Journal articles: 'Terai region'

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Kafle, Dol Raj. "The Historical Development of Settlement by Aryan People in Terai of Nepal." Historical Journal 13, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v13i1.46211.

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This research article is related to the development of settlement by Aryan people in the Terai region of Nepal. Aryan people had entered the Terai region of Nepal during the Vedic period. In ancient times, various states were developed in the region of Nepal. The Mithila state of the Eastern Terai, the Ramgram state western part of the Gandaki River and the Kapilvastu state west of the present Butwal region were developed in before the Christian era. Most of the people in those states also migrated from India. Even in the middle Age, a state called Tirahoot or Doya was developed in the eastern Terai region of Nepal. Although this kingdom came to an end in the 14thcentury AD. After the conquest of the eastern Terai region by the Sen Dynasty the king of Palpa, the three kingdoms of Makwanpur, Chaudandi and Vijaypur remained in that region till the time of unification by Prithvi Narayan Shah, the king of Gorkha. After the unification of Nepal, the ancient and medieval independent Terai regions were automatically included in the Kingdom of Nepal. The article clarifies that there has been continuous settlement in the Terai region of Nepal from ancient period to the present.

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Pokhrel, Chandra Prasad. "Assessment of plant diversity in homegardens of three ecological zones of Nepal." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 22 (September 22, 2016): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v22i0.15472.

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Homegardens in Nepal have long been regarded as one of the most important multi-propose agroforestry systems with complex structure. The aim of the study was to assess the species diversity and richness in three different ecological regions, i.e., Mountain (Sub-alpine), Mid-hill (Temperate) and Terai (Tropical) of Nepal. In total 45 homegardens were randomly selected and examined from three different villages representing one from each ecological regions and the Shannon–wiener, Simpson index and evenness were assessed. Overall 147 species were identified mainly vegetable, fruit, fodder, spices or medicinal plants. The average size of homegardens were found to be bigger in Mid-hill (0.12 ha), however, the species number and diversity was found to be high in the Terai region (102). More similarity between plant species composition was between Terai and Mid-hill. The Shannonwiener index was found to be 1.316, 1.84 and 1.90 in the homegarden of Mountain, Mid-hill and Terai respectively. Simpson index was 0.052, 0.014 and 0.01 in homegarden of Mountain, Mid hill and Terai region, respectively. Similarly, evenness percentage was 56.29, 65.55 and 65.93 in homegarden of Mountain, Mid-hill and Terai region, respectively. Properly managed homegardens have high productivity and increased sustainability which helps in conserving agro-biodiversity, food sufficiency and economic supports including other ecological functions.ECOPRINT 22: 63-74, 2015

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Jamarkattel, Bal Krishna, Sindhu Prasad Dhungana, Srijana Baral, Bishwas Rana, and Hari Dhungana. "Democratising Terai Forestry Governance: Emerging Innovations in the Western Terai Region of Nepal." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 8, no. 2 (October 15, 2009): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v8i2.2306.

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The Government of Nepal has had a high interest in the Terai forest in order to harness its enormous revenue potential. However, the policies and plans formulated to this end have not attained the intended results, as these have failed to fully understand the emerging complexities in the Terai. Accordingly, policy response has often been ad hoc, inconsistent and unstable, leading to confusion and conflict on Terai forest management. Drawing on the cases of three districts of Lumbini zone in the Western Terai of Nepal, this paper discusses the forest management context of Nepal Terai, and identifies key innovations that have emerged at district and local levels. It argues that these innovations have the potential for a creative transformation of forest management planning process at district and local level, and for their wider replication and diffusion. This paper also discusses key issues that need further attention so as to maximise the impact of these innovations by putting them into practice. It highlights that emerging complexity of Nepal Terai requires much wider stakeholder engagement in order to facilitate forest management planning and implementation that benefit both the government and the people. Full text is available at the ForestAction websiteDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v8i2.2306 Journal of Forest and Livelihood 8(2) February 2009 pp.27-38

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Joshi, Rajeev, Tej Kumar Shrestha, Bijaya Mishra, Jeetendra Gautam, Bijay Maharjan, Kamal Raj Gosai, Tek Maraseni, and Bijaya Neupane. "Assessment of Carbon Sequestration in Private Forests across Two Different Physiographic Regions of Nepal: Implications for Conservation and Climate Change Mitigation." Scientifica 2023 (December 4, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6599067.

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Private forests offer diverse ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, which are crucial for Nepal. However, there is a notable absence of comprehensive research on these services. Assessing carbon sequestration in private forests can have economic advantages for forest owners by promoting resource conservation and contributing to greenhouse gas reduction. This study aims to estimate and compare carbon stocks in private forests located in two distinct physiographic regions of Nepal while also identifying the factors influencing these carbon stocks. The analysis focuses on 16 private forests (with 0.1 to 0.5 hectares) each from Chitwan district (Terai region) and Kavrepalanchok district (Hilly region). Field data collection involved direct measurements of tree and sapling diameter at breast height (DBH), as well as height and class of trees and poles, utilizing a total enumeration method. These collected values were utilized to calculate aboveground biomass (AGTB), aboveground sapling biomass (AGSB), belowground biomass, and carbon stock. Private forests of Terai region were dominated by Shorea borneensis, Tectona grandis, and Dalbergia sissoo, whereas the Hilly region was dominated by Pinus patula, Alnus nepalensis, Schima wallichii, and Quercus leucotrichophora. The aboveground biomass carbon in the Terai region’s private forests was estimated to be 83.53 t·ha−1, while in the Hilly region, it was 37.32 t·ha−1. The belowground biomass carbon in the Terai region’s private forests was found to be 21.72 t·ha−1, compared to 9.70 t·ha−1 in the Hilly region. Consequently, the estimated total carbon stock in the Terai and Hilly regions’ private forests was 105.25 t·ha−1 (386.26 t·ha−1 CO2-eq) and 47.02 t·ha−1 (172.57 t·ha−1 CO2-eq), respectively. Carbon sequestration in the Terai region’s private forests was discovered to be 2.24 times higher than that in the Hilly region. These findings underscore the significant potential of private forests, which can generate economic benefits through carbon trading and leverage mechanisms such as REDD+/CDM to promote sustainable conservation practices.

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Mukherjee, Mainak, Sourav Chakraborty, Sahadeb Sarkar, Sumedha Saha, Soumya Majumder, Arindam Ghosh, and Malay Bhattacharya. "Soil Nutritional Status of Tea Plantations in Plains of Sub Himalayan West Bengal, India." Current Agriculture Research Journal 8, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.8.3.10.

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Tea is the most consumed beverages after water. In Terai and Dooars region of sub Himalayan West Bengal, India, tea plantations are around 150 years. Exploitation of tea garden soil over centuries has led to decline in soil fertility and crop productivity after all initiatives of external inputs. As nutrients play a crucial role in quality and quantity of manufactured tea, the present initiative has been designed to quantify the soil nutrient status of tea growing Terai and Dooars region. 79.62% (Terai) and 84.72% (Dooars) of the soil samples were found to have normal pH. 47.21% (Terai) and 49.3% (Dooars) of soil samples was found to have normal organic carbon. 12.03% and 20.82% of soil from Terai and Dooars showed low total nitrogen. Both the organic carbon and nitrogen in soil are positively correlated. Phosphorus (as P2O5) content of soil is extremely site and depth specific. Almost all samples of the study area showed high potassium (as K2O) content. Monoculture, change in rainfall pattern and inorganic additives have contributed enormous stress to soil but despite of all these odds the overall nutritional richness of these tea growing regions seems to be satisfactory.

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Tembe, Damber. "Community Forestry and Integrated Natural Resource Management in the Churia Region of Nepal." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 1, no. 1 (April 7, 2024): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v1i1.59799.

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The author contends that the prevailing community forestry policy and legislations can be implemented to solve problems of Terai forest management. Based on on-going experiences in the Chure and inner Terai region in easternNepal, he puts forward an approach that integrates community forestry with natural resource management involving various stakeholder groups. The conclusion is that before attempting any change in legislation, more experiences may be gained by sincere efforts to implement community forestry in the Terai region of Nepal.

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NAYAVA, JANAK LAL, SUNIL ADHIKARY, and OM RATNA BAJRACHARYA. "Spatial and temporal variation of surface air temperature at different altitude zone in recent 30 years over Nepal." MAUSAM 68, no. 3 (December 2, 2021): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v68i3.649.

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This paper investigates long term (30 yrs) altitudinal variations of surface air temperatures based on air temperature data of countrywide scattered 22 stations (15 synoptic and 7 climate stations) in Nepal. Several researchers have reported that rate of air temperature rise (long term trend of atmospheric warming) in Nepal is highest in the Himalayan region (~ 3500 m asl or higher) compared to the Hills and Terai regions. Contrary to the results of previous researchers, however this study found that the increment of annual mean temperature is much higher in the Hills (1000 to 2000 m asl) than in the Terai and Mountain Regions. The temperature lapse rate in a wide altitudinal range of Nepal (70 to 5050 m asl) is -5.65 °C km-1. Warming rates in Terai and Trans-Himalayas (Jomsom) are 0.024 and 0.029 °C/year respectively.

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Joshi, Rajeev, Ramesh Chhetri, and Karan Yadav. "Vegetation Analysis in Community Forests of Terai Region, Nepal." International Journal of Environment 8, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v8i3.26667.

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This paper deals with the study of vegetation analysis of tree species in Ganesh and Ramnagar community forests (CF) of the Terai region. For the study, altogether 63 concentric sample plots (each plot of 500 m2) were laid using systematic sampling with a sampling intensity of 0.5%. A total of 967 individual trees representing 16 different tree species were identified. Both CF was dominated by monospecies such as Mallotus philippensis (Ganesh CF) and Shorea robusta (Ramnagar CF) based on the Importance Value Index (I.V.I). Likewise, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was higher in Ganesh CF whereas the dominance index was low. Similarly, the index of evenness and richness was also slightly higher in Ganesh CF than Ramnagar CF. The study provided information about the structure, composition, and dominance of tree species which is essential for conservation and sustainable management of community forests. Therefore, this article serves as an example of establishing community forests so as to initiate the conservation and preservation of local biodiversity.

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Pandey, H. P. "Socio-religious Plants of Terai Region of U.P., India." International Journal of Biological Innovations 01, no. 01 (2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46505/ijbi.2019.1104.

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Dingle, E. H., M. J. Creed, H. D. Sinclair, D. Gautam, N. Gourmelen, A. G. L. Borthwick, and M. Attal. "Dynamic flood topographies in the Terai region of Nepal." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 45, no. 13 (August 11, 2020): 3092–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4953.

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11

Adhikari, Pitri Bhakta, and Upendra Bogati. "Tornado as a Disaster in Terai Region of Nepal." Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 6, no. 1 (June 7, 2023): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v6i1.55394.

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Tornadoes are a specific type of storm and, being a natural disaster, they cannot be stopped. However, it is possible to reduce their impact. Tornadoes are formed when different types of air mix, creating molecular clouds filled with water vapor. As the clouds with dry air separate, low pressure is formed leading to the occurrence of tornadoes. They primarily occur at sea level when air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. To depict the affected areas of Bara and Parsa districts in Nepal, the ARC GIS MAPPING software is utilized to create a map. Tornadoes can be anticipated if there is a presence of dust particles and cloud formations, particularly during the pre-monsoon period. However, accurate and timely severe weather forecasting alone is insufficient to mitigate the impact of these events. The size and speed of a tornado are influenced by various factors, such as the heating system from the land, the release of latent heat within the atmosphere, local geography altitude, seasons, and land or surface features.

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Sah, Nilam, Shamsher Shrestha, and Nutan Bala Singh. "Kidney Size in Healthy Adults of Terai Region, Nepal." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20230117.

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Background and objectives: Studies have shown that kidney size varies in different populations across the globe. And knowledge of kidney size is important for correct interpretation of imaging studies like ultrasonography in clinical practice. This study was done to assess kidney dimensions in the Terai region, Nepal. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved healthy individuals of age 18 to 70 years. Ultrasound of abdomen was done to measure kidney dimensions which included length, width and thickness. Paired t-test was used for assessment of differences between right and left kidney dimensions. Unpaired t-test was used for assessment of differences in renal dimensions between male and female individuals. Results: There were 98 (47.1 %) males and 110 (52.9 %) females. The mean age was 34.14 years. The mean kidney length, width and thickness were 9.8 (SD 0.9) cm, 5.25 (SD 0.9) cm, and 4.23 (SD 0.7) cm respectively. The length of right and left kidney was 9.65 (SD 0.87) cm and 9.98 (SD 0.89) cm respectively (p = 0.001). The width of right and left kidney was 5.18 (SD 0.79) cm, and 5.32 (SD 0.99) cm respectively (p = 0.12). The thickness of right and left kidney was 4.05 (SD 0.63) cm, and 4.4 (SD 0.72) cm respectively (p = 0.001). When compared between male and female, the mean length, width and thickness were greater in male. However, the difference in only thickness was significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The average length, width and thickness of kidney were 9.8 cm, 5.25 cm and 4.23 cm respectively. The length of left kidney was greater than the right. Male kidney tended to be slightly larger than the female although the difference was not significant. Key words: kidney dimension, kidney size, renal length

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Sapkota, Ganga, Bishwa Ram Poudel, Dipendra Kumar Mallik, Bhawna Wagle, Sunil Dhakal, and Sapana Bhandari. "Prevalence of Breast Cancer in different geographical regions: A Retrospective Study from Central Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Cancer 6, no. 1 (April 3, 2022): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njc.v6i1.44255.

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Background: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy among Nepalese women with prevalence of 28.5 per 100,000 population. In Nepal due to lack of uniform health resources and awareness, breast cancer cases reporting is different in three geographical regions. This study aims to look at the difference in prevalence of breast cancer in different geographical regions. Materials and Methods: A single center descriptive retrospective study to analyze the prevalence of breast cancer in different geographical regions among patients visiting BPKMCH from January 2014 to December 2018 was designed and patients’ information available at medical record were obtained. Analysis was completed with SPSS Statistics. Results: During the period of 5-year total 2115 cases of breast cancer were seen at the Department of Surgical Oncology at BPKMCH. These cases comprised of 2052 female and 63males. The mean age of presentation was 48 years. Maximum number of cases 65% (1376) were from terai region of Nepal. Conclusions: This study provides clue regarding higher cases of breast cancer among individuals from terai region of Nepal.

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Bahadur Kunwar, Chitra, and Jiban Shrestha. "Evaluating Performance of Maize hybrids in Terai Region of Nepal." World Journal of Agricultural Research 2, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/wjar-2-1-4.

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Moock, Peter R., and Joanne Leslie. "Childhood malnutrition and schooling in the Terai region of Nepal." Journal of Development Economics 20, no. 1 (January 1986): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(86)90004-0.

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Khatiwada, Saroj, Basanta Gelal, Prem Raj Shakya, Madhab Lamsal, and Nirmal Baral. "Urinary Iodine Excretion among Nepalese School Children in Terai Region." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 83, no. 1 (May 8, 2015): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-015-1755-x.

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Singh, Chander Kumar, Anand Kumar, and Sonal Bindal. "Arsenic contamination in Rapti River Basin, Terai region of India." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 192 (September 2018): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.06.010.

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Baruwal, Himal. "Migration and Satisfaction: The Case of Hilly to Terai Region." Bhairahawa Campus Journal 6, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2023): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bhairahawacj.v6i1-2.65171.

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This article proposes a formal model of migration in which people of hilly area migrated to Terai area. Migration was taken place for the betterment of life, nuclear family choice, risk of financial management, adjustment adverse climatic condition, cultural and social differences. It shows that migration can be take place in various adverse situation and risk, surprisingly, when earning is more and less in both situations, migration can take place. I provide some evidence in support of the concerned area.

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Dipesh Kumar, K. C. "Fake Indian currency racket in Nepal’s Terai." Journal of Money Laundering Control 20, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-06-2016-0021.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to attempt to analyse the trend of trafficking of fake Indian currency notes (FICN), which is organised in nature. It accounts the trend of the smuggling of FICN through the route of Nepal and emerging routes as a consequence of the extension and strength of the criminal gangs. Design/methodology/approach The author utilized the governmental and non-governmental reports besides journalistic reports related to the intention of fake currency trafficking to analyse the ground reality and vested interests of such crime. Findings Though the open border of Nepal with India is exaggerated as the reason behind the cross-border crimes, such as smuggling of FICN, this paper has falsified the biased perception of labelling the borderline as a crime zone. It finds an outcome of the FICN smuggling that turns the Indo–Nepal border areas as a covert battlefield of organised criminal gangs as well as secret agencies of regional powers. Research limitations/implications Due to ethical issues and limitations of research works on the topic, the descriptive analysis that could be carried out was limited. Practical implications The negative findings of the crime are implacable, in keeping in mind before establishing a good policy related to development and security of Nepal, especially the Terai region. Social implications The paper highlights social problems and challenges in the Terai region of Nepal that enforced the people residing in that area towards the fake currency racket. Hence, it urged to solve the social problems to curb the financial crime such as counterfeit notes trafficking in the region. Originality/value This study is the latest research describing and disclosing the fact behind fake currency trafficking and its consequences.

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Barma, Pranab, Hriday Kamal Tarafder, Ramkrishna Sarkar, and M. W. Moktan. "Performance of different mustard varieties in Terai zone of West Bengal." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 16, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/16.1/31-33.

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The research on varietal screening for a specific location has done since long time. But varietal screening of Indian mustard at Terai region has meagre hitherto. Therefore, an experiment was performed to evaluate the performance of different mustard varieties in Regional Research Sub-Station (Terai Zone), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya in the year 2015-16 during Rabi season (Dec.- Feb.). The study was purposively done to evaluate five mustard varieties viz., T-9, Piloo, NC-1, PS-28 and B-9 in Terai Zone of West Bengal with respect to yield attributing characters. In brevity it was found that Pilloo is most suitable cultivar for studied areas.

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Pandey, Hari Prasad, Narayan Prasad Pokhrel, Dol Raj Luitel, Kamal Acharya, and Kabita Kumari Shah. "Diversity of Agroforestry Species and Uses in Two Ecological Regions: A Case from Central Nepal." Advances in Agriculture 2021 (October 31, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1198341.

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Multiple benefits of the agroforestry systems attract the attention of the global community and are being practiced in Nepal from time immemorial. However, there is minimal evidence of the diversity of species and the use value of plants and their comparative analysis in ecological regions. This study compares the diversity and use value of plants grown in the agroforestry system (home garden) in two separate ecological regions in central Nepal. The frequently used diversity indices were used to measure species diversity. A total of 130 and 99 species, 96 and 69 genera, and 50 and 40 families were reported from home gardens in the Terai and midhill ecological regions, respectively, where 58 species were common for both. The findings reveal Terai farmer prefers ornamental plants over fruit and fodder in the midhills indicating that horticulture and livestock-based livelihood could be enhanced in the hilly region. The diversity indices indicate a higher diversity of plants in the Terai region than in midhills. However, Mann–Whitney U test showed an insignificant difference in species diversity between the regions. Moreover, the chi-square test revealed that there is no significant variation in the use diversity for the regions. The results demonstrate similar plant diversity in the home garden despite the difference in ecological regions and species varieties. The finding assists in understanding the composition of biodiversity in agroforestry systems in specific areas of two different ecological zones and provides insight into the agroforestry for species preferences and use-related decisions. Future research with established management procedures may be required to confirm these findings and provide agroforestry establishment criteria for agricultural sustainability.

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Jha, Birendra Kumar, Mingma Lhamu Sherpa, Jitendra Kumar Singh, Binod Kumar Dahal, and Chamma Gupta. "Physiological and biochemical parameters of smokers and alcohol consuming adults from Terai region of Nepal using cross-sectional study." International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcbr.2022.044.

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Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) are contributing 46% to the global diseases burden and account for 59% of annual death. Tobacco and alcohol consumptions are reported as major factors associated with growing burden of NCDs and account for 11.5% of global death with around 80% of these deaths are reported in low middle-income countries.Nepal, a low middle-income county, is also facing an increasing prevalence (31%) of NCDs with a significant prevalence of smoking (37.1%) and alcohol consumption (15%-57%). To explore the physiological and biochemical parameters of smoker and alcohol consuming subjects of Terai region of Nepal. We conducted a community based cross-sectional study during August to November 2019, 282 adult participants were selected from Terai region of Janakpur Zone, Nepal, After obtaining written consent and clinical examination, fasting venous blood was collected from study subjects and examined for triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and fasting blood sugar.We observed significantly increased triglycerides (p<0.05), and waist circumference (p<0.05) in current smoking and alcohol consuming subjects, however diastolic blood pressure was found to be significantly higher among alcohol consuming subjects only (p=0.05). We did not observe any significant correlation between fasting blood sugar, total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol among smoking or alcohol consuming subjects.Significantly increased triglycerides, waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure in smoking and alcohol consuming subjects likely suggest lack of public awareness and heath promotion activities in Teari region of Nepal and indicate an urgent public health awareness programs in this region to maintain quality of life.

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PARAJULI, RAJENDRA P., MASAHIRO UMEZAKI, and CHIHO WATANABE. "DIET AMONG PEOPLE IN THE TERAI REGION OF NEPAL, AN AREA OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY." Journal of Biosocial Science 44, no. 4 (February 27, 2012): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000065.

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SummaryIn the Terai region, despite its ecological richness, the people have long suffered from a deficiency of micronutrients such as vitamin A, iron and zinc. The aim of this study was to investigate dietary and nutritional intakes among people in the Terai region of Nepal. The results were compared by sex and ethnicity. Food consumption surveys (one-day weighed records) were conducted among 114 people (55Musharand 59Tharu). Nutritional intakes were calculated using Nepali food composition and other tables. The diet in the Terai region was characterized by a large amount of rice consumed with a tiny amount of curry ordalas a side dish. Intakes of vitamin A, iron, riboflavin and selenium were less than 50% of the recommended daily allowance irrespective of ethnicity or sex (with the exception of iron intake amongTharumales). Intakes of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus and zinc were higher among theTharuthan theMushar, while intakes of selenium and iodine were higher among theMusharthan theTharu. The nutritional significance of these differences was slight. Protein intake (per kg body weight) was lower in females than in males, while the energy-adjusted micronutrient intakes did not differ by sex. Intakes of vitamin A, iron, riboflavin and selenium were deficient among the participants. Intervention projects such as the introduction of kitchen gardens or fish farming may be effective, but will increase the degree of inequality between the two ethnic groups.

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Paudel, Naya S., Prabin Bhusal, Paul Thompson, Parvin Sultana, Anukram Adhikary, and Kamal Bhandari. "Transforming Forest Conflicts: Learning from North-South Conflicts over Community Forests in Terai Region of Nepal." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 16, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v16i1.22879.

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Continued forest conflicts in Nepal’s Terai have not only undermined sustainable forest management in the region but have also contributed to emerging social unrest that can undermine transition towards new federal Nepal. Using an action research approach involving intensive participatory research methods, this paper shares experiences of current initiatives and their challenges in transforming forest-conflicts between the northern communities and southern communities in the Terai region of Nepal. The action research process helped bring the conflicting communities together, develop a shared understanding through participatory resource assessment and analysis of socio-institutional processes among the conflicting communities, and help devise a widely acceptable benefit sharing arrangement. Consequently, there has been a substantial reduction in conflict through an inclusive and extended governance arrangement. Consideration of traditional use of forests by distant as well as adjacent communities will be helpful to reduce potential heightening of conflicts in the face of policies that emphasises more on protection and restoration of forest as a response to historical trend of deforestation and emerging threats of climate change. Finally, we suggest that enabling policies including further devolution of forest management rights to local communities and adoption of adaptive approach to resource and institutional management can help mitigate northern communities-southern communities’ conflict in Terai.

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Dhakal, Subash, Susan Nakarmi, Pikam Pun, Arun Bikram Thapa, and Tri Ratna Bajracharya. "Development and Testing of Runner and Conical Basin for Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 3, 2014): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10895.

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The Terai region in Nepal has water resources with very low head and medium to high discharge conditions. Hence, the people of the Terai region are not being able to utilize the water resources available near them due to the limitation of technology. This study is intended to serve the purpose of further research of ultra-low head gravitational water vortex turbines useful for power generation in the Terai region. Gravitational water vortex turbine is an ultra-low head turbine which can operate in as low head as 0.7m with similar yield as conventional hydroelectric turbines characterized with positive environmental yield. This study has been carried out in two phases. In the first phase, two different turbines are to designed and fabricated and the performance characteristics of the new turbine are to be compared with that of the installed turbine. The second phase includes the design and fabrication of the conical basin. Experimental tests will be carried out and the performance of the system with the use of a conical basin will compared with that of the system using the cylindrical basin. A site testing also has been carried out to ensure the performance of system.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v10i1.10895Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2014, pp. 140–148

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Karki, Emma, Akriti Sharma, and Brendan Brown. "Farm mechanisation in Nepal's Terai Region: Policy context, drivers and options." Journal of International Development 34, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3592.

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Pant, Keshab Raj. "Analysis of Forest Governance in Far-Western Terai Region of Nepal." Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 5, no. 1 (October 25, 2021): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v5i1.40481.

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To explore the status of governance in Community Forestry (CF) user groups (CFUGs) in Far- Western Terai region of Nepal, six community forest user groups were selected from Kailali and Kanchanpur districts considering ethnicity, gender, size of households and accessibility. UNESCAP’s eight criteria of good governance and their respective local indicators were employed to explore the governance status of CF. Direct observation; key informant’s survey, focus group discussion and household interview with questionnaire format were used to collect the primary data where secondary data were collected from operational plan of CFUGs and other published literatures. Simple mathematical procedures were used to analyze the data. The study findings show that overall governance level is very good in women managed CFs then mixed managed CFs as well as the relationships of governance with economic activities and ethnic composition of community. This study also shows that women managed CFs is more transparent and responsive to users. Which shows that the fairness in responsibility in woman managed CF is very good and their executive committee was more responsive to their users and disadvantaged groups.

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Dey, A. N., and Bani Sharma. "Weeds phytosociology in Jatropha plantation of Terai region in West Bengal." Indian Journal of Weed Science 50, no. 1 (2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2018.00023.0.

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Shrestha, Shreemat, Graham A. Moore, and Murray C. Peel. "Trends in winter fog events in the Terai region of Nepal." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 259 (September 2018): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.04.018.

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Diwakar, Jasmine, Scott G. Johnston, Edward D. Burton, and Suresh Das Shrestha. "Arsenic mobilization in an alluvial aquifer of the Terai region, Nepal." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 4 (September 2015): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2014.10.001.

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Dhital, Bigya, Sulav Shrestha, Krishna Kaphle, and Rameshwor Pudasaini. "Distribution of the cattle ticks from mid hills to plains of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 1, no. 1 (December 9, 2018): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v1i1.22235.

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Ticks cause serious economic losses in livestock production worldwide. A study was conducted in 2017/18 to determine the abundance of tick population on different geographical regions and body parts of cattle. Three study sites were taken from mid hill, inner terai and terai region of Nepal. A total of 45 dairy cattle (15 from each region) were included randomly for the study. Regarding the distribution of ticks in cattle body part, higher number of ticks were recorded on dewlap (38.61%) followed by perineum and udder (25.10%), ear base (15.06%), tail base (9.07%), abdomen (7.34%) and withers (4.83%). Similarly, highest numbers of ticks were recorded in Chitwan (19.46 ticks on an average) cattle followed by Dang (9.13 ticks on an average) and least in Lamjung (5.73 ticks on an average) cattle. This result indicates that higher tick infestation was found in warm, moist, hidden sites with good vascular supply and thin skin in cattle body. Similarly, more tick were recorded in cattle keeping with poor animal husbandry practices.

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Acharya, M. P., S. K. Adhikari, H. Awasthi, A. Jha, and U. M. Singh. "Field Verification Trial of ND I-2 Vaccine in Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27748.

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A study was conducted to assess the overall performance of ND I-2 vaccine in Nepalese context to prevent Newcastle disease (ND) particularly in backyard chicken. The experimental studies were conducted at Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), NARC and field verification were carried out in different eco-zones of the country. Experiments were divided in three segments: evaluation of thermostability, longevity and field verification trial in backyard chickens. The ND I-2 vaccine was prepared at Central Biological Production Laboratory (CBPL), Tripureshwor. In thermostability evaluation antibody titer and mortality percentage showed that ND I-2 vaccine exposed up to 30°C for seven days was found effective in prevention of Newcastle Disease in village chickens. Evaluation of longevity of immunity showed that till 90 days there was protective immunity against ND and in field trials when vaccine delivered without maintaining cold chain, the vaccine gave protective immunity in mid hills and high hills region but not enough immunity in the terai region where the temperature was above 30° Celsius. This study clearly indicated that thermostable ND I-2 vaccine can be used without cold chain in high hills and mid hills in all seasons and only in winter season in the terai region of Nepal (temp. less than 30°C). In summer season, vaccination in the terai region could not give protective immunity (temp. more than 30°C) without maintaining cold chain.

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Jha, Birendra Kumar, Mingma Lhamu Sherpa, Binod Kumar Dahal, and Jitendra Kumar Singh. "Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Adults with Central Obesity at Janakpur Zone, Nepal." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 18, no. 4 (January 21, 2021): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v18i4.2890.

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Background: Urbanization, surplus energy uptake, decreased physical activities are general risk factors of metabolic syndrome However, it’s status, and associated components remain unexplored in the Terai region of Nepal. This study evaluated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among adults with central obesity of Terai region of Nepal using International Diabetes Federation criteria.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted in three Terai districts of Janakpur Zone, Nepal. A total of 378 adults having central obesity were selected using cluster sampling by camp approach. Interview, physical and clinical examination, measurement of fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile were conducted for all participants. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components with 95% CI were estimated.Results: The metabolic syndrome prevalence was 74.9% (95% CI:70.2-79.2%), with no significant differences between male (77.7%, 95% CI:71.0-83.5%) and female (72.2%, 95% CI: 65.2-78.3%). The most common factors observed were low high density lipoproteins with highly significant differences between male (77.7%, 95% CI:71.0-83.5%)) and female (90.2%, 95% CI: 85.094.0%-; p=0.001) and hypertriglyceridemia with significant differences between male (57.6%, 95% CI: 50.1-64.5%) and female (46.9%, 95% CI: 39.7-54.2%; p=0.037). Conclusions: Higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Janakpur of Nepal likely suggest lack of awareness and health promotion activities for metabolic syndrome and indicate an urgency for a public health program to maintain quality of life. Keywords: Metabolic syndrome; Nepal; prevalence; risk factors; terai

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Yadav, Bhupendra Prasad, Angie Appel, Bishnu Prasad Shrestha, Bhagawan Raj Dahal, and Maheshwar Dhakal. "The Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 16 (December 14, 2020): 17203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6145.12.16.17203-17212.

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The Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus is known to occur in the Terai region since at least the late 1920s. Contemporary locality records of the Fishing Cat in this region are widely spaced, and the knowledge about the connectivity between these localities is still deficient. We present the first photographic evidence for the presence of the Fishing Cat in far western Nepal. In spring and winter 2016, we obtained 30 notionally independent events of the Fishing Cat in the floodplain of Shuklaphanta National Park at elevations of 181–221 m. This population unit may be connected to units in Indian protected areas. Further targeted surveys in adjacent wetlands and wildlife corridors are warranted to clarify its range in the Indian and Nepal Terai.

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Dhakal, SC. "Determinants Of Forage And Fodder Production Practices To Cope With Climate Change Adaptation Strategy By Farmers In Terai Region Of Nepal." Agronomy Journal of Nepal 5, no. 01 (December 31, 2021): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v5i01.44848.

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Consequences generated by climate change disasters in the vulnerable agricultural system of Nepal could increase in coming days in the absence of effective adaptation strategies in the both agriculture and livestock sector. There is growing evidence that forage and fodder production activity can be a potential adaptation strategy, but adopted in a limited scale. The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of forage and fodder production activity by livestock farmers in the Terai region of Nepal. Primary data collected through household survey of 600 households, 100 from each district in Morang, Sarlahi, Bara, Chitwan, Rupandehi and Banke were analyzed using logistic regression technique. Results showed that western Terai dummy and family size were negatively affecting the adoption of forage and fodder production. Whereas access to credit, size of livestock holding and training were positively and significantly affecting the adoption of the forage and fodder production activity. The magnitude of effect of these significant variables are western Terai dummy (25.2%), family size (92.60%), access to credit dummy (74.21%), size of livestock holding (10.8%) and training dummy (188.80%). Findings of the study suggested that provided opportunity to dairy farmers for participation in training on livestock production management practices and increased access to credit for making investment in dairy enterprises. Rearing livestock at commercial scale also motivates dairy farmers to produce forage and fodder in their own farm land. It is also recommended to provide lease- in land system for dairy farmers with large size family to grow forage and fodder crops aside from promotional activities are needed in western Terai region of the country in particular.

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Bista, Govinda Singh. "Urbanization in Far-Western Region of Nepal." NUTA Journal 8, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nutaj.v8i1-2.44043.

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Nepal is one of the developing countries of the world. Nepal's level of urbanization was low in terms of urban population and number of urban centers until 2011, but it has been increasing over the recent years. The rate of urban growth in the country has also been faster lately. The research work is mainly based on secondary data. In this context, this paper is concerned with urbanization in Far-western Region of Nepal. This paper is mainly focused on analysing the growth of urban population and centers, spatial pattern of urbanization, size of urban areas, ranking of urban areas of Far-Western Region utilizing data from the population census 1881 to 2011 and recent data which are published by Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development 2016 of Nepal. The urban population has increased from 71108 in 1981 to 1058305 in 2016 while the number of urban centers has increased from 2 to 25 in the study area. The level of urbanization in this region was 5.38% in 1881 and it became 43.77% in 2016. The urban growth and urbanization of the Far-western Region is at accelerating stage in the present time. It is notable that out of 9 districts of this region, Kailali and Kanchanpur which are located in the Terai region share 77.55% of total urban population. According to the data we can say Far-western Terai (Kailali and Kanchanpur districts) is the hub of Far-western's urbanization. The spatial pattern of urbanization is disproportionate in the study area.

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Saiju, Rohit, G. Moore, U. Shrestha, MK Shrestha, and S. Ruit. "Retinoblastoma: geographic distribution and presentation at a tertiary eye care centre in Kathmandu, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 5, no. 2 (September 23, 2013): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8708.

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Introduction: Several aspects of retinoblastoma in Nepal remain enigmatic. Objective: To assess the demographic and geographic distribution, clinical presentation, and treatment methods of retinoblastoma at a tertiary level ophthalmic institution in Kathmandu, Nepal. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of all the patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology from July 2004 to June 2008 was performed. The main outcome measures included region of residence, treatment options and histopathological findings. The histopathological analysis was performed on enucleated and exenterated specimens. Statistics: The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS Version 11.5. Descriptive statistics are represented as mean ± standard deviation. All tests were two-sided and the P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Thirty patients presented with retinoblastoma during the study period. The mean age at presentation was 2.5 ± 1.6 years (range five months to seven years). Ten of the 12 patients who presented with bilateral retinoblastoma (83 %) were from the Terai region of Nepal. The ratio of unilateral to bilateral cases in the Terai region was 1:2. This differed significantly with the ratio in the hilly region (Fisher’s Exact Test, p = 0.0012). The mean duration of symptoms before presentation was 2.5 3.2 months (range three days to 12 months). Twenty-four patients (80 %) presented with leukocoria. Eleven patients (36.6 %) presented with leukocoria as their only symptom. Ninety-seven percent of the patients underwent either enucleation (90 %) or exenteration (6.7 %) of at least one eye. Conclusion: Bilateral retinoblastoma is more prevalent in the Terai region of Nepal. The majority of the patients present with leucokoria and are treated with enucleation. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(10): 169-176 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8708

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Chaudhary, Mahesh Kumar. "Case-Marking System in Saptariya Tharu: A Typological Perspective." Orchid Academia Siraha 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/oas.v2i1.65605.

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This paper explores the system of case marking in the Saptariya Tharu spoken in various districts of Nepal. Saptariya Tharu is identified as a nominative and accusative language, and studies are conducted to explore its case markers and postpositions. The paper discusses nominative case, accusative-dative case, locative case, genitive case, ablative case, instrumental case, and comitative case and highlights their use and examples. In addition, the paper compares the Sapataria Tharu case marking system with other Indo-Aryan languages spoken in Nepal's Terai region. It points out that most languages in this region also have nomenclature-accusation patterns. Furthermore, this article notes the similarities between these languages, emphasizing the absence of ergative case markers and the differences between instrumental, genitive, dative, and locative markers. The research concludes that it reveals a rich case-marking system of Saptariya Tharu in a broader context of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken in Nepal's terai region, highlighting its unique linguistic characteristics and typological similarities with neighboring languages.

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Kakchapati, Sampurna, Sulawan Yotthanoo, and Chamnein Choonpradup. "Modeling tuberculosis incidence in Nepal." Asian Biomedicine 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abm-2010-0044.

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Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) constitutes a large burden of infectious disease in Nepal. Objective: Model incidence of TB between 2003 and 2008 in Nepal. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Nepal of tuberculosis incidence by gender and location over the six years period. Data were obtained for 198,719 tuberculosis cases from the Nepal Tuberculosis Center (NTC). A negative binomial model with two multiplicative components as predictors was used and provided a good fit. Results: The model extracted a decreasing trend during the first five years followed by a drop in 2008.The overall incidence of TB was 1.31 cases per 1,000 population with a male to female incidence rate ratio of 1.86. There were pronounced spatial variations with higher rates occurring in the Terai region, followed by the Hill, and Mountain regions. Conclusion: Tuberculosis incidence showed a steady decreasing trend, but the number of cases was still very high. Gender differences existed in TB incidence in Nepal. Higher rates were observed in the Terai Region and urban areas. These findings highlight the need for the tuberculosis control measures to remain on a sustained and long-term basis for the high TB burden rate of Nepal.

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Kumar, Prakash, Shishir Kumar Barma, and Bharat Raj Subba. "A checklist of fishes of eastern Terai of Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 1 (January 24, 2013): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v1i0.7473.

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An attempt has been made to survey the existing fish species of the eastern Terai of Nepal. In three months duration, fifty three fish species belonging to twenty families were recorded. The anthropogenic activities were mostly found responsible for decline of fish species in this region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v1i0.7473 Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 1: 63-65 (2011)

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Bajracharya, Sugat B., Arabinda Mishra, and Amina Maharjan. "Determinants of crop residue burning practice in the Terai region of Nepal." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): e0253939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253939.

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The open burning of agricultural crop residue is a key environmental issue facing the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, the Indo-Gangetic plain in particular. There is a varying intensity in the incidence of open agricultural burning in this region, and multiple drivers that determine why farmers in this region decide to burn their crop residues. While there have been research studies conducted for other countries in the region, research into the determinants of crop-burning in the Nepalese context is missing. Using primary data from a survey of 388 farming households across three districts of the Nepal Terai―Nawalparasi, Rupandehi and Kapilvastu―applying a recursive bivariate probit model, this study seeks to find out what drives the Nepalese farmers to burn their crop residue instead of using them in a sustainable manner and suggest policy recommendations for mitigation. Our findings show that the major determining factors that influence the farmers’ behavior in Nepal are livestock ownership, combine harvester use and awareness level of the farmers. While the effects of crop residue burning is transboundary in nature, the mitigation measures require to be region specific. Based on the findings, the study proposes raising livestock, using technology like Happy Seeders or upgrade the combine harvesters, raising awareness and changing perception of farmers, and promoting alternative uses of crop residue as viable mitigation measures.

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Mandal, Rajesh Kumar, Rajan Pande, Jiwan Karki, Sandeep Raj Bajracharya, Vivek Malla, and Prashant Subedi. "Epidemiological profile of Kala-azar in a tertiary care center of Mid Western Nepal." Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaim.v12i2.62049.

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BACKGROUND Kala-azar has been endemic in the central and eastern Terai region of Nepal neighbouring North Bihar, India. Data of Kala-azar in Mid and Far Western Nepal is scarce. We conducted this study to highlight the burden of Kala-azar in this region. METHODS This study was a cross sectional study conducted from July 2019 to May 2023 in the Department of Internal Medicine of Bheri Hospital. A total of 112 patients diagnosed with Kala-azar were enrolled in study. Data about socio-demographic profile and outcome were entered in MS EXCEL and analyzed by SPSS 20. RESULTS A total of 112 patients were enrolled in study with female predominance 86 (76.79%). Majority of the patients 37(33.03%) were of less than 15 years of age. Kala-azar cases were distributed not only to Terai districts but also in hilly and mountainous districts of Karnali and Sudur paschim provinces. 95(84.82%) cases were new and 17 cases were relapsed cases. 98(87.50%) cases improved with treatment, 5(4.46%) cases expired while one case was referred. CONCLUSIONS Kala-azar is a neglected tropical disease in Nepal. Once confined to the tropical Terai region, it has now been moving towards hills and mountains of Mid and Far Western Nepal. Public awareness campaign and strengthening the Kala-azar treatment centers would help to attain the goal of Kala-azar elimination program of Nepal.

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van Netten, Wiebrich J., Marloes M. A. R. van Dorst, Mitzi M. Waltz, Basu D. Pandey, Dambar Aley, Ramesh Choudhary, and Wim H. van Brakel. "Mental wellbeing among people affected by leprosy in the Terai region, Nepal." Leprosy Review 92, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47276/lr.92.1.59.

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Sah, Sadhana, Ranjita Shrestha, Sadikchya Koirala, and Keshab Bhattarai. "Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Assessment of Five Medicinal Plants Found in Terai Region." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (March 8, 2013): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7718.

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Crude petroleum ether and methanol extracts of different parts of five medicinal plants collected from Terai region, namely, Asparagus racemosus, Catharanthus roseus, Hedychium coronarium, Mimosa pudica and Terminalia chebula were examined for their antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsella spp., Salmonella paratyphi, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. From the obtained growth curves of methanol extract of Terminalia chebula and petroleum ether and methanol extracts of Hedychium coronarium, it can be said these extracts have relatively high bacteriostatic property than other plant extracts. Similarly, the zone of inhibitions observed during antifungal assay by methanol extract of Terminalia chebula against Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. are comparable to that of Itraconazole (antifungal drug). It shows that Terminalia chebula has fungistatic property. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and glycosides. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 79-86 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7718

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Subedi, S., Y. N. Ghimire, S. Gautam, H. K. Poudel, and J. Shrestha. "Economics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in terai region of Nepal." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2019.040109.

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Adhikari, Sagar, Parth Mahapatra, Vikrant Sapkota, and Siva Puppala. "Characterizing Emissions from Agricultural Diesel Pumps in the Terai Region of Nepal." Atmosphere 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10020056.

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Diesel irrigation pumps are a source of air pollution in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The environmental implications of these pumps are often overlooked and very rarely addressed in the IGP. Few studies in the past have estimated the amount of diesel consumed by irrigation pumps in the IGP or other proxy variables to estimate the amount of emissions. A considerable amount of uncertainty remains in calculating emission factors (EF) using real-time measurements. We measured pollutants from nine diesel irrigation pumps in the southern ‘Terai’ belt of Nepal. Fuel-based EF were then estimated using the carbon mass balance method. The average EF for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), CO2, CO and black carbon (BC) were found to be 22.11 ± 3.71, 2218.10 ± 26.8, 275 ± 17.18 and 2.54 ± 0.71 g/L, respectively. Depending upon the pump characteristics (age, design, make, hours used, etc.) and fuel mixtures, the EF of PM2.5, BC and CO had larger inter-variability. This study provides estimates for an under-represented source of ambient air pollution which will assist in the development of better emission inventories and informed policy making.

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Man, S., S. Chakraborty, A. Sarkar, SK Roy, A. Kundu, and MK Debnath. "Evaluation of some elite turmeric genotypes in terai region of West Bengal." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 1592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i6w.10991.

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Ponnusamy, N., Biwash Gurung, and Suprakash Pal. "Faunistics and diagnostics of predaceous coccinellids in terai region of West Bengal." Indian Journal of Entomology 81, no. 4 (2019): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2019.00148.2.

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Lamichhane, Jeevan, Basistha Acharya, and Tara Sharma. "Technical efficiency of potato production in mid western terai region of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v2i1.26082.

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A study was done in 2018 to estimate the technical efficiency of potato production in mid western terai region of Nepal.30 households each from Dang, Banke and Bardiya districts were interviewed. Maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter showed the mean technical efficiency of 0.79 which indicated a high scope of increasing the production with the improvement of production technology. The coefficient for the parameter seed, Urea, DAP, MOP and labour were positive contributing for the production of potato. The parameter Compost, pesticides, herbicides and hour of tractor use were negative. The use of these input could be improved for increasing the production of potato. The farm specific variables Education, contact with the extension agent and farm size showed negative coefficient which causes less inefficiency of the farmers in production of potato while the coefficient for Age was estimated to be positive.

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Gotame, Tek Prasad, Sujata Poudel, Bihani Thapa, and Janaki Datta Neupane. "Performance evaluation of potato clones for the central Terai Region of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i2.33707.

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A series of experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of exotic potato clones including PRP lines at research field of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Parwanipur, Bara, Nepal during the winter seasons of 2017 and 2018. Thirty-nine potato clones were evaluated in initial evaluation trial and eleven clones were evaluated in coordinated varietal trial with check varieties Khumal Ujjwal and Kufri Jyoti. From the initial varietal trial in 2017, the highest tuber yield (21.54 mt/ha) was found in CIP389660.9 followed by CIP391046.14 (21.38 mt/ha). In 2018, the highest tuber yield (29.72 mt/ha) was produced in CIP392759.1 followed by CIP393085.5 (26.92 mt/ha) and CIP391046.14 (26.64 mt/ha). In 2018, the tuber yield was the highest (26.12 mt/ha) in PRP 266265.15 followed by CIP 393371.159 (24.79 mt/ha). In coordinated varietal trial carried out in 2017/18, the highest tuber yield was noted in CIP394600.52 (42.65 mt/ha) followed by CIP395443.103 (30.83 mt/ha) and CIP395445.16 (24.43 mt/ha) respectively. Whereas in 2018/19, the highest yield was produced by PRP266265.15 (26.12 mt/ha) followed by CIP393371.159 (24.79 mt/ha) and CIP 396012.266 (22.66 mt/ha) respectively. In RARS, Parwanipur conditions, CIP 394600.52, CIP 395443.103, CIP 395445.16 and CIP 304394.56 along with PRP 266265.15 were found to be superior to standard check variety. These potential genotypes need to be further verified in farmers field in additional districts of central Terai region before notifying in the national seed system. Adoption of these clones as variety may increase the potato production and improve the food, and nutritional security in the central Terai region of Nepal.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Terai region'

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