that the termination of the right doesn’t provide its renascence at the appropriate person in concrete circumstances of the juridical situation. The article contains the author’s definition of termination of subjective civil rights. Keywords: termination of right, termination of the relationship, waiver of a right, the realization of right, absolute termination, finality termination.
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Hanley-Maxwell, Cheryl, Frank R. Rusch, Janis Chadsey-Rusch, and Adelle Renzaglia. "Reported Factors Contributing to Job Terminations of Individuals with Severe Disabilities." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 11, no. 1 (March 1986): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154079698601100106.
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This study examined factors reported to contribute to job terminations of adults with disabilities. Fifty-one terminations were investigated utilizing three job termination categories. The most frequently reported causes for job loss were problems in the areas of character and/or production. Social awareness, character, and/or production accounted for more than 80% of all terminations. Results indicated that the majority of job terminations were due to reasons classified as social reasons, and when production problems were reported, the presence of social problems was associated with a greater likelihood of job termination.
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Steinmetz, Eric J., and David A. Brow. "Ssu72 Protein Mediates Both Poly(A)-Coupled and Poly(A)-Independent Termination of RNA Polymerase II Transcription." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 18 (September 15, 2003): 6339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.18.6339-6349.2003.
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ABSTRACT Termination of transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a poorly understood yet essential step in eukaryotic gene expression. Termination of pre-mRNA synthesis is coupled to recognition of RNA signals that direct cleavage and polyadenylation of the nascent transcript. Termination of nonpolyadenylated transcripts made by Pol II in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including the small nuclear and small nucleolar RNAs, requires distinct RNA elements recognized by the Nrd1 protein and other factors. We have used genetic selection to characterize the terminator of the SNR13 snoRNA gene, revealing a bipartite structure consisting of an upstream element closely matching a Nrd1-binding sequence and a downstream element similar to a cleavage/polyadenylation signal. Genome-wide selection for factors influencing recogniton of the SNR13 terminator yielded mutations in the gene coding for the essential Pol II-binding protein Ssu72. Ssu72 has recently been found to associate with the pre-mRNA cleavage/polyadenylation machinery, and we find that an ssu72 mutation that disrupts Nrd1-dependent termination also results in deficient poly(A)-dependent termination. These findings extend the parallels between the two termination pathways and suggest that they share a common mechanism to signal Pol II termination.
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McStay, B., and R. H. Reeder. "A DNA-binding protein is required for termination of transcription by RNA polymerase I in Xenopus laevis." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 6 (June 1990): 2793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.6.2793-2800.1990.
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We describe a partially fractionated in vitro transcription system from Xenopus laevis for the assay of transcription termination by RNA polymerase I. Termination in vitro was found to require a specific terminator sequence in the DNA and a DNA-binding protein fraction that produces a footprint over the terminator sequence.
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McStay, B., and R. H. Reeder. "A DNA-binding protein is required for termination of transcription by RNA polymerase I in Xenopus laevis." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 6 (June 1990): 2793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.6.2793.
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We describe a partially fractionated in vitro transcription system from Xenopus laevis for the assay of transcription termination by RNA polymerase I. Termination in vitro was found to require a specific terminator sequence in the DNA and a DNA-binding protein fraction that produces a footprint over the terminator sequence.
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Nashimoto, M., and Y. Mishima. "A model for regulation of mammalian ribosomal DNA transcription. Co-ordination of initiation and termination." Biochemical Journal 256, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2560329.
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Based on recent experimental data about transcription initiation and termination, a model for regulation of mammalian ribosomal DNA transcription is developed using a simple kinetic scheme. In this model, the existence of the transition pathway from the terminator to the promoter increases the rate of ribosomal RNA precursor synthesis. In addition to this ‘non-transcribed spacer’ traverse of RNA polymerase I, the co-ordination of initiation and termination allows a rapid on/off switch transition from the minimum to the maximum rate of ribosomal RNA precursor synthesis. Furthermore, taking account of the participation of two factors in the termination event, we propose a plausible molecular mechanism for the co-ordination of initiation and termination. This co-ordination is emphasized by repetition of the terminator unit.
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King, Rodney A., and Robert A. Weisberg. "Suppression of Factor-Dependent TranscriptionTermination by AntiterminatorRNA." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 24 (December 15, 2003): 7085–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.24.7085-7091.2003.
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ABSTRACT Nascent transcripts of the phage HK022 put sites modify the transcription elongation complex so that it terminates less efficiently at intrinsic transcription terminators and accelerates through pause sites. We show here that the modification also suppresses termination in vivo at two factor-dependent terminators, one that depends on the bacterial Rho protein and a second that depends on the HK022-encoded Nun protein. Suppression was efficient when the termination factors were present at physiological levels, but an increase in the intracellular concentration of Nun increased termination both in the presence and absence of put. put-mediated antitermination thus shows no apparent terminator specificity, suggesting that put inhibits a step that is common to termination at the different types of terminator.
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Armour, Susanne. "With Woman – Midwives as Termination Providers: A Look Back Through History." Practising Midwife Austrailia 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55975/xrgy3760.
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Termination of pregnancy is a safe and legal part of healthcare in most Australian jurisdictions. Legislative changes have given women greater reproductive autonomy and removed the fear of prosecution. Despite midwives being recognised as ideal termination care providers most states and territories have only given doctors the legal right to perform terminations. Historically though, midwives have been the ones women trusted with their sexual and reproductive health, as well as pregnancy and birth care. The aim of this article is to provide a short journey through the history of midwives’ involvement in termination and why termination is regulated by legal frameworks.
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Bulla, Martin. "Terminación de la relación laboral en Eslovaquia." Revista Justicia & Trabajo 2024, no. 1 (June 17, 2024): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.69592/2952-1955-extra-junio-art-6.
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Slovak labour law regulates the termination of employment in a rigid manner, based on the principle of protection of the employee as the weaker party in labour relations. The Labour code distinguishes four key types of terminating an employment relationship: I. Termination by agreement, II. Notice of termination, III. Immediate termination and IV. Termination within a probationary period. In addition to that, an employment relationship will also terminate upon the death of the employee and fixed-term employment will terminate upon expiry of the agreed period. Special provisions apply to termination of an employment relationship with a foreigner (or a stateless person) and in connection with temporary secondment. The legal regulation of termination of the employment relationship in Slovakia has been relatively stable in recent years, without major changes or serious proposals for radical amendment.
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Parry, Simon, Christel Prudhomme, Robert L. Wilby, and Paul J. Wood. "Drought termination." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 40, no. 6 (August 3, 2016): 743–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133316652801.
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There are numerous anecdotal examples of drought terminations documented throughout the historical record on most continents. The end of a drought is the critical time during which water resource managers urgently require information on the replenishment of supplies. Yet this phase has been relatively neglected by the academic community, with much of the existing body of research on drought termination assessing the likelihood of droughts ending rather than its temporal profile. In particular, there has been little effort to characterise drought termination events themselves. This is partly explained by existing definitions of drought termination as a specific point in time when drought is considered to have finished, rather than a more holistic consideration based on approaches developed within biological sciences. There is also a lack of understanding about how drought termination propagates through the hydrological cycle. This paper specifically examines and reviews available research on drought termination, highlighting limitations associated with current definitions and offering suggestions for characterising the temporal stages of drought. An alternative definition of drought termination is proposed: a period between the maximum negative anomaly and a return to above-average conditions. Once this phase has been delineated, the duration, rate and seasonality of drought termination can be derived. The utility of these metrics is illustrated through a case study of the 2010–2012 drought in the UK, and the propagation of drought termination between river flows and groundwater levels.
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Zaręba, Kornelia, Jolanta Banasiewicz, Hanna Rozenek, Michał Ciebiera, and Grzegorz Jakiel. "Emotional Complications in Midwives Participating in Pregnancy Termination Procedures—Polish Experience." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082776.
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Background: Ethically controversial medical procedures, such as the termination of pregnancy, are frequently associated with a discrepancy between personal attitude and values versus requirements related to a professional situation. The study aimed to assess emotional complications in midwives participating in pregnancy termination procedures. Methods: The study included 181 midwives working in state-governed healthcare facilities in central and eastern Poland. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) and the present authors’ own questionnaire were used in the study. The results indicating the level of occupational burnout were presented in two scales: the exhaustion scale and the disengagement scale. Results: The study revealed that 48% of midwives had never participated in pregnancy termination procedures due to fetal defects. The level of occupational burnout described with the exhaustion factor (t = 2.06; p < 0.041) and disengagement factor (t = 2.96; p < 0.003) was significantly higher in the group of midwives participating in pregnancy termination procedures due to fetal defects than in the group of midwives who did not participate in pregnancy terminations. The most common factors contributing to burnout reported by midwives who participated in pregnancy terminations were: moral dilemmas (68%), seeing the aborted fetus (65%), anticipating the child’s death in case it was born with signs of life (59%) and the lack of professional psychological support for medical personnel (56%). Conclusions: Importantly, pregnancy termination should be performed by persons who find such procedures acceptable from the viewpoint of their value system. It is a protective factor in regards to work with women who undergo terminations. Moreover, developing a system of informational and psychological support for midwives participating in pregnancy termination procedures is also a significant aspect.
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Slochower, Joyce. "Sequels." Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 70, no. 5 (October 2022): 845–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00030651221121150.
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The termination ideal for analytic work stands at a considerable distance from clinical reality; “complete” terminations are rare indeed. This gap is perhaps best explored by considering sequels—instances in which ex-analyst and ex-patient become nonsexual friends post treatment. The meanings and implications of these post-termination friendships—their complexities, problematic edges, serious difficulties, and the potential therapeutic benefit of this deviation from the termination ideal—are illustrated using the unfinished story of a good treatment and its yet-to-be-defined ending. Thus, the psychoanalytic model of termination is interrogated, and the complexities of treatment sequels, for both patient and analyst, are elucidated.
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Mühlemann, Oliver. "Recognition of nonsense mRNA: towards a unified model." Biochemical Society Transactions 36, no. 3 (May 21, 2008): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0360497.
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Among the different cellular surveillance mechanisms that ensure accurate gene expression, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay rapidly degrades mRNAs harbouring PTCs (premature translation-termination codons) and thereby prevents the accumulation of potentially deleterious proteins with C-terminal truncations. In the present article, I review recent data from yeast, fluitflies, nematode worms and human cells and endeavour to merge these results into a unified model for recognition of nonsense mRNA. According to this model, the distinction between translation termination at PTCs and at ‘normal’ termination codons relies on the physical distance between the terminating ribosome and PABP [poly(A)-binding protein]. Correct translation termination is promoted by a PABP-mediated signal to the terminating ribosome, whereas the absence of this signal leads to the assembly of an mRNA decay-promoting protein complex including the conserved NMD factors UPF (up-frameshift) 1–3.
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GIESL, JÜRGEN, and AART MIDDELDORP. "Transformation techniques for context-sensitive rewrite systems." Journal of Functional Programming 14, no. 4 (June 7, 2004): 379–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796803004945.
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Context-sensitive rewriting is a computational restriction of term rewriting used to model non-strict (lazy) evaluation in functional programming. The goal of this paper is the study and development of techniques to analyze the termination behavior of context-sensitive rewrite systems. For that purpose, several methods have been proposed in the literature which transform context-sensitive rewrite systems into ordinary rewrite systems such that termination of the transformed ordinary system implies termination of the original context-sensitive system. In this way, the huge variety of existing techniques for termination analysis of ordinary rewriting can be used for context-sensitive rewriting, too. We analyze the existing transformation techniques for proving termination of context-sensitive rewriting and we suggest two new transformations. Our first method is simple, sound, and more powerful than the previously proposed transformations. However, it is not complete, i.e., there are terminating context-sensitive rewrite systems that are transformed into non-terminating term rewrite systems. The second method that we present in this paper is both sound and complete. All these observations also hold for rewriting modulo associativity and commutativity.
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Eyisoy, Ömer Gökhan, Lütfiye Uygur, Ümit Taşdemir, Çağdaş Özgökçe, Büşra Cambaztepe, and Oya Demirci. "Analysis of the process leading to termination of pregnancy in the third trimester." Perinatal Journal 31, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/prn.23.0311011.
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Objective: To evaluate fetal anomalies and processes leading to termination of pregnancy in the third trimester. Methods: The study includes all cases who underwent termination of pregnancy after 28 weeks of gestation due to fetal anomalies between 2017 and 2022. Results: Forty four of third trimester terminations were carried out in our clinic due to fetal anomalies incompatible with life or associated with severe sequelae. Structural anomalies including 35 (79.5%) cases were the most common reason of terminations followed by chromosomal or genetic abnormalities in 8 (18.2%) cases and intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection in 1 (2.3%) case. The processes leading to the third trimester termination were evaluated by dividing 44 patients into 5 groups. (1) Delayed diagnosis due to inadequate prenatal care (25 patients, 56.8%); (2) patients diagnosed with late-onset findings (5 patients, 11.4%); (3) patients with abnormal findings in prenatal care or history but delayed diagnosis (5 patients, 11.4%); (4) patients with abnormal findings requiring further evaluation (4 patients, 9.0%); (5) patients with a definitive diagnosis but latency in the decision of family for termination of pregnancy (5 patients, 11.4%). Conclusion: Termination of pregnancy in the third trimester has an important role in countries where unfollowed pregnancies are common and access to health services is poor due to low socio-economic status.
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Faregh, R. Ashtari, A. Boochani, S. R. Masharian, and F. H. Jafarpour. "The surface effect on the thermodynamic stability, half-metallic and optical properties of Co2MnGa(001) films: a DFT study." International Nano Letters 9, no. 4 (November 7, 2019): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40089-019-00289-3.
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Abstract In this study, the half-metallic properties, thermodynamic stability and optical parameters of the full-Heusler Co2MnGa compound and its four different terminations of Co–Co, Co–Mn, Mn–Ga and Co–Ga from the surface of Co2MnGa (001) have been calculated based on the density functional theory (DFT). The results confirm the ferromagnetic half-metallic behavior with a magnetic moment of 4.08 $$ \mu_{\text{B}} $$μB and a gap of 0.32 eV at the Fermi level of Co2MnGa bulk phase having a Cu2MnAl-type structure. The density of states curves showed that all possible terminations from the Co2MnGa (001) surface eliminate the half-metallic behavior except the termination of Mn–Ga case. Moreover, the results indicate that the termination of Mn–Ga with the lowest surface energy is the most stable termination for the application in spintronics. The optical coefficients such as real and imaginary dielectric function, refraction, extinction, energy loss function, optical conductivity and reflections of the bulk and Mn–Ga termination have been calculated and compared.
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Bayarmaa, Garidjav. "A Contrastive Study on the Declarative Ending of Mongolian and Korean Language." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 75 (November 30, 2023): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2023.75.39.
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In the Korean language, the ending is divided into a “prefinal ending” and a “final ending” according to the location. The final ending can be divided into a termination ending and a non termination ending depending on whether the sentence ends or not. The non-terminating ending has a connection ending with a function of inclusion. On the other hand, Mongolian terminative endings include tense terminative endings and number of personal names declarative endings. In this paper, we were examined the characteristics of the declarative ending system of Korean and Mongolian. Declarative endings are one of the most frequently used endings to learn from the beginner level. Therefore, it is meaningful to contrast the composition of the declarative ending of Korean and Mongolian languages and review the detailed characteristics within them. As a result, the similarities between the two languages’ declarative endings, similarities in function, similarities in form and use, and similarities in literary style and colloquial style are examined, In addition, the differences between the declarative ending of the two languages, the differences in form, the differences in the use of rules and irregularities, and the differences in literary style and colloquial style were examined.
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Zaręba, Kornelia, Valentina Lucia La Rosa, Ewelina Kołb-Sielecka, Michał Ciebiera, Rosalia Ragusa, Jacek Gierus, Elena Commodari, and Grzegorz Jakiel. "Attitudes and Opinions of Young Gynecologists on Pregnancy Termination: Results of a Cross-Sectional Survey in Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 31, 2020): 3895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113895.
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Background: This paper aims to explore the attitudes and opinions of a group of Polish young gynecologists toward pregnancy termination. Method: An anonymous questionnaire was completed by physicians who participated in obligatory trainee courses held in 2019 in Warsaw. Results: The study group included 71 physicians with an average age of 29 years (SD 3.05). A considerable number of the physicians accepted terminations for medical reasons up to the end of pregnancy, especially in cases of lethal defects (46%) and a serious disease in the mother (34%). Only 6% of the group of gynecologists not performing terminations claimed that the procedure was contrary to their conscience, and 62% of them stated that such procedures were not performed at their hospital. Terminations would be performed by 90% of the respondents in cases of lethal defects of the fetus and by 80% if severe irreversible fetal defects were diagnosed. Conclusions: The main problem associated with the inaccessibility of pregnancy termination in Poland is not linked to individuals, meaning medical personnel and the possibility of invoking the conscience clause, but probably to the lack of approval for terminations granted by hospital supervisors. Adequate knowledge on pregnancy termination procedures, fetal defects, and diseases in the mother translated into the changes of opinions on pregnancy terminations.
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Nashrullah, Faiz. "Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja Bagi Karyawan Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah." Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum 18, no. 1 (July 2, 2021): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/istinbath.v18i1.3125.
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In the article, the focus of the discussion is on employee terminations that occur during a pandemic, and the things that companies must fulfill when terminating employment, in terms of Sharia Economic Law. The Covid-19 pandemic that hit caused the government to issue a policy to limit the movement of people by implementing a lockdown and/or PSBB policy. The program caused a stagnation of the wheels of the community's economy. Entrepreneurs suffer losses due to unstable economic conditions, and people's purchasing power has decreased drastically. Thus, to avoid greater losses, many companies cut production costs by terminating their employees. From the results of the study, it is known that termination of employment during the pandemic is included in the ijarah category which is in the company's department, which acts as musta'jir (tenant). In ijarah, musta'jir is allowed to terminate the employment relationship with strong reasons, for example, because of the threat of bankruptcy. The things that must be fulfilled by the company such as severance pay and long service awards are adjusted to the applicable law. If there is still a dispute, then the parties can use the islah agreement to find a middle way. So it can be concluded that termination of employment during a pandemic is something that is allowed according to sharia economic law, provided that the company's obligations to employees affected by the termination must be carried out, and if no agreement is reached between the company and employees regarding their respective rights and obligations. each party, then the parties can choose the islah method to find the best solution.
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KHALID, MA, Q. NAWADAT, and U. KAUSAR. "PHYSICIANS' COMPETENCE IN TERMINATING CPR IN CARDIAC ARREST CASES AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THIS TERMINATION." Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal 2023, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2023i1.294.
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The study aimed to evaluate the competence and knowledge of the cardiac arrest team regarding CPR termination and the factors that influence this termination. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology, Shifa International Hospital April 2022-April 2023). A total of 300 cardiac arrest team members (physicians and nurses) designated to perform advanced cardiac life support were included in the study. Questionnaires were distributed among the participants inquiring about their competence and knowledge about terminating CPR. Of 100 physicians, 40 (40%) were not competent enough to decide on CPR termination. 10% of physicians and 5% of nurses agreed to be aware of the ERC termination guidelines, and only one physician and one nurse could state the contents. The majority of the participants reported terminating resuscitation if the patient was older than 90 years, absent direct pupillary reflex, true asystole, and witnessed cardiac arrest without bystander resuscitation in 10 minutes. Based on the results, the physicians and nurses in Pakistan are not competent in decision-making regarding CPR termination in cardiac arrest patients and are unaware of the factors and guidelines while making such decisions.
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Askew, M. Carter, Charles W. Cahoon, Michael L. Flessner, Mark J. VanGessel, David B. Langston, and J. Harrison Ferebee. "Chemical termination of cover crop rapeseed." Weed Technology 33, no. 5 (August 8, 2019): 686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.50.
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AbstractRapeseed is a popular cover crop choice due to its deep-growing taproot, which creates soil macropores and increases water infiltration. Brassicaceae spp. that are mature or at later growth stages can be troublesome to control. Experiments were conducted in Delaware and Virginia to evaluate herbicides for terminating rapeseed cover crops. Two separate experiments, adjacent to each other, were established to evaluate rapeseed termination by 14 herbicide treatments at two timings. Termination timings included an early and late termination to simulate rapeseed termination prior to planting corn and soybean, respectively, for the region. At three locations where rapeseed height averaged 12 cm at early termination and 52 cm at late termination, glyphosate + 2,4-D was most effective, controlling rapeseed 96% 28 d after early termination (DAET). Paraquat + atrazine + mesotrione (92%), glyphosate + saflufenacil (91%), glyphosate + dicamba (91%), and glyphosate (86%) all provided at least 80% control 28 DAET. Rapeseed biomass followed a similar trend. Paraquat + 2,4-D (85%), glyphosate + 2,4-D (82%), and paraquat + atrazine + mesotrione (81%) were the only treatments that provided at least 80% control 28 d after late termination (DALT). Herbicide efficacy was less at Painter in 2017, where rapeseed height was 41 cm at early termination, and 107 cm at late termination. No herbicide treatments controlled rapeseed >80% 28 DAET or 28 DALT at this location. Herbicide termination of rapeseed is best when the plant is small; termination of large rapeseed plants may require mechanical of other methods beyond herbicides.
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Jaiswal, Rahul, Malay Choudhury, Shamsu Zaman, Samarendra Singh, Vishaka Santosh, Deepak Bastia, and Carlos R. Escalante. "Functional architecture of the Reb1-Ter complex of Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (March 28, 2016): E2267—E2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525465113.
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Reb1 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe represents a family of multifunctional proteins that bind to specific terminator sites (Ter) and cause polar termination of transcription catalyzed by RNA polymerase I (pol I) and arrest of replication forks approaching the Ter sites from the opposite direction. However, it remains to be investigated whether the same mechanism causes arrest of both DNA transactions. Here, we present the structure of Reb1 as a complex with a Ter site at a resolution of 2.7 Å. Structure-guided molecular genetic analyses revealed that it has distinct and well-defined DNA binding and transcription termination (TTD) domains. The region of the protein involved in replication termination is distinct from the TTD. Mechanistically, the data support the conclusion that transcription termination is not caused by just high affinity Reb1-Ter protein–DNA interactions. Rather, protein–protein interactions between the TTD with the Rpa12 subunit of RNA pol I seem to be an integral part of the mechanism. This conclusion is further supported by the observation that double mutations in TTD that abolished its interaction with Rpa12 also greatly reduced transcription termination thereby revealing a conduit for functional communications between RNA pol I and the terminator protein.
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VOETS, DEAN, and DANNY DE SCHREYE. "Non-termination analysis of logic programs with integer arithmetics." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 11, no. 4-5 (July 2011): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068411000159.
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AbstractIn the past years, analyzers have been introduced to detect classes of non-terminating queries for definite logic programs. Although these non-termination analyzers have shown to be rather precise, their applicability on real-life Prolog programs is limited because most Prolog programs use non-logical features. As a first step towards the analysis of Prolog programs, this paper presents a non-termination condition for Logic Programs containing integer arithmetics. The analyzer is based on our non-termination analyzer presented at International Logic Programming Conference (ICLP) 2009. The analysis starts from a class of queries and infers a subclass of non-terminating ones. In first phase, we ignore the outcome (success or failure) of the arithmetic operations, assuming success of all arithmetic calls. In second phase, we characterize successful arithmetic calls as a constraint problem, the solution of which determines the non-terminating queries.
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Denton, Savana D., Darrin M. Dodds, L. Jason Krutz, Jac J. Varco, Jeffrey Gore, and Tyson B. Raper. "Evaluation of Cover Crop Species Termination Timing Prior to Cotton Production in Mississippi." Journal of Cotton Science 24, no. 3 (2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/zcql1443.
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The termination timing of cover crops varies by farm. This research was conducted to determine whether the timing of cover crop termination alters cotton growth and development. The effects of cover crop (crimson clover, cereal rye, oat, and a blend of cereal rye + crimson clover) and termination timing (targeted dates 01 February, 01 March, 01 April, and 01 May) on cotton emergence, plant height, nodes above white flower and yield was evaluated near Starkville, MS on a Leeper silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts) in 2017 and 2018 and near Tribbett, MS on a Dundee silty clay loam (Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic type Typic Endoqualfs) in 2017. Timing of cover crop termination had a transient effect on cotton emergence. Relative to terminating cover crops in March or April, terminating in February or May decreased cotton emergence at 7 days after planting (DAP) by up to 26%. However, by 14 DAP, cotton stand averaged 74,190 plants/ha and there was no effect of cover crop termination timing on emergence. There were modest interaction effects of cover crop and termination timing on cotton development including plant height, number of nodes, and nodes above white flower. Cotton lint yield did not differ due to cover crop species but increased up to 8% when cover crop termination was delayed from February until May. This research indicates that April and May are the optimal times to terminate a cover crop in a Mississippi cotton production system, provided there is a suitable environment for healthy cotton growth.
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Marchiori, E. "Practical Methods for Proving Termination of General Logic Programs." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 4 (April 1, 1996): 179–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.198.
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Termination of logic programs with negated body atoms (here called general logic programs) is an important topic. One reason is that many computational mechanisms used to process negated atoms, like Clark's negation as failure and Chan's constructive negation, are based on termination conditions. This paper introduces a methodology for proving termination of general logic programs w.r.t. the Prolog selection rule. The idea is to distinguish parts of the program depending on whether or not their termination depends on the selection rule. To this end, the notions of low-, weakly up-, and up-acceptable program are introduced. We use these notions to develop a methodology for proving termination of general logic programs, and show how interesting problems in non-monotonic reasoning can be formalized and implemented by means of terminating general logic programs.
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Iswahyudi, Fajar, Agus Heruanto Hadna, Muhadjir Darwin, and Pande Made Kutanegara. "The Determinant of Policy Termination Post-Leadership Succession in Indonesia Context." Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review 6, no. 2 (August 7, 2021): 212–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v6i2.31154.
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Theoretically, termination of policy is due to policy effectiveness. However, in leadership succession, there is a responsibility to acknowledge voters' preferences. Thus, post-leadership succession policy termination can be caused by the policies' effectiveness and voters' policy preferences. This research tries to explain how policy effectiveness and voter preferences become determinants of post-leadership succession policy termination. The analysis was carried out using the multi-stream framework (MSF) developed by Kingdon. The case study chosen was the termination of the River Concretization Policy (RCP) in Jakarta, Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative. This research finds that RCP termination's determinants are effectivity of the program and voter policy preference. This research reaffirms the importance of policy effectiveness and voter policy preference as a foundation for policy termination in post-leadership succession.
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Morris, Kirsty, and Fran Orr. "Is there a Role for Psychiatry in Late Termination of Pregnancy?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 9 (September 2007): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670701519898.
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The aim of the present review was to explore the role of the psychiatrist in late terminations of pregnancy. A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE and psycINFO databases, focussing on articles that explored (i) existing decision-making processes in late terminations; (ii) psychological sequelae of both early and late termination of pregnancy; (iii) the role of psychiatry in both early and late termination of pregnancy; and (iv) the involvement of psychiatry in complex medical decisions. The decision to perform a late termination of pregnancy is complex. Contributing to its complexity is an array of political, legal, societal, and ethical factors. The literature regarding psychological sequelae is frequently confusing and weakened by methodological problems. Methods of assisting in this decision-making process include the involvement of committees and psychiatrists. There are precedents for the involvement of psychiatrists in such a setting. Historically, psychiatrists played a role in screening women who requested an early termination. Psychiatrists are often involved in ethically challenging and complex clinical decisions in the general hospital setting. The involvement of psychiatry in this complex decision-making process has potential advantages and disadvantages. It is timely for psychiatrists to consider their position on their discipline's involvement.
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Tiomkin, Michael. "Probabilistic termination versus fair termination." Theoretical Computer Science 66, no. 3 (August 1989): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(89)90158-8.
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Doets, Kees. "Left termination turned into termination." Theoretical Computer Science 124, no. 1 (February 1994): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(94)90059-0.
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Kaya, Serdar, Ferdi Vaizoğlu, Sezin Yakut Uzuner, Havva Serap Toru, Mehmet Şimşek, and Selahattin Kumru. "The assessment of early and late gestational termination cases." Perinatal Journal 28, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/prn.20.0282007.
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Objective We aimed to investigate the characteristics of early and late gestational termination cases by evaluating the cases underwent gestational termination in our clinic. Methods All pregnant women who had singleton pregnancy and underwent gestational termination due to fetal indications between January 2017 and December 2019 were included in the study. Results A total of 341 cases, of which 263 were with early gestational termination (Group 1) and 73 were with late gestational termination (Group 2) were included in the study. No difference was observed between the demographic characteristics of the groups. The ultrasonographic structural anomaly was observed in 273 (80.1%) of 341 cases and no structural anomaly was observed in 68 (19.9%) cases. Of the cases with structural anomaly, 200 (73%) had isolated system anomaly and 73 (26.7%) had multiple system anomaly. Karyotype analysis was performed in 68% of the cases, and chromosomal anomaly was found in 52.6% of them. Among the cases with normal karyotype analysis results, 22 cases had single gene disorder, of which mostly had thalassemia. While the incidence of structural anomaly was significantly high in the late termination cases (91% vs. 76.8%), the incidence of isolated cardiovascular anomaly was significantly high in the late termination cases similarly (37.5% vs. 13.8%). The autopsy was performed on 16.7% of the cases after termination and the findings were consistent with the prenatal ultrasonographic results in 86% of the cases, and additional findings were found in 22.4% of the cases in the autopsy. Conclusion When the late gestational terminations performed in our clinic are compared to the early gestational terminations, we believe that conducting ultrasonographic anomaly screening to all pregnant women including echocardiography even at a less rate, and also making screening programs in the early gestational periods such as aneuploidy screening easily accessible for all pregnant women may help to maintain maternal health by decreasing the rates of the cases with late gestational
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Godignon, Philippe, Josep Montserrat, José Rebollo, and Dominique Planson. "Edge Terminations for 4H-SiC Power Devices: A Critical Issue." Materials Science Forum 1062 (May 31, 2022): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-lom714.
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Edge termination is a critical part of a power devices. Numerous edge termination types have been developed for silicon devices. Implementation of these termination architectures are not straightforward in SiC due to physical and processing specificities: lower junction depths, higher electric field, trench depth and shaping limitations, etc. Two main families of terminations are currently used in commercial devices, pure Field Guard Rings, and JTE + Rings combination. The increasing number of trench commercial devices requires new approaches based on etched rings filled with dielectrics or polysilicon. For epitaxied bipolar devices, MESA with bevel angle termination combined with JTE based architecture are also suitable. In any case, and especially regarding avalanche capability requirements, not only the termination architecture is relevant, but also the passivation type, the channel stopper design, the 3D design. As modelling using conventional tools is not fully reliable, specific complementary characterization methods are needed. For instance, micro-OBIC can be very effective to determine the electric field distribution in the periphery of the power devices.
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Ikegami, Tetsuro, Sungyong Won, C. J. Peters, and Shinji Makino. "Characterization of Rift Valley Fever Virus Transcriptional Terminations." Journal of Virology 81, no. 16 (May 30, 2007): 8421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02641-06.
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ABSTRACT Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) has a tripartite negative-strand genome and causes a mosquito-borne disease among humans and livestock in sub-Saharan African and Arabian Peninsula countries. Phlebovirus L, M, and N mRNAs are synthesized from the virus-sense RNA segments, while NSs mRNA is transcribed from the anti-virus-sense S segment. The present study determined the 3′ termini of all RVFV mRNAs. The 3′ termini of N and NSs mRNAs were mapped within the S-segment intergenic region and were complementary to each other by 30 to 60 nucleotides. The termini of M and L mRNAs were mapped within 122 to 107 nucleotides and 16 to 41 nucleotides, respectively, from the 5′ ends of their templates. Viral RNA elements that control phlebovirus transcriptional terminations are largely unknown. Our studies suggested the importance of a pentanucleotide sequence, CGUCG, for N, NSs, and M mRNA transcription terminations. Homopolymeric tracts of C sequences, which were located upstream of the pentanucleotide sequence, promoted N and M mRNA terminations. Likewise, the homopolymeric tracts of G sequences that are found upstream of the pentanucleotide sequence promoted NSs mRNA termination. The L-segment 5′-untranslated region (L-5′ UTR) had neither the pentanucleotide sequence nor homopolymeric sequences, yet replacement of the S-segment intergenic region with the L-5′ UTR exerted N mRNA termination in an infectious virus. The L-5′ UTR contained two 13-nucleotide-long complete complementary sequences, and their sequence complementarities were important for L mRNA termination. A computer-mediated RNA secondary structure analysis further suggested that RNA secondary structures formed by the sections of the two 13-nucleotide-long sequences and by the sequence between them may have a role in L mRNA termination. Our data demonstrated that viral RNA elements that govern L mRNA termination differed from those that regulate mRNA terminations in the M and S segments.
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Gromak, Natalia, Steven West, and Nick J. Proudfoot. "Pause Sites Promote Transcriptional Termination of Mammalian RNA Polymerase II." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, no. 10 (May 15, 2006): 3986–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.26.10.3986-3996.2006.
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ABSTRACT Polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptional termination depends on two independent genetic elements: poly(A) signals and downstream terminator sequences. The latter may either promote cotranscriptional RNA cleavage or pause elongating Pol II. We demonstrate that the previously characterized MAZ4 pause element promotes Pol II termination downstream of a poly(A) signal, dependent on both the proximity of the pause site and poly(A) signal and the strength of the poly(A) signal. The 5′→3′ exonuclease Xrn2 facilitates this pause-dependent termination by degrading the 3′ product of poly(A) site cleavage. The human β-actin gene also possesses poly(A) site proximal pause sequences, which like MAZ4 are G rich and promote transcriptional termination. Xrn2 depletion causes an increase in both steady-state RNA and Pol II levels downstream of the β-actin poly(A) site. Taken together, we provide new insights into the mechanism of pause site-mediated termination and establish a general role for the 5′→3′ exonuclease Xrn2 in Pol II termination.
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Ray-Soni, Ananya, Rachel A. Mooney, and Robert Landick. "Trigger loop dynamics can explain stimulation of intrinsic termination by bacterial RNA polymerase without terminator hairpin contact." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 44 (October 16, 2017): E9233—E9242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706247114.
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In bacteria, intrinsic termination signals cause disassembly of the highly stable elongating transcription complex (EC) over windows of two to three nucleotides after kilobases of RNA synthesis. Intrinsic termination is caused by the formation of a nascent RNA hairpin adjacent to a weak RNA−DNA hybrid within RNA polymerase (RNAP). Although the contributions of RNA and DNA sequences to termination are largely understood, the roles of conformational changes in RNAP are less well described. The polymorphous trigger loop (TL), which folds into the trigger helices to promote nucleotide addition, also is proposed to drive termination by folding into the trigger helices and contacting the terminator hairpin after invasion of the hairpin in the RNAP main cleft [Epshtein V, Cardinale CJ, Ruckenstein AE, Borukhov S, Nudler E (2007) Mol Cell 28:991–1001]. To investigate the contribution of the TL to intrinsic termination, we developed a kinetic assay that distinguishes effects of TL alterations on the rate at which ECs terminate from effects of the TL on the nucleotide addition rate that indirectly affect termination efficiency by altering the time window in which termination can occur. We confirmed that the TL stimulates termination rate, but found that stabilizing either the folded or unfolded TL conformation decreased termination rate. We propose that conformational fluctuations of the TL (TL dynamics), not TL-hairpin contact, aid termination by increasing EC conformational diversity and thus access to favorable termination pathways. We also report that the TL and the TL sequence insertion (SI3) increase overall termination efficiency by stimulating pausing, which increases the flux of ECs into the termination pathway.
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Kumar, Umesh. "A Development Methodology for Copper End Termination Paste — Part 1: Origin of Green Defects." Active and Passive Electronic Components 25, no. 2 (2002): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827510212348.
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Copper (Cu) based pastes have emerged as the termination materials of choice for ceramic capacitors with base metal internal electrodes. To prevent oxidation of nickel (Ni) internal electrode and the copper terminations, it is necessary to fire the terminations in a nitrogen atmosphere. This requirement places significant restrictions on raw material selection for the termination pastes. For example, acrylic-based resins are used as organic binder for their clean burning characteristics over the traditional ethyl cellulose based binder system. As the viscoelastic behavior of acrylic resin systems are different to those of cellulose systems, differences are observed in the flow behavior of the paste. In this paper, the influence of paste rheology on the green cosmetic defects such as mooning, peaking, etc. is discussed. Additionally, the influence of process condition such as dipping parameters, drying conditions etc., on the green cosmetic defects are discussed. Finally, properties of a copper termination, which can be processed between 800–825°C, are discussed.
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Ji, Min, Mary Hardy, and Johnny Siu-Hang Li. "A Semi-Markov Multiple State Model for Reverse Mortgage Terminations." Annals of Actuarial Science 6, no. 2 (May 15, 2012): 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1748499512000061.
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AbstractReverse mortgages provide a mechanism for seniors to release the equity that has been built up in their home. At termination, the mortgagors are usually guaranteed to owe no more than the value of their property. The value of the reverse mortgage guarantee is heavily dependent on the maturity or termination date, which is uncertain. In this paper, we model reverse mortgage terminations using a semi-Markov multiple state model which incorporates three different modes of exit: death, entrance into a long-term care facility, and voluntary prepayment. We apply the proposed model specifically to develop the valuation formulas for roll-up mortgages in the UK and Home Equity Conversion Mortgages (HECMs) in the USA. We examine the significance of each mode of termination by valuing the contracts allowing progressively for each mode. On the basis of our model and assumptions, we find that both health related terminations and voluntary (non-health related) terminations significantly impact the contract value. In addition we analyze the premium structure for US reverse mortgage insurance, and demonstrate that premiums appear to be too high for some borrowers, and substantial cross-subsidies may result.
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Jenks, M. Harley, Thomas W. O'Rourke, and Daniel Reines. "Properties of an Intergenic Terminator and Start Site Switch That Regulate IMD2 Transcription in Yeast." Molecular and Cellular Biology 28, no. 12 (April 21, 2008): 3883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00380-08.
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ABSTRACT The IMD2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by intracellular guanine nucleotides. Regulation is exerted through the choice of alternative transcription start sites that results in synthesis of either an unstable short transcript terminating upstream of the start codon or a full-length productive IMD2 mRNA. Start site selection is dictated by the intracellular guanine nucleotide levels. Here we have mapped the polyadenylation sites of the upstream, unstable short transcripts that form a heterogeneous family of RNAs of ≈200 nucleotides. The switch from the upstream to downstream start sites required the Rpb9 subunit of RNA polymerase II. The enzyme's ability to locate the downstream initiation site decreased exponentially as the start was moved downstream from the TATA box. This suggests that RNA polymerase II's pincer grip is important as it slides on DNA in search of a start site. Exosome degradation of the upstream transcripts was highly dependent upon the distance between the terminator and promoter. Similarly, termination was dependent upon the Sen1 helicase when close to the promoter. These findings extend the emerging concept that distinct modes of termination by RNA polymerase II exist and that the distance of the terminator from the promoter, as well as its sequence, is important for the pathway chosen.
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Şengül, Metin, and Gökmen Yeşilyurt. "Modified Q-Based Real Frequency Design of Narrowband Impedance Equalizer with Complex Terminations." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 11 (October 2019): 1950183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619501834.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, real frequency design equations of narrowband impedance matching network with complex terminations are derived; which are used to design L, Pi and T type of networks. In the approach, there is no need to have termination models with component values, it is enough to have measurement values of termination impedances. A few examples are solved to exhibit the merits and application of the derived equations.