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Vinci, Giuliana, Sabrina Antonia Prencipe, Ada Abbafati, and Matteo Filippi. "Environmental Impact Assessment of an Organic Wine Production in Central Italy: Case Study from Lazio." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 15483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215483.
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Growing awareness of environmental sustainability in the agri-food sector has enhanced the gradual shift toward less-impactful food and organic production systems. In 2021, nearly three million hectolitres of organic wine were produced which accounted for 6% of the whole wine production in Italy (50.2 million hectolitres); thus, registering an increase of almost 60% in the last three years. The economic and cultural importance attributed to Italian wine production worldwide represents a key factor to assess and reduce the environmental burdens associated with the activities of this industry. Furthermore, literature studies have highlighted consumer sensitivity for sustainable winemaking processed, and there is even a trend towards eco-friendly wines. In particular, the bottling stage has been identified as an impactful stage for the environmental performance of the wine life cycle. This study examined the environmental impact assessment of organic wine production in the Lazio region, by performing a “cradle-to-gate” approach according to the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. High-quality inventory data for one year of operation was obtained directly from the farming company, “Tenute Filippi” (Cori, Lazio, Italy), and the wine process considered the input from grape cultivation to the winery phases. In these regards, the study also provided an impact assessment for the primary packaging of a 0.75 L wine bottle, with contributions from the different life cycle stages. The results showed a total amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) of 1.1 kg CO2 eq, that are responsible for climate change. Referring to the individual production input, the primary packaging phase accounted for 55% of the total GHGs, with 0.86 kg CO2 eq per bottle, followed by agricultural fuel use for grape production and harvesting activities, with 0.30 kg CO2 eq. Building on these results, the study provides recommendations on the selection of the most significant and relevant indicators for the environmental life cycle impact assessment, thus, identifying possible hotspots in the wine sector.
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Knight, Tony. "Overlapping tenure." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11105.
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Queensland is richly endowed with coal resources that have long supported the state’s thriving coal export industry. The more recent development and growth of the CSG industry, which shares an interest in coal resources, has brought into focus the need to find mechanisms that provide for co-existence between mining and gas proponents. The present legislative framework in Queensland provides an overlapping tenure between coal mining and CSG proponents. This overlap is extensive, and presents concerns about the certainty of access to resources and security of tenure, which are keys to providing investment confidence. The drainage of gas from coal seams for reasons of mine safety is long established, and when considered with incentives provided by measures to tax carbon emissions and the opportunity to use the energy value of CSG, there are clearly good reasons to find mutually beneficial ways to extract both coal and gas. It is submitted that the key co-existence mechanism to allow for the optimal use of coal and CSG is linked to the nature of the resources themselves. That is, the very broad geographic footprint of CSG provides geographic and temporal flexibility to work in and around coal-mining projects. These arrangements are facilitated by use of commercially based co-development agreements that consider co-ordinated production of both resources within a co-operative framework that provides for safety, communication, planning and, above all, certainty of process and access to resources. These agreements provide mutually beneficial, win-win outcomes and work towards ensuring best use of the state’s coal and gas resources.
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Malashevskyi, Mykola, and Olena Malashevska. "THE AIMS AND TRENDS OF THE SUSTAINABLE LAND TENURE FORMATION IN UKRAINE: THE SPATIAL ASPECT." Geodesy and cartography 47, no. 3 (November 9, 2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2021.12791.
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The spatial aspect of the challenge of the sustainable land tenure formation has been scrutinized in the article. There is a set of unresolved issues at the point where interests of land owners, land users and the government clash, that witnesses the absence of effective mechanisms of the formed land tenure system improvement. At the transition to the market relations, with the private land property environment, new effective approaches to land redistribution and rational land use support are necessary. The research objective is the development of a complex approach to the land tenure spatial improvement for the sustainable development. Substantiation is carried out for the transition economy with Ukraine as an example. Land redistribution aiming at urban settlement area optimization and agricultural land tenure in the context of the social environment and economic benefit has been substantiated. The effectiveness of the spatial land improvement in the context of the national and local budget land fee revenues has been substantiated.
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Weir, Michael. "Land access perspectives in unconventional gas—where is the balance?" APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11029.
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A landholder or occupier is generally entitled to control access to their property. An unauthorised entry onto a person’s property will provide the landholder with the entitlement to commence an action in trespass subject to statutory protection being available to the trespasser. Land access is a significant factor in the public debate surrounding the recovery of unconventional gas that requires access for tenure holders for various purposes. This paper first discusses the common law background to the entitlement of landholders to control access to land. The paper will then analyse the statutory regulatory structure applying in Queensland, NSW, WA and SA that entitles access to land for tenure holders in relation to unconventional gas. This paper will discuss the nature of property and perceptions of property that impact on the context in which negotiations occur between landholders and tenure holders. The paper will discuss some of the reasons the issue of access goes beyond mere legal rights from the perspective of the landholder, and how this may impact the approach taken by tenure holders and landholders in the negotiations for access to land. For the benefit of both the tenure holder and the landholder, the paper will suggest factors that may assist in promoting good negotiated outcomes.
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Malashevskyi, Mykola, and Olena Malashevska. "THE THE SWAPPING APPROACH IN THE COURSE OF LAND CONSOLIDATION: CASE STUDY OF UKRAINE." Geodesy and cartography 47, no. 4 (December 13, 2021): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2021.13214.
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The paper is concerned with the issues of the voluntary land consolidation using the exchange method at land relations reforming. The objective of the article is the substantiation of the exchange method aiming at the large and small land owners (land users) land tenure optimization and the formation of approaches with the help of which the mutual alignment of their interests can be achieved. Land plot ownership and tenure rights exchange by the relative value has been substantiated. It is suggested to define the relative value based on the principle of juxtaposition of land plots by their qualitative, spatial and technological characteristics. The land plots exchange modelling has been improved according to the relative value application and due to the existing land plots boundaries retaining at the exchange. The effectiveness of the suggested land plots exchange method has been demonstrated at the land tenure optimization of an agricultural enterprise and some households in Kyiv Region. Alternative land consolidation projects based on the land plots exchange have been developed, the results of which demonstrate the advantages of the voluntary land consolidation based on the suggested methodology.
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Lo, Justin H., Erik K. Bassett, Elliot J. N. Penson, David M. Hoganson, and Joseph P. Vacanti. "Gas Transfer in Cellularized Collagen-Membrane Gas Exchange Devices." Tissue Engineering Part A 21, no. 15-16 (August 2015): 2147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0369.
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Bouillaud, Christophe, Isabelle Guinaudeau, and Simon Persico. "Parole tenue ? Une étude de la trajectoire des promesses électorales du président Nicolas Sarkozy (2007-2012)." Gouvernement et action publique 3, no. 3 (2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/gap.173.0085.
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Baharudin, Dayana Mastura, and Maran Marimuthu. "Comparison of MCCG 2012 and MCCG 2017: Board Tenure and Board Independence across the Malaysian Oil and Gas PLCs." Business Management and Strategy 10, no. 2 (October 2, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bms.v10i2.15393.
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Purpose – This study investigates the impact of the two main determinants of strengthening the independence of the board through Independent Board of Directors and Board Tenure compared between pre and post MCCG 2017.Design/methodology/approach – The study will follow the purposive sampling method followed by descriptive statistics, regression analysis and content analysis derived from MCCG 2012 and MCCG 2017 together with previous studies to analyse the annual reports in order to explore the reporting of Board Independence and Board Tenure.Originality/value – This study is a systematic review of recent research developments in MCCG 2012 and MCCG 2017. The Board Independence and Board Tenure scoring index designed could also be applied to other PLCs other than the Malaysian oil and gas industry.
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Dore, Jeremy, Christine Michael, Jeremy Russell-Smith, Maureen Tehan, and Lisa Caripis. "Carbon projects and Indigenous land in northern Australia." Rangeland Journal 36, no. 4 (2014): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj13128.
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Land activities contribute ~18% of total greenhouse gas emissions produced in Australia. To help reduce these emissions, the Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) was implemented in 2011 to encourage land projects, which reduce the production of greenhouse gases and/or sequester carbon in the land. Prospective projects include savanna fire management and rangelands management, which have high relevance in northern Australia where Indigenous landholding is strong. This paper explores the land-tenure requirements necessary for these kinds of carbon projects to be approved by the Clean Energy Regulator. It provides an introduction to the CFI before discussing the land tenure requirements in the states of Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia with respect to both emissions reduction and carbon sequestration projects. Potential issues with the current framework are highlighted, especially in relation to native title.
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Mattson, Bruce. "Microscale Gas Chemistry." Educación Química 16, no. 4 (August 25, 2018): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fq.18708404e.2005.4.66089.
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<span>This article starts with a historical overview of the chemistry of gases from the first mention of air by Empedocles down through Lavoisiers Oxygen Theory. Gas generating equipment is reviewed along the way. The traditional macroscale apparatuses of the 19th and 20th centuries are reviewed. We next discuss the tenets of microscale chemistry and how these apply to gas chemistry. Before introducing the Alyea-Mattson method for generating gases in 60 mL syringes, a variety of microscale gas methods have been developed and these are reviewed. Detailed instructions for generating gases in large syringes are given. We finish with an overview of the eleven gases that can be generated by this method and list the experiments and classroom that can be performed with each. Our free website, dedicated to microscale gas chemistry is described.</span>
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Rediguieri, Carolina Fracalossi, Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli Pinto, Nadia Araci Bou-Chacra, Raquel Galante, Gabriel Lima Barros de Araújo, Tatiana do Nascimento Pedrosa, Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler, and Paul A. De Bank. "Ozone Gas as a Benign Sterilization Treatment for PLGA Nanofiber Scaffolds." Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 22, no. 4 (April 2016): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0298.
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HONLONKOU, ALBERT N., ROBERTO C. YAP, RAMPRASAD SENGUPTA, GEETESH BHARDWAJ, SANG MOK KANG, MYUNGHUN LEE, MADHUSUDAN BHATTARAI, et al. "Summaries." Environment and Development Economics 9, no. 3 (May 19, 2004): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001561.
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Modelling adoption of natural resources management technologies: the case of fallow systemsOption valuation of Philippine forest plantation leasesConsumption pattern, trade, and greenhouse gas leakage in IndiaAn empirical study on effective pollution enforcement in KoreaGovernance, economic policy, and the environmental Kuznets curve for natural tropical forestsLand tenure and conflict resolution: a game theoretic approach in the Narok district in KenyaPolitics of institutional reforms in the water and drainage sector of Pakistan
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Chen, Wenchuan, Hongzhi Zhou, Minghui Tang, Michael D. Weir, Chongyun Bao, and Hockin H. K. Xu. "Gas-Foaming Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffold Encapsulating Human Umbilical Cord Stem Cells." Tissue Engineering Part A 18, no. 7-8 (April 2012): 816–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0267.
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Malashevskyi, Мykola, and Olena Malashevska. "THE THEORY OF COMBINATIONS FOR LAND PLOT EXCHANGE MODELLING IN THE COURSE OF LAND CONSOLIDATION." Geodesy and cartography 48, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2022.12883.
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The paper is aimed at the promotion of voluntary land consolidation through the improvement of land plots exchange. The issue of the existing land plots boundaries adjustment in the course of voluntary land consolidation has been singled out. Possibilities, advantages and risks of land plots exchange without changing the existing boundaries as a constituent of land consolidation measures have been substantiated. The improvement of approaches to land plots exchange modelling without the existing boundaries adjustment has been suggested. Demands to the formation of consolidated land tenures as the result of exchange have been singled out. Theory of combinations has been applied to specify land plots exchange options. Calculation formulas for the number of the optimal consolidated agricultural land tenure placement options have been suggested. The calculations can be applied in the optimization and heuristic approaches to land reallocation and at land consolidation performance evaluation. Suggested approaches facilitate the implementation of heuristic methods especially in non-standard conditions, allow to increase the number of developers, especially involving experts with little experience. The results can be used for land plots lease optimization.
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Kimura, Keiichi, Ikki Horiguchi, Taketomo Kido, Atsushi Miyajima, and Yasuyuki Sakai. "Enhanced Hepatic Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Gas-Permeable Membrane." Tissue Engineering Part A 25, no. 5-6 (March 2019): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0084.
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Carrell, Joshua D., Edward Hammill, and Thomas C. Edwards. "Balancing Rare Species Conservation with Extractive Industries." Land 11, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11112012.
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The Colorado Plateau has abundant oil, gas, and alternative energy potential. This energy potential is scattered among a patchwork of land ownership, with private, tribal, and public lands being actively developed for energy extraction. Elements of biodiversity (e.g., listed and sensitive plant and animal species) are distributed among all land tenures, yet the laws protecting them can vary as a function of land tenure. It is imperative to understand the spatial distributions of threatened endangered, and sensitive species in relation to land tenure to preserve habitat and conserve species populations in areas undergoing energy development. We developed species distribution models and spatial conservation optimization frameworks to explore the interactions among land ownership, existing and potential energy extraction, and biodiversity. Four management scenarios were tested to quantify how different approaches to energy extraction may impact rare plant distributions. Results show that incorporating risk and land tenure in spatially optimized frameworks it is possible to facilitate the long-term viability of rare plant species. The scenarios developed here represent a different attitude towards the value of rare plants and the risk of energy development. Results gives insight into the financial consequences of rare species protection and quantifies the biodiversity costs of energy development across landscapes.
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Rush, Matthew N., Kent E. Coombs, Christian T. Denny, David Santistevan, Quan M. Huynh, Kirsten N. Cicotte, and Elizabeth L. Hedberg-Dirk. "Acid Scavenger Free Synthesis of Oligo(Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Fumarate) Utilizing Inert Gas Sparging." Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 27, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 296–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0027.
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Quesnel, Raymond E. "A Review of the Canada Petroleum Resources Act and the Canada Oil and Gas Operations Act as the Legal Framework for Future Development in the Northwest Territories." Alberta Law Review 40, no. 1 (May 1, 2002): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr502.
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This article examines the current core legislation that governs oil and gas activity in Canada's North. While there has been increased industry interest in the Northwest Territories, there has thus far been a lack of actual oil and gas projects against which to measure the efficacy of the current regime in the context of northern development. An historical analysis of the legislative developments indicates that the northern regime formed the basis for the legislative framework now governing east coast megaprojects. The author evaluates the current basis on which rights are granted and recorded, the tenure system, the royalty regime, and the project approval process. He concludes that, while the northern regime is suitable for large scale developments, it may require certain changes to accommodate smaller, more conventional projects likely to be undertaken.
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Mumford, Nicholas. "Commercial realities of the proposed LNG import terminals on the east coast of Australia." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18175.
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Recent government intervention in the East Australian Gas Market (EAGM) may have temporarily settled short-term supply availability concerns; however, gas prices in the EAGM now inevitably trend with the spot LNG Netback Price. Notwithstanding, supply remains tight, due to lack of upstream investment from overhang of some state government policies restricting exploration and development, and the lack of investment stemming from the recent period of low oil prices. Save further government intervention to retrospectively reserve already contractually committed export supply from the three Queensland LNG export projects, there is no ‘quick fix’ solution to fully address market tightness in the short to medium term from indigenous sources of gas supply. The only real solution to ensure security of supply over a reasonable tenure is to import LNG into the EAGM. However, the clear commercial reality of gas supply sourced from an LNG import terminal is that it can only be supported by high gas prices, albeit also providing other market benefits such as peaking capacity and storage. Without a solution to the EAGM supply–demand issue, there will be demand destruction as industrial users and electricity power generators seek alternatives to gas supply or simply cease operations. Most indigenous gas supply alternatives to LNG imports stem from the northern states and may provide solutions over the longer term (e.g. Beetaloo Basin), but do not solve the immediate need for gas supply in the southern states by 2020/21. New supply from the north is in any event physically pipeline-constrained over this timeframe.
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Gittus, J. H., and M. R. Hayns. "Risk assessment." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 92, no. 1-2 (1987): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009593.
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SynopsisRisk involves consideration both of the consequences of accidents and the frequency with which the accidents occur. Indeed formally risk is equal to the product of frequency and consequences. The important question of the perception of risk by the public and by the professional is first addressed. Two tenets are proposed as being a suitable summary of the public requirement:1. If it can happen, then it must not matter.2. If it matters, then it must not happen.A mathematical interpretation is placed upon these tenets and is shown to be consistent with various professional safety targets. The tenets do not indicate what numerical values for risk would be acceptable to the public but they do show how the consequences of accidents should diminish as the frequency or likelihood of a particular accident increases. It is argued that the best way of determining what level of risk the public accepts is to be guided by statistics for man-caused accidents. These, it transpires, pose risks which are considerably greater than those implied, for example, by the professional targets for nuclear reactors. The risk posed to the public by two energy installations is summarised. The one installation, situated on Canvey Island, exports energy in the form of gas, some of which (methane) is pumped into a national gas grid. The other installation, the Sizewell “B” Pressurised Water Reactor nuclear power station has not yet been constructed, but a comprehensive risk assessment has been undertaken, the results of which are summarised. The two installations are comparable in the sense that each exports a power of the order of a million kilowatts (in the form of gas in the one case and electricity in the other). Both have been the subject of Public Inquiries. The risks posed by the Canvey installations are accepted, since they only constitute a small fraction of the risks which the public run in any case during the course of their everyday lives. The predicted risks for the PWR are smaller still. The form taken by the risks posed by both installations corresponds broadly with the two tenets. That is to say the greater the consequences the lower should be the frequency of a particular accident.
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Normand, Sylvio. "La servitude de lignes téléphoniques : une incongruité juridique tenace." Les Cahiers de droit 28, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 999–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042850ar.
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The confusion reigning between superficies ownership and real servitude is tenacious. There is one case that illustrates this state of uncertainty better than any other: it involves the difficulty of qualifying networks made up of electric lines, telephone lines and water, gas and drainage conduits. This paper examines a case in which the qualifying of a telephone line was the main point at issue. Both the Superior Court and the Court of Appeal qualified the said line as being a servitude. This author does not accept such qualification. For him, the telephone line is apiece of surface property to which attach accessorily various servitudes.
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Green, P. M., S. G. Matheson, K. D. Ralph, M. E. Thompson, and T. J. Brain. "QUEENSLAND’S NEW PETROLEUM LEGISLATION—ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES." APPEA Journal 46, no. 1 (2006): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj05032.
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up-to-date legislative environment for the petroleum industry in that State. The legislation specifically addressed issues in relation to upstream competition for exploration acreage and provided for storage of petroleum for a third party. It implemented the coal seam gas regime which provides a mechanism for the optimisation of the State’s coal seam gas and petroleum resources. The rights of existing holders of petroleum tenure were protected through the continuation of the Petroleum Act 1923 for selected authorities to prospect and petroleum leases. A new safety regime was implemented with the aim of addressing and managing risk rather than the emphasis being on the prescriptive compliance with Regulations. The safety regime covered all aspects of petroleum, from its production, transportation and use. The implementation of the new legislation required the development of work procedures to assist with uniform decision-making under the new legislation. This is particularly important owing to the continuation of the Petroleum Act 1923.
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Thein-Han, WahWah, and Hockin H. K. Xu. "Prevascularization of a Gas-Foaming Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffold Via Coculture of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Osteoblasts." Tissue Engineering Part A 19, no. 15-16 (August 2013): 1675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0631.
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Hess, Christian, Bettina Wiegmann, Andreas N. Maurer, Philipp Fischer, Lena Möller, Ulrich Martin, Andres Hilfiker, Axel Haverich, and Stefan Fischer. "Reduced Thrombocyte Adhesion to Endothelialized Poly 4-Methyl-1-Pentene Gas Exchange Membranes—A First Step Toward Bioartificial Lung Development." Tissue Engineering Part A 16, no. 10 (October 2010): 3043–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0131.
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Pandey, Sanjeev. "Cumulative groundwater impact assessment and management in the Surat Basin: a journey from framework to implementation." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18088.
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The coal seam gas (CSG) industry in Queensland has expanded rapidly in the Surat and Bowen basins within this decade. Depressurisation for CSG production has the potential to affect overlying and underlying aquifers. This leads to wide-ranging stakeholder concerns around the groundwater impacts, particularly cumulative effects, because the coal seams are part of the Great Artesian Basin. Relatively early in the development cycle, Queensland set a framework whereby an area of intensive petroleum and gas development is proactively declared to be a cumulative management area. For such areas, the independent Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment (OGIA) undertakes cumulative impact assessment and prepares management arrangements that are reported through the underground water impact report. OGIA’s assessment through its iterative reporting–monitoring–modelling cycle has been providing the basis for managing and monitoring groundwater impacts on the ground and providing clarity in tenure holders’ responsibilities. OGIA has also built extensive knowledge of the groundwater systems and developed innovative modelling techniques over the years that have wider application elsewhere. This paper shares OGIA’s journey in the process.
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Younas, Afshan, and Aza Azlina Md Kassim. "Board of Directors Influence on Leverage: A Conceptual Perspective." International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ijarme.v3i3.500.
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Board of directors are considered as an important proxy of corporate governance mechanism. Corporate governance plays a significant role in the development structure of stock market and businesses growth. In Gulf Cooperation Council region Oman is the first country to developed and adopt corporate governance mechanism. Oman holds a prominent position in the Middle East and North Africa region. The Omani economy basically depends on oil, gas and services sector. Due to oil crisis from 2015, Oman economy witnessed many challenges like rise in oil prices, unemployment and unfavorable balance of payment. On the other hand, the country encountered unfavorable debt level of the companies that made business companies unable to repay their loans. Therefore, this study proposes to explore conceptual model on the effect of board size, board composition and board tenure toward companies leverage. Though corporate governance mechanism is strong in developed countries, but the concept is still developing and progressing in Oman. Due to the current situation of Oman this study incorporates important proxies of corporate governance namely board structure, board composition and board tenure. Since the extensive research on corporate governance has been conducted but this relationship still not clearly established in developing countries specifically in context of Oman. Thus, this study provides a better and clear understanding on how the board size, board composition and board tenure impact and change capital leverage. In order to carry out this research, this study intended to collect secondary data from annual reports of listed companies at Muscat Securities Market. The discussions suggest the government and regulatory bodies’ that have strong corporate governance implication and practices may reduce the debt burden of the companies. The high proportion of leverage in capital structure may threaten the companies to bankruptcy or create negative image of firm in the financial market.
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Nimako, K. O., A. Dwumfour, K. Mensah, P. Koshy, and J. R. Dankwah. "Calcination Behaviour of Nsuta Rhodochrosite Ore in the Presence and Absence of End-of-Life High Density Polyethylene." Ghana Mining Journal 20, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v20i2.4.
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This research investigated the calcination behaviour of the Nsuta Rhodochrosite (MnCO3) in the presence and absence of end-of-life high density polyethylene (HDPE) using a custom-made palm kernel shell fired furnace. Samples of pulverised Nsuta rhodochrosite were heated rapidly for 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes, coupled with temperature measurements to determine the maximum temperature attained in the fireclay crucible. The procedure at 60 min was repeated using three blends of rhodochrosite samples containing different masses of HDPE (30 g, 40 g and 50 g) and heated for an hour. For gas analyses studies during calcination, cylindrical compacts of rhodochrosite ore in a LECOTM crucible were heated rapidly with and without high density polyethylene (HDPE at C/O ratio = 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) in a horizontal tube furnace for 600 s at 1150 °C under high purity argon gas and the off gas was continuously analysed for CH4, CO and CO2 using an online infrared gas analyser. The content of H2 in the off gas was detected using a GC3 gas chromatographic analyser equipped with a thermal conductivity detector. The Nsuta rhodochrosite ore was found to consist of a mixture of manganese II carbonate (MnCO3), silica (SiO2), mixed transition metal carbonate of the form Ca(Mn, Mg)(CO3)2 and mixed metal silicate of the form Ca0.6Mg1.94Si2O6. Calcination results indicated visible colour changes (from grey to dark brown), along with significant changes in the mass before and after calcination. In the absence and presence of the polymer, measured temperatures in the crucible ranged from 1001 °C to 1366 °C and 1361 °C to 1369 °C, respectively. Analyses by XRF showed marginal increase in the content of Mn in the calcined ore with HDPE addition. Gas analyses indicate that blending the carbonate with HDPE before heating results in significant decrease in the amount of CO2 emitted.
Keywords: Land Tenure Security, Registration, Spatial Data, Attribute Data
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Al-Qahtani, Maryam, and Adel Elgharbawy. "The effect of board diversity on disclosure and management of greenhouse gas information: evidence from the United Kingdom." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 33, no. 6 (May 6, 2020): 1557–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeim-08-2019-0247.
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PurposeThe global interest in climate change makes carbon information important for decision-making. This study examines to what extent companies voluntarily disclose and manage greenhouse gas (GHG) information and whether board diversity and industry type explain variations in the level of disclosure and management of GHG information.Design/methodology/approachCross-sectional data analysis is used for the Financial Stock Exchange 350 (UK FTSE 350) in 2017. Disclosure of GHG information is measured using the scores of the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), whereas board diversity is measured using gender diversity, board tenure and board skills. The control variables include firm size, leverage, industry type, board meetings, board size, board independence and CEO duality. Ordinal logistic regression (OLR) is used for data analysis.FindingsThe results indicate that representation of female directors in the board of directors positively influences disclosure and management of GHG information. Conversely, a high percentage of directors with a financial and industrial background negatively affects GHG information, while board tenure has no significant effect on GHG information. Concerning the control variables, only firm size and industry type are significant in their relationships to GHG information.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of the study is investigating only few variables of board diversity. Future studies could investigate other variables such as cultural diversity and age diversity. Furthermore, cross-sectional data analysis cannot capture the dynamic casual impact between the determinants of disclosure and management of GHG information. Future studies could use long-term data, which may yield results that are more significant.Originality/valueThe study emphasizes the importance of the role of female directors in ensuring more transparency toward climate change activities. The findings of this study could be of interest to policymakers and stakeholders and could be used to take initiatives to reduce gender bias and increase the percentage of women in the boardroom. It is also likely to be beneficial for investors and stakeholders to evaluate carbon footprint of businesses and to assess the extent to which they meet their environmental responsibility.
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Ajibola, Kolawole Sunday, Elegwa Mukulu, and Alice Simiyu. "Performance Appraisal and Employee Engagement: Does Tenure Matters? Evidence from South-West Nigeria." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v1i2.27415.
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Background: The level of employee engagement globally is declining.Evidences points to low level of employee engagement in Nigeria. In this study, performance appraisal and performance appraisal feedback are hypothesized as factors that increase the level of employee engagement.
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of performance appraisal and performance appraisal feedback on the employee engagement among workers in South-West Nigeria.
Methods: The study adopted descriptive research approach. Respondents were sampled from employees of one State University, wire industries, and oil and gas sector in Osun State capital, Nigeria. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 250 respondents. The questionnaire was used for data collection. Only 139 (54.51%) questionnaires were found useful for the analysis. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses were used for the data analysis.
Results: The study found out that performance appraisal had positive significant influence on employee engagement but the relationship between performance appraisal feedback and employee engagement was found to be statistically insignificant. Tenure was found to moderate the influence on the relationships.
Conclusions: Based on the findings of the study, the study concluded that employee tenure was an important moderator in the relationship between performance appraisal, performance appraisal feedback and employee engagement.
Implications: The implication of the findings of this study was that employee characteristics are important factors for the consideration of Human resource practitioners for organization effectiveness and productivity.
Recommendations: The paper recommended that HR managers should pay more attention to the employee metrics in implementing HR policies.
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Pigram, Chris, Sanjeev Pandey, and Peter Baker. "Synergies in the role of the Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment and the Independent Expert Scientific Committee on coal seam gas and large coal mining development in environmental assessments." APPEA Journal 59, no. 1 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18278.
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The Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development (IESC) is a statutory committee that provides scientific advice to Australian governments on the impacts that each coal seam gas (CSG) and large coal mining development may have on water resources. In this context, the IESC consider all aspects of a water resource, including water, organisms and ecosystems that contribute to or rely on them. The Office of Groundwater Impact Assessment (OGIA) is an independent statutory entity responsible for undertaking cumulative impact assessments from CSG and other petroleum production in Queensland, including the Surat Cumulative Management Area (CMA). OGIA also establishes impact management arrangements and identifies responsible tenure holders to implement specific aspects of those arrangements. Neither the IESC nor OGIA are regulators. Due to their respective functions both entities have different roles and interaction with CSG development in the Surat CMA. The IESC and OGIA engage regularly to ensure a shared understanding of knowledge, research and management. This paper provides an overview of key synergies between the roles and functions of the IESC and OGIA and considerations for proponents when using OGIA assessment in their environmental assessments that are referred to IESC for advice.
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Wee, Kenneth. "Encouraging traditional owner participation in onshore unconventional projects." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14073.
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Australia has significant unconventional energy resources that can be tapped to bolster energy security needs and increase contributions to the global energy supply mix—fuelling both domestic and international economic growth. A key factor underpinning the success of developing onshore unconventional resources is the security of land and tenure access, which allows project proponents to sustainably engage in the exploration, appraisal and development of unconventional gas deposits spread across extensive geographical areas. These activities occur in areas that are vested in traditional landowners and indigenous native title holders, and have the potential to significantly impact their cultural heritage and their quality and way of life. It is, therefore, critical, on a number of levels, for project proponents to have the support of this key stakeholder group in ensuring the long-term viability of developing onshore gas resources. Alignment between the project’s proponents and the diverse range of traditional/indigenous landowners who influence—and are influenced by—their operations, however, is not easy to achieve due to competing interests and motivations. This extended abstract explores: alternative participation models for traditional land owners in onshore unconventional gas projects, including production payment and equity-based ownership models; examples of co-existence arrangements between project proponents and traditional owners; the impact of fiscal policy on the economic viability of alternative traditional owner participation and co-existence models; and, the role of state and federal governments in giving incentives to and fostering greater collaboration between project proponents and traditional owner groups.
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Akowedaho, Bienvenu Dagoudo, Inoussa Guinin Asso, Bruno Charles Pierre O’heix, Soulé Akinhola Adéchian, and Mohamed Nasser Baco. "Access to Land for Agricultural Entrepreneurial Activities in the Context of Sustainable Food Production in Borgou, according to Land Law in Benin." Land 11, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091381.
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Access to land is crucial for food systems to address the challenges caused by habitat and biodiversity loss, land and water degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable food production requires land security upstream for agricultural production. Land security emanates from the land law implemented in-country by government policy. In the span of a decade (2007–2017), three different land reforms have been adopted in Benin. This paper aims to investigate the land rights and land tenure security for sustainable food production according to land law and the factors that influence agricultural entrepreneurial activities in North Benin. The study was carried out in the Borgou department, mainly in five communes that are beneficiaries of the Responsible Land Policy Project of GIZ (Promotion d’une Politique Foncière Responsible: ProPFR/GIZ). A multistage sampling procedure was used to select the agricultural entrepreneur respondents. A total of 102 agriculture entrepreneurs were interviewed in 25 villages. According to land law in Benin, the results highlight the different levels of land tenure security and land rights represented by types of land documents: type contract (use right), certificates of customary ownership (ADC), and land title. The research reveals that 44.3% of the land of agriculture entrepreneurs’ respondents possessed the certificates of customary ownership and 18% possessed the land title. The facilitation of access to legal land documents such as certificates of customary ownership and land titles can protect agricultural entrepreneurship for sustainable food production.
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Heyes, Nicholas, and Robbert de Weijer. "Northern Australia oil and gas: a new engine for Australia's prosperity?" APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14040.
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The region of Australia comprising the area of the NT and northwest Queensland has significant conventional and shale resources that can see it emerge as the next major global oil and gas hub. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), in the Asia-Pacific region, the natural gas production-consumption shortfall is expected to grow from 99.8 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) in 2012 to 251.7 mtpa in 2025 (IEA, 2014). Australia is well-positioned to cater to this growing demand, and is set to become the world’s largest LNG exporter by 2020. The northern Australia region can help to meet this growing global demand and also serve domestic east coast demand. Development of these resources would significantly accelerate the regional and national economy, but success will depend on doing it at a cost that is competitive with new sources of hydrocarbons from around the world. This extended abstract outlines the natural advantages and challenges being faced by operators seeking to develop this region of northern Australia. Drawing on insights from global experiences, it identifies the key success factors and challenges faced in different regions during their development and commercialisation. It provides guidance and recommendations for maximising the development potential in northern Australia including: new ways of working; industry collaboration including sharing of infrastructure and data; service provider development; commercial partnerships; better access to capital; and, government support in tenure reform, incentives, tax benefits, capability development and investments in infrastructure.
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Caliari, Steven R., and Brendan A. C. Harley. "Composite Growth Factor Supplementation Strategies to Enhance Tenocyte Bioactivity in Aligned Collagen-GAG Scaffolds." Tissue Engineering Part A 19, no. 9-10 (May 2013): 1100–1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0497.
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Gao, Hong-Wei, Su-Bo Li, Wendell Q. Sun, Zhi-Min Yun, Xue Zhang, Jin-Wen Song, Shi-Kun Zhang, et al. "Quantification of α-Gal Antigen Removal in the Porcine Dermal Tissue by α-Galactosidase." Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 21, no. 11 (November 2015): 1197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0129.
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Culver, Stephen J. "Interpreting Paleoenvironments with Microfossils." Paleontological Society Papers 2 (October 1996): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s108933260000334x.
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One of the basic tenets of geology is the present is the key to the past. In the present context, this simply means that if we document the distribution of organisms today and have some degree of understanding of what combination of environmental variables controls those distributions, then we can use this information to reconstruct past environments by using the fossilized representatives of the modern organisms as paleoenvironmental indicators. This classic use of microfossils, along with biostratigraphy, is of great significance in the search for oil and gas.
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Naso, Filippo, Ugo Stefanelli, Edward Buratto, Giovanna Lazzari, Andrea Perota, Cesare Galli, and Alessandro Gandaglia. "Alpha-Gal Inactivated Heart Valve Bioprostheses Exhibit an Anti-Calcification Propensity Similar to Knockout Tissues." Tissue Engineering Part A 23, no. 19-20 (October 2017): 1181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0474.
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Caliari, Steven R., and Brendan A. C. Harley. "Collagen-GAG Scaffold Biophysical Properties Bias MSC Lineage Choice in the Presence of Mixed Soluble Signals." Tissue Engineering Part A 20, no. 17-18 (September 2014): 2463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0400.
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Mathews, A., J. L. Terry, S. G. Baek, J. W. Hughes, A. Q. Kuang, B. LaBombard, M. A. Miller, et al. "Deep modeling of plasma and neutral fluctuations from gas puff turbulence imaging." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 063504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088216.
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The role of turbulence in setting boundary plasma conditions is presently a key uncertainty in projecting to fusion energy reactors. To robustly diagnose edge turbulence, we develop and demonstrate a technique to translate brightness measurements of HeI line radiation into local plasma fluctuations via a novel integrated deep learning framework that combines neutral transport physics and collisional radiative theory for the 33 D − 23 P transition in atomic helium with unbounded correlation constraints between the electron density and temperature. The tenets for experimental validity are reviewed, illustrating that this turbulence analysis for ionized gases is transferable to both magnetized and unmagnetized environments with arbitrary geometries. Based on fast camera data on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, we present the first two-dimensional time-dependent experimental measurements of the turbulent electron density, electron temperature, and neutral density, revealing shadowing effects in a fusion plasma using a single spectral line.
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Mokhtar, Ridwan, Sylvia Nabila Azwa Ambad, Sharifah Nurafizah Syed Annuar, and Nelson Lajuni. "Employee Engagement and Its Relationship Towards Normative Commitment in Malaysia Oil and Gas Industry." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 11, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v11i1.18260.
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The relationship between employee engagement and organisational commitment has been established and documented in past literature. Hitherto, they are still very relevant and remain a pertinent subject to be discussed, especially with the rapid evolution of business and adjustments in the economic setting. However, much of the focus of past studies were surrounding employee engagement divulging organisational commitment. Only a few studies on the impacts of employee engagement on normative commitment have been shown, especially in Malaysia’s oil and gas industry. We do not adequately know how employee engagement is associated with normative commitment. Hence, this study goals to examine the effects of employee engagement on normative commitment. Two hundred fifty offshore employees participated in this study. Subsequently, 234 completed responses were collected, and Partial Least Squared-Structural Equation Modelling were used to analyse the data using SmartPLS 3.3.2 version. The findings advise that employee engagement, particularly organisational engagement dimension, has a positive relationship with both normative commitment dimensions among offshore employees in Malaysia. This study provided oil and gas organisation with an improved insight and understanding of the significance of the organisational engagement aspect in improving employees’ level of normative commitment among offshore employees. Because of the recent pandemic outbreak, future studies should consider the organisational support rendered by the organisation to offshore employees in predicting the new norms for oil and gas companies. Future studies should also utilise the qualitative approach or employ the Partial Least Square-Multi-Group Analysis (PLS-MGA) to examine whether ethnicity, working tenure, and working locations play an essential role in the relationship between employee engagement and normative commitment.
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Strachan, David P. "Impedance tympanometry and the home environment in seven-year-old children." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 104, no. 1 (January 1990): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100111648.
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AbstractThe distribution of tympanogram types among 872 seven-year-old children from a random population sample was related to 14 features of the home environment reported by parents in a questionnaire. Parental smoking was an important determinant of middle ear underpressure and effusion, and accounted for much of the associations observed with dampness, crowding and rented accommodation. Gas cooking was associated with a higher prevalence of effusion, but a lower prevalence of underpressure; this may deserve further study.After adjustment for seasonal variation, tenure and household smokers, the weekly mean temperature in the bedrooms of 34 children with Type B tympanograms was 18.2°C, compared to 17.9°C for 190 children with Type A tympanograms. The equivalent figures for bedroom relative humidity were 51.8 percent and 52.7 per cent. It is unlikely that heating or ventilation of the home is an important determinant of middle ear effusion and underpressure in this age-group.
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Al-Zyoud, Hussein, and Walid Belassi. "Gender Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap: Rising Inequality in Alberta and Saskatchewan." Asian Social Science 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n2p64.
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Canada has made significant historical commitments towards implementing gender equality policies, programs, and legislation after the findings of the Abella Commission were released in 1984 (Abella, 1984). Since then, gender wage gaps have been decreasing in many parts of the country. Two of the Canadian prairie provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan, have not experienced the same degree of measureable gender equity at the national level, as the other provinces. This paper will therefore examine the gender wage gaps in these two provinces. To investigate gender wage gaps in Alberta and Saskatchewan, the paper examines two industries in each of the two provinces that are fundamentally different in terms of the gender of their workforce composition. In particular, the study compares the oil and gas industry, which is predominantly male dominant, with the predominantly female dominant healthcare and social assistance industry in order to discover whether wage gaps are industry specific, and can be explained by the size of worker-affiliated organizations in particular provinces and industries. The study also investigates the effects of years of job tenure on gender wage gaps. The results demonstrate that, in both provinces, regardless of industry, the size of the organization proves significant in explaining gender wage gaps, while years of tenure are insignificant. this study showed that students who have learned through the E-book method achieve design efficiently better in their post-test scores than those in the traditional method. Students at the internal motivation level perform design efficiently better in their post-test scores than those at external motivation level. The E-book method proved to help students with external motivation in their post-test score motivation.
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Baker, G., and S. Slater. "Coal seam gas—an increasingly significant source of natural gas in eastern Australia." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08007.
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The commercial production of coal seam gas (CSG) in Australia commenced in 1996. Since then its production has grown up significantly, particularly in the last five years, to become an integral part of the upstream gas industry in eastern Australia. The major growth in both CSG reserves and production has been in the Bowen and Surat basins in Queensland. Active exploration and appraisal programs with the first pilot operations were established in the Galilee Basin in 2008; however, an important reserve base has been built up in New South Wales in the Clarence-Moreton, Gloucester, Gunnedah and Sydney basins. There has been modest CSG production from the Sydney Basin for some years with commercial production expected to commence in the other three basins by or during 2010. Exploration for CSG has been undertaken in Victoria and Tasmania while programs are being developed in South Australia focussing on the Arckaringa Basin. Elsewhere in Australia planning is being undertaken for CSG exploration programs for the Pedirka Basin in the Northern Territory and the Perth Basin in Western Australia. CSG was being supplied into the eastern Australian natural gas market at 31 December 2008 at a rate of approximately 458 TJ per day (167 PJ per year). Queensland is currently producing 96.7% of this total. Approximately 88% of the natural gas used in Queensland is CSG. Currently, CSG accounts for nearly 25% of the eastern Australian natural gas market, estimated at 670 PJ per year. The production of CSG is now a mature activity that has achieved commercial acceptability, especially for coal seam derived gas from the Bowen and Surat basins. The recent proposals by a number of local CSG producers—in joint venture arrangements with major international groups—to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG) from CSG along with a number of merger and acquisition proposals, is testimony to the growing economic and commercial significance of the CSG sector. Should all of the proposed CSG based LNG projects eventuate, LNG output would be approximately 40 million tones per year. This will require raw CSG production to increase to approximately 2,600 PJ per year, resulting in a four fold increase from the present natural gas consumption in eastern Australia. The proved and probable (2P) reserves of CSG in eastern Australia at 31 December 2008 were 17,011 PJ or 60.2% of the total independently audited 2P natural gas reserves of 28,252 PJ. The Bowen and Surat basins with 16,120 PJ have the largest onshore gas reserves eastern Australia. In New South Wales, the 2P CSG reserves at the end of 2008 were 892 PJ, though this is expected to increase significantly over the next 12 months. Major upstream natural gas producers such as Origin Energy Limited and Santos Limited both hold over 50% of their Australian 2P gas reserves as CSG. The 1P reserves of CSG in eastern Australia at 31 December were reported as 4,197 PJ while the 3P reserves of CSG at the same date were 40,480 PJ. Most companies in the CSG sector are undertaking development work to upgrade their 3P reserves (and contingent resources) into the 2P category. The CSG resource in eastern Australia is very large. Companies with interests in CSG have reported in excess of 200,000 PJ as gas in place in the Bowen, Clarence-Moreton, Galilee, Gloucester, Gunnedah, Queensland Coastal, Surat and Sydney basins. The 2P reserves of CSG are expected to exceed 20,000 PJ by the end of 2009. A significant part of the expected large increase in 2P reserves of gas initially will be dedicated to the proposed LNG projects being considered for Gladstone. The major issues confronting the CSG industry and its rapid growth are concerned with land access, overlapping tenure (particularly in Queensland with underground coal gasification) the management and beneficial use of co-product formation water and gas production ramp up factors associated with the proposed LNG projects.
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Nidasari, Nisa Istiqomah. "PELUANG PENERAPAN FPIC SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN HUKUM PROGRESIF UNTUK MELINDUNGI HAK MASYARAKAT ADAT DALAM KEGIATAN USAHA MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI." Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia 1, no. 2 (July 28, 2014): 50–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.38011/jhli.v1i2.15.
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AbstrakPengadaan tanah untuk kegiatan industri minyak dan gas bumi merupakan kegiatan strategis yang diprioritaskan negara atas nama ‘kepentingan umum’. Tidak jarang, pengadaan tersebut merampas hak tenurial masyarakat adat demi menyediakan lahan bagi perusahaan untuk melakukan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi. Padahal fungsi tanah bagi masyarakat adat tidak hanya sebagai tempat tinggal saja, tetapi juga sebagai tempat peribadatan, sumber mata pencaharian serta bagian dari budaya dan warisan leluhur yang harus dipertahankan dan dilestarikan. Hak masyarakat adat terhadap tanah ulayat juga dilindungi oleh berbagai instrumen hukum nasional dan internasional.Salah satu prosedur yang dapat memberikan perlindungan terhadap hak-hak fundamental masyarakat adat adalah FPIC (Free, Prior and Informed Consent) atau PADIATAPA (Persetujuan Atas Dasar Informasi Awal Tanpa Paksaan). Secara khusus, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pokok permasalahan sebagai berikut: Pertama, mengapa FPIC dapat menjadi instrumen hukum progresif untuk melindungi hak-hak masyarakat adat dalam kegiatan usaha migas? Kedua, bagaimana FPIC dapat meningkatkan kepastian hukum bagi investasi di sektor migas? Ketiga, bagaimana strategi untuk menerapkan FPIC dalam kebijakan pengadaan tanah untuk industri migas di Indonesia? AbstractLand clearing for oil and gas industry is deemed as a strategic activity that is prioritized in the name of ‘Public Interest’. In many cases, such land clearing confiscated the land tenure of indigenous peoples to give space for oil companies conducting exploration and exploitation. This is unacceptable for indigenous peoples because not only they often depend on their customary land for their livelihoods and residence, but also because it has strong cultural and often spiritual significance. The rights of indigenous peoples over their customary land is protected under national and international legal frameworks.One of the procedure that shall gives a protection over the fundamental rights of Indigenous Peoples is FPIC (Free and Prior Informed Consent). In the business perspective, FPIC will increase the legal certainty for invesment as it provides the companies with social license to extract. Specifically, this paper will address the following questions: First, how FPIC could be a progressive legal instrument to protect Indigenous Peoples rights in the activity of oil and gas? Second, how FPIC could increase the legal certainty for investment in oil and gas industry? Third, what are the strategies to apply FPIC in the land clearing policy for oil and gas industry in Indonesia?
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Stone, Kevin R., Ann Walgenbach, and Uri Galili. "Induced Remodeling of Porcine Tendons to Human Anterior Cruciate Ligaments by α-GAL Epitope Removal and Partial Cross-Linking." Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews 23, no. 4 (August 2017): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0332.
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Goldstein, Barry, Michael Malavazos, Belinda Hayter, James Coda, Michael Jarosz, Alexandra Wickham, David Cockshell, and Joe Zabrowarny. "Regulatory nirvana for low-permeability gas reservoir development." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11028.
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‘Trusted land access is both the first factor and the final outcome of a virtuous exploration and production life-cycle’ (Goldstein et al, 2007). Governments are under pressure to deploy trusted regulatory frameworks that enable profitable and environmentally sustainable development of unconventional gas resources for matters including, but not limited to, fracture stimulation operations. Nirvana regulation will entail: attractive licence tenure; regulatory certainty and efficiency without taint of capture; regulators and licensees with trustworthy capabilities (competence and capacity); effective (informative) stakeholder consultation well-ahead of land access; public access to details of risks and reliable research to reduce key uncertainties, and to back-up risk management strategies so the basis for regulation is contestable anytime, everywhere; timely notice of entry with sufficient operational details to effectively inform stakeholders; potentially affected people and organisations who can object to land access without support for vexatious objections; fair and expeditious dispute resolution processes; fair compensation to affected land-users for costs, losses, and deprivation due to operations; risks that are reduced to low or as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) while also meeting community expectations for net outcomes; licensees who monitor and report on the efficacy of their risk management processes, while the regulator probes the same; regulators who can prevent and stop operations, require restitution, levy fines and cancel licences; and, industry compliance records, which are made public so the efficacy of regulation is transparent. This paper will describe how these principles are deployed in SA where: 24 unconventional gas play-trends are being explored, each with giant gas potential; hundreds of wells have been safely hydraulically fracture stimulated to enhance flow rates from both petroleum and geothermal reservoirs, and in doing so, enable economic development; and, since implementing SA’s Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000, more than 11,000 notices of entry for petroleum operations have led to just one court action, and that was to establish legal precedent that geophysical surveys can extend outside a licence to attain full-fold control in a licence. The introduction of new energy development technologies is inevitable, so regulatory nirvana will remain an aspiration. Regulation for compatible, multiple-use of land in Australia is undertaken with community ownership of subsurface resources in mind. SA aspires to achieve regulatory nirvana for the upstream petroleum sector. Expeditious, welcomed access to land for compatible, multiple uses is the metric for performance, and leading practice is based on the principle that trust is the most valuable lead factor and lag outcome in sustaining welcomed land access for resource exploration, development and production.
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Braul, Wally. "The Changing Regulatory Scheme in Northeast British Columbia." Alberta Law Review 49, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr121.
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The Northeast British Columbia (NEBC) oil patch is undergoing a boom in land tenure sales, exploration, and production. This comes at a time of increasing public concern over the use of hydraulic fracturing (or “fracking”), an unconventional technology that ushered in a new era of production in NEBC, along with several new contentious issues. Recently, four significant regulatory changes have been enacted or planned for the immediate future. The first, likely in response to public concern over fracking, occurred in October 2010 with an overhaul of the decades-old Petroleum and Natural Gas Act and the coming into force of the bulk of the provisions in the Oil and Gas Activities Act. The changes primarily affect production and environmental management, and several new provisions have a direct impact on fracking. The second change under development is the creation of a long-awaited groundwater licencing regime, marking a stronger environmental presence in the NEBC, and possibly abrogating pre-existing extraction rights. The third change arises from the expiry of Crown-First Nation Consultation Process Agreements (CPAs). Recent jurisprudence continues to point to the need for improved consultation and accommodation, but current negotiations may or may not succeed in arriving at a more comprehensive successor to the expired CPAs. Finally, under British Columbia’s contaminated sites regime, new measures expand the liability exposure of oil patch operators for contaminated sites in both civil actions and government enforcement proceedings.
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Inamori, Y., T. Ouchiyama, N. Sugiura, and R. Sudo. "Decomposition and Removal of Musty Odor Producing Phormidium tenue by Bacteria and Smaller Animals." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 4-6 (February 1, 1991): 991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0551.
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A bio-film process such as an aerobic submerged filter process has an effect on the removal of algae and the purification of polluted lake water. In this process, it is thought that smaller animals will play an important role by the way filamentous algae belonging to Phormidium sp., Anabaena sp, and Oscillatoria sp. appear in polluted lake water. Particularly Phormidiumtenue in these filamentous algae produce musty odor which is caused by 2-methylisoborneol 2M1B). Therefore, deodorization has to be conducted in a water treatment plant especially. This study was conducted for the purpose of clarifying the feeding and decompositional capacity of P.tenue by Protozoa Trithigmosotomacucullulus having a mouth structure fitted to the predation of the filamentous algae. The results obtained from this study are as follows. 1) Sludge extract was extremely effective as the growth factor in the growth of T.cucullulus. 2) The optimum growth temperature of T.cucullulus was about 20~25°C and it was necessary to keep an aerobic condition in existence and growth. 3) Filamentous P.tenue among some algae was the suitable food for T.cucullulus. 4) The predation speed of T.cucullulus in the case using filamentous algae as food was about 10~30µ m/sec. 5) The content of chlorophyll a was extremely low in its reduction rate in the system without T.cucullulus, but markedly reduced in the system with T.cucullulus. 6) The turbidity, TOC and DOC in culture medium were markedly reduced in the system with T.cucullulus as compared without T.cucullulus. 7) Investigating the effect of bacteria and T.cucullulus on the removal of the musty odor produced by P.tenue, the removal activity of the musty odor was markedly enhanced by the predation of P.tenue by T.cucullulus compared with bacteria only. 8) T.cucullulus had high capacity for reducing TON through the predation and decomposition of musty odor producing filamentous algae represented by P.tenue. Furthermore the reduction of 2MIB by T.cucullulus was made clear by the method of gas chromatography.
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Zhang, Jie, Zaipeng Zhao, Xin Li, Yundong Zheng, Cuinan Li, Zhilin Li, and Xu Liu. "Research on the mechanism of the influence of flooding on the killing of empty wells." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 9 (August 19, 2021): 3571–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01265-4.
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AbstractIn empty well killing, in order to save the time and cost of killing the well, the dynamic replacement method is often used to kill the well. The main problem of the dynamic replacement method for killing wells is how to avoid terrible working conditions caused by flooding, such as gas carrying fluid, killing fluid being brought to the wellhead. Based on the principle of flooding formation and the basic tenets of flooding correlation experiment and dynamic replacement method, this paper incorporates the kill fluid viscosity, surface tension, droplet diameter, inclination angle, drill pipe joint outer diameter, and drill pipe eccentricity into the calculation range and establishes a new mathematical model suitable for dynamic replacement kill. Based on the calculation results, the influencing factors of flooding are analyzed, and the following conclusions are drawn: the increase of dynamic viscosity, gas density in the well, casing pressure, well angle, the outside diameter of drill pipe, the outer diameter of drill pipe joint, and eccentricity of drill pipe can promote the occurrence of flooding; The increase of surface tension, well-killing fluid density, and casing inner diameter have an obstacle to flooding.
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Cuss, R. J., J. F. Harrington, C. C. Graham, S. Sathar, and A. E. Milodowski. "Observations of heterogeneous pore pressure distributions in clay-rich materials." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 8 (December 2012): 3115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.8.26.
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AbstractThe concept of effective stress is one of the basic tenets of rock mechanics where the stress acting on a rock can be viewed as the total stress minus the pore water pressure. In many materials, including clay-rich rocks, this relationship has been seen to be imperfect and a coefficient (χ) is added to account for the mechanical properties of the clay matrix. Recent experimental results during the flow testing (both gas and water) of several rocks (Callovo-Oxfordian claystone, Opalinus Clay, Boom Clay) and geomaterials (bentonite, kaolinite) has given evidence for stable high pressure differentials. The design of the experiments allows multiple measurements of pore pressure, which commonly shows a complex distribution for several different experimental geometries. The observed stable high pressure differentials and heterogeneous pore pressure distribution makes the describing of stress states in terms of effective stress complex. Highly localized pore pressures can be sustained by argillaceous materials and concepts of evenly distributed pore pressures throughout the sample (i.e. conventional effective stress) do not fit many clay-rich rocks if the complexities observed on the micro-scale are not incorporated, especially when considering the case of gas flow.