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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Terminal care Japan

Academic literature on the topic 'Terminal care Japan'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Terminal care Japan"

1

Babazono, Akira, Janet Weiner, Hirohisa Hamada, Toshihide Tsuda, Yoshio Mina, and Alan L. Hillman. "Health Policy in Transition: Terminal Care and Site of Death in Japan." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 3, no. 2 (April 1998): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581969800300204.

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Objectives: In Japan, hospitals have replaced homes as the predominant site of death, especially for the elderly. Site of death is a reliable indicator of where older people receive care before they die. We conducted a population-based study to identify the factors that determine site of death in a typical rural area in Japan. Methods: Study subjects were residents of Kawakami town, aged 70 years or older, who died during 1981 and 1990. Death certificates provided information on age, gender, cause of death, duration of illness before death, family members, family occupation, and site of death. Results: Among 455 subjects, 52.7% died at home, while 47.3% died in hospital. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that subjects with cancer were 6.1 times more likely to die in hospitals than those with other diseases. Subjects who died in their seventies were 2.3 times more likely to die in hospital than older subjects. Members of non-farming families were 1.7 times more likely to die in hospital than members of farming families. Gender, duration of illness, and the presence of spouse or children in the household were not significantly related to site of death according to multivariate analyses, although trends did exist. Conclusion: This case study illustrates the importance of developing geriatric care systems in Japan, utilizing alternatives to hospitals, such as nursing homes and formal home care. This is particularly true for patients with cancer. As the older population rapidly increases in Japan, the need for alternatives in geriatric care grows more critical.

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Ogasawara, Chie, Yasuko Kume, and Masayo Andou. "Family Satisfaction With Perception of and Barriers to Terminal Care in Japan." Oncology Nursing Forum 30, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): E100—E105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/03.onf.e100-e105.

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Kai, Ichiro, Gen Ohi, Eiji Yano, Yasuki Kobayashi, Tomoyo Miyama, Naoakira Niino, and Koh-Ichi Naka. "Communication between patients and physicians about terminal care: A survey in Japan." Social Science & Medicine 36, no. 9 (May 1993): 1151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(93)90235-v.

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Abe, Koji, and Akira Ohashi. "Positive Effects of Experience in Terminal Care on Nursing Home Staff in Japan." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 28, no. 6 (January 16, 2011): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909110396351.

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Ishiwata, Ryuji, and Akio Sakai. "The Physician–Patient Relationship and Medical Ethics in Japan." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3, no. 1 (1994): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100004722.

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In April 1991, a general meeting of the Japanese Medical Conference (called ev 4 years) was held in Kyoto and attracted 32,500 participants, the largest number ever. The theme of the meeting was “Medicine and Health Care in Transition,” and the program Included panel discussions on “How to Promote the Quality of Health Care” and “How Terminal Care Should Be Provided” and symposia on “Diagnosis of Brain Death and Its Problems,” “The Propriety of Organ Transplantation,” and “Brain Death and Organ Transplantation.” These titles reveal not only how medical professionals in Japan perceive the present situatior healthcare but also the Issues that most concern them.

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Maeda, Nobuo, and Seiichi Takahashi. "Provision of care to the terminal ill in the home: Community experiences in Japan." Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 8, no. 4 (October 1993): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00972570.

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Sano, Tomomi, Etsuko Maeyama, Masako Kawa, Yuki Shirai, Mitsunori Miyashita, Keiko Kazuma, and Takeshi Okabe. "Family caregiver's experiences in caring for a patient with terminal cancer at home in Japan." Palliative and Supportive Care 5, no. 4 (October 25, 2007): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951507000582.

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ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to clarify the care experience of primary caregivers when caring for a terminal cancer patient in the home with the assistance of a home palliative care service. Participants were asked to provide background data and to evaluate their experience of caregiving and of the patient's response throughout the period of home palliative care, up to the time of death.Methods:One hundred twelve primary family caregivers were a mailed self-report questionnaire, and 74 valid questionnaires were returned (response rate 66%).Results:Ninety percent felt that the patient's condition of mind and body was reasonably stable, and 75% felt that the death was peaceful. About 90% reported a deepening of their bond with the patient and that the bond of other family members deepened also. Sixty percent reported that the burden of caregiving was not too great or not felt at all. Approximately 90% judged that the patient retained his or her own personal qualities to the end. Ninety percent also felt that they had done their best in their caregiving and judged that home care had been beneficial for the deceased, for the primary caregiver him/herself, and for other family members. These primary caregivers' evaluations of caring for a terminally ill patient at home in conjunction with a home palliative care service were both high and positive.Significance of results:Our findings suggest that it is important to maintain the patient's personal qualities up to the time of death through appropriate symptom management, to respect the family bond of the household, and to provide professional support in order to reduce the load on the family. If appropriate care is provided, peaceful home death will be possible, resulting in significant benefits for patients and their families in Japan.

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Naito, Yumi, Yoko Tomita, Katrina Breaden, and Yvonne Parry. "Community Nurses' Perspective on Barriers to Effective Utilization of Advance Care Planning for Terminal Care of The Elderly in The Home Environment in Japan: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Qualitative Studies." International Journal of Advanced Health Science and Technology 2, no. 3 (June 15, 2022): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijahst.v2i3.4.

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Advance care planning (ACP) allows individuals to plan the health care which dignifies their personal values at the terminal phase of their illnesses. The Japanese government previously endorsed the concept of ACP in the guideline on end-of-life care and community nurses in Japan could play an increased role to improve its utilization by patients. The current study aimed to identify challenges surrounding ACP practice in the home environment in Japan from the community nurses’ perspectives. Semi-structured interview was performed on eleven community nurses working in metropolitan areas in Japan. Qualitative data was collected and analyzed using Braun & Clarke’s six-step framework of thematic analysis (2006). Five themes were identified as barriers to effective ACP utilization: complexity surrounding family power, informed consent and discussion, cultural influence, longer life versus better life, and absence of frameworks and guidelines. The first three themes were further subdivided into subthemes: imbalance in family power and family guilt, inadequate information for decision-making and ‘no one talk about it’, and traditional ways of thinking and taboo surrounding talking about death, respectively. The identified issues surrounding the current ACP practice in Japan were interconnected and reflective of the social, cultural, legal, and ethical aspects of life and care in Japan. This study highlighted the importance of respecting patients’ preferences in care, which should be additionally protected by establishing clear policy and legal frameworks on ACP

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TAMURA, KEIKO, KAORI ICHIHARA, EIKO MAETAKI, KEIKO TAKAYAMA, KUMI TANISAWA, and MASAYUKI IKENAGA. "Development of a spiritual pain assessment sheet for terminal cancer patients: Targeting terminal cancer patients admitted to palliative care units in Japan." Palliative and Supportive Care 4, no. 2 (June 2006): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147895150606024x.

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Objective: This research explores the potential benefit of a spiritual pain assessment sheet to clinical practice. With spiritual pain defined as “pain caused by extinction of the being and meaning of the self,” the spiritual pain assessment sheet was developed by Hisayuki Murata from his conceptual framework reflecting the three dimensions of a human being as a being founded on temporality, a being in relationship, and a being with autonomy. The assessment sheet was developed from reviews of the literature and examinations from a philosophical perspective on the structure of spiritual pain.Methods: Patients admitted to palliative care units in Japan were interviewed using the assessment sheet. The responses were analyzed qualitatively. The usefulness of the assessment sheet and the burden placed on the patients by its use were also investigated.Results: The spiritual pain elucidated by the assessment sheet was the same as that revealed in the earlier research of Morita. The patients reported that they did not find the use of the assessment sheet a burden, and more than half reported that it was useful. The burden of the assessment sheet on the subjects was thus determined to be low. Positive feedback on the assessment sheet was also received from the nurses who conducted the patient interviews, who said the assessment sheet made it easier to talk with the patients about their spiritual pain.Significance of research: The research results indicate that the spiritual pain assessment sheet provided an appropriate assessment of spiritual pain among terminal cancer patients, showing that such a sheet could be used as an assessment tool in the future.

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AOKI, Tomokazu, Yoshitaka NARITA, Kazuhiko MISHIMA, and Masao MATSUTANI. "Current Status of Palliative and Terminal Care for Patients with Primary Malignant Brain Tumors in Japan." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 60, no. 12 (2020): 600–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.oa.2020-0243.

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Books on the topic "Terminal care Japan"

1

Kimura, Rihito. Life sustaining technologies: Elderly in Japan. [Washington, D.C.?: Office of Technology Assessment, 1988.

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2

Maryuma, Teresa Chikako. Hospice care and culture: A comparison of the hospice movement in the West and Japan. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 1999.

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Hans-Martin, Sass, Veatch Robert M, and Kimura Rihito 1934-, eds. Advance directives and surrogate decision making in health care: United States, Germany, and Japan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

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4

Sasaki, Takashi. Nihon ni okeru shumatsu kea no tankyu: Kokusai hikaku no shiten kara = Terminal care in Japan. Chuo Hoki, 1997.

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5

Maruyama, Teresa Chikako. Hospice Care and Culture: A Comparison of the Hospice Movement in the West and Japan. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Hospice Care and Culture: A Comparison of the Hospice Movement in the West and Japan. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Maruyama, Teresa Chikako. Hospice Care and Culture: A Comparison of the Hospice Movement in the West and Japan. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Maruyama, Teresa Chikako. Hospice Care and Culture: A Comparison of the Hospice Movement in the West and Japan. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Maruyama, Teresa Chikako. Hospice Care and Culture: A Comparison of the Hospice Movement in the West and Japan. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Terminal care Japan"

1

Yamazaki, Fumio. "A Thought on Terminal Care in Japan." In Philosophy and Medicine, 131–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8895-9_10.

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Shiroshita, Yuji. "Medical Technology, Terminal Care and Criminal Law: Court Cases from Japan." In Humans and Devices in Medical Contexts, 143–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6280-2_6.

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Majima, Tomoko, Junko Kusunoki, and Tomoko Otsuka. "The Role of the Home-Visit Nursing System in the Treatment of Terminal Cancer Patients in Japan." In Palliative Care for Chronic Cancer Patients in the Community, 543–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54526-0_49.

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4

Nakajima, Ichiro, Ken-ichiro Ejima, Yoshinori Arai, Kunihito Matsumoto, Kazuya Honda, Hirofumi Aboshi, Marina Hamaguchi, et al. "Empirical Study on Medical Information and Communication Technology System in Dentistry in Southeast Asia." In Oral Health Care [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101080.

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In the field of dentistry, diagnoses based on data obtained using medical imaging modalities such as digital panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) have been widely recommended for advanced dental care. In Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), there are place where advanced dental imaging devices are available in only one university dental hospital. The establishment of an information and communication technology (ICT) system has been expected as telemedicine system, for sharing medical imaging data among medical institutions in Laos. Recently, regional medical cooperation using telemedicine has been developed in Japan, and medical imaging data have been provided and shared among medical institutions, by using a mobile tablet terminal application. Therefore, we have carried out the empirical research on the telemedicine system with the university in Laos. The technologies and research results from our project will be presented in this chapter.

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Konishi, Tetsuya. "Mibyou Care is A Key for Healthy Life Elongation: The Role of Mibyou-Care Functional Foods." In Complementary Therapies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101073.

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Mibyou was originally defined in the traditional Chinese Medicine as the certain physiological state being not perfectly well but not ill and was recognized that the treatment of Mibyou is more important than treating diagnosable diseases. As the life span of human is getting sufficiently elongated, the demand for the healthy life expenditure increased, and the Mibyou is recognized to be the target for securing the healthy aging and wellness in the longevity society. Consequently, the concept of Mibyou is currently reevaluated, especially, in the preventive medicine. However, as sub-healthy condition is alternatively used for the Mibyou, the Mibyou was rather obscure concept, and thus, a new concept and definition of Mibyou was proposed by the Japan Mibyou Association (e.g., Japanese Society of Mibyou System) in 2006. According to the definition, the Mibyou is the specific physiological and disease condition distinct from the terminal diseases, which needs hospitalization and medical treatments, and includes such conditions that the individuals are able to enjoy normal life activity and well-being even if the clinical inspections show some abnormality. This made clear the targets of Mibyou care practices including dietary approach. For the beneficial use of functional foods in the Mibyou care practices, it is worthy to categorize the currently distributed functional foods into newly defined Mibyou-Care functional foods.

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Konno, Yuko. "Trans-Pacific Localism and the Creation of a Fishing Colony." In Trans-Pacific Japanese American Studies. University of Hawai'i Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824847586.003.0005.

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Before World War II, immigrant fishermen from Wakayama Prefecture in western Japan, many among them from a small town called Taiji, created an almost 100% Japanese community and dominated the local fishing industry on Terminal Island, Los Angeles. This study examines the role of immigrants’ home village in sustaining migration and close connections across the Pacific. Evidence from qualitative and quantitative research demonstrates how transpacific ties played a transformative part in community building on both sides of the ocean. The case of Taiji and Terminal Island sheds light on the degree to which pre-World War II Japanese immigrants embraced a localism rooted in Japan and at the same time made unique cultural and economic contributions in the new ethnoracial environment of the United States.

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Pasquet, Marc, Delphine Vacquez, Joan Reynaud, and Félix Cuozzo. "Contactless Payment with RFID and NFC." In Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing, 112–20. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-960-1.ch009.

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The radio frequency identification (RFID) reading technology enables the transfer, by radio, of information from electronic circuit to a reader, opened up some interesting possibilities in the area of epayment (Domdouzis, Kumar, & Anumba, 2007). Today, the near field communication technology (NFC) opens up even more horizons, because it can be used to set up communications between different electronic devices (Eckert, 2005). Contactless cards, telephones with NFC capacities, RFID tag have been developed in industry and the services (Bendavid, Fosso Wamba, & Lefebvre, 2006). They are similar, but, some major differences explain the specificity of these three applications and the corresponding markets. The label, or marker, is a small size electronic element that transmits, on request, its numerical identification to a reader. The RFID identification makes it possible to store and recover data at short distance by using these miniature markers or labels (see Figure 1) associated to the articles to identify. The cost of the label is only few centimes. An RFID system is made of labels, readers connected to a fixed network, adapted software (collection of information, integration, confidentiality...), adapted services, and management tools that allow the identification of the products through packing. Contactless smartcards (see Figure 2) contain a microprocessor that can communicate under a short distance with a reader similar to those of RFID technology (Khu-smith & Mitchell, 2002). The originality of NFC is the fact that they were conceived for the protected bilateral transmission with other systems. NFC respects the standard ISO-14443 (Bashan, 2003) and thus, can be used as a contactless card. It can be used as a contactless terminal communicating with a contactless card or another NFC phone (ISO-18092). Services available through NFC are very limited today, but many experiments are in progress and electronic ticketing experiences (subways and bus) started in Japanb. There are two types of NFC phones: The mono chip composed of only one chip for GSM services (called the SIM) and NFC services. In that case, an NFC service is dependent of the phone operator. • The dual chip shows a clear separation of the two functions within two different chips. That completely isolates the operator and allows independent NFC services… We define the technology standards, the main platforms and actors in the background section. The main trust develops some contactless payment applications, and analyses the benefits and constraints of the different solutions. The future trends section concerns the research and technology evolution in contactless payment applications.

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Conference papers on the topic "Terminal care Japan"

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Oshima, Masami, and Takashi Kase. "Seismic Evaluation of Existing Structures Supporting Loading-Arms in LNG Receiving Terminal." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1411.

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After Hyogo South Area earthquake, a new seismic design method considering non-elastic deformation behavior is established against Level 2 earthquake (Safety Shutdown Earthquake) in the Seismic Design Code of High-pressure Gas Facilities in Japan. In this paper, this method is applied for an evaluation of existing structures supporting loading-arms in LNG Receiving Terminal. A procedure of pre-earthquake seismic upgrading and modification of the structures that are supported by platforms and supporting loading-arms is introduced. In this evaluation, the seismic loads taking into account of interaction among platforms, structures, and loading-arms are analyzed as total systems. And yield strength design method is applied. Then for the seismic design of loading-arms, floor response spectrums on the installation level are presented. After upgrading the platforms in this case, seismic evaluation of loading-arms based on this study will be performed. So the effect of changing its stiffness is studied. Also to evaluate the dynamic loads subjected to the loading-arms, they are compared with seismic loads that are derived from modified static coefficient method of the seismic design code. Thus with studies of vibration characteristics as total systems, it is possible to make effective and economical countermeasures for pre-earthquake seismic upgrading and modification of the structures and loading-arms.

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Gupta, Abhinav, and Tribhuwan Tyagi. "Design Adequacy for Change in Pipeline Service: A Case Study." In ASME 2021 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2021-61734.

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Abstract Pipelines have proven to be the most reliable and efficient means of transportation of hydrocarbons. Different fluids from numerous sources have different physical, chemical and operational properties, thereby separate pipelines were laid for most of the fluids. However, laying of new pipelines is becoming more and more challenging with vast and complex network of existing pipelines and topographies being faced in both onshore as well as offshore. Moreover considering the huge laying costs and risks of damaging the delicate balance of flora and fauna by entering the unchartered territories, a point does arise to optimally utilize already existing massive pipeline infrastructure. In this technical paper a method has been formulated to achieve such a cause. A case study from an existing subsea pipeline project of M/s ADOC (Japan) has been presented. Existing 8 inch subsea pipeline of M/s ADOC (Japan) from Hail Site Terminal (HST) to Mubarraz Island in UAE was originally designed for gas service. However, the client intended to use the same for treated sea water service. A thorough design adequacy check was performed to convert the existing subsea gas pipeline into a liquid pipeline. In such a case it is mandatory to check the adequacy of the pipeline for the intended service and design parameters which includes checking for suitability of already selected pipe wall thickness, on-bottom stability and free spans under the action of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces. The methodology adopted for this project can be generalized in order to create a framework to establish a basis to use an existing pipeline for different services.

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Takahashi, Koji, Yasuo Kasugai, and Isao Fukuda. "Port Placement Theory in Consideration of Geographical Characteristics and Disaster Risks in Case of Ocean Space Utilization." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24345.

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In case of ocean space utilization, the factors which have to be taken into consideration in order to form an international basic container route are geographical factors which are the position on a global scale, the economic scale of port hinterland, the ocean climatic condition for setting the route etc. as well as factors from the viewpoint of transport such as the volume of container cargo and both size of container ships and container terminals. It is important to consider these geographical factors not only in order to study the port placement from the global point of view but also to devise the port policy. Although there are many studies on factors from the viewpoint of transport, there is almost no study on these geographical factors. Then, the authors made a new simulation model and analyzed these geographical factors of the international container ports in all parts of the world. As a result of analysis, the authors got the conclusion that there were three port placement patterns. The first type is ‘the Continent Base Port Type’, which it is located in the continent and has the large economic hinterland. Typical ports of this type are Antwerp, LA, LB and Shanghai. The second type is ‘the Ocean Base Port Type’, which is located in the ocean space where geographical predominance is high. This type forms route hubs. Typical ports of this type are Singapore, Malta and Kaohsiung. The third type is ‘the Tight Hinterland Port Type’, which is located in an island and has the tight economic hinterland where the economic activities density is very high. This type has characteristics that the distance between the ports is short and there are a lot of numbers of ports, which is unique and special in the world. Japan’s ports are classified in the third type. Furthermore, Japan has a characteristic that there are many large-scale earthquakes and has to consider earthquake measures to reduce disaster risks. The authors will suggest the most suitable port placement theory in consideration of these characteristics in case of ocean space utilization.

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Nijhawan, Sunil. "Regulatory Actions That Hinder Development of Effective Risk Reduction Measures by the Nuclear Industry for Enhanced Severe Accident Prevention and Mitigation Measures After Fukushima." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60700.

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The official report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission concluded that “The TEPCO Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident was the result of collusion between the government, the regulators and TEPCO, and the lack of governance by said parties. They effectively betrayed the nation’s right to be safe from nuclear accidents. Therefore, we conclude that the accident was clearly ‘manmade.’ We believe that the root causes were the organizational and regulatory systems that supported faulty rationales for decisions and actions, rather than issues relating to the competency of any specific individual.” This wakeup call for the nuclear power utilities should require a public review of their relationship with of regulators. However, severe accident related risk reduction is a relatively uncharted territory and given the apparent lack of in-house technical expertise, the regulators are heavily relying on the qualitative and ‘hand waving’ arguments being presented by the utilities inherently disinterested in further investments they are not required to make under original license conditions. As a result, it has accelerated further deterioration of the safety culture and emboldened many within the regulatory staff to undertake or support otherwise questionable decisions in support of the utilities that prefer status quo. Case in point is the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) which mostly accepts any and all requests by the nuclear power industry. After Fukushima, the CNSC took a year to publish a set of ‘Action Items’ for the Canadian Nuclear industry to prepare plans over 3 years and then accepted most if not all submissions that in many cases barely addressed the already watered down recommendations. In some cases the solutions proposed by the industry were economically expedient but technically flawed; and some could even be considered dangerous. CNSC also published a study on consequences of a severe accident with a source term that was limited to the desirable safety goal (100 TBq of Cs-137), which coincidently years later matched the utility ‘calculations’, but orders of magnitude smaller than predicted by independent evaluations. As a result, some well publicized conclusions on the benign nature of consequences of a CANDU severe accident were made and the local and provincial agencies that actually are supposed to prepare off-site emergency measures were left with an incorrect picture of what havoc a severe accident can cause otherwise. CNSC then published a much publicized video highlighting the available operator actions to terminate the accident early and later a report outlining the accident progression for a severe accident without operator action with conclusions that were immediately technically suspect from a variety of aspects. The aim was to claim that a severe core damage accident has no unfavorable off-site consequences. The regulator effectively, in this case, comes across as a promoter for the industry it is legislated to regulate. The paper outlines examples of actions being taken by the regulators that hinder development of effective risk reduction measures by the industry which otherwise would be forced to undertake them if the regulators had not stepped on the plate to bat for them. They vary from letters to editors to silence any safety concerns raised by the public, muzzling of its own staff, trying to silence external specialists who question their wisdom on to blatant disregard for any intervention by public they are required to entertain by law but are accustomed to factually ignore or belittle. The paper also outlines a number of examples of actions that an independent regulator would undertake to reduce the risk and enhance the safety culture. The nuclear regulatory regimes work well generally but in cases where it does not, the results can be disastrous as evident from the events in Japan and as is building up in Canada. The paper also summarizes the disparities between the number of Regulatory Actions instituted by the CNSC against small companies that use nuclear substances for industrial applications and almost none actions against the nuclear power plant utilities it regularly grants a pass in spite of the larger risk their operations pose to public.

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Reports on the topic "Terminal care Japan"

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Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.

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