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Reddy, Ramireddy V. Narahari, Shaik I. Khalivulla, Bandi A. K. Reddy, Mopuru V. Bhaskar Reddy, Duvvuru Gunasekar, Alexandre Deville, and Bernard Bodo. "Flavonoids from Tephrosia Calophylla." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 1 (January 2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400114.
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Two new flavanones, (2S)-5-hydroxy-7,4′-di-O-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)flavanone (1) and 6-hydroxy- E-3-(2,5-dimethoxy-benzylidine)-2′,5′-dimethoxyflavanone (2), together with three known compounds, tephrowatsin C, afrormosin and kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the roots of Tephrosia calophylla. The structures of 1 and 2 were established by extensive 2D NMR spectral studies.
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Mileo, L. J., J. L. S. Bentes, J. F. Silva, and P. J. Christoffoleti. "Plantas de cobertura de solo como hospedeiras alternativas de Colletotrichum guaranicola." Planta Daninha 24, no. 4 (December 2006): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582006000400008.
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As plantas de cobertura de solo usadas para suprimir o crescimento de plantas daninhas podem hospedar fungos fitopatogênicos. Para testar essa hipótese, elaborou-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de nove espécies de plantas como possíveis hospedeiras do fungo Colletotrichum guaranicola. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Cada vaso com três plantas da mesma espécie representou uma unidade experimental. As espécies que constituíram os tratamentos foram: Arachis pintoi, Calopogonium mucunoides, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Crotalaria striata, Desmodium ovalifolium, Flemingia congesta, Mucuna aterrima, Pueraria phaseoloides e Tephrosia candida. Quarenta dias após a semeadura, as plantas foram inoculadas com suspensão de esporos de C. guaranicola na concentração de 10(5) conídios mL¹, enquanto as plantas testemunhas receberam somente água. As plantas foram mantidas em câmara úmida por 48 horas. Diariamente, foram feitas observações por 15 dias após a inoculação, para visualizar sintomas da doença. As espécies que não apresentaram sintomas de C. guaranicola foram Arachis pintoi, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Desmodium ovalifolium, Flemingia congesta e Tephrosia candida, e as que manifestaram sintomas após a inoculação foram Calopogonium mucunoides, Crotalaria striata, Mucuna aterrima e Pueraria phaseoloides, que podem ser fontes de inóculo do patógeno da antracnose para o guaranazeiro.
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Manpoong, Chowlani, Wapongnungsang, and S. K. Tripathi. "Soil carbon stock in different land-use systems in the hilly terrain of Mizoram, Northeast India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2021): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2615.
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Soil carbon is one of the most affected variables to land-use change in tropics. The soil carbon flux plays a major role in regulating microbial activities and nutrient distribution in soil. This study aimed to evaluate the soil carbon stock in various land uses at different depths in the hilly terrain of Mizoram, Northeast India. Soil samples at 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil depths were collected from Rubber plantation (RP), Oil palm plantation (OPP), Teak plantation (TP), Bamboo Forest (BF), 5 years fallow (5YF), 10 years fallow (10YF), Tephrosia candida plantation (TCP), Horticulture garden (HORT), Homegarden (HG) and Natural forest (NF). Soil carbon stock varied significantly (p <0.05) across the land uses and depths. The soil under Tephrosia candida stand had significantly (p <0.05) higher values of C stock (73.66 Mg ha-1) which may be due to high biomass, dense vegetative cover and high C in root exudates. The minimum C stock estimated in Horticulture garden (43.28 Mg ha-1) is probably due to reduced soil organic matter. Soil carbon stock in Homegarden, Teak plantation, Bamboo forest and Rubber plantation ranged from 46.82 Mg ha-1 to 59.34 Mg ha-1 whereas 5 years and 10 years fallow land, Natural forest and Oil palm plantation ranged from 61.35 Mg ha-1 to 73.35 Mg ha-1. The study indicated that the land use change in the mountainous region significantly affected the carbon stock in the soil. A proper land use management strategies to increase the soil organic matter is recommended to enhance the carbon stock in this region.
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Pérez-Hansen, Antonio, Cornelia Lass-Flörl, Michaela Lackner, M. Aigner, A. Alastruey-Izquierdo, S. Arikan-Akdagli, O. Bader, et al. "Antifungal susceptibility profiles of rare ascomycetous yeasts." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 9 (June 15, 2019): 2649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz231.
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AbstractObjectivesTo generate antifungal susceptibility patterns for Trichomonascus ciferrii (Candida ciferrii), Candida inconspicua (Torulopsis inconspicua) and Diutina rugosa species complex (Candida rugosa species complex), and to provide key parameters such as MIC50, MIC90 and tentative epidemiological cut-off values (TECOFFs).MethodsOur strain set included isolates of clinical origin: C. inconspicua (n = 168), D. rugosa species complex (n = 90) [Candida pararugosa (n = 60), D. rugosa (n = 26) and Candida mesorugosa (n = 4)], Pichia norvegensis (Candida norvegensis) (n = 15) and T. ciferrii (n = 8). Identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS or internal transcribed spacer sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility patterns were generated for azoles, echinocandins and amphotericin B using commercial Etest and the EUCAST broth microdilution method v7.3.1. Essential agreement (EA) was calculated for Etest and EUCAST.ResultsC. inconspicua, C. pararugosa and P. norvegensis showed elevated azole MICs (MIC50 ≥0.06 mg/L), and D. rugosa and C. pararugosa elevated echinocandin MICs (MIC50 ≥0.06 mg/L). EA between methods was generally low (<90%); EA averaged 77.45%. TECOFFs were suggested for C. inconspicua and D. rugosa species complex.ConclusionsRare yeast species tested shared high fluconazole MICs. D. rugosa species complex displayed high echinocandin MICs, while C. inconspicua and P. norvegensis were found to have high azole MICs. Overall, the agreement between EUCAST and Etest was poor and therefore MIC values generated with Etest cannot be directly compared with EUCAST results.
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McCullough, Michael J., Karl V. Clemons, and David A. Stevens. "Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Genotypic Candida albicans Subgroups and Comparison withCandida dubliniensis and Candida stellatoidea." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 2 (1999): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.2.417-421.1999.
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There have been increased reports of the isolation of unusual genotypic groups of Candida albicans (groups C and D) based on a well-defined genotypic method; this method uses cellular DNA digested with the EcoRI enzyme and the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) generated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The aim of the present study was to use additional molecular tools to characterize these unusual strains and to compare them with authentic strains of C. dubliniensis, a recently delineated species, and type I C. stellatoidea. The RFLPs of PCR products generated from the intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region did not differentiate among C. albicans genotypes A, B, and C and type I C. stellatoidea. However, this method did differentiate the C. albicans genotype D strains, which were identical to C. dubliniensis. The RFLPs generated by HaeIII digestion of the PCR products of the V3 region of the 25S rRNA gene (rDNA) could differentiate the same groups as RFLP analysis of the PCR amplicon of the ITS region.C. albicans genotype B isolates have been shown to have a transposable intron in the 25S rDNA, whereas genotype A isolates do not; C. dubliniensis strains also have an intron that is larger than that in genotype B C. albicansstrains but that is in the same location. PCR designed to span this region resulted in a single product for C. albicansgenotype A (450 bp), B (840 bp), type 1 C. stellatoidea (840 bp), and C. dubliniensis(1,080 bp), whereas the C. albicans genotype C isolates had two major products (450 and 840 bp). All C. albicans genotype D isolates gave a PCR product identical to that given by C. dubliniensis. These results indicate that those strains previously designated C. albicansgenotype D are in fact C. dubliniensis, that no differences were found between type 1 C. stellatoideaand C. albicans genotype B strains, and that theC. albicans genotype C strains appear to have the transposable intron incompletely inserted throughout the ribosomal repeats in their genomes. The results of the antifungal susceptibility testing of 105 of these strains showed that, for fluconazole, strains of C. dubliniensis were significantly more susceptible than strains of each of the C. albicans genotypes (genotypes A, B, and C). The flucytosine susceptibility results indicated that strains of C. albicans genotype A were significantly less susceptible than either C. albicansgenotype B or C. albicans genotype C strains. These results indicate that there is a correlation between theCandida groups and antifungal susceptibility.
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Motta, Elizangela Pestana, Josivan Regis Farias, Arthur André Castro da Costa, Anderson França da Silva, Alberto Jorge Oliveira Lopes, Maria do Socorro Sousa Cartágenes, Roberto Nicolete, et al. "The Anti-Virulence Effect of Vismia guianensis against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata." Antibiotics 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121834.
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In folk medicine, Vismia guianensis is used to treat skin diseases and mycoses in the Amazon region. We evaluated the anti-Candida activity of the hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of Vismia guianensis (EHVG). HPLC-PDA and FIA-ESI-IT-MSn were used to chemically characterize EHVG. The anti-Candida activity was determined in vitro by the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Candida glabrata (ATCC-2001); Candida albicans (ATCC-90028, ATCC-14053, and ATCC-SC5314), and C. albicans clinical isolates. EHVG effects on adhesion, growth, and biofilm formation were also determined. Molecular docking was used to predict targets for EHVG compounds. The main compounds identified included anthraquinone, vismione D, kaempferol, quercetin, and vitexin. EHVG was fungicidal against all tested strains. C. albicans ATCC 14053 and C. glabrata ATCC 2001 were the most sensitive strains, as the extract inhibited their virulence factors. In silico analysis indicated that vismione D presented the best antifungal activity, since it was the most effective in inhibiting CaCYP51, and may act as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, according to the online PASS prediction. Overall, the data demonstrate that EHVG has an anti-Candida effect by inhibiting virulence factors of the fungi. This activity may be related to its vismione D content, indicating this compound may represent a new perspective for treating diseases caused by Candida sp.
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Mancino, Davide, Naji Kharouf, Francesco Scavello, Sophie Hellé, Fouad Salloum-Yared, Angela Mutschler, Eric Mathieu, Philippe Lavalle, Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue, and Youssef Haïkel. "The Catestatin-Derived Peptides Are New Actors to Fight the Development of Oral Candidosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042066.
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Resistance to antifungal therapy of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida strains, frequently associated with oral candidosis, is on the rise. In this context, host-defense peptides have emerged as new promising candidates to overcome antifungal resistance. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness against Candida species of different Catestatin-derived peptides, as well as the combined effect with serum albumin. Among Catestatin-derived peptides, the most active against sensitive and resistant strains of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata was the D-isomer of Cateslytin (D-bCtl) whereas the efficiency of the L-isomer (L-bCtl) significantly decreases against C. glabrata strains. Images obtained by transmission electron microscopy clearly demonstrated fungal membrane lysis and the leakage of the intracellular material induced by the L-bCtl and D-bCtl peptides. The possible synergistic effect of albumin on Catestatin-derived peptides activity was investigated too. Our finding showed that bovine serum albumin (BSA) when combined with the L- isomer of Catestatin (L-bCts) had a synergistic effect against Candida albicans especially at low concentrations of BSA; however, no synergistic effect was detected when BSA interacted with L-bCtl, suggesting the importance of the C-terminal end of L-bCts (GPGLQL) for the interaction with BSA. In this context in vitro D-bCtl, as well as the combination of BSA with L-bCts are potential candidates for the development of new antifungal drugs for the treatment of oral candidosis due to Candida and non-Candida albicans, without detrimental side effects.
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Yu, Hao-Bing, Xiao-Li Wang, Wei-Heng Xu, Yi-Xin Zhang, Yi-Sen Qian, Jian-Peng Zhang, Xiao-Ling Lu, and Xiao-Yu Liu. "Eutypellenoids A–C, New Pimarane Diterpenes from the Arctic Fungus Eutypella sp. D-1." Marine Drugs 16, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16080284.
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Three new pimarane diterpenes, eutypellenoids A–C (1–3), together with a known compound, eutypenoid C (4), were isolated from the culture extract of Eutypella sp. D-1 derived from the Arctic region. Compounds 1–3 possessed an uncommon tetrahydrofuran-fused pimarane diterpene skeleton. The structures of all compounds were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis, as well as a comparison with the literature data. Antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated. Compound 2 displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with MIC values of 8 and 8 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, compound 2 showed antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis with MIC values of 8, 8, 16, and 32 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, compound 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 cell line with IC50 value of 3.7 μM.
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Borecká-Melkusová, Silvia, and Helena Bujdáková. "Variation of cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation among genotypes ofCandida albicansandCandida dubliniensisunder antifungal treatment." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54, no. 9 (September 2008): 718–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-060.
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Candida infections are frequently associated with formation of biofilms on artificial medical devices. This work studied variation of cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and formation of biofilm in relation to Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis genotypes and an effect of some conventional antifungal agents on both CSH and biofilm. The 50 isolates of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis were classified into genotypes A, B, C, and D, genotype D being exclusively represented by C. dubliniensis. No significant differences between CSH of genotypes A and B and B and C were observed with respect to cultivation temperature 25 or 37 °C. Candida dubliniensis showed increased CSH in comparison with other C. albicans genotypes (p < 0.001) regardless of temperature used. Using XTT reduction assay and dry masses, genotypes B and C showed reduced ability to form biofilm in comparison with genotype A (p < 0.05) and C. dubliniensis (p < 0.001). Fluconazole reduced biofilm in C. albicans genotypes A, B, and C (p < 0.05) but not CSH. The opposite effect was observed in C. dubliniensis. Voriconazole effectively reduced both biofilm formation and CSH in all tested genotypes of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis (p < 0.05).
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Shaikh, Sana S. "IN-VITRO ANTIFUNGAL STUDY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF COSTUS SPECIOUS (J. KOENIG) SM. AND COSTUS PICTUS D. DON AGAINST CANDIDA SPECIES." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 10, no. 6 (November 15, 2021): 4036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.v10i6.1823.
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The present investigation includes evaluation of various solvent extracts of Costus specious (J. Koenig) Sm. and Costus pictus D. Don. for in-vitro antifungal activity against selected Candida strains. The selected plants belong to the family Costaceae. Solvents such as hexane, methanol, water, and ethyl acetate of Costus pictus and standard extract of Costus specious were evaluated against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. The susceptibility of the fungal strains against the extracts was assessed by the agar well diffusion method. Clotrimazole was used as a positive control. The zone of inhibition was determined for each extract in comparison with the positive control. Results were recorded after 72 h. Of the various extracts analyzed, the hexane extract exhibited a potential antifungal activity overall. The methanolic, ethyl acetate extract of Costus pictus and standard extract of Costus specious shows some degree of activity against C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis. The aqueous extract shows no antifungal activity against the selected fungal strains. The above study indicates that C. krusei was more resistant to the solvent extracts; however, C. albicans and C. glabrata were more susceptible. Hence, Costus specious (J. Koenig) Sm. and Costus pictus D. Don demonstrate promising antifungal potential.
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Abizar, Muhamad, and Djoko Prijono. "AKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA EKSTRAK DAUN DAN BIJI TEPHROSIA VOGELII J. D. HOOKER (LEGUMINOSAE) DAN EKSTRAK BUAH PIPER CUBEBA L. (PIPERACEAE) TERHADAP LARVA CROCIDOLOMIA PAVONANA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE)." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.1101-12.
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Insecticidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Tephrosia vogelii J. D. Hooker (Leguminosae) and fruit extract of Piper cubeba L. (Piperaceae) on the cabbage head caterpillar, Crocidolomia pavonana (L.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Ethyl acetate leaf and seed extracts of Tephrosia vogelii and a solid fraction of ethyl acetate fruit extract of Piper cubeba were evaluated for their insecticidal activity on second-instar larvae Crocidolomia pavonana by a leaf-residue feeding method in the laboratory. Leaf extracts of purple and white-flowered T. vogelii showed the same pattern of component separation on silica gel TLC plate (Rf between 0.21 and 0.94), and likewise the separation of components of seed extracts of purple and white-flowered T. vogelii (Rf between 0.31 and 0.96). All four kinds of T. vogelii extracts showed intense UV-absorbing nonpolar spots (Rf > 0.8). Based on LC50 ratio at day 4, leaf extract of purple-flowered T. vogelii (LC50 0.075%) was 4.30, 2.70, 2.21, and 1.64 times more toxic than fruit extract of P. cubeba, seed extract of white-flowered T. vogelii, seed extract of purple-flowered T. vogelii, and leaf extract of white-flowered T. vogelii, respectively. All T. vogelii extracts were more toxic to C. pavonana larvae than P. cubeba fruit extract. At LC95 level, a mixture of leaf extract of purple-flowered T. vogelii and fruit extract of P. cubeba (5:9, w/w) was more toxic to C. pavonana larvae than each extract tested separately. This extract mixture had synergistic joint action against C. pavonana larvae both at LC50 and LC95 level. Thus, leaf extract of purple-flowered T. vogelii and its mixture with P. cubeba fruit extract are promising to be used for controlling C. pavonana.
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Bello, Bello Musawa, Khalid Tukur, Nura Salah Maiakwai, Mustapha Muhammad Sani, and Mukhtar Abubakar Lawal. "Diversity, Composition and Economic Importance of Herbaceous Plants within the Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda Campus, Zamfara State, Nigeria." UMYU Scientifica 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2322.014.
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The diversity, composition and economic importance of herbaceous species within the federal polytechnic Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State was studied. The study's objective was to identify, document and evaluate the diversity and abundance of herbaceous species in the study area. The point-centered quarter (PCQ) method was employed in each sampling point. All nearest living herb species encountered were listed. Data obtained were quantitatively analyzed for Relative density (RD) and relative frequency (RF). Species diversity was calculated using Simpson’s index and the Shannon-Weiner index. A total of 64 species of herb were identified belonging to 19 Families. Acanthaceae, Aizoaceae, Cleomaceae, Connaraceae, Laminaceae, Oxalidaceae, and Plantaginaceae had (1) species each. Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Euphobiaceae had (2) species each. Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, Pedaliaceae and Poaceae had (3) species each. Solonaceae is the only family with (4) species. Fabaceae is the only family with the highest number of species (32). A total of 494 individuals of herbaceous species were in the study area. Site A has the highest number of individuals (117), followed by Site D (103), Site C (95) and E (82). Tephrosia pedicellata has the highest species density of 3.2. Leptadenia hastata, Centaurea perrottetii, Gynandropsis gynandra, Euphorbia balsamifera, Senna obtusifolia, Abrus precatorius, Desmodium velutinum, Crotalaria goreensis, Crotalaria pallida var.obovata, Tephrosia pedicellata, Indigofera oblongifolia, Tephrosia vogelii, Tephrosia linearis, Biophytum petersianum, Sesamum radiatum, Solanum lycopersicum has the highest Frequency (100%). Senna tora has the highest relative abundance (5), and Euphorbia balsamifera has a Relative Density of 3.8. Euphorbia balsamifera has the highest relative density of 5, and Ipomea asarifolia has an IVI of 7. Shannon Weiner's diversity index for herbaceous species showed a total of 4.0097. Herbaceous plants are of economic importance; they serve as food, fooder, medicine, fuel, and other purposes. We recommended that there is a need for the conservation of herbaceous species within the Polytechnic to avoid harvesting the herbs for medicinal purposes and animals foraging on the grasses.
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Kabbara, Nabil, Claire Lacroix, Marie Robin, Vanderson Rocha, Regis Peffault de Latour, Helene Esperou, Agnes Devergie, Eliane Gluckman, Gerard Socie, and Patricia Ribaud. "Breakthrough C. parapsilosis (Cp) and C. guillermondii (Cg) Blood Stream Infections in Allogeneic Hematopoetic Stem Cell (HSC) Recipients Receiving Long Term Caspofungin (C) Therapy." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 5269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.5269.5269.
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Abstract Between July 2004 and June 2006, 209 transplants were performed in our department. Only 3 patients (pts) developed candidemia (Cp n=2; Cg n=1) during that period. They were all receiving long-term C therapy. Pt 1 A 18 year-old male with severe aplastic anemia received a 1st unrelated HSCT in January 2004 without sustained engraftment. Two months later, he developed a definite lung invasive aspergillosis (IA) successfully treated with Voriconazole (V). He received a 2nd unrelated cord blood transplant on May 12, 2005. V was continued as secondary prophylaxis. Due to liver function test abnormalities V was switched to C on day (d) 7. On d 48, he was febrile, and a blood culture (BC) was positive (+) for Cp. C was stopped [total treatment duration (TTD)=47 d] and liposomal amphotericin B (LAB) was initiated. Due to the pt’s poor condition, the CVC was not removed. BCs remained + until d 53 (9 + BCs). He ultimately died from multi-organ failure and no engraftment on d 72. Skin and throat colonization (Co) with Cp was documented from d 39 on. Pt 2 A 46-year old male with ALL in 1st complete remission (CR) underwent a genoidentical HSCT on May 26, 2005. Antifungal prophylaxis consisted of fluconazole (F). C was empirically introduced on d 6. Granulocytes (G) recovery occurred on d 28. He further experienced a severe acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) treated with increased immunosuppression (IS), and a CMV infection. On d 58–60, although he was afebrile, 3 BCs were + for Cp. C was stopped [TTD=50 d], LAB and F were initiated, and the CVC was replaced. The BCs became negative. However, the pt ultimately died from GvHD and respiratory failure of unknown origin on d 86. Skin, GI and respiratory tracks Co with Cp was documented from d 33 on. Pt 3 A 32-year old male with lymphoblastic T cell lymphoma in 1st CR underwent an unrelated HSCT on November 10, 2005. Antifungal prophylaxis consisted of F. G recovery occurred on d 21. He experienced recurrent episodes of acute GvHD treated with increased IS and developed several episodes of CMV infections and bacteremias, including a septic shock on d 61 which lead to CVC replacement. Antifungal prophylaxis was switched to C on d 95. On d 118, he was febrile, and a single BC was + for Cg. Noteworthy, he developed a probable lung IA concomitantly. C was stopped [TTD=26 d], and V was initiated. The BCs became negative, and the IA resolved. He ultimately died from GvHD and respiratory failure on d 197. GI and respiratory racks Co with Cp was documented between d 116–123. [Table 1] The MICs of Cp and of Cg are known to be slightly higher than those of other Candida spp., which is in accordance with our results for the 2 Cp isolates. In deeply immunocompromised pts, the emergence of Candida known to have a decreased susceptibility to C could become an increasing problem. Persisting Co with such Candida spp may be an indication, in C treated pts, for switching to an alternative antifungal drug. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs, μg/ml) of first blood isolates (EUCAST) C. parapsilosis (pt1) C. parapsilosis (pt2) C. guillermondii (pt3) Amphotericin B 0.03 0.03 ≤0.015 Fluorocytosine 0.5 ≤0.125 ≤0.125 Fluconazole 2 1 8 Itraconazole 0.06 0.06 0.5 Voriconazole 0.03 0.03 0.06 Caspofungin 0.5 0.125 0.06
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Levitin, A., A. Marcil, G. Tettweiler, M. J. Laforest, U. Oberholzer, A. M. Alarco, D. Y. Thomas, P. Lasko, and M. Whiteway. "Drosophila melanogaster Thor and Response to Candida albicans Infection." Eukaryotic Cell 6, no. 4 (February 2, 2007): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00346-06.
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ABSTRACT We used Drosophila melanogaster macrophage-like Schneider 2 (S2) cells as a model to study cell-mediated innate immunity against infection by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Transcriptional profiling of S2 cells coincubated with C. albicans cells revealed up-regulation of several genes. One of the most highly up-regulated genes during this interaction is the D. melanogaster translational regulator 4E-BP encoded by the Thor gene. Analysis of Drosophila 4E-BP null mutant survival upon infection with C. albicans showed that 4E-BP plays an important role in host defense, suggesting a role for translational control in the D. melanogaster response to C. albicans infection.
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Cooke, Venitia M., R. J. Miles, R. G. Price, G. Midgley, W. Khamri, and A. C. Richardson. "New Chromogenic Agar Medium for the Identification of Candida spp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 7 (July 2002): 3622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.7.3622-3627.2002.
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ABSTRACT A new chromogenic agar medium (Candida diagnostic agar [CDA]) for differentiation of Candida spp. is described. This medium is based on Sabouraud dextrose agar (Oxoid CM41) and contains (per liter) 40.0 g of glucose, 10.0 g of mycological peptone, and 15.0 g of agar along with a novel chromogenic glucosaminidase substrate, ammonium 4-{2-[4-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl]-vinyl}-1-(propan-3-yl-oate)-quinolium bromide (0.32 g liter−1). The glucosaminidase substrate in CDA was hydrolyzed by Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis, yielding white colonies with deep-red spots on a yellow transparent background after 24 to 48 h of incubation at 37°C. Colonies of Candida tropicalis and Candida kefyr were uniformly pink, and colonies of other Candida spp., including Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis, were white. CDA was evaluated by using 115 test strains of Candida spp. and other clinically important yeasts and was compared with two commercially available chromogenic agars (Candida ID agar [bioMerieux] and CHROMagar Candida [CHROMagar Company Ltd.]). On all three agars, colonies of C. albicans were not distinguished from colonies of C. dubliniensis. However, for the group containing C. albicans plus C. dubliniensis, both the sensitivity and the specificity of detection when CDA was used were 100%, compared with values of 97.6 and 100%, respectively, with CHROMagar Candida and 100 and 96.8%, respectively, with Candida ID agar. In addition, for the group containing C. tropicalis plus C. kefyr, the sensitivity and specificity of detection when CDA was used were also 100%, compared with 72.7 and 98.1%, respectively, with CHROMagar Candida. Candida ID agar did not differentiate C. tropicalis and C. kefyr strains but did differentiate members of a broader group (C. tropicalis, C. kefyr, Candida lusitaniae plus Candida guilliermondii); the sensitivity and specificity of detection for members of this group were 94.7 and 93.8%, respectively. In addition to the increased sensitivity and/or specificity of Candida detection when CDA was used, differentiation of colony types on CDA (red spotted, pink, or no color) was unambiguous and did not require precise assessment of colony color.
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Bauters, T. G., R. Peleman, M. Moerman, H. Vermeersch, D. de Looze, L. Noens, and H. J. Nelis. "Membrane Filtration Test for Rapid Presumptive Differentiation of Four Candida Species." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 5 (1999): 1498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.5.1498-1502.1999.
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A rapid enzymatic two-step test for the presumptive differentiation of four Candida species commonly occurring in various clinical samples is described. The technique involves membrane filtration of a liquid sample, followed by preincubation of the membrane filter on Sabouraud glucose agar supplemented with ticarcillin-clavulanic acid to yield microcolonies. In a separate assay step, parts of the filter are placed on absorbent pads impregnated with fluorogenic 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU) enzyme substrates (4-MU-N-acetyl-β-d-galactosaminide, 4-MU-phosphate, 4-MU-pyrophosphate, and 4-MU-β-d-galactoside) in combination with 0.1% digitonin acting as a membrane permeabilizer. The membrane filter in contact with the assay medium is incubated to allow cleavage of the enzyme substrate, resulting in fluorescent microcolonies under long-wavelength UV light. This approach, tested on 301 clinical samples, is able to presumptively differentiate C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalisand to distinguish them from other Candida spp. in about 9 to 11 h. Overall agreement with the conventional methods of 94.4% (one Candida species present in the sample) to 83.8% (multiple Candida spp. present) was obtained. The false-negative rates with reference to identification by traditional methods were 1.3% (single species) and 3.8% (multiple species).
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Forsyth, Christopher B., and Herbert L. Mathews. "Lymphocyte Adhesion to Candida albicans." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 2 (February 2002): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.2.517-527.2002.
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ABSTRACT Adherence of lymphocytes to the fungus is the first step in the direct lymphocyte-mediated antifungal effect against Candida albicans. In this study we identified macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1) (CD11b/CD18, αM/β2) as the lymphocyte surface structure responsible for the adhesion of activated lymphocytes to the hyphal form of the fungus. Antibodies specific for epitopes of the α-subunit (CD11b) and the β2-subunit (CD18) of Mac-1 were shown to completely eliminate lymphocyte adhesion to C. albicans hyphae. Lymphocyte adhesion to C. albicans was also inhibited significantly by known ligands of Mac-1, including the extracellular matrix proteins laminin and fibrinogen, as well as engineered peptides containing arginine-glycine-aspartic acid sequences and the disintegrin echistatin. N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine and β-glucan, which inhibit Mac-1-mediated adhesion to the yeast, blocked lymphocyte adhesion to hyphae. NIH 3T3 fibroblast transfectants expressing human CD11b/CD18 bound to C. albicans, and their binding was inhibited by antibodies specific for CD11b/CD18. Finally, antibodies specific for CD11b/CD18 effectively inhibited the capacity of activated lymphocytes to have an antifungal effect against hyphae. Our results clearly identify Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) as the lymphocyte surface structure that mediates activated lymphocyte adhesion to C. albicans and the resultant antifungal effect of the lymphocytes.
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Lee, Jung-Kul, Bong-Seong Koo, and Sang-Yong Kim. "Cloning and Characterization of the xyl1 Gene, Encoding an NADH-Preferring Xylose Reductase from Candida parapsilosis, and Its Functional Expression in Candida tropicalis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 10 (October 2003): 6179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.10.6179-6188.2003.
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ABSTRACT Xylose reductase (XR) is a key enzyme in d-xylose metabolism, catalyzing the reduction of d-xylose to xylitol. An NADH-preferring XR was purified to homogeneity from Candida parapsilosis KFCC-10875, and the xyl1 gene encoding a 324-amino-acid polypeptide with a molecular mass of 36,629 Da was subsequently isolated using internal amino acid sequences and 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The C. parapsilosis XR showed high catalytic efficiency (k cat/Km = 1.46 s−1 mM−1) for d-xylose and showed unusual coenzyme specificity, with greater catalytic efficiency with NADH (k cat/Km = 1.39 × 104 s−1 mM−1) than with NADPH (k cat/Km = 1.27 × 102 s−1 mM−1), unlike all other aldose reductases characterized. Studies of initial velocity and product inhibition suggest that the reaction proceeds via a sequentially ordered Bi Bi mechanism, which is typical of XRs. Candida tropicalis KFCC-10960 has been reported to have the highest xylitol production yield and rate. It has been suggested, however, that NADPH-dependent XRs, including the XR of C. tropicalis, are limited by the coenzyme availability and thus limit the production of xylitol. The C. parapsilosis xyl1 gene was placed under the control of an alcohol dehydrogenase promoter and integrated into the genome of C. tropicalis. The resulting recombinant yeast, C. tropicalis BN-1, showed higher yield and productivity (by 5 and 25%, respectively) than the wild strain and lower production of by-products, thus facilitating the purification process. The XRs partially purified from C. tropicalis BN-1 exhibited dual coenzyme specificity for both NADH and NADPH, indicating the functional expression of the C. parapsilosis xyl1 gene in C. tropicalis BN-1. This is the first report of the cloning of an xyl1 gene encoding an NADH-preferring XR and its functional expression in C. tropicalis, a yeast currently used for industrial production of xylitol.
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Vassileva, Svetla, and Bonka Tzvetkova. "Influence of the Dilution Rate on the Bioproductivity of Lactose-Utilizing Yeasts: Fuzzy Logic Modeling." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 58, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2003): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2003-5-616.
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Abstract The studied problem is of commercial interest because whey, the cultivation substrate, is a waste by-product from the transformation of milk into cheese and casein. Investigations on the influence of the dilution rate (D) on the bioproductivity of lactose-utilizing yeasts were carried out with two model strains D the oxidative strain Candida blankii 35 and the fermentative strain Candida pseudotropicalis 11. The increase of D led to the different changes in productivity. The best synthesizing ability of both continuously cultivated strains is established at D = 0.4 [h-1] despite the different type of metabolism. The oxidative strain C. blankii 35 is more effective in comparison with the fermentative strain C. pseudotropicalis 11 because of its ability to synthesize 1.5 fold higher biomass and protein yields. These experimental facts were proved also by simulative research with a Fuzzy Knowledge-Based System (FKBS) developed for modeling the influence of D on several process variables.
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Palnitkar, Sanjay, and Anil Lachke. "Effect of nitrogen sources on oxidoreductive enzymes and ethanol production during D-xylose fermentation by Candida shehatae." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-043.
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The effect on D-xylose utilization and the corresponding xylitol and ethanol production by Candida shehatae (ATCC 22984) were examined with different nitrogen sources. These included organic (urea, asparagine, and peptone) and inorganic (ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and potassium nitrate) sources. Candida shehatae did not grow on potassium nitrate. Improved ethanol production (Y(p/s), yield coefficient (grams product/grams substrate), 0.34) was observed when organic nitrogen sources were used. Correspondingly, the xylitol production was also higher with organic sources. Ammonium sulphate showed the highest ethanol:xylitol ratio (11.0) among all the nitrogen sources tested. The ratio of NADH- to NADPH-linked D-xylose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) appeared to be rate limiting during ethanologenesis of D-xylose. The levels of xylitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.9) were also elevated in the presence of organic nitrogen sources. These results may be useful in the optimization of alcohol production by C. shehatae during continuous fermentation of D-xylose. Key words: xylose fermentation, Candida shehatae, nitrogen source, oxidoreductive enzymes.
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Janeczko, Monika, and Elżbieta Kochanowicz. "Biochanin A Inhibits the Growth and Biofilm of Candida Species." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph17010089.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of biochanin A (BCA) against planktonic growth and biofilms of six Candida species, including C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. auris, and C. krusei. We applied various assays that determined (a) the antimicrobial effect on growth of Candida species, (b) the effect on formation of hyphae and biofilm, (c) the effect on the expression of genes related to hyphal growth and biofilm formation, (d) the influence on cell wall structure, and (e) the effect on cell membrane integrity and permeability. Moreover, disk diffusion tests were used to investigate the effect of a combination of BCA with fluconazole to assess their possible synergistic effect on drug-resistant C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. auris. Our results showed that the BCA MIC50 values against Candida species ranged between 125 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, and the MIC90 values were in a concentration range from 250 µg/mL to 1000 µg/mL. The treatment with BCA inhibited adhesion of cells, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), and biofilm formation and reduced hyphal growth in all the analyzed Candida species. Real-time qRT-PCR revealed that BCA down-regulated the expression of biofilm-specific genes in C. albicans. Furthermore, physical destruction of C. albicans cell membranes and cell walls as a result of the treatment with BCA was observed. The combination of BCA and fluconazole did not exert synergistic effects against fluconazole-resistant Candida.
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Eades, Christopher P., Ahmed Rafezzan Bin Ahmed Bakri, Jeffrey C. Y. Lau, Caroline B. Moore, Lilyann Novak-Frazer, Malcolm D. Richardson, and Riina Rautemaa-Richardson. "Comparison of β-1-3-D-Glucan and Candida Mannan Biomarker Assays with Serological Tests for the Diagnosis of Candidemia." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2023): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9080813.
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Invasive candidiasis, including bloodstream infection (candidemia), encompasses the most severe forms of Candida infection. Several species-specific and non-specific serological assays are commercially available to aid in diagnosis. This study compared the performance of five such biomarker assays. Serum samples from 14 patients with proven or probable invasive candidiasis, and from 10 control patients, were included in the analysis. A total of 50 serum samples were tested using C. albicans germ tube antibody (CAGTA) assay (Vircell), C. albicans IgM, C. albicans IgG and Candida mannan assays (Dynamiker Biotechnology). Among these samples, the β-1-3-D-glucan (BDG) assay (Fungitell), a laboratory standard for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis, was positive in 20 (40%), intermediate in five (10%) and negative in 25 (50%). In cases of proven or probable candidemia, the sensitivity and specificity of the BDG assay was 86% and 80%, respectively; the Candida mannan assay, 14% and 86%; the CAGTA test, 57% and 60%; the C. albicans IgM assay, 71% and 60%; and C. albicans IgG assay 29% and 90%. In 4/8 (50%) cases with multiple serum samples, C. albicans IgM was positive sooner than BDG. Thus, when used as a rule-out test for invasive candidiasis, our data suggest that the C. albicans IgM assay may assist antifungal stewardship (over serum BDG).
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Ghannoum, Mahmoud, Maiken Cavling Arendrup, Vishnu P. Chaturvedi, Shawn R. Lockhart, Thomas S. McCormick, Sudha Chaturvedi, Elizabeth L. Berkow, et al. "Ibrexafungerp: A Novel Oral Triterpenoid Antifungal in Development for the Treatment of Candida auris Infections." Antibiotics 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090539.
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Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen reported worldwide. Infections due to C. auris are usually nosocomial and associated with high rates of fluconazole resistance and mortality. Echinocandins are utilized as the first-line treatment. However, echinocandins are only available intravenously and are associated with increasingly higher rates of resistance by C. auris. Thus, a need exists for novel treatments that demonstrate potent activity against C. auris. Ibrexafungerp is a first-in-class triterpenoid antifungal agent. Similar to echinocandins, ibrexafungerp inhibits (1→3)-β-D-glucan synthase, a key component of the fungal cell wall, resulting in fungicidal activity against Candida spp. Ibrexafungerp demonstrates broad in vitro activity against various Candida spp. including C. auris and C. auris isolates with fks mutations. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50 and MIC90) values in >400 C. auris isolates were 0.5 μg/mL and 1.0 μg/mL, respectively. Clinical results were reported for two patients with invasive candidiasis or candidemia due to C. auris treated during the CARES (Candidiasis Caused by Candida Auris) trial, an ongoing open-label study. These patients experienced a complete response after treatment with ibrexafungerp. Thus, ibrexafungerp represents a promising new antifungal agent for treating C. auris infections.
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Ohiienko, Tetiana, Roman Kutsyk, Lesia Kurovets, Sviatoslav Ohiienko, and Yaroslav Pyuryk. "SCREENING OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS EXTRACTS FOR THE SYNERGISM WITH FLUCONAZOLE AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS AND CANDIDA TROPICALIS FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH DENTURE STOMATITIS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 76, no. 7 (2023): 1615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202307115.
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The aim: To conduct a primary screening of the ability of aqueous-ethanol extracts of medicinal plants to enhance the effect of fluconazole against resistant strains of Candida sp. associated with denture stomatitis, to justify the potential use of combined antifungal therapy. Materials and methods: 40 biochemical tests using the VITEK 2 system with the use of VITEK 2 YST ID card (Biomerieux, France). The computer programs UTHSCSA ImageTool 2.0 and Microsoft Office Excel 2003 were used for statistical processing of the results. Results: 114 extracts out of 166 studied ones (68.7 ± 0.28%) showed direct antifungal activity in relation to C. tropicalis strain, 74 extracts (44.6 ± 0.30%) turned out to be highly active (d IZ > 10 mm). Only 50 extracts out of 166 studied ones (30.1 ± 0.28%) showed antifungal activity against C. albicans strain, 26 extracts (15.7 ± 0.22%) were highly active (d IZ > 10 mm). Significant direct antifungal activity both against C. albicans strain and C. tropicalis strain was demonstrated by the extracts of the leaves of Sophora japonica, thallus of Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. (M.silvaticum Lindb.), herbs of Euphorbia amygdaloides L., Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh., Betonica officinalis L. s. l., flowers of Primula officinalis Hill., roots of Scrophularia nodosa L. Conclusions: 1. Aqueous-ethanolic extracts of medicinal and aromatic plants of Ukrainian flora have direct antifungal activity against azole resistant C. albicans and C. tropicalis (44,6±0,30% and 15,7±0,22% of tested extracts respectively) associated with denture stomatitis as well restore their sensitivity to fluconazole (44,6±0,30% and 15,7±0,22% of extracts respectively).
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DongmoMafodong, Faustine L., Apollinaire Tsopmo, Maurice D. Awouafack, Tchuenguem T. Roland, Jean P. Dzoyem, and Pierre Tane. "A Novel Ellagic Acid Derivative from Desbordesia glaucescens." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 10 (October 2015): 1934578X1501001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501001019.
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One novel ellagic acid derivative, desglauside (1), was isolated from the leaves of Desbordesia glaucescens together with three known compounds [3 ’,4′-di-O-methylellagic acid (2), oleanolic acid (3) and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4)]. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and MS analysis, and by comparison with related published data. The crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds showed no activity against four yeast strains [Candida albicans (ATCC 9002), C. parapsilopsis (ATCC22019), C. tropicalis (ATCC750), Cryptococcus neoformans (IP95026) and one isolate of Candida guilliermondii].
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Tintelnot, Kathrin, Gerhard Haase, Michael Seibold, Frank Bergmann, Maren Staemmler, Tatjana Franz, and Dieter Naumann. "Evaluation of Phenotypic Markers for Selection and Identification of Candida dubliniensis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1599-1608.2000.
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Candida dubliniensis is often associated with C. albicans in cultures. Easy-to-perform selective isolation procedures for these closely related species do not exist. Therefore, we evaluated previously described discriminatory phenotypic markers forC. dubliniensis. A total of 150 oral rinses from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients were cultured on CHROMagar Candida. Dark green colonies described as being indicative ofC. dubliniensis and other green colonies, 170 in total, were isolated. Chlamydospore formation, intracellular β-d-glucosidase activity, ability to grow at 42°C, carbohydrate assimilation pattern obtained by the API ID 32C, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were used for phenotypic characterization. Sequencing of the 5′ end of the nuclear large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene was used for definitive species identification for C. dubliniensis. C. dubliniensis was found in 34% of yeast-colonized HIV-infected patients. The color of the colonies on CHROMagar Candida proved to be insufficient for selecting C. dubliniensis, since only 30 of 53 provenC. dubliniensis isolates showed a dark green color in primary cultures. The described typical chlamydospore formation can give only some indication of C. dubliniensis. The assimilation pattern proved to be insufficient to discriminate C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. All C. dubliniensis strains showed no or highly restricted growth at 42°C and a lack of β-d-glucosidase activity. Unfortunately, atypical C. albicans strains can also exhibit these phenotypic traits. FT-IR spectroscopy combined with hierarchical clustering proved to be as reliable as genotyping for discriminating the two species.
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NAWROT, URSZULA, MAGDALENA PAJĄCZKOWSKA, KATARZYNA WŁODARCZYK, and IZABELA MECLER. "rDNA-Based Genotyping of Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans." Polish Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 3 (2010): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2010-033.
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The study presents an analysis of the restriction pattern ofrDNA fragments of 95 C. albicans isolates previously classified on the basis of the presence of the intron in rDNA into genotypes A (62 isolates), B (28), and C (5). Most isolates (61) with genotype A were classified as "subtype a" and one as "subtype d" (Karahan and Akar; 2005). No differences were observed in the restriction patterns of the tested genotype B isolates. Similarly, most genotype C strains (4/5) showed the same restriction pattern. The results indicate low subtyping variations of the analyzed isolates, which is in contrast to published data obtained from a Turkish collection of yeasts.
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Pincus, D. H., D. C. Coleman, W. R. Pruitt, A. A. Padhye, I. F. Salkin, M. Geimer, A. Bassel, D. J. Sullivan, M. Clarke, and V. Hearn. "Rapid Identification of Candida dubliniensis with Commercial Yeast Identification Systems." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 11 (1999): 3533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.11.3533-3539.1999.
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Candida dubliniensis is a newly described species that is closely related phylogenetically to Candida albicans and that is commonly associated with oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Several recent studies have attempted to elucidate phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of use in separating the two species. However, results obtained with simple phenotypic tests were too variable and tests that provided more definitive data were too complex for routine use in the clinical laboratory setting. The objective of this study was to determine if reproducible identification of C. dubliniensis could be obtained with commercial identification kits. The substrate reactivity profiles of 80 C. dubliniensis isolates were obtained by using the API 20C AUX, ID 32 C, RapID Yeast Plus, VITEK YBC, and VITEK 2 ID-YST systems. The percentages of C. dubliniensisisolates capable of assimilating or hydrolyzing each substrate were compared with the percentages from the C. albicans profiles in each kit's database, and the results were expressed as percentC. dubliniensis and percent C. albicans. Any substrate that showed >50% difference in reactivity was considered useful in differentiating the species. In addition, assimilation of methyl-α-d-glucoside (MDG), d-trehalose (TRE), and d-xylose (XYL) by the same isolates was investigated by the traditional procedure of Wickerham and Burton (L. J. Wickerham and K. A. Burton, J. Bacteriol. 56:363–371, 1948). At 48 h (the time recommended by the manufacturer for its new database), we found that the assimilation of four carbohydrates in the API 20C AUX system could be used to distinguish the species, i.e., glycerol (GLY; 88 and 14%), XYL (0 and 88%), MDG (0 and 85%), and TRE (15 and 97%). Similarly, results with the ID 32 C system at 48 h showed that XYL (0 and 98%), MDG (0 and 98%), lactate (LAT; 0 and 96%), and TRE (30 and 96%) could be used to separate the two species. Phosphatase (PHS; 9 and 76%) and α-d-glucosidase (23 and 94%) proved to be the most useful for separation of the species in the RapID Yeast Plus system. While at 24 h the profiles obtained with the VITEK YBC system showed that MDG (10 and 95%), XYL (0 and 95%), and GLY (26 and 80%) could be used to separate the two species, at 48 h only XYL (6 and 95%) could be used to separate the two species. The most useful substrates in the VITEK 2 ID-YST system were TRE (1 and 89%), MDG (1 and 99%), LAT (4 and 98%), and PHS (83 and 1%). While the latter kit was not yet commercially available at the time of the study, it would appear to be the most valuable for the identification of C. dubliniensis. Although assimilation of MDG, TRE, and XYL proved to be the most useful for species differentiation by the majority of commercial systems, the results with these carbohydrates by the Wickerham and Burton procedure were essentially the same for both species, albeit following protracted incubation. Thus, it is the rapidity of the assimilation achieved with the commercial systems that allows the differentiation of C. dubliniensis from C. albicans.
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Mohammed, Shene, Khattab Shekhany, Paywast Jalal, and Chiman Fattah. "Identification and Genotyping of Candida Species Involved in Oral Candidiasis among Diabetic Patients." Sulaimani Dental Journal 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/sdj.10148.
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Objective: Oral candidiasis is more prevalent among diabetic patients than non-diabetics due to the factors that promote Candida oral carriage. This study aimed to isolate and identify Candida species involved in oral candidiasis of patients with diabetes mellitus in Sulaymaniyah city. Methods: The study was performed from August 2021 to March 2022 on two diabetic patients, Type 1 and Type 2 (n=150) and non- diabetics (n=50), as a control group. In Iraq's Kurdistan region, oral swabs were taken from 200 participants at the Sulaymaniyah governorate's Diabetic and Endocrine Center and Shar hospital. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) medium was used to culture the swabs. Candida isolates were identified using HiCromeTM Candida Differential agar, then confirmed using polymerase chain reaction based on the ITS region and CHS1 gene detection. Using the CA25S and CA-INT primers, all C. Albicans isolates were genotyped based on the transposable intron in 25S rDNA. ITS1 and ITS4 primers were used to sequence the 18S region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Descriptive statistics were used for summaries and to describe data. Results: From the samples of 150 diabetes patients and 50 controls, 64 (42.6%) and 12 (24%) were positive for Candida spp. In the diabetic patients, 34 (53.1%) of the 64 isolated Candida spp. were identified as C. Albicans, while 6 (50%) of the healthy subjects had C. albicans. The genotypes A (450 bp), B (840 bp), C (450 and 840 bp) of C. Albicans and D (1040 bp) that belongs to C. dubliniensis were detected. Genotype A (54.69%) was the most frequent. Conclusions: This study concluded that there was a difference in the proportion of Candida spp. colonization in the oral cavity of diabetic patients compared to the healthy group; also, we found that C. Albicans with Genotype A was the most prevalent species among all other species in both groups.
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Moodley, Krishnee, Chetna Narsai Govind, Abdool Kader Cassim Peer, Shabbir Dawood, Mohamed Hanif Hassim, and Julian Deonarain. "Native valve endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis in an adult patient." Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 14, no. 3 (September 17, 2013): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajhivmed.v14i3.68.
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Candida endocarditis is rare, but associated with a high mortality. The most common species implicated is Candida albicans. The epidemiology of invasive Candida infections is changing, with a predominance of non-albicans species causing invasive disease. We describe a case of Candida parapsilosis endocarditis in an HIV-positive patient with pre-existing mitral valve disease and renal failure on haemodialysis. The patient presented with fever and malaise. Clinical examination revealed pulmonary oedema and severe mitral regurgitation. Blood cultures were positive for C. parapsilosis. β-D-glucan assay levels were elevated. An echocardiogram showed large, friable vegetations on the mitral valve. C. parapsilosis was cultured from the haemodialysis tip and the vegetations. The patient responded well to mitral valve replacement and antifungal therapy. A high index of suspicion and aggressive diagnostic modalities and therapy are essential in patients with candidaemia, to decrease mortality due to this condition.
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Hudson, Debbie A., Quentin L. Sciascia, Rebecca J. Sanders, Gillian E. Norris, Pat J. B. Edwards, Patrick A. Sullivan, and Peter C. Farley. "Identification of the dialysable serum inducer of germ-tube formation in Candida albicans." Microbiology 150, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 3041–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27121-0.
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Yeast cells of Candida albicans are induced by serum at 37 °C to produce germ tubes, the first step in a transition from yeast to hyphal growth. Previously, it has been shown that the active component is not serum albumin but is present in the dialysable fraction of serum. In this study, serum induction of germ-tube formation is shown to occur even in the presence of added exogenous nitrogen sources and is therefore not signalled by nitrogen derepression. The active component in serum was purified by ion-exchange, reverse-phase and size-exclusion chromatography from the dialysable fraction of serum and was identified by NMR to be d-glucose. Enzymic destruction of glucose, using glucose oxidase, demonstrated that d-glucose was the only active component in these fractions. Induction of germ-tube formation by d-glucose required a temperature of 37 °C and the pH optimum was between pH 7·0 and 8·0. d-Glucose induced germ-tube formation in a panel of clinical isolates of C. albicans. Although d-glucose is the major inducer in serum, a second non-dialysable, trichloroacetic acid precipitable inducer is also present. However, whereas either 1·4 % (v/v) serum or an equivalent concentration of d-glucose induced 50 % germ-tube formation, the non-dialysable component required a 10-fold higher concentration to induce 50 % germ-tube formation. Serum is, therefore, the most effective induction medium for germ-tube formation because it is buffered at about pH 8·5 and contains two distinct inducers (glucose and a non-dialysable component), both active at this pH.
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El-Ghaouth, Ahmed, Joseph L. Smilanick, Michael Wisniewski, and Charles L. Wilson. "Improved Control of Apple and Citrus Fruit Decay with a Combination of Candida saitoana and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose." Plant Disease 84, no. 3 (March 2000): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.3.249.
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A combination of Candida saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose to control decay of apple, lemon, and orange fruit was evaluated. Growth of C. saitoana in vitro was reduced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose; however, in apple wounds, the yeast grew as well in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as in its absence. When applied to fruit wounds before inoculation, the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was more effective in controlling decay of apple, orange, and lemon caused by Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and P. digitatum than either C. saitoana or the application of a 0.2% solution of 2-deoxy-D-glucose alone. Increasing the concentration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose from 0.2 to 0.5% did not improve control significantly. The combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was also effective against infections established up to 24 h before treatment. When applied within 24 h after inoculation, the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was very effective in controlling blue mold of apple and green mold of orange and lemon. The level of control of green mold was equivalent to imazalil treatment. When either C. saitoana or 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was applied within 24 h after inoculation, neither had an effect on disease development on apple, orange, or lemon, and the incidence of decay was similar to the water-treated control.
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Vera, Mónica M., Carlos J. Pascualini, and María Alejandra Bojanich. "Evaluation of an antimicrobial on the adhesion of Candida albicans to denture materials." Revista de la Facultad de Odontología 33, no. 2 (August 3, 2023): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25014/revfacodont271.2023.33.3.3.
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Objective: to evaluate the effect of AlphaSan® on C. albicans adhesion to acrylic and polyamide resins. Methods: 2 x 2 mm squares were made with acrylic resin (AR) and polyamide resin (PR). Four study groups (n=12) were established: Group A: AR without AlphaSan®, Group B: AR with AlphaSan®, Group C: RP without AlphaSan®, Group D: RP with AlphaSan®. All groups were incubated in BHI broth with C. albicans ATCC at 36°C for 48 hours. Quantification of fungal adherence was performed by confocal microscopy (CM) and by means of an aqueous solution of crystal violet (CV), measuring the absorbance at 570 nm. Results: In the quantification of C. albicans adherence with CM, a 50% decrease (p =0.03) was observed between the treated groups (B and D) in relation to those not treated with AlphaSan® (A and C). No significant difference in C. albicans adherence was found between groups B and D (p > 0.5). C. albicans adherence, by CV, decreased by 55% (p= 0.01) in AR with AlphaSan® compared to AR without AlphaSan®. On the other hand, it was observed that fungal adherence decreased by 61% (p=0.01) in RP with AlphaSan® compared to RP without AlphaSan®. No significant difference was observed between the samples treated with the antifungal studied (p >0.05). Conclusion: Fungal adherence to the materials treated with AlphaSan® was limited to 50%, this would be due to the fact that the fungus presents a rigid cell wall (glucans and chitin), which provides a physical barrier for the penetration of different compounds. Consequently, it could be assumed that AlphaSan® would act on the cell wall, which would result in 50% of the fungi being able to adhere to the dental materials.
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Bhardwaj, Vaishali, and Anurag Sharma. "Synthesis of New Benzoxazole Derivatives and Evaluation of their Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, no. 3 (January 24, 2024): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i33872.
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Analytical chemistry aims to synthesize some novel benzoxazole derivatives with lower side effects and more efficacy. In this research, we synthesized the target compound’s reaction of 2- aminophenol in methanol and added carbon disulfide to obtain benzo[d] oxazole-2-thiol. This obtained compound again reacts with 4-chlorobenzoic acid to form 4-(benzo [d]oxazol-2-ylthio) benzoic acid. 4-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-ylthio) benzoic acid was further treated with substituted esters to give the crude product (4a-4e). The structures of derivatives are characterized with the help of IR, 1H NMR, TLC Spectroscopy, and melting point. The derivatives of the compounds were tested for antibacterial & antifungal activities. Antimicrobial evaluation was performed individually with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were the two types of fungi on which antifungal activities were conducted. The outcomes were compared to those of the common medications Amphotericin B and Ciprofloxacin. It was discovered that the produced compounds have considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity. Four synthesized derivatives are named as 4 (d, b, e, c). The 4 d showed a good antimicrobial activity against the S. aureus. The 4 c showed good antifungal activities against the Candida albicans MTCC3541. The order of antifungal activity of these synthesized compounds is 4c >4e > 4b >4d. The standard. The 4 c showed a good antifungal activity against the C. albicans.
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Kamli, Majid, Jamal Sabir, Maqsood Malik, and Aijaz Ahmad. "Characterization of Defensin-Like Protein 1 for Its Anti-Biofilm and Anti-Virulence Properties for the Development of Novel Antifungal Drug against Candida auris." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8121298.
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Candida auris has emerged as a pan-resistant pathogenic yeast among immunocompromised patients worldwide. As this pathogen is involved in biofilm-associated infections with serious medical manifestations due to the collective expression of pathogenic attributes and factors associated with drug resistance, successful treatment becomes a major concern. In the present study, we investigated the candidicidal activity of a plant defensin peptide named defensin-like protein 1 (D-lp1) against twenty-five clinical strains of C. auris. Furthermore, following the standard protocols, the D-lp1 was analyzed for its anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties. The impact of these peptides on membrane integrity was also evaluated. For cytotoxicity determination, a hemolytic assay was conducted using horse blood. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranged from 0.047–0.78 mg/mL and 0.095–1.56 mg/mL, respectively. D-lp1 at sub-inhibitory concentrations potentially abrogated both biofilm formation and 24-h mature biofilms. Similarly, the peptide severely impacted virulence attributes in the clinical strain of C. auris. For the insight mechanism, D-lp1 displayed a strong impact on the cell membrane integrity of the test pathogen. It is important to note that D-lp1 at sub-inhibitory concentrations displayed minimal hemolytic activity against horse blood cells. Therefore, it is highly useful to correlate the anti-Candida property of D-lp1 along with anti-biofilm and anti-virulent properties against C. auris, with the aim of discovering an alternative strategy for combating serious biofilm-associated infections caused by C. auris.
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Darusman, Fitrianti, and Taufik Muhammad Fakih. "Studi Interaksi Senyawa Turunan Saponin dari Daun Bidara Arab (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) sebagai Antiseptik Alami secara In Silico." Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis 7, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.7.3.229-235.2020.
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Christinin merupakan senyawa turunan glikosida saponin yang paling banyak terdapat dalam daun bidara arab (Ziziphus spina-christi L.). Terdapat empat tipe christinin yaitu christinin-A, B, C, dan D yang diduga memiliki aktivitas sebagai antimikroba yang efektif terhadap bakteri dan jamur, seperti Staphylococcus epidermidis, Echerichia coli, dan Candida albicans yang sering menyebabkan infeksi pada permukaan kulit yang biasanya dapat diatasi dengan penggunaan cairan antiseptik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, mengevaluasi serta mengeksplorasi afinitas dan interaksi molekular antara senyawa christinin-A, B, C, dan D terhadap makromolekul target pada Staphylococcus epidermidis, Echerichia coli dan Candida albicans dengan menggunakan simulasi penambatan molekular secara in silico. Molekul senyawa uji terlebih dahulu dioptimasi geometri dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak GaussView 5.0.8 dan Gaussian09. Konformasi terbaik dipilih untuk dilakukan studi interaksi terhadap makromolekul target dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak MGLTools 1.5.6 yang dilengkapi dengan AutoDock 4.2. Interaksi yang terbentuk selanjutnya diamati dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2020. Berdasarkan hasil dari simulasi penambatan molekular, senyawa christinin memiliki afinitas yang baik terhadap makromolekul target pada Staphylococcus epidermidis, Echerichia coli dan Candida albicans. Dengan demikian, senyawa tersebut diprediksi dapat digunakan sebagai kandidat komponen utama dari antiseptik alami.
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Darusman, Fitrianti, and Taufik Muhammad Fakih. "Studi Interaksi Senyawa Turunan Saponin dari Daun Bidara Arab (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) sebagai Antiseptik Alami secara In Silico." Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis 7, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.7.3.233-239.2020.
Full textAbstract:
Christinin merupakan senyawa turunan glikosida saponin yang paling banyak terdapat dalam daun bidara arab (Ziziphus spina-christi L.). Terdapat empat tipe christinin yaitu christinin-A, B, C, dan D yang diduga memiliki aktivitas sebagai antimikroba yang efektif terhadap bakteri dan jamur, seperti Staphylococcus epidermidis, Echerichia coli, dan Candida albicans yang sering menyebabkan infeksi pada permukaan kulit yang biasanya dapat diatasi dengan penggunaan cairan antiseptik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, mengevaluasi serta mengeksplorasi afinitas dan interaksi molekular antara senyawa christinin-A, B, C, dan D terhadap makromolekul target pada Staphylococcus epidermidis, Echerichia coli dan Candida albicans dengan menggunakan simulasi penambatan molekular secara in silico. Molekul senyawa uji terlebih dahulu dioptimasi geometri dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak GaussView 5.0.8 dan Gaussian09. Konformasi terbaik dipilih untuk dilakukan studi interaksi terhadap makromolekul target dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak MGLTools 1.5.6 yang dilengkapi dengan AutoDock 4.2. Interaksi yang terbentuk selanjutnya diamati dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2020. Berdasarkan hasil dari simulasi penambatan molekular, senyawa christinin memiliki afinitas yang baik terhadap makromolekul target pada Staphylococcus epidermidis, Echerichia coli dan Candida albicans. Dengan demikian, senyawa tersebut diprediksi dapat digunakan sebagai kandidat komponen utama dari antiseptik alami.
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Lyon, Frank L., and Judith E. Domer. "Chemical and enzymatic variation in the cell walls of pathogenic Candida species." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-112.
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Cell walls, isolated from seven pathogenic species of Candida, were lipid extracted and fractionated by treatment with ethylenediamine or enzymatically hydrolyzed using chitinase and laminarinase. Two different chitinase preparations were used, one from Streptomyces sp. which had some β-1,3-glucanase activity, and another from Serratia marcescens which did not have glucanase activity. Laminarinase was a commercial preparation. The monosaccharide constituents of whole cell walls and the fractions derived from them were determined qualitatively and quantitatively by gas–liquid chromatography of the products of a mild acid hydrolysis and by the phenol – sulfuric acid assay of the products of a stronger acid hydrolysis. The monomeric constituents of the enzymatic hydrolyses were analyzed using gas–liquid chromatography. Approximately 50% of all walls was soluble in ethylenediamine. Glucose and mannose were the only monosaccharides found in all of the fractions derived from ethylenediamine extraction examined. Similarities among the strains, based upon relative amounts of glucose and mannose, were more apparent than differences, but statistical analyses of the data revealed a general trend of decreasing similarity in the following order, C. albicans and C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, and C. pseudotropicalis, C. guilliermondii, and C. krusei. In the enzymatic assays, mannose and glucose were released by laminarinase, whereas glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine alone were released by the chitinases. These assays supported the trend in relationships cited above, with the data being somewhat more definitive.
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Paudyal, Anuja, and Govindsamy Vediyappan. "Cell Surface Expression of Nrg1 Protein in Candida auris." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7040262.
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Candida auris is an emerging antifungal resistant human fungal pathogen increasingly reported in healthcare facilities. It persists in hospital environments, and on skin surfaces, and can form biofilms readily. Here, we investigated the cell surface proteins from C. auris biofilms grown in a synthetic sweat medium mimicking human skin conditions. Cell surface proteins from both biofilm and planktonic control cells were extracted with a buffer containing β-mercaptoethanol and resolved by 2-D gel electrophoresis. Some of the differentially expressed proteins were excised and identified by mass spectrometry. C. albicans orthologs Spe3p, Tdh3p, Sod2p, Ywp1p, and Mdh1p were overexpressed in biofilm cells when compared to the planktonic cells of C. auris. Interestingly, several proteins with zinc ion binding activity were detected. Nrg1p is a zinc-binding transcription factor that negatively regulates hyphal growth in C. albicans. C. auris does not produce true hypha under standard in vitro growth conditions, and the role of Nrg1p in C. auris is currently unknown. Western blot analyses of cell surface and cytosolic proteins of C. auris against anti-CalNrg1 antibody revealed the Nrg1p in both locations. Cell surface localization of Nrg1p in C. auris, an unexpected finding, was further confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Nrg1p expression is uniform across all four clades of C. auris and is dependent on growth conditions. Taken together, the data indicate that C. auris produces several unique proteins during its biofilm growth, which may assist in the skin-colonizing lifestyle of the fungus during its pathogenesis.
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Mikulska, Malgorzata, Laura Magnasco, Alessio Signori, Chiara Sepulcri, Silvia Dettori, Stefania Tutino, Antonio Vena, et al. "Sensitivity of Serum Beta-D-Glucan in Candidemia According to Candida Species Epidemiology in Critically Ill Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8090921.
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Serum beta-D-glucan (BDG) determination plays an important role in the diagnosis of candidemia among critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). However, BDG levels measured may be lower in the case of infections caused by some non-albicans species, such as C. parapsilosis and C. auris. The aim of this single-center study was to investigate the sensitivity of serum BDG for the diagnosis of candidemia stratified according to causative Candida species in ICU patients. This was a single-center, retrospective study, including all adult patients admitted to ICU during the period 2018–2021. All episodes of candidemia with a determination of BDG available within 3 days before or after positive blood culture were recorded. The preplanned primary objective was to investigate the sensitivity of serum BDG to detect candidemia early and the effect of different Candida species. The secondary objective was to measure serum BDG in patients with candidemia from different Candida species. In total, 146 candidemia episodes in 118 patients were analyzed. Median BDG value for C. albicans candidemia (182 pg/mL) was higher than that observed for C. parapsilosis (78 pg/mL, p = 0.015) and C. auris (48 pg/mL, p = 0.022). The overall sensitivity of BDG for the diagnosis of candidemia was low (47%, 95% CI 39–55%). In conclusion, in critically ill patients admitted to ICU, serum BDG levels for candidemia were different among species, with lower levels confirmed for C. parapsilosis and C. auris. Serum BDG sensitivity for early detection of candidemia was lower than previously reported in other ICU populations.
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Lu, Zhi Tang, Sheng Xun Lin, Da Wei Zhang, and Huan Dong. "Screening of Microorganisms Capable of Producing Ethanol by Direct Fermentation of D-Xylose." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.230.
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A total of 120 D-xylose fermenting yeast strains were isolated from composition soil samples. 6 strains capable of fermenting D-xylose to produce ethanol were obtained by TTC double medium agar method screening and potassium dichromate oxidation method re-screening. All the 6 strains belong to the genera Candida or Pichia by morphology and physiology identification. Candida spp. strains showed rather high efficiency to produce ethanol from D-xylose than the Pichia spp. strains, of which, strain M-105 exhibited a D-xylose consumption rate of 98.28% and the highest ethanol yield (0.465 g/g), with concentration up to 18.58 g/L under the condition of fermenting 40 g/L of this sugar at 28°C and 100 r/min for 72 hours. An average ethanol concentration of 18.35±0.07 g/L was reached from three batches fermentation of M-105 in shaking flask.
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Kayingo, Gerald, and Brian Wong. "The MAP kinase Hog1p differentially regulates stress-induced production and accumulation of glycerol and d-arabitol in Candida albicans." Microbiology 151, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 2987–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28040-0.
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Candida albicans produces and accumulates large amounts of the polyols d-arabitol and glycerol in culture, and/or in infected mammalian tissues. However, the effects of environmental stresses on production and accumulation of these polyols, and the means by which polyol production and accumulation are regulated have not been studied. C. albicans grown in glucose at 30 °C (i) produced maximal amounts of glycerol within 6 h, (ii) produced maximal amounts of d-arabitol and ribitol within 12 h, and (iii) released most of these polyols into the extracellular environment. C. albicans responded to osmotic and citric acid stress by producing and accumulating more glycerol, and to temperature and oxidative stresses by producing more d-arabitol. The increase in intracellular glycerol was proportional to extracellular osmolarity, suggesting that glycerol functions as an osmolyte. The MAP kinase Hog1p is required for wild-type glycerol production in several fungal species subjected to osmotic stress, but it is not known if Hog1p plays a role in regulating d-arabitol production. Therefore, two C. albicans hog1 null mutants were constructed and tested for the ability to produce glycerol and d-arabitol in response to environmental stresses. The ability to grow and produce glycerol when exposed to osmotic or citric acid stresses, and to produce d-arabitol when exposed to oxidative stress, was partially dependent on Hog1p, but the ability to produce d-arabitol when exposed to temperature stress was Hog1p independent. These results imply that multiple pathways regulate glycerol and d-arabitol synthesis in C. albicans.
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Siregar, Syifa S., Cut A. Adella, and Seyi S. Enitan. "Antifungal activity of Durio zibethinus Murray peel extract against Candida albicans: A preliminary study." Narra J 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2024): e429. http://dx.doi.org/10.52225/narra.v4i1.429.
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The incidence of antifungal resistance to Candida albicans infections has been growing over the past years; therefore, innovations are required to develop medicinal plants with antifungal properties such as durian fruit peels (Durio zibethinus Murray) that contain significant of bioactive compounds with antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of D. zibethinus fruit peel extract against C. albicans by analyzing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). A post-test only control group experiment was conducted from July to October 2020. D. zibethinus peel was collected from Simalungun Regency, Medan, Indonesia, and extracted by maceration technique using 70% ethanol to obtain D. zibethinus peel ethanol extract (DPEE). Samples of C. albicans were obtained from the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. The diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity. Six groups with different concentrations of DPEE (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%), ketoconazole (positive control) and dimethyl sulfoxide (negative control) were exposed to C. albicans in six replicates. Six lower concentrations (12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, 3%, 1.56%, and 0.78%) were divided to perform the liquid dilution method to obtain the MIC and affirmation test for MBC. The diameter of the inhibition zone was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey post-hoc test for differences between concentrations. Our data indicated that the DPEE 6.25% had the largest inhibition zone (17.26±5.64 mm) and the inhibition zones were significant different among concentrations of DPEE (p<0.05). Furthermore, the DPEE had a MIC of 0.78% and MBC of 3.125% against C. albicans. This study highlights that the ethanol extract of D. zibethinus has potential antifungal activity against C. albicans. However, a further study is needed to determine its antifungal activities in more precise manner.
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Abruzzo, G. K., A. M. Flattery, C. J. Gill, L. Kong, J. G. Smith, V. B. Pikounis, J. M. Balkovec, et al. "Evaluation of the echinocandin antifungal MK-0991 (L-743,872): efficacies in mouse models of disseminated aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41, no. 11 (November 1997): 2333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.11.2333.
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The in vivo activity of the Merck antifungal echinocandin drug candidate MK-0991 (L-743,872) was evaluated in mouse models of disseminated candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. The echinocandins are potent inhibitors of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase. Two models of disseminated candidiasis were used. In a Candida albicans mouse survival model with both DBA/2N and CD-1 mice, estimates of the 50% effective doses (ED50s) of MK-0991 were 0.04 and 0.10 mg/kg of body weight/dose at 21 days after challenge, respectively. In a C. albicans target organ assay (TOA) with DBA/2N mice, MK-0991 at levels of > or =0.09 mg/kg/dose significantly reduced the numbers of C. albicans CFU/g of kidneys compared to the numbers in the kidneys of control mice from 1 to 28 days after challenge. Even when given as a single intraperitoneal dose either 30 min or 24 h after challenge, MK-0991 was effective and significantly reduced the numbers of C. albicans CFU/g of kidney compared to those in the controls. MK-0991 was >300-fold less active when it was administered orally than when it was administered parenterally. MK-0991 was efficacious in mouse TOAs against other C. albicans strains and Candida species including Candida tropicalis, Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida krusei. MK-0991 was ineffective against disseminated Cryptococcus neoformans infections. In the model of disseminated aspergillosis in mice, MK-0991 at doses of > or =0.02 mg/kg/dose significantly prolonged the survival of DBA/2N mice, with estimates of the ED50 and ED90 of MK-0991 being 0.03 and 0.12 mg/kg/dose, respectively, at 28 days after challenge. MK-0991 is a potent, parenterally administered therapeutic agent against disseminated candidiasis and aspergillosis that warrants further investigation in human clinical trials.
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Şahin, Ayşe, Nazan Dalgıç, Ayşe Barış, and Banu Özata Abanoz. "Clinical Analysis of Micafungin Treatment in Children with Candida Infection: A Single Center Experiment." Journal of Pediatric Infection 54, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/ced.69923.
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Objective: For the treatment of invasive candidiasis (IC) which is confirmed or suspected in adults, echinocandins are usually recommended. In children; however, very little is known about using echinocandins for IC management. Micafungin (MCFG) is approved for both treatment and prevention (prophylaxis) of invasive Candida infections. In this study, pediatric patients diagnosed with Candida infection and treated with MCFG were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical characteristics of the patients and the results of MCFG treatment were discussed in light of the literature. Material and Methods: The study included 10 pediatric patients aged between 28 days and 16 years. They were diagnosed with Candida infection between January 01, 2017 and January 01, 2019, and were treated with MCFG. The patients’ microbiological and laboratory data, demographic and clinical characteristics, risk factors for IC, MCFG treatment characteristics and the side effects were recorded retrospectively from electronic records. Results: The median age of the patients in the study was 22 months (range 1.5 to 178 mo). Candida species isolated from the patients were C. parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. albicans, C. kefyr and C. guilliermondii. The most common underlying disease was gastrointestinal anomaly and related problems. The most common risk factors included the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, total parenteral nutrition, mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter. The median dose of MCFG was 2 mg/ kg per day (d) and was applied to the patients for a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 23 days. There were no side effects observed. Conclusion: In our limited case series of pediatric patients, MCFG was found effective in treating both proven and suspected invasive Candida infections and no adverse side effects were observed.
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Şahin, Ayşe, Nazan Dalgıç, Ayşe Barış, and Banu Özata Abanoz. "Clinical Analysis of Micafungin Treatment in Children with Candida Infection: A Single Center Experiment." Journal of Pediatric Infection 54, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/ced.202062.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: For the treatment of invasive candidiasis (IC) which is confirmed or suspected in adults, echinocandins are usually recommended. In children; however, very little is known about using echinocandins for IC management. Micafungin (MCFG) is approved for both treatment and prevention (prophylaxis) of invasive Candida infections. In this study, pediatric patients diagnosed with Candida infection and treated with MCFG were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical characteristics of the patients and the results of MCFG treatment were discussed in light of the literature. Material and Methods: The study included 10 pediatric patients aged between 28 days and 16 years. They were diagnosed with Candida infection between January 01, 2017 and January 01, 2019, and were treated with MCFG. The patients’ microbiological and laboratory data, demographic and clinical characteristics, risk factors for IC, MCFG treatment characteristics and the side effects were recorded retrospectively from electronic records. Results: The median age of the patients in the study was 22 months (range 1.5 to 178 mo). Candida species isolated from the patients were C. parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. albicans, C. kefyr and C. guilliermondii. The most common underlying disease was gastrointestinal anomaly and related problems. The most common risk factors included the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, total parenteral nutrition, mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter. The median dose of MCFG was 2 mg/kg per day (d) and was applied to the patients for a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 23 days. There were no side effects observed. Conclusion: In our limited case series of pediatric patients, MCFG was found effective in treating both proven and suspected invasive Candida infections and no adverse side effects were observed.
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Monk, Brian C., Kyoko Niimi, Susan Lin, Allison Knight, Thomas B. Kardos, Richard D. Cannon, Rekha Parshot, Amanda King, David Lun, and David R. K. Harding. "Surface-Active Fungicidal d-Peptide Inhibitors of the Plasma Membrane Proton Pump That Block Azole Resistance." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 1 (January 2005): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.1.57-70.2005.
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ABSTRACT A 1.8-million-member d-octapeptide combinatorial library was constructed in which each member comprised a diversity-containing N-terminal pentapeptide and a C-terminal amidated triarginine motif. The C-terminal motif concentrated the library members at the fungal cell surface. A primary screen for inhibitors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans growth, together with an in vitro secondary screen with the S. cerevisiae plasma membrane ATPase (Pma1p) as a target, identified the antifungal d-octapeptide BM0 (d-NH2-RFWWFRRR-CONH2). Optimization of BM0 led to the construction of BM2 (d-NH2-RRRFWWFRRR-CONH2), which had broad-spectrum fungicidal activity against S. cerevisiae, Candida species, and Cryptococcus neoformans; bound strongly to the surfaces of fungal cells; inhibited the physiological activity of Pma1p; and appeared to target Pma1p, with 50% inhibitory concentrations in the range of 0.5 to 2.5 μM. At sub-MICs (<5 μM), BM2 chemosensitized to fluconazole (FLC) S. cerevisiae strains functionally hyperexpressing fungal lanosterol 14α-demethylase and resistance-conferring transporters of azole drugs. BM2 chemosensitized to FLC some FLC-resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis and chemosensitized to itraconazole clinical isolates of C. krusei that are intrinsically resistant to FLC. The growth-inhibitory concentrations of BM2 did not cause fungal cell permeabilization, significant hemolysis of red blood cells, or the death of cultured HEp-2 epithelial cells. BM2 represents a novel class of broad-spectrum, surface-active, Pma1p-targeting fungicides which increases the potencies of azole drugs and circumvents azole resistance.
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Cascaes, Márcia Moraes, Silvia Helena Marques da Silva, Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira, Jorddy Neves Cruz, Ângelo Antônio Barbosa de Moraes, Lidiane Diniz do Nascimento, Oberdan Oliveira Ferreira, Giselle Maria Skelding Pinheiro Guilhon, and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade. "Exploring the chemical composition, in vitro and in silico study of the anticandidal properties of annonaceae species essential oils from the Amazon." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 24, 2023): e0289991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289991.
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Chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of five Annonaceae species found in the amazon region was analyzed by Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antifungal activity of theses EOs was tested against Candida albicans, Candida auris, Candida famata, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. In addition, an in silico study of the molecular interactions was performed using molecular modeling approaches. Spathulenol (29.88%), α-pinene (15.73%), germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-trien-1-α-ol (6.65%), and caryophylene oxide (6.28%) where the major constitents from the EO of Anaxagorea dolichocarpa. The EO of Duguetia echinophora was characterized by β-phellanderene (24.55%), cryptone (12.43%), spathulenol (12.30%), and sabinene (7.54%). The major compounds of the EO of Guatteria scandens where β-pinene (46.71%), α-pinene (9.14%), bicyclogermacrene (9.33%), and E-caryophyllene (8.98%). The EO of Xylopia frutescens was characterized by α-pinene (40.12%) and β-pinene (36.46%). Spathulenol (13.8%), allo-aromadendrene epoxide (8.99%), thujopsan-2-α-ol (7.74%), and muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1-β-ol (7.14%) were the main chemical constituents reported in Xylopia emarginata EO. All EOs were active against the strains tested and the lowest inhibitory concentrations were observed for the EOs of D. echinophora, X. emarginata, and X. frutescens against C. famata the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values of 0.07, 0.019 and 0.62 μL.mL-1, respectively. The fungicidal action was based on results of minimum fungicidal concentration and showed that the EOs showed fungicide activity against C. tropicalis (2.5 μL.mL-1), C. krusei (2.5 μL.mL-1) and C. auris (5 μL.mL-1), respectively. The computer simulation results indicated that the major compounds of the EOs can interact with molecular targets of Candida spp.
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Slaninová, Jiřina, Helena Putnová, Lenka Borovičková, Pavel Šácha, Václav Čeřovský, Lenka Monincová, and Vladimír Fučík. "The antifungal effect of peptides from hymenoptera venom and their analogs." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-010-0111-4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAs the occurrence of Candida species infections increases, so does resistance against commonly-used antifungal agents. It is therefore necessary to look for new antifungal drugs. This study investigated the antifungal activity of recently isolated, synthesized and characterized antimicrobial α-helical amphipathic peptides (12–18 amino acids long) from the venom of hymenoptera (melectin, lasioglossins I, II, and III, halictines I and II) as well as a whole series of synthetic analogs. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against different Candida species (C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis) of the natural peptides amounted to 4–20 µM (7–40 mg/l). The most active were the synthetic analog all-D-lasioglossin III and lasioglossin III analog KNWKK-Aib-LGK-Aib-IK-Aib-VK-NH2. As shown using a) colony forming unit determination on agar plates, b) the efflux of the dye from rhodamine 6B-loaded cells, c) propidium iodide and DAPI staining, and d) fluorescently labeled antimicrobial peptide (5(6)-carboxyfluorescein lasioglossin-III), the killing of fungi by the peptides studied occurs within minutes and might be accompanied by a disturbance of all membrane barriers. The peptides represent a promising lead for the development of new, effective antifungal drugs.
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Huh, Won-Ki, Seong-Tae Kim, Hyungsoo Kim, Gajin Jeong, and Sa-Ouk Kang. "Deficiency of d-Erythroascorbic Acid Attenuates Hyphal Growth and Virulence of Candida albicans." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 3939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.6.3939-3946.2001.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT In some lower eukaryotes, d-erythroascorbic acid, a five-carbon analog of l-ascorbic acid, is present instead of l-ascorbic acid. We have cloned ALO1, the gene encoding d-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase, which catalyzes the final step of d-erythroascorbic acid biosynthesis in Candida albicans. The ALO1 gene contained a continuous open reading frame of 1,671 bp that encodes a polypeptide consisting of 557 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 63,428 Da. To investigate the functional roles ofd-erythroascorbic acid in C. albicans, we disrupted or overexpressed the ALO1 gene. In thealo1/alo1 null mutants, the activity ofd-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase was completely lost andd-erythroascorbic acid could not be detected. WhenALO1 on a multicopy plasmid was transformed inC. albicans, the enzyme activity and the intracellulard-erythroascorbic acid level were increased up to 3.4-fold and 4.0-fold, respectively. The alo1/alo1 null mutants ofC. albicans showed increased sensitivity towards oxidative stress. Overexpression of ALO1 made the cells more resistant to the same stress. The alo1/alo1 mutants showed defective hyphal growth and attenuated virulence. Taken together, our results suggest that d-erythroascorbic acid functions as an important antioxidant and can be considered one of the virulence factors enhancing the pathogenicity of C. albicans.