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1
Koirala, M. P., and G. Ojha. "Foundation characteristics of the soils of different parts of Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 42 (September 24, 2011): 153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v42i0.31462.
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This paper deals with foundation characteristics of the soils of different parts of Nepal. In this paper, multiple approaches were adopted to explore foundation characteristic s of the soil. In this study 14 sites from different parts of the country were selected; 2 sites from the hilly region, 2 sites from the inner Terai and 10 sites from the Terai. In each site two test sites were selected. In each test site simplified penetration apparatus (SPA) tests were carried out and were accompanied by the auger tests. Soil samples from different depths in each site were collected for the direct shear test, soil classification, LL PL test, density and other tests and these tests were carried out in laboratory. Bearing capacity of the soils thus obtained from the laboratory was compared with the soil types of certain depth and the Nc value at that depth. From the study it was found that the Nc value depends upon the types of the soil and the compactness of the soils. This study showed that Nc value can be converted in to the ultimate bearing capacity by multiplying the obtained Nc value by the factor of 35 within 80% confidence. Resistivity measurements were carried out only to explore the suitability of the sites for the purposed construction of substations in terms of earthing. Resistivity measurement showed that the sites are suitable for the construction of purposed substations.
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Ojha, Roshan Babu, Shova Shrestha, Yajna Gajadhar Khadka, and Dinesh Panday. "Potassium nutrient response in the rice-wheat cropping system in different agro-ecozones of Nepal." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e0248837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248837.
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Most of the soils of Nepal had a higher potassium (K, expressed as K2O) level inherently. Later in 1976, the Government of Nepal has recommended K fertilizer rate at 30 kg K2O ha-1 in rice-wheat cropping systems. However, those crops began showing K deficiency symptoms in recent decades, which could be due to a large portion of soils with depleted K level or the insufficient input of K fertilizer for crop production. This study explored a limitation of K nutrient in the crops by establishing field trials from 2009–2014 at three agro-ecozones i.e., inner-Terai (2009–2010), high-Hills (2011–2012), and Terai (2012–2014) in Nepal. Seven rates of K fertilizer at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 kg K2O ha-1 were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design, where crop yields and yield-attributing parameters of rice-wheat cropping system were recorded. Results revealed that an increase in K rates from 45 to 75 kg K2O ha-1 under inner-Terai and Terai conditions and 45 to 60 kg ha-1 under high-Hills conditions produced significantly higher grain yields compared to the recommended K dose. Economically, the optimum rate of K fertilizer should not exceed 68 kg K2O ha-1 for rice in all agro-ecozones, or 73 kg K2O ha-1 for wheat in inner-Terai and 60 kg K2O ha-1 for wheat in high-Hills and Terai. Our findings suggest to increase potassium application in between 1.5 to 2.5 times of the current K fertilizer rate in rice-wheat cropping system of Nepal that need to be tested further in different locations and crop varieties.
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De, Parijat, Shovik Deb, Dibyendu Deb, Somsubhra Chakraborty, Priyabrata Santra, Puspendu Dutta, Anarul Hoque, and Ashok Choudhury. "Soil quality under different land uses in eastern India: Evaluation by using soil indicators and quality index." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 22, 2022): e0275062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275062.
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Indian soils are inherently poor in quality due to the warm climate and erosion. Conversion of land uses like forests to croplands and faulty management practices in croplands further cause soil degradation. This study aimed to understand the extent of these impacts in a small representative part of eastern India, covering Himalayan terai and nearing alluvial plains. Soils were collected from (i) forests, (ii) croplands (under agricultural practices for more than 50–60 years) and (iii) converted lands (converted from forests to croplands or tea gardens over the past 15–20 years). Different soil quality indicators were assessed and soil quality index (SQI) was generated to integrate, scale and allot a single value per soil. Results indicated that continuous organic matter deposition and no disturbances consequence the highest presence of soil carbon pools, greater aggregation and maximum microbial dynamics in forest soils whereas high application of straight fertilizers caused the highest available nitrogen and phosphorus in cropland soils. The SQI scorebook indicated the best soil quality under forests (x¯ 0.532), followed by soils of converted land (x¯ 0.432) and cropland (x¯ 0.301). Comparison of the SQI spatial distribution with land use and land cover confirmed the outcome. Possibly practices like excessive tillage, high cropping intensity, no legume in crop rotations, cultivation of heavy feeder crops caused degraded soil quality in croplands. This study presented an example of soil quality degradation in India due to land use change and faulty management practices. Such soil degradation on a larger scale may affect future food security.
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PAL, D., P. K. PATRA, and D. MUKHOPADHYAY. "Characterizing soils under different land use patterns in Terai region of West Bengal." AN ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE 10, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ajss/10.1/142-148.
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Singh, N. K., G. C. Banik, D. Mukhopadhyay, and A. Patra. "Release of non-exchangeable potassium in some acidic Terai soils of himalayan floodplain." Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 68, no. 3 (2020): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2021.00007.4.
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Magar, Lil Budha, Binod Rayamajhee, Sujan Khadka, Gaurab Karki, Alina Thapa, Muhammad Yasir, Sandeep Thapa, Om Prakash Panta, Suprina Sharma, and Pramod Poudel. "Detection of Bacillus Species with Arsenic Resistance and Plant Growth Promoting Efficacy from Agricultural Soils of Nepal." Scientifica 2022 (July 19, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9675041.
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Arsenic contamination in soil and water is one of the major environmental problems in multiple countries including Nepal imposing a serious threat to the ecosystem and public health. Many soil bacteria can detoxify arsenic, including genus Bacillus. With an objective to gauge the plant growth-promoting activities of arsenic-resistant Bacillus species, 36 samples (soil, rice, cauliflower, and beans) were collected from the Terai region of Nepal. For selective isolation of Bacillus species, each sample was heated at 80°C for 15 min before the inoculation into nutrient agar (NA). Following the standard protocol, arsenic-resistant Bacillus species were screened using NA supplemented with 100 ppm sodium arsenate and sodium arsenite. Among 158 randomly selected isolates, only five isolates were able to tolerate sodium arsenite concentration up to 600 ppm. Notably, all five isolates were able to produce indole acetic acid (IAA), a plant hormone, and solubilize phosphate. Based on biochemical analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, isolates N4-1, RW, KR7-12, Bhw1-4, and BW2-2 were identified as B. subtilis subsp. stercosis, B. flexus, B. licheniformis, B. cereus, and B. flexus, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing the presence of arsenic-resistant B. flexus in Nepalese soil with plant growth-promoting traits. Possible utilization of these Bacillus strains could facilitate the novel bioremediation pathway to reduce the toxic effect of arsenic from the soil and water in the Terai region of Nepal.
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Dhakal, M., Shrawan K. Sah, Andrew McDonald, and Anant P. Regmi. "Perception and economics of dry direct seeded rice in tarai of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 16 (June 1, 2015): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v16i0.19843.
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Transplanting is widely practiced methods of rice establishment in puddled soils require large amount of labor and water, which are becoming scarce and expensive in Nepal. A field survey was carried out in six districts of terai region of Nepal during 2010. Sixty farmers, ten from each district were randomly selected. They were interviewed using face-to-face method based on semi-structured questionnaires to know their perception towards constraints, and economics of dry direct seeded rice (DDSR). Farmers were mostly using transplanted rice (TPR) because of less weed infestation and better crop establishment, but they were concerned with high cost of cultivation, higher water requirement and deterioration of soil after puddling operation. Farmers perceived DDSR as a cost reducing and less water requiring technology whereas severe weed infestation, poor crop establishment and reduced grain and straw yield were the major nuisance. Nevertheless, the B:C ratio of DDSR (2.0) was found higher than TPR (1.63). Therefore, DDSR could be an alternative to TPR in reducing cost of cultivation; however weeds are serious problems.
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Khadka, Dinesh, Rita Amgain, Sushila Joshi, and Shankar Shrestha. "Evaluation of distilled water pH measurement with electrolyte methods in cultivated soils of Nepal." Agrochemistry and Soil Science, no. 92 (December 2021): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/acss92-06.
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Soil pH is most routinely measured parameter among all others in soil chemistry laboratory. There are various methods developed for pH measurement, although we using only distilled water from the beginning. In Nepal, there do not have database for showing performance of the methods. The three methods namely; H2O, KCl and CaCl2 with their soil:solution ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:2.5) were used. The total 115 samples were collected randomly at a depth of 0-20 cm from the hill and terai regions of Nepal. The collected samples were analyzed following mentioned methods, separately. The various statistical tests (F-test, mean separation, correlation, and regression model) were performed for comparison. Moreover, model validation parameters were also calculated for relating H2O with electrolyte method. The three models linear, quadratic and cubic were used for this task. The result revealed the effect of methods on pH measurement was significantly different in the entire ratio. The pHH2O was 0.57, 0.56 and 0.67 units higher than pHCaCl2 in 1:1, 1:2 and 1:2.5 ratios, respectively. Whereas, 1.24, 0.99 and 0.95 units higher than pHKCl in respective ratio. Moreover, regarding timing to reach stable during measurement were in the order pHH2O (89.44 sec) > pHCaCl2 (54.29 sec) > pHKCl (33.08 sec). Similarly, relating modeling quadratic and cubic model showed nearly equal performance (lower RMSE, MAE and higher R2 and d) for predicting pHCaCl2 and pHKCl from the pHH2O in each soil solution ratio. The determined database can be useful for comparing used three different methods of soil pH measurement under Nepalese context.
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Basnet, Roshan, Sundar Man Shrestha, Deepak Bandari, Hira Kaji Manandhar, and Dhruba Bahadur Thapa. "Evaluation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc) resistance in terai condition of Nepal." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 7, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2022.0703019.
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Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is a major disease of wheat in warm and humid regions of Nepal. The fungus has a worldwide distribution but as a pathogen, it is the most aggressive under the conditions of high relative humidity and temperature associated with the low fertility of soils in Nepal. The yield loss due to the disease is very significant in Nepal. This experiment was conducted to identify the genotypes having a good level of resistance against spot blotch. The experiment set was received from CIMMYT comprises 52 genotypes and arranged in alpha lattice design with two replications in 2017/18 at National Wheat Research Program, Bhairahawa, Nepal, and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Parwanipur, Bara, Nepal. Each plot size was 8 rows of 2 meters long. Three times disease scoring was done in the double-digit method and calculated the Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Other data were analyzed by using R software (4.2.2). Heading days, days to maturity, plant height, number of grains per spike (NGPS), number of tillers per meter square (NTPM), mean AUDPC, thousand-grain weight (TGW), and grain yield were found highly significant. The genotype 8HLBSN47 was found the highest yielder (4996kg/ha) with a 304 mean AUDPC value. Seventeen genotypes (15.3%) found the lowest mean AUDPC, Penultimate leaf AUDPC, Flag leaf AUDPC, and the highest number of tillers per square meter, number of grains per spike, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield.
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Basnet, Roshan, Sundar Man Shrestha, and Deepak Bandari. "Performance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes for Spot Blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc.) Resistance in Terai Condition of Nepal." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 8 (September 5, 2022): 894–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220879.
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Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is a major disease of wheat in warm and humid regions of Nepal. The fungus has a worldwide distribution but as a pathogen, it is the most aggressive under the conditions of high relative humidity and temperature associated with the low fertility of soils in Nepal. The yield loss due to the disease is very significant in Nepal. This experiment was conducted to identify the genotypes having a good level of resistance against spot blotch. The experiment set was received from CIMMYT comprises 52 entries and arranged in alpha lattice design with two replications in 2017/18 at National Wheat Research Program, Bhairahawa, Nepal, and Regional Agricultural Research Station, Parwanipur, Bara, Nepal. Each plot size was 8 rows of 2 meters long. Three times disease scoring was done in the double-digit method and calculated the Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Other data were analyzed by using R software (4.2.2). Heading days, days to maturity, plant height, number of grains per spike (NGPS), number of tillers per meter square (NTPM), mean AUDPC, thousand-grain weight (TGW), and grain yield were found highly significant. The genotype 8HLBSN47 was found the highest yielder (4996kg/ha) with a 304 mean AUDPC value. Seventeen genotypes (15.3%) found the lowest mean AUDPC, Penultimate leaf AUDPC, Flag leaf AUDPC, and the highest number of tillers per square meter, number of grains per spike, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Keywords: AUDPC, spot blotch, genotypes, HLBSN
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Chattopadhyaya, N., and B. K. Dey. "Chemoheterotrophic sulfur-oxidising microorganisms of a Terai soil. III. Effect of inoculation of some sodiumthiosulfate-oxidising microorganisms on available sulfur content of rhizosphere soils of rice plants and their uptake of sulfur." Microbiological Research 149, no. 2 (June 1994): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0944-5013(11)80117-5.
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Mukherjee, Mainak, Sourav Chakraborty, Sahadeb Sarkar, Sumedha Saha, Soumya Majumder, Arindam Ghosh, and Malay Bhattacharya. "Soil Nutritional Status of Tea Plantations in Plains of Sub Himalayan West Bengal, India." Current Agriculture Research Journal 8, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.8.3.10.
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Tea is the most consumed beverages after water. In Terai and Dooars region of sub Himalayan West Bengal, India, tea plantations are around 150 years. Exploitation of tea garden soil over centuries has led to decline in soil fertility and crop productivity after all initiatives of external inputs. As nutrients play a crucial role in quality and quantity of manufactured tea, the present initiative has been designed to quantify the soil nutrient status of tea growing Terai and Dooars region. 79.62% (Terai) and 84.72% (Dooars) of the soil samples were found to have normal pH. 47.21% (Terai) and 49.3% (Dooars) of soil samples was found to have normal organic carbon. 12.03% and 20.82% of soil from Terai and Dooars showed low total nitrogen. Both the organic carbon and nitrogen in soil are positively correlated. Phosphorus (as P2O5) content of soil is extremely site and depth specific. Almost all samples of the study area showed high potassium (as K2O) content. Monoculture, change in rainfall pattern and inorganic additives have contributed enormous stress to soil but despite of all these odds the overall nutritional richness of these tea growing regions seems to be satisfactory.
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Sah, S. P., C. K. Sharma, and F. Schested. "Possible role of the soil in the sissoo forest (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) decline in the Nepal terai." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 8 (December 10, 2011): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4140-pse.
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This paper deals with the recent sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) decline in the plain land (locally called as terai) of Nepal. This study has made an attempt to find the possible causal factor of this decline. The study has made some initiative in this aspect and has made a comparative study of 30 different sissoo forest (both natural and plantation) stands. The symptoms of the sissoo decline were found to be varied. But in most of cases, the top dying of crown was found to be the most prevalent. The top dying starts from the top of the tree and progressively proceeds downwards to the stem. The leaves become yellow. Until now, it has been assumed that only the plantation forests have been affected but this study observed the sissoo decline also in natural forest sites. We analysed various components of physical soil characteristics and we did not find any correlation between the physical soil factors and the sissoo decline. We concluded from this study that the soil is not the sole responsible factor involved in the sissoo decline Furthermore, this paper discusses various aspects of the sissoo decline and possible causal factors concerned. Finally, future management strategies regarding the sissoo management are suggested.
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Pandey, H. P., and M. Bhusal. "A comparative study on carbon stock in Sal (Shorea robusta) forest in two different ecological regions of Nepal." Banko Janakari 26, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v26i1.15498.
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Estimation of total biomass and carbon sequestration in any forest is crucial as it gives ecological and economic benefits through various environmental services. With an aim to quantify the carbon stock densities in the two different ecological regions–the Hills and the Terai, two Community Forests (CFs) having the dominance of Shorea robusta were selected from Gorkha (in the Hills) and Chitwan (in the Terai) districts for the purpose of the study. Systematic random sampling with 1% sampling intensity was used to collect necessary data. The total carbon stock in the CFs of the Hills and the Terai were found to be 234.54 t ha-1 and 479.29 t ha-1, respectively. The biomass carbon stock density in the CF of the Terai was found to be higher (384.20 t ha-1) than the one in the Hills (123.15 t ha-1). Carbon densities of different carbon pools such as tree; sapling; leaf litter, grass and herbs were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the Terai than in the Hill forest whereas dead wood and stumps and the soil organic carbon density were found to be not significantly different in these regions. Similarly, the highest amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) was found in the uppermost soil horizon in the forests of both the regions. These results revealed that the biomass carbon stock density was higher in the Terai S. robusta forest than in the Hill S. robusta forest. However, the SOC obtained was in inverse relation to that of the biomass carbon stock in both the ecological regions. It would not be biased if different ecological regions with similar forest types are intervened with different management strategies for having more carbon stocks and for the conservation of biodiversity in the days to come.Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 26, No. 1, Page: 24-31, 2016
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Sharma, Vijay, Ananthanarayana Sharma, Ajay Saini, Ram Kumar Shukla, G. Paran Gowda, and Sadhana Singh. "Testing the Efficacy of Organic Biological Inputs for Summer Cucurbits in Sandy Loamy Terai Soil of Gangetic Belt of Garhwal Region." Indian Journal of Agriculture Business 2, no. 2 (2016): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijab.2454.7964.2216.3.
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Khanal, S., S. Paudel, and S. Chaudhary. "Spatial mapping of forest soil organic carbon in Nepal’s Terai district." Banko Janakari 27, no. 1 (November 7, 2017): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v27i1.18555.
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Paudel, Shambhu, and Reecha Basnet. "Upstream-downstream Connectivity: An Overview of Hydrological and Ecological Functions in relation to the Churia-Terai Conservation in Nepal." Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal 15 (July 31, 2018): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/forestry.v15i0.24924.
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The Churia-Terai (CT) is interlinked by the Churia range, Bhabar and Terai, where Terai exist as granary basket of the country and the Churia and Bhabar is the recharge zone of Terai. Changing environment of the Churia range has directly affected the condition of upstream and downstream. To recommend the appropriate watershed management linking upstream and downstream on this landscape, functional analysis were carried out using ecological and hydrological parameters based on secondary literatures. For the proper management of the watershed and its alarming cause of deterioration, understanding upstream and downstream linkages or process is must. Deforestation leads to climate change (temperature and precipitation) and watershed deterioration, which has become the aggravating factor for landslide and soil erosion in upstream and flood in the downstream. The paper highly stressed development of conceptual framework with clear functional activities based on integrated watershed management approach linking the upstream-downstream hydro-ecological phenomena. Thus the paper recommends integrated watershed management with a clear policy which helps to focus priorities and manages its bio-physical condition in a sustainable basis.
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Gautam, B., and M. K. Chettri. "Physicochemical properties of tropical forest top soil in relation to depth in western Nepal." Banko Janakari 30, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v30i1.29181.
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Information on soil properties with regards to forest soil-depth are important for sustainable management of forest. The present study investigated the physicochemical properties of the top soil (0−30cm depth) in the three forests, viz. i) the Terai Shorea Forest (Bardia National Park), ii) the Evergreen Riverine Forest (Bardia National Park) and iii) the Puraina CF (Kailali district) of western Nepal. In the tropical forests of western Nepal, the soil texture is, moreover, loamy sand to sand. The soil bulk density ranged from 1.33−1.63 gm cm-3, and slightly increased with the increase in the soil-depth. The soil pH value ranged from 5.77−7.36. The soil organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and available potassium (K) were found to be in the ranges of 0.54−1.64%, 0.04−0.14%, 4.84−31.72 kg ha-1, and 204.35−557.44 kg ha-1, respectively, and all these values decreased with the increase in the soil-depth in both the forests of the protected area; however, this decreasing trend of the soil nutrients with the increase in the soil-depth was not observed in the Puraina CF as the values of the soil nutrients were lower within 0−10cm in the CF. The soil nutrients with all the depths were found to be the highest in the Terai Shorea Forest. The lower values of the soil nutrients in the Puraina CF were the result of resource extraction.
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Giri, Prashant Raj, Poonam Bhatt, and Keshab Raj Pande. "Fertility Assessment in Different Depth of Soil in Rice -Wheat Cropping System of Western Terai of Nepal." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 860–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40669.
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Abstract: Soil fertility assessment plays a vital role in improving fertilizer efficiency by indicating the nutrients available in the soil. A research was conducted in 4 districts (Banke, Dang, Kapilvastu, and Rupandehi) at the western Terai of Nepal to study the fertility status at different soil depths (0-20, 20-40, and 40-60cm) in the paddy harvested fields. 10 samples each were collected from each district to study the nutrients available in different soil depths so that the necessary amendments could be made for the sustainable and scientific production of rice wheat. Four districts were taken as blocks and 3 different depths as the main plot. Composite soil samples were collected in each study site at 0-20,20-40 and 40-60cm soil depth. Soil physical and chemical properties like soil texture, pH, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus were tested in the Soil laboratory at HICAST. GenSTAT, MS-Excel, and SPSS were used for data analysis. All the soil fertility parameters analyzed were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the variation in soil depth. The soil organic matter and nitrogen level were significantly higher in Kapilvastu district (1.2767% & 0.075%) and in the upper surface of the soil (1.45% & 0.86%) while lowest soil organic matter and nitrogen levels were recorded from Rupandehi district (0.669%) and in Dang district (0.052%) respectively. In contrast, the available Phosphorus was highest in Banke district (80.02 kg/ha) and in the top depth of 0-20cm (55.32kg/ha), lowest in Kapilbastu district (35.97 kg/ha) and in the depth of 40-60cm (37.26kg/ha). The available K content followed the order: Kapilbastu (177.0kg/ha) > Dang (120.8kg/ha) > Banke &Rupendehi (81.4kg/ha) and 0-20cm depth (168.3kg/ha) > 20-40cm depth (157.7 kg/ha) >40-60cm depth (151.7kg/ha). There was no significant difference in available K levels in different depths of soil. The lowest pH was recorded in Kapilbastu district at the depth of 20-40cm (5.5). The pH of 0-20cm depth (7.147), 20-40cm depth (7.52) and 40-60 cm depth (7.449) were not significantly different as determined by DMRT. The results obtained from the study indicated that the land under rice-wheat cropping system in the western terai of Nepal has poor soil health, therefore future research strategy should be built based on the soil fertility status of the research to judge the nutrient requirement and application of nutrients for the sustainable management of crop and soil health.
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De Dapper, M., and J. Debaveye. "Geomorphology and soils of the Padang Terap District, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 20 (August 30, 1986): 765–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm20198634.
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Chinta, Yufita Dwi, and Tatsuo Sato. "Potential use of Terasi, an Indonesian traditional fermented seafood paste, to provide healthy lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedling." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 23, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jhptt.1231-8.
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Terasi paste consists of plant nutrients and microorganisms that potentially improve the health of plant seedlings. We evaluated the effects of terasi paste on seed germination, seedling growth, and root rot disease severity caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae (FOL) in lettuce. Terasi paste was tested at four different weights (i.e., 0.00 g [T0], 1.00 g [T1], 2.50 g [T2], and 5.00 g [T3]) in the 100 g nursery soil. The results showed that lettuce seeds from T1 and T2 treatments were fully germinated, as observed for the T0 treatment. However, 40.0% of lettuce seeds from T3 treatment failed to germinate. Thus, 1.00 g and 2.50 g terasi applications in the 100 g soil did not affect lettuce seed germination. Moreover, T1 and T2 treatments tended to improve the shoot and root biomass of lettuce seedlings over T0 treatment, while T3 treatment showed the opposite effects. Following FOL infection, the lettuce seedlings from T2 and T3 treatments had 31.1% significantly lower disease severity than those from the T0 treatment. Therefore, T2 treatment (i.e., 2.50 g terasi application in the 100 g soil) imparts maximum health-promoting benefits to lettuce seedlings.
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Sarkar, Satyajit, and S. E. Kabir. "Studies on the impact of commonly used herbicides on beneficial soil microbes in Terai tea plantation, West Bengal, India." Annals of Plant Sciences 5, no. 01 (February 5, 2016): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2016.01.002.
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The harmful effect of commonly used herbicides on the beneficial soil microbes in Terai tea plantation was investigated. It was found that almost all the herbicides had adverse effect on the population of beneficial microbes. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid was found to be most damaging herbicide.
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Rizal, Abdi. "TAZKIYAH AL-NAFS SEBAGAI TERAPI DALAM PERMASALAHAN MASYARAKAT MODERN." JURNAL AL-AQIDAH 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/ja.v14i2.4705.
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Man is a creature of God who was made as caliph of God on this earth. In order to become a caliph or messenger of God on this earth, people must always strive to purify themselves or their souls must be clean from all reprehensible actions. Thus, a soul that has been dirty and far from praiseworthy deeds will not reach union with the Creator. The term for the purification of the soul in the study of Sufism is Tazkiyah An-Nafs. To get closer to God, people must first purify their souls. This type of research is literature research using primary data sources and secondary data. The results of this research explain that in order to get closer to God, humans must first purify their souls through three steps, namely takhalli, tahalli and tajalli. By carrying out the three processes above, humans will achieve soul purification and unite with the Creator. Furthermore, this Tazkiyah An-Nafs can also be used as a therapy in all problems that occur in modern society. This can be seen in acts of patience, repentance, contentment and so on.
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Shrestha, Nirman, Dirk Raes, Eline Vanuytrecht, and Shrawan Kumar Sah. "Cereal yield stabilization in Terai (Nepal) by water and soil fertility management modeling." Agricultural Water Management 122 (May 2013): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.03.003.
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Sharma, Nidhi, Dhirender Kumar, Sudhakara N.R., Mohammad Yeasin, and Bharti Juneja. "Biomass Storage Potential and Improvement in Soil Properties under Different Bamboo Plantations in the Terai Region of Central Himalaya." Colombia forestal 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): e20898. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/2256201x.20898.
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This study evaluates six bamboo species, i.e., Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Bambusa nutans, Dendrocalamus asper, Bambusa bambos, Bambusa balcooa, and Dendrocalamus strictus, regarding their growth behavior, nutrient uptake, and effect on the soil properties of the Terai region. Various aboveground growth parameters exhibited significant variations with the maximum clump girth (8.60 m) and internodal length (35.37 cm) of B. nutans, which was also reported by the culm diameter (5.70 cm) of D. hamiltonii and the number of culms per clump (65) of D. strictus. The total aboveground biomass ranged from 51.14 Mg.ha-1 in D. asper to 362.56 Mg.ha-1 in D. hamiltonii. The most significant variation in soil properties was observed in the 0-40 cm soil layer. Under D. hamiltonii, the lowest soil bulk density (1.07 g.cm3; 1.21 g.cm3) and the maximum soil porosity (59.00%; 56.40%), soil organic carbon (1.54%; 0.72%), and available soil nitrogen (228.29 kg.ha-1; 173.73 kg.ha-1) were found the 0-40 and 40-80 cm soil layers. Furthermore, significant enhancements in soil microbial population were recorded. Thus, bamboo plantations have great potential to enhance the biomass generation and fertility quotient of fallow lands.
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Mandal, Ram Asheshwar, Ishwar Chandra Dutta, Pramod Kumar Jha, and Siddhibir Karmacharya. "Relationship between Carbon Stock and Plant Biodiversity in Collaborative Forests in Terai, Nepal." ISRN Botany 2013 (July 2, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/625767.
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Reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) programme has prime concern to carbon stock enhancement rather than biodiversity conservation. Participatory managed forest has been preparing to get benefit under this programme, and collaborative forest is one of them in Nepal. Hence, this research is intended to assess the relationship between carbon stock and biodiversity. Three collaborative forests (CFMs) were selected as study sites in Mahottari district, Nepal. Altogether 96 sample plots were established applying stratified random sampling. The plot size for tree was 20 m × 25 m. Similarly, other concentric plots were established. Diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were measured, species were counted, and soil samples were collected from 0–0.1, 0.1–0.3, and 0.3–0.6 m depths. The biomass was calculated using equation of Chave et al. and converted into carbon, soil carbon was analyzed in laboratory, and plant biodiversity was calculated. Then, relation between carbon stock and biodiversity was developed. Estimated carbon stocks were 197.10, 222.58, and 274.66 ton ha−1 in Banke-Maraha, Tuteshwarnath, and Gadhanta-Bardibas CFMs, respectively. The values of Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index ranged 2.21–2.33. Any significant relationship between carbon stock and biodiversity, and was not found hence REDD+ programme should emphasize on biodiversity conservation.
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Ghazali, Mimi Diana, Othman Zainon, Khairulnizam M.Idris, Siti Nor Ain Zainon, Mohd Nazri A Karim, Siti Aminah Anshah, and NoorFatekah Abdul Talib. "The Assessment of Relative Permittivity on Diesel Vapour in the Moisture Content of Terap Red Soil by Ground Penetrating Radar." Air, Soil and Water Research 13 (January 2020): 117862212093066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622120930661.
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In a common agriculture resource, soil contamination monitoring is a prominent area of study. Nowadays, it is crucial to provide a database for the interpretation of ground penetrating radar (GPR) field data in monitoring soil contamination, such as diesel scatter migration. This study aims to assess the association between permittivity properties and soil water content (θw) for diesel contamination in Terap Red soil, which is classified as lateritic soil. Terap Red soil is an agro potential soil and available in more than 40% of distribution areas in Northern Malaysia (Agro-based State). In this research, 800 MHz shielded antenna GPR was applied for 24 hour measurement in a concrete simulation field tank, which was filled with Terap Red soil (1.5 m x 2.6 m x 1.5 m) located at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Perlis, Malaysia. Embedded moisture content probe was simultaneously measured to monitor the response of volumetric water content in the contaminated soil. The GPR data were pre-processed and filtered by Reflexw 7.5. The calibrated Agilent Technologies Automated Vector Analyser (VNA) was used to verify the independent relative permittivity value from GPR. As a result, the evaluation of velocities and reflection of GPR data were influenced by the presence of diesel and contaminated vapour. A positive and significant correlation was obtained between relative permittivity and moisture content in the diesel-contaminated soil. In addition, a positive and strong linear regression analysis was also found between relative permittivity and moisture content. This analysis included an accurate total difference of root mean square error (RMSE) difference, which amounted to 0.04, with calibrated dielectric permittivity.
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Yulina, Henly, Rachmat Harryanto, and Rina Devnita. "Respon Air Tersedia dan Bobot Isi Tanah pada Tanaman Jagung Manis dan Brokoli terhadap Kombinasi Terak Baja dan Bokashi Sekam Padi pada Andisol, Lembang." Agrikultura 29, no. 2 (August 11, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v29i2.19248.
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ABSTRACTResponse of water available and soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli of steel slag and husk bokashi combination on Andisol LembangThe objective of this research was to find out responses of water available and soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli of steel slag and husk bokashi combination on Andisol Lembang. This study used a randomized block design factorial with two factors. The first factor was steel slag and the second factor was husk bokashi. Each factor onsisted of 4 levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% with two replications. The result showed there was not interaction between steel slag and husk bokashi on water available and soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli. Bokashi of husk has an independent effect to water available on sweet corn while bokashi of husk has an independent effect to soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli.Keywords: Steel slag, Bokashi of husk, Soil physical characteristic, Sweet corn, BroccoliABSTRAKAndisol mempunyai sifat fisika tanah yang baik, namun bermasalah dengan retensi P. Pemberian amelioran untuk mengurangi retensi P, diharapkan dapat mempertahankan bahkan meningkatkan parameter fisika tanah tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon air tersedia dan bobot isi tanah pada tanaman jagnung manis dan brokoli terhadap kombinasi terak baja dengan bokashi sekam padi pada Andisol Lembang. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Pola Faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama terak baja dan faktor kedua bokashi sekam padi masing- masing 4 taraf yaitu 0%, 2,5%, 5,0%, dan 7,5%, diulang dua kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terjadi interaksi antara terak baja dengan bokashi sekam padi terhadap air tersedia dan bobot isi pada tanaman jagung manis dan brokoli. Bokashi sekam padi berpengaruh mandiri terhadap air tersedia pada jagung manis, sedangkan bokashi sekam padi berpengaruh mandiri terhadap bobot isi tanah pada jagung manis dan brokoli.Kata Kunci: Terak baja, Bokashi sekam padi, Ketersediaan air, Bobot isi, Jagung manis, Brokoli
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VAN DIJK, J. A. "INDIGENOUS SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION BY TERAS IN EASTERN SUDAN." Land Degradation & Development 8, no. 1 (March 1997): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-145x(199703)8:1<17::aid-ldr243>3.0.co;2-k.
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Rostini, Ai Ening, Rina Devnita, Oviyanti Mulyani, and Benny Joy. "THE EFFECT OF MICRO PARTICLE STEEL SLAG ON P-RETENTION AND PH ON ANDISOL." Jurnal Penelitian Saintek 24, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jps.v24i2.20374.
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This study was aimed at determining the effect of microparticles steel slag towards P retention, soil acidity in Andisol from Ciater, West Java. The research was conducted in November 2017 until January 2018. The andisol was taken from the PTPN XIII-Ciater Tea Plantation, Subang, while steel slag was obtained from PT. Krakatau Steel Indonesia. The study used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 11 treatments and 3 replications so that the total of all treatments was 33 experimental polybags. The treatments given were 500 mesh steel slag and 1.7 µm steel slag. The incubation media were stored in the Soil Physics Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture at UNPAD for 2 months. The observed parameters were P retention analyzed by the Blakemore method and soil pH which was analyzed by the electrometry method. The results show that the steel slag microparticles significantly affected the reduction in P retention and increased pH in Andisols. The best dose for increasing the pH is 7%. Steel slag with a size of 1.7 µm is able to increase the pH from 4.53 to 7.99 after a two-month incubation.PENGARUH PARTIKEL MIKRO TERAK BAJA TERHADAP RETENSI P DAN PH PADA ANDISOLPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian partikel mikro terak baja terhadap retensi P, kemasaman tanah pada Andisol asal Ciater, Jawa Barat. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2017 sampai dengan Januari 2018. Andisol berasal dari Perkebunan Teh PTPN XIII-Ciater, Kabupaten Subang, sedangkan terak baja diperoleh dari PT. Krakatau Steel Indonesia. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang terdiri dari 11 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan, sehingga total seluruh perlakuan adalah 33 polibeg percobaan. Perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu kontrol, terak baja ukuran 500 mesh dan terak baja ukuran 1,7 µm. Media inkubasi disimpan di Laboratorium Fisika Tanah Fakultas Pertanian UNPAD dan diinkubasikan selama 2 bulan.Parameter yang diamati adalah Retensi P dianalisis dengan metode Blakemore, dan pH tanah dianalisis dengan metode elektrometri.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian partikel mikro terak baja berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan retensi P dan peningkatan pH pada Andisol asal Ciater, Jawa Barat. Sedangkan dosis terbaik dalam meningkatkan pH yakni 7% terak baja dengan ukuran 1,7 µm mampu meningkatkan pH dari 4,53 menjadi 7,99 setelah dua bulan inkubasi.
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Rosidah, Rosi, Rina Devnita, Ridha Hudaya, and Rachmat Haryanto. "THE EFFECT OF MICRO PARTICLE STEEL SLAG TOWARDS PHOSPOROUS AND HYDROGEN ON ANDISOLS." Jurnal Penelitian Saintek 23, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jps.v23i2.19405.
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This study was aimed at determining the effect of steel slag micro particles on Phosphorus (p), p-available retention and interchangeable Hydrogen (h-dd) on Andisol. The material used in this study was Andisol and steel slag. The Andisol was obtained from PTPN VIII-Ciater tea plantations (1250 m asl) on the eastern slope of Tangkuban Perahu Mountain, Subang, West Java. The steps taken were soil sampling using disturbed soil extraction methods using Minipit technique, soil sample filtering, weighing, mixing soil samples with steel slag from PT Krakatau Steel Serang, refining done using the Top-Down method, incubating and then analyzing properties soil chemistry. The chemical properties of the soil analyzed were P, P-available and H-dd retention. P retention was analyzed by the Blackmore method, P-available was analyzed using the Bray I, Bray II, and Olsen methods. H-dd was analyzed by the Titration method. The data obtained were then carried out statistical tests with variance analysis (ANOVA) with RAL environmental design and Duncan test. The results showed that the micro-application of steel slag particles had an effect on available P and P retention but had no affect on H-dd.PENGARUH PARTIKEL MIKRO TERAK BAJA TERHADAP RETENSI FOSFOR DAN HIDROGEN PADA ANDISOLPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh partikel mikro terak baja terhadap retensi Fosfor (p), p-tersedia dan Hidrogen dapat dipertukarkan (H-dd) pada Andisol. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah andisol dan terak baja. Andisol didapat dari perkebunan teh PTPN VIII-Ciater (1250 m dpl) pada lereng bagian timur Gunung Tangkuban Perahu, Subang, Jawa Barat. Tahapan yang dilakukan adalah pengambilan sampel tanah menggunakan metode pengambilan tanah terganggu dengan teknik minipit, penyaringan sample tanah, penimbangan, pencampuran sampel tanah dengan terak baja yang berasal dari PT Krakatau Steel Serang, penghalusan yang dilakukan dengan metode Top-Down, penginkubasian dan kemudian penganalisaan sifat kimia tanah. Sifat kimia tanah yang dianalisi adalah retensi P, P-tersedia dan H-dd. Retensi P dianalisis dengan metode Blackmore, P-tersedia dianalisis menggunakan metode Bray I, Bray II, dan Olsen. H-dd dianalisi dengan metode titrasi. Data yang didapat selanjutnya dilakukan uji statistik dengan analisis sidik ragam (Anova) dengan rancangan lingkungan RAL dan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Aplikasi mikro partikel terak baja berpengaruh terhadap retetnsi P dan P-tersedia tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap H-dd.
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Tharu, Manoj Kumar. "Kohar, the Potters of Terai: An Ethnicity Sustaining the Art of Pottery." East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion 7, no. 1 (February 18, 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.7.1.1761.
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Potters are artists, and pottery is an ancient art of making artifacts from clay. The earthenware mainly includes items like lamps, pots, idols, etc., which are baked in fire and have been used in day-to-day activities, including cooking, decorations, and religious functions since the earliest date of human civilization. This paper is based on the descriptive method and aims to assess the traditional lifestyle of Kohar, the potter community in the Terai of Nepal. The direct interview was conducted with active pot makers residents of Rupandehi district, Nepal, to know they utilize what raw materials and equipment, what procedures for making a typical pottery are, what kinds of general earthenware are being produced, and what current difficulties affecting their tradition and culture. This cross-sectional study was conducted on the occasion of Dipawali, a Hindu festival in November 2023, and leads to the conclusion that the Kohar community of Nepal is encountering issues like shortage of quality soil, lack of market, and decreased interest of new generation in the pottery
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Yulianti, Erba Rozalina. "TOBAT SEBAGAI SEBUAH TERAPI (Kajian Psikoterapi Islam)." Syifa al-Qulub 1, no. 2 (January 29, 2017): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/saq.v1i2.1429.
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This paper will discuss how the concept of repentance ( tobat) in Islam can be used as therapy for human souls who are mired in a life of vice and sin. Either a sin will be cause a negative behaviour or negative thought. It is obvious that when someone is doing a lot of sin, so all the thoughts, feelings and behaviors are getting disorder. Based on this effect a sin will disturb the balance of man thinking, feeling and behavior. So it may not find tranquility and peace of mind. Indeed, it appears the anxiety and restlessness that lead to the emergence of a more severe psychological symptoms. Tobat which has a combination of psychological functions can fill the rest of Islamic Psychoterapy. This is understandable because Tobat process has formed as a variety of positive psycholocical functioning. They are: 1) Awareness to change behavior, 2) Self evaluation ( comfession), 3) Positve feelings ( remorse ), 4). Positive attitudes ( commitment), 5). Change of behavior consitently.
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De, B., and S. Bandyopadhyay. "Influence of soil conservation techniques on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in Terai region of West Bengal." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 11, no. 1 (March 20, 2014): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18390.
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The climate of the terai region of West Bengal, India in general, is subtropical par humid to tropical with light textured acid soil with the problems like low moisture retention, low water use efficiency, leaching of bases, soil erosion, limited availability of multiple plant nutrients and restricted activity of beneficial soil micro-organisms. To combat these soil health related problems and to improve the overall productivity of North Bengal, a comparison between the conventional and conservation tillage was taken up and the immediate results were measured in terms of growth, yield attributes and yield. In the first two years of experimentation, though different growth attributes, grain yield, stover yield, and different yield attributing characters such as kernel rows cob-1, number of kernels row-1, 100 seed weight (g), number of seeds cob-1, girth of cob, length of cob and number of effective cob plant-1 were higher in conventional tillage as compared to conservation tillage but in terms of soil heath characteristics, conservation tillage had a meaningful remark from the initial years towards the future food security. Mulching @ 4 t ha-1 was found to have performed better than unmulched treatments. Application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer + Vermicompost @ 10 t ha-1 resulted in better growth and yield attributes which directly influenced to have higher grain and stover yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18390 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 133-147 (2013)
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G.C., Ganga, Charu Arjya, Yamuna Khadka, and Sabina Dhamala. "Diversity of Insecticidal Crystal proteins (ICPs) of indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis strains." Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology 5 (September 26, 2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v5i0.22296.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize the indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolated from the soil samples of central development region of Terai.
Methods: A total of 50 soil samples collected from cultivated and barren fields of Terai region. Isolation was carried out using the acetate selection protocol as described by (Russell and Al 1987) with a slight modification. The Nutrient broth (NB) was acetated by using 0.25M sodium acetate which is a selective enrichment method for isolation of Bt. Characterization of the isolate was done by phenotyping methods (microscopy and biochemical).
Results: No distinct variation was observed between the isolates of cultivable and uncultivable lands. Bt were categorized into7 different types based on colony morphology. The dominant colony was fried egg type identical with the reference strain, followed by flat white type of colony. The result showed that even though the colony morphology is same but the ICPs (Insecticidal crystal proteins) shapes produced by them vary, rod shapes (53.57%), spherical (10.71%), ovoid (8.3%), amorphous (17.85%), capheaded (9.5%). ICPs morphology reveal the cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4, cry8, cry 9, cry10 and cry11 types of gene may be present in the native isolates.
Conclusion: This study represents the first report of several indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis strains with significantly different ICPs producing stains from hot tropical climate.
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Rawal, N., N. Khatri, C. B. GC, and B. P. Chaurasiya. "Determination of Indigenous Nutrient Supplying Capacity of Soil Through Omission Plot Experiment for Wheat in Western Terai of Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 35, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v35i1.22517.
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The field experiment was conducted to estimate the native nutrient supplying capacity of soil in western terai of Nepal during 2013/14 and 2014/15. The experimental site consisted three areas: Pakadi VDC ward no.-3, Barrohiya of Kapilvastu district; Ramgram municipality ward no.-1, Sanda of Nawalparasi district and Tukuligadh VDC ward no.-1, Rehara of Rupandehi district. The indigenous nutrients supplying capacity of the soil was determined by establishing omission plots for wheat cultivation with six treatments each of 50 m2 and 4 farmers from each site was taken assuming one farmer as one replication. Among the six treatments, -N, -P, -K, –Zn and –B were set to estimate the inherent N, P, K, Zn and B supplying capacity of soil respectively. From two years of experiment, it has been clear that inherent N and K supplying capacity of soil in selected areas is very low. The highest grain yield of 3.33 t/ha and 2.75 t/ha was measured from fully fertilized plots in 2013/14 and 2014/15 respectively and the lowest grain yield of wheat was obtained from nitrogen missing plots in both years (1.74 t/ha and 1.51 ton/ha) followed by potassium missing plots (1.74t/ha). Farmers manage their field in a different way, so large variation was seen even in small area. Nitrogen was found to be most limiting nutrient for wheat growth followed by potassium and phosphorous in all sites. Therefore, use of optimum dose of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be used for efficient nutrient uptake which ultimately increases wheat productivity.
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Poudel, Pramod, Ashish Nepal, Rashmi Roka Magar, Pratibha Rauniyar, and Lil Buda Magar. "Screening of Potent Arsenic Resistant and Plant Growth Promoting Bacillus species from the Soil of Terai Region of Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology 6 (December 6, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tujm.v6i0.26572.
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Objectives: To isolate arsenic resistant Bacillus spp. and to determine plant growth promoting activities.
Methods: Eighteen soil samples were collected from the agricultural soil of Terai region of Nepal. Selective isolation of Bacillus species was done by heating the soil at 80 ºC for 15 minutes before the isolation. Nutrient agar was used as an isolation medium. Screening of arsenic resistant Bacillus species was done using nutrient agar supplemented with 100 ppm sodium arsenate and sodium arsenite. For plant growth promoting activity; IAA production was detected taking 0.1% tryptophane and measuring absorbance at 540 nm, NH3 production was tested by Nessler’s reagent and phosphate solubilization activity was detected by growing colonies on Pikovskaya’s agar. Sugar assimilation test was performed to identify the isolates. Most potent arsenic resistant isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Results: Among 54 randomly selected isolates, 42 were found to be Gram-positive rod-shaped, spore-forming while 12 isolates were Gram-negative bacteria. The isolates IN12a, M12a and BG34a showed growth on 100 ppm sodium arsenite containing NA. Only isolate M12a tolerated up to 1000 ppm and 15000 ppm of sodium arsenite and sodium arsenate respectively, while other isolates could not grow above 400 ppm sodium arsenite. The isolates IN12a and M12a were able to produce IAA and solubilize phosphate while BG34a could not. Both the isolates IN12a and M12a were able to utilize the sugars glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, galactose, mannose, mannitol, maltose and xylose. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, isolate M12a was identified to be Bacillus flexus with highest similarity of 99.2%.
Conclusion: Arsenic resistant and plant growth promoting Bacillus spp. was isolated from the agricultural soil of Terai region of Nepal
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Mohsin, Faiz, Afreen Mohsin, and S. S. Dhaka. "Effect of short-rotation trees on nutrient dynamics and rooting pattern in intercropped with aromatic grasses in terai of U.P." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2020.122.
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An Experiment was conducted in District Pilibhit.U.P., to study the yields of aromatic grasses in pure fields as well as intercrops under Populus deltoids and Eucalyptus hybrid. Quantity of litterfall, its chemical composition, nutrient addition, changes in chemical constituents of soil and herb and oil yield of Cymbopogon spp. were studied under agroforestry systems involving Populus deltoids and Eucalyptus hybrid with intercrop of Aromatic grasses (C.winterianus, C.martinii, C.flexouses). Trees were intercropped with grasses have significantly more diameter and height in comparison to trees planted without intercrops. High herbage and oil yield was recorded in pure fields of grasses than their crops intercropped with trees. Maximum yield was produced by Palmarosa and minimum by Citronella in poplar plantation intercropped. In Eucalyptus hybrid intercropped grasses, maximum oil yield was produced by Lemon grass and minimum by Palmarosa. Higher quantity of litter was produced in Palmarosa and lower was produced in Citronella intercropped trees. The litter produced by the intercropped stands had higher NPK contents than pure stands. The concentration of nutrients in the litter decreased with increasing age of the stands. Similarly, the total addition of nutrients (NPK) through litter fall to the soil increased as the age of trees increased. In the field of trees intercropped with Palmarosa was maximum addition of nutrients, while in Citronella intercropped field it was seen minimum. In comparison to intercropped stands, available NPK content of soil was higher in pure stands of trees. Maximum amount of N and K was found in superficial layer of the soil, which decreased with increasing depth. Most of the phosphorus was accumulated in the soil at the depth of 15-30cm in all the stands. The concentration of roots was more near the base of the trees at juvenile age,but as the age increases the roots tended to proliferates uniformly.. The total root biomass decreased continuously with increasing soil depth at all the radial distances and under all the age groups. It is clear that there is no completion among the root system with roots of intercrops grown along with Poplar and Eucalyptus.
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Sah, S. P., P. K. Jha, and N. Lamersdorf. "Nutrient status of natural and healthy sissoo forest and declining plantation sissoo forest (Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb.) in Nepal." Journal of Forest Science 48, No. 10 (May 22, 2019): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11929-jfs.
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Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb.) is a nitrogen fixing leguminous tree species with natural habitat in the lowland region of Nepal called Terai up to an altitude of 1,000 m. For the last few years, this economically important tree species has been dying rapidly in the plantation forests. On the contrary, its status in the natural forest in riverine areas has been unknown yet. The paper compares the nutrient status of natural and healthy sissoo forest with declining plantation sissoo one. It is evident from this study that both stands do not differ very much with respect to their soil and plant nutrients. Therefore it was concluded that the waterlogging of soil was the main factor responsible for the decline of plantation sissoo forest.
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Ghosh, Arindam, Soumya Majumder, Sahadeb Sarkar, and Malay Bhattacharya. "Insights into Physicochemical Assessment of Shade Tree Litter Biomass in Tea Plantations of Terai Region." International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research 9, no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/ijsar.v9i2.2968.
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Tea is a major plantation crop and the socioeconomic pillar of Terai region of West Bengal. Use of various inorganic fertilizers may have increased the crop production but affected the environment badly. Importance of biomass of different trees in accumulation of carbon had long been known but few studies on characterization of biomass accumulation are reported. So, selection of different species for getting the good amount of organic nutrients is important. In tea plantation, various leguminous trees are used as shade trees. This research, conducted in the tea plantation of University of North Bengal, has provided some approaches which could possibly reduce the application of inorganic fertilizers. Different tests on physicochemical parameters, micronutrients status, biomass etc. were conducted with the collected plant litters. The results of this comparative analysis suggested and validated the beneficial effects of each shade tree in organically maintaining nutrient profile of tea plantation soil.
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Tripathi, Santosh Raj, Jiban Shrestha, Jagat Devi Ranjit, and Reshma Neupane. "Study on Climatic Variation and Its Effect on Vegetable Type Soybean Genotypes at Khumaltar, Lalitpur in the Last Ten Years." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 6 (April 24, 2015): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i6.484-490.297.
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Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) is widely grown in the mid hills as intercrop with maize or in paddy bunds, while it is gaining popularity as sole crop in terai and inner terai. Mean temperature at Khumaltar during soybean growing period was mostly fluctuating; but we observed an increasing trend in temperature. Amount of rainfall was not changed dramatically but number of rainy days was decreased during study period. Rainfall during germination time increase soil moisture which also increase germination and found higher early stand. Days from sowing to 50% flowering and 90% maturity were short in the case of higher minimum temperature and low rainfall. Among the genotypes, AGS-377, AGS-378, AGS-379 and Tarkari Bhattmas-1 were more sensitive. However, seed yield decreased in the case of higher temperatures and low rainfall. Cool night temperatures and high moisture increased disease incidence in soybean which, eventually reduced yield. In last three years, plant suffered from moisture stress during early vegetative stage and high moisture during late vegetative stage which reduced seed yield and seed weight. In conclusion, we found that genotypes like AGS- 360, Sathiya and Tarkari Bhatmas-1 are very sensitive to climatic variation.
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Padbhushan, Rajeev, Abhas Kumar Sinha, Upendra Kumar, Prateek M. Bhattacharya, and Parthendu Poddar. "Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Crop Residue in Rice–Wheat System Cultivated with Favorable Tillage Influence Crop Productivity, Nutrient Uptake, Soil Quality, and Profitability in the Terai Agro-Ecological Zone of West Bengal, India." Agronomy 13, no. 10 (September 22, 2023): 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102454.
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A field study was conducted from 2021 to 2023 in a rice–wheat cropping system in the Terai agro-ecological zone of West Bengal, India, using different management practices, i.e., tillage (conventional tillage, CT, and zero tillage, ZT), crop residue (R), and plant growth-promoting bacteria (B). This study was a part of long-term research on resource conservation technology (conservation agriculture, CA), undertaken on a research farm in Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari (Cooch Behar), West Bengal. The project was established in 2006 in acidic alluvial soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate rice–wheat productivity, nutrient uptake, soil quality, and profitability after the 16th and 17th crop cycles under the above-mentioned management practices. The results revealed that the pooled yield of rice grain and straw was significantly higher under the CT + R + B treatment than under the other treatments (ZT, ZT + B, ZT + R, ZT + R + B, CT, CT + B, and CT + R). However, the wheat grain and straw yields were significantly greater under the ZT + R + B treatment than under other treatments. The system’s grain yield and straw yield were significantly higher under the CT + R + B treatment, on par with ZT + R + B, compared to the other treatments. Nutrient uptake (nitrogen, N; phosphorus, P; and potassium, K) was increased by retaining R and inoculating B compared to the sample without R and without B. Soil properties, including organic carbon, available N, available P, and available K, were improved in all the treatments compared to the initial values, but the impact was greater in the treatments with R and B than in those without R and without B. In the 5–10-cm soil layer, the above-mentioned soil properties were also improved over the initial (2006) values by 37, 126, 65 and 60%, respectively, by applying the best treatment (ZT + R + B). In economic terms, the benefit–cost ratio was significantly higher under the CT + R + B treatment for rice crops (2.99) and ZT + R + B for wheat crops (3.37). Therefore, we can conclude that, after 17 years of cultivation, for rice, CT performs better than ZT; meanwhile, for wheat cultivation, ZT produces greater yields than CT in the Terai agro-ecological zone of West Bengal, India.
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Misra, T. K., Aniruddha Saha, A. K. Nanda, and Palash Mandal. "Variation of antioxidant properties and phytochemical constituents of tea cultivated under various agronomic conditions at Terai region of North Bengal." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 2, no. 1 (2008): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2008.v02i01.005.
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The studies were conducted during 2007-2008 in three cultivars of tea (Camellia sinensis) namely, TV26, TV29 and Dangri Manipuri Jat, at tea estates of Terai, North Bengal. Commercial standard plucked tea leaves were assayed to determine antioxidants activity and related phytochemical constituents. DPPH was used to determine the antioxidant properties of bud+leaf (B+L), bud+two leaves (B+2L), bud+three leaves (B+3L) and matured leaves (L). Subsequently, total phenolics, flavonols and hydrolysable tannins were estimated using standard methods. The result showed that free-radicals scavenging potentiality and chemical composition varies significantly at different growing conditions and leaf maturation. Statistical analysis showed significant relation between antioxidant and some phytochemical composition of dry tea leaves, among which phenolics (R2 =0.904, P< 0.001), tannins (R2= 0.567, P< 0.05) and flavonols (R2= 0.314, P< 0.05) bear significant correlation. Soil physicochemical parameters like pH (R2=0.537, P< 0.05), nitrogen (R2=0.618, P< 0.01), K2O (R2=0.106, insignificant), P2O5 (R=0.730, P< 0.01), S (R2=0.157, insignificant) and soil moisture (R2=0.745, P< 0.01) influence free-radical scavenging activity in tea leaves. Antioxidant quality of tea varies with maturation stages of leaves and the pattern is specific for a selected varietes. From our observation it may be concluded that antioxidant quality is dependent on some fertility parameters of soil and maturation of leaf. These results suggests that appropriate agronomic practices and proper choice of plucking may help to preserve the tea antioxidant quality.
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Karki, T. B., and R. Acharya. "Mainstreaming the Conservation Agriculture in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 22 (June 30, 2021): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v22i0.46818.
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Conservation agriculture (CA) system involves minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. In Nepal, efforts to develop, refine and disseminate conservation-based agricultural technologies started since the rice-wheat consortium in Terai in the 1990s. There are more payoffs than tradeoffs for the adoption of CA. Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) with CIMMYT and IRRI has been working on it under various ecologies. Studies revealed that it reduces the production cost, saves water and nutrients, increases yields, improves soil health, mitigates global warming and improves resource use efficiency. However, there are many bottlenecks for its promotion; like lack of appropriate CA machineries, trade-offs of using crop residue in crop-livestock systems, crop residue burnings, unavailability of skilled manpower and peoples’ mindset. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop strategies to mainstream the CA in Nepal. The paper highlights on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of CA for promotion and the way forward.
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Yulina, Henly, Rina Devnita, and Rachmat Heryanto. "Hubungan Bobot Isi dan Kemantapan Agregat Tanah dengan Biomassa Tanaman Jagung Manis dan Cabai Merah setelah diberikan Kombinasi Terak Baja dan Bokashi Sekam Padi pada Andisol, Lembang." Agrikultura 30, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v30i1.22696.
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ABSTRACTRelationship between bulk density and soil agaregate stability on biomass of sweet corn and red chili after given combination steel slag and bokashi of husk on Andisol LembangThe objective of this research was to find out relationship between bulk density and soil agaregate stability on biomass of sweet corn and red chili after given combination steel slag and bokashi of husk on Andisol Lembang.This study used a Randomized Block Design Factorial with two factors. The first factor was steel slag and the second factor was bokashi of husk. Each of them consisted of 4 levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% with two replications. The result of this research showed there was relationship between bulk density and soil agaregate stability on biomass of sweet corn and red chili, however only the biomass of red chili was influenced of bulk density and soil agaregate stability.Keywords: Steel slag, Bokashi of husk, Bulk density, Soil agaregate stability, Plant biomassABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara bobot isi dan kemantapan agregattanah terhadap biomassa tanaman jagung manis dan cabai merah setelah diberikan kombinasi terakbaja dengan bokashi sekam padi pada Andisol Lembang. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan AcakKelompok Pola Faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama terak baja dan faktor kedua bokashisekam padi masing-masing 4 taraf yaitu 0%, 2,5%, 5,0%, dan 7,5%, diulang dua kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara bobot isi dan kemantapan agreagat tanahdengan biomassa tanaman jagung manis dan cabai merah, namun hanya biomassa tanaman cabaimerah yang dipengaruhi oleh bobot isi dan kemantapan agregat tanah.Kata Kunci: Terak baja, Bokashi sekam padi, Bobot isi, Kemantapan agregat, Biomassa tanaman
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Mohsin, Afreen, and Faiz Mohsin. "Performance of wheat and mustard in agroforestry system under terai conditions of U.P., India." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2021.219.
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A large area is available in the form of boundaries, bunds, block plantations, wastelands where this system can be adopted. Poplar and Eucalyptus are suitable and promising agroforestry tree species, which is planted cropping system. In this particular study, Economical aspects and viability of wheat and Mustard have been studied. Trees intercropped with crops attained better growth and higher litter. In the study of nutrients (NPK) it is reviewed that all the three nutrients increase as the age of trees increases. All the nutrients increases as the tree age are increased. It is clearly seen after the whole research work done, nutrients in the soil are high insole plantation of trees. The yield of intercrops is low in the fields which are cultivated along with trees. The height of intercrops is higher under Poplar than intercrops under Eucalyptus. This might be due to the leaf pattern and its canopy shade. No significant results were obtained for tillers per plant and effective tillers per plant in wheat, however, more tillers were found in pure cropping. In Mustard primary branches per plant and seeds per siliqua were at par under Eucalyptus, Poplar, and pure cropping. Yield parameters such as secondary branches per plant, siliqua per plant, and test weight were significantly higher in pure cropping. The grain and straw/stover yields of both the crops under Eucalyptus and Poplar decreased significantly as compared to open fields (crops without Eucalyptus and Poplar). Net returns from a crop grown with Eucalyptus, & Poplar and sole cropping revealed that maximum income (Rs.82819.00/ha) was recorded in pure cropping (monoculture) of wheat, whereas net returns from Mustard grown Eucalyptus, Poplar and sole cropping revealed that maximum income (Rs.67275.00/ha) and whereas negative net returns of Rs.3943.47/ha (under 4years Eucalyptus) and also negative net returns Rs. 8731.00/ha (under 5 years Poplar) was recorded in Mustard oil.
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Ghimire, TB, and NS Thakur. "Constraint and opportunity of raw jute production : A case study of eastern Terai, Nepal." Agronomy Journal of Nepal 3 (October 24, 2013): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9013.
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Area and production of raw jute has decreased, though there is a high demand of raw jute in the country. In order to assess production constraints, a survey was carried out in 2005/06 in Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari districts. The study revealed that unstable or low price of raw jute, unavailability of quality jute seed, limited irrigation water at sowing period, diseases complex (wilt), labor shortage during peak season, weed problem, lack of retting water/retting pond were the main constraints in jute production and processing. The study indicates that the maximum production cost has involved in fiber extraction (16.9%) and weeding (16.33%). Jute productivity ranged from 1788 to 2260 kg per hectare. JRO-524 variety of jute has been widely grown across the region due to its wider adaptability, high yield potential and quality fiber. Jute area has been replaced by sugarcane due to its high yield potential and high profit margin. It is observed that the cost of production of jute is high as compared to other crops in the season. Average cost of production of fiber was estimated to be Rs.1563/quintal. For the promotion of jute cultivation in the eastern Terai, it would be better to provide subsidies on seeds and fertilizer to jute growers as practiced in neighboring countries thereby profit margin becomes high and will encourage growers in producing more raw jute within the country for the fulfillment of raw jute requirement of local jute industries. Cost effective technologies have to be developed in jute production and processing aspects for lowering the production cost and increasing the profit margin. Popular genotypes JRO- 524 which was widely adopted needs to be recommended officially for the general cultivation in this region. Being an eco-friendly crop, promotion is required to adapt climate change effect and maintaining the soil properties in jute growing areas. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 117-122 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9013
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Kandel, Santosh, and Rakshya Poudel. "Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda) in Maize: An Emerging Threat in Nepal and its Management." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v8i3.31610.
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Fall armyworm ((Spodoptera frugiperda) commonly known as FAW is polyphagous pest of maize with more than 85 host species. It is native to tropical and subtropical region of America. It has already been detected in India and reports from Nepal also suggests presence of FAW. Due to Open broader between Nepal and India chance of spreading in Nepal is very high. Delay maturing hybrids and late planted maize crops are likely to be affected by this pest. It can cause serious leaf damage along with direct injury to the ear. Major damage is done by younger larvae. Larvae causes damage by consuming foliage. Terai and inner terai region are considered to be affected more as climatic condition of this region highly favors FAW. So, timely preventive and management practices should be done before it leads to havoc condition. Management of the pest can be done through many biological, chemical and cultural means. Quality seed, Avoidance of late planting, Push-pull technology can be adopted for management practices. Different biological agents have been identified for controlling FAW such as Bacillus thuringenesis (Bt), Baculovirus and Beauveria bassiana etc. Chemicals like Methomyl, Methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, permethrin are used to control the pest. However, use of chemical should be discouraged as it may affect soil fertility and natural enemy of FAW.
Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(3): 305-309
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Sarvade, S., H. S. Mishra, Rajesh Kaushal, Sumit Chaturvedi, and Salil Tewari. "Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) Yield and Soil Properties as Influenced by Different Agri-silviculture Systems of Terai Region, Northern India." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 5, no. 3 (2014): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-4038.2014.00579.x.
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Chattopadhyaya, N., and B. K. Dey. "Chemoheterotrophic sulfur-oxidising microorganisms of a Terai soil. II. Effect of some sodiumthiosulfate-oxidising microorganisms on available sulfur content." Microbiological Research 149, no. 2 (June 1994): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0944-5013(11)80116-3.
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