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Journal articles on the topic 'Tension stiffening mechanism'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Salys, Donatas, Gintaris Kaklauskas, and Viktor Gribniak. "MODELLING DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF RC BEAMS ATTRIBUTING TENSION-STIFFENING TO TENSILE REINFORCEMENT." Engineering Structures and Technologies 1, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/skt.2009.17.

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After cracking, the stiffness of the member along its length varies, which makes the calculation of deformations complicated. In a cracked member, stiffness is largest in the section within the uncracked region while remains smallest in the cracked section. This is because in the cracked section, tensile concrete does not contribute to the load carrying mechanism. However, at intermediate sections between adjacent cracks, concrete around reinforcement retains some tensile force due to the bond-action that effectively stiffens member response and reduces deflections. This effect is known as tension-stiffening. This paper discusses the tension-stiffening effect in reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Numerical modelling uses the approach based on tension-stiffening attributed to tensile reinforcement. A material model of reinforced steel has been developed by inverse analysis using the moment-curvature diagrams of RC beams. Total stresses in tensile reinforcement consist of actual stresses corresponding to the average strain of the steel and additional stresses due to tension-stiffening. The carried out analysis employed experimental data on RC beams tested by the authors. The beams had a constant cross section but a different amount of tensile reinforcement. It has been shown that additional (tension-stiffening) stresses in the steel depend on the area of reinforcement. However, the resulting internal forces are less dependent on the amount of reinforcement.

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2

Muhamad, Rahimah, M. S. Mohamed Ali, Deric John Oehlers, and Michael Griffith. "The Tension Stiffening Mechanism in Reinforced Concrete Prisms." Advances in Structural Engineering 15, no. 12 (December 2012): 2053–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.15.12.2053.

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3

Yang, Zhi Jun, Xin Chen, Su Juan Wang, Jian Gao, and Xin Du Chen. "From Shape to Feature - A Novel Structural Design Idea for Dynamic Feature Adjustable Micro Motion Stages Based on Tension Stiffening." Key Engineering Materials 679 (February 2016): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.679.49.

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Guidance mechanism such as fast tool servo (FTS) is widely used in precision machining, in the current design method, either the analytic solution or topological optimization, the dynamic feature, namely the stiffness, inertial and frequency, are subjected to the shape and sizing of the designed structure, especially sensitive to the geometric feature of flexure hinge, which caused high machining precision and high cost. In this proceeding, a novel structural design idea for guidance mechanism type micro motion stages based on tension stiffening which allow the dynamic feature adjustable is presented. Firstly, the design of micro motion stages is reviewed on both analytic and topological optimization, and the advantage of the two kinds of commonly used flexure type, the notch type and leaf spring type, are compared, and the latter is chosen as an idea type for guidance mechanism for its uniform deformation and none stress concentration. Secondly, tension stiffening using in the stringed instruments is described, in which the length, tension and linear density is discussed to change the pitch (vibration frequency and amplitude) of the stringed instruments. Finally, a novel structural design idea origin from stringed instruments is discussed, with the assumption that the leaf spring type flexure hinge are symmetrical layout on both sides of the micro motion stage, the stiffness and frequency change rate are also discussed. A numerical method is used to show the efficiency of the presented method.

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4

Islam, Mohammad Momeen Ul. "Investigation of long-term tension stiffening mechanism for ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)." Construction and Building Materials 321 (February 2022): 126310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126310.

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5

Li, L. P., M. D. Buschmann, and A. Shirazi-Adl. "Strain-rate Dependent Stiffness of Articular Cartilage in Unconfined Compression." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1560142.

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The stiffness of articular cartilage is a nonlinear function of the strain amplitude and strain rate as well as the loading history, as a consequence of the flow of interstitial water and the stiffening of the collagen fibril network. This paper presents a full investigation of the interplay between the fluid kinetics and fibril stiffening of unconfined cartilage disks by analyzing over 200 cases with diverse material properties. The lower and upper elastic limits of the stress (under a given strain) are uniquely established by the instantaneous and equilibrium stiffness (obtained numerically for finite deformations and analytically for small deformations). These limits could be used to determine safe loading protocols in order that the stress in each solid constituent remains within its own elastic limit. For a given compressive strain applied at a low rate, the loading is close to the lower limit and is mostly borne directly by the solid constituents (with little contribution from the fluid). In contrast, however in case of faster compression, the extra loading is predominantly transported to the fibrillar matrix via rising fluid pressure with little increase of stress in the nonfibrillar matrix. The fibrillar matrix absorbs the loading increment by self-stiffening: the quicker the loading the faster the fibril stiffening until the upper elastic loading limit is reached. This self-protective mechanism prevents cartilage from damage since the fibrils are strong in tension. The present work demonstrates the ability of the fibril reinforced poroelastic models to describe the strain rate dependent behavior of articular cartilage in unconfined compression using a mechanism of fibril stiffening mainly induced by the fluid flow.

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6

Shivers, Jordan L., Jingchen Feng, Anne S. G. van Oosten, Herbert Levine, Paul A. Janmey, and Fred C. MacKintosh. "Compression stiffening of fibrous networks with stiff inclusions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (August 17, 2020): 21037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003037117.

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Tissues commonly consist of cells embedded within a fibrous biopolymer network. Whereas cell-free reconstituted biopolymer networks typically soften under applied uniaxial compression, various tissues, including liver, brain, and fat, have been observed to instead stiffen when compressed. The mechanism for this compression-stiffening effect is not yet clear. Here, we demonstrate that when a material composed of stiff inclusions embedded in a fibrous network is compressed, heterogeneous rearrangement of the inclusions can induce tension within the interstitial network, leading to a macroscopic crossover from an initial bending-dominated softening regime to a stretching-dominated stiffening regime, which occurs before and independently of jamming of the inclusions. Using a coarse-grained particle-network model, we first establish a phase diagram for compression-driven, stretching-dominated stress propagation and jamming in uniaxially compressed two- and three-dimensional systems. Then, we demonstrate that a more detailed computational model of stiff inclusions in a subisostatic semiflexible fiber network exhibits quantitative agreement with the predictions of our coarse-grained model as well as qualitative agreement with experiments.

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7

Cornachione, Anabelle S., and Dilson E. Rassier. "A non-cross-bridge, static tension is present in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers after active force inhibition or actin extraction." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 302, no. 3 (February 2012): C566—C574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00355.2011.

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When activated muscle fibers are stretched, there is a long-lasting increase in the force. This phenomenon, referred to as “residual force enhancement,” has characteristics similar to those of the “static tension,” a long-lasting increase in force observed when muscles are stretched in the presence of Ca2+ but in the absence of myosin-actin interaction. Independent studies have suggested that these two phenomena have a common mechanism and are caused either by 1) a Ca2+-induced stiffening of titin or by 2) promoting titin binding to actin. In this study, we performed two sets of experiments in which activated fibers (pCa2+ 4.5) treated with the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin were stretched from 2.7 to 2.8 μm at a speed of 40 Lo/s, first, after partial extraction of TnC, which inhibits myosin-actin interactions, or, second, after treatment with gelsolin, which leads to the depletion of thin (actin) filaments. We observed that the static tension, directly related with the residual force enhancement, was not changed after treatments that inhibit myosin-actin interactions or that deplete fibers from troponin C and actin filaments. The results suggest that the residual force enhancement is caused by a stiffening of titin upon muscle activation but not with titin binding to actin. This finding indicates the existence of a Ca2+-regulated, titin-based stiffness in skeletal muscles.

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8

Farris, Dominic James, Jonathon Birch, and Luke Kelly. "Foot stiffening during the push-off phase of human walking is linked to active muscle contraction, and not the windlass mechanism." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 168 (July 2020): 20200208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0208.

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The rigidity of the human foot is often described as a feature of our evolution for upright walking and is bolstered by a thick plantar aponeurosis that connects the heel to the toes. Previous descriptions of human foot function consider stretch of the plantar aponeurosis via toe extension (windlass mechanism) to stiffen the foot as it is levered against the ground for push-off during walking. In this study, we applied controlled loading to human feet in vivo , and studied foot function during the push-off phase of walking, with the aim of carefully testing how the foot is tensioned during contact with the ground. Both experimental paradigms revealed that plantar aponeurosis strain via the ‘windlass mechanism' could not explain the tensioning and stiffening of the foot that is observed with increased foot-ground contact forces and push-off effort. Instead, electromyographic recordings suggested that active contractions of ankle plantar flexors provide the source of tension in the plantar aponeurosis. Furthermore, plantar intrinsic foot muscles were also contributing to the developed tension along the plantar aspect of the foot. We conclude that active muscular contraction, not the passive windlass mechanism, is the foot's primary source of rigidity for push-off against the ground during bipedal walking.

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9

Megalooikonomou, Konstantinos G. "PHAETHON: Software for Analysis of Shear-Critical Reinforced Concrete Columns." Modern Applied Science 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n3p1.

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Earthquake collapse of substandard reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, designed and constructed before the development of modern seismic design Codes, has triggered intense efforts by the scientific community for accurate assessment of this building stock. Most of the proposed procedures for the prediction of building strength and deformation indices were validated by assembling databases of RC column specimens tested under axial load and reversed cyclic lateral drift histories. Usually a column structural behavior is assessed by considering all involving mechanisms of behavior, namely flexure with or without the presence of axial load, shear and anchorage. In the present paper a force-based fiber beam/column element was developed accounting for shear and tension stiffening effects in order to provide an analytical test-bed for simulation of experimental cases such as the lightly reinforced columns forced to collapse. Their peculiar characteristics are the outcome of the shear – flexure interaction mechanism modeled here based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) and the significant contribution of the tensile reinforcement pullout from its anchorage to the total column’s lateral drift. These features are embedded in this first-proposed stand-alone Windows program named “Phaethon” -with user’s interface written in C++ programming language code- aiming to facilitate engineers in executing analyses both for rectangular and circular substandard RC columns.

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10

Killaars, Anouk R., Cierra J. Walker, and Kristi S. Anseth. "Nuclear mechanosensing controls MSC osteogenic potential through HDAC epigenetic remodeling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 35 (August 17, 2020): 21258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006765117.

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Cells sense mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix to regulate cellular behavior and maintain tissue homeostasis. The nucleus has been implicated as a key mechanosensor and can directly influence chromatin organization, epigenetic modifications, and gene expression. Dysregulation of nuclear mechanosensing has been implicated in several diseases, including bone degeneration. Here, we exploit photostiffening hydrogels to manipulate nuclear mechanosensing in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in vitro. Results show that hMSCs respond to matrix stiffening by increasing nuclear tension and causing an increase in histone acetylation via deactivation of histone deacetylases (HDACs). This ultimately induces osteogenic fate commitment. Disrupting nuclear mechanosensing by disconnecting the nucleus from the cytoskeleton up-regulates HDACs and prevents osteogenesis. Resetting HDAC activity back to healthy levels rescues the epigenetic and osteogenic response in hMSCs with pathological nuclear mechanosensing. Notably, bone from patients with osteoarthritis displays similar defective nuclear mechanosensing. Collectively, our results reveal that nuclear mechanosensing controls hMSC osteogenic potential mediated by HDAC epigenetic remodeling and that this cellular mechanism is likely relevant to bone-related diseases.

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11

Nocella, Marta, Giovanni Cecchi, Maria Angela Bagni, and Barbara Colombini. "Force enhancement after stretch in mammalian muscle fiber: no evidence of cross-bridge involvement." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 307, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): C1123—C1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00290.2014.

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Stretching of activated skeletal muscles induces a force increase above the isometric level persisting after stretch, known as residual force enhancement (RFE). RFE has been extensively studied; nevertheless, its mechanism remains debated. Unlike previous RFE studies, here the excess of force after stretch, termed static tension (ST), was investigated with fast stretches (amplitude: 3–4% sarcomere length; duration: 0.6 ms) applied at low tension during the tetanus rise in fiber bundles from flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) mouse muscle at 30°C. ST was measured at sarcomere length between 2.6 and 4.4 μm in normal and N-benzyl- p-toluene sulphonamide (BTS)-added (10 μM) Tyrode solution. The results showed that ST has the same characteristics and it is equivalent to RFE. ST increased with sarcomere length, reached a peak at 3.5 μm, and decreased to zero at ∼4.5 μm. At 4 μm, where active force was zero, ST was still 50% of maximum. BTS reduced force by ∼75% but had almost no effect on ST. Following stimulation, ST developed earlier than force, with a time course similar to internal Ca2+ concentration: it was present 1 ms after the stimulus, at zero active force, and peaked at ∼3-ms delay. At 2.7 μm, activation increased the passive sarcomere stiffness by a factor of ∼7 compared with the relaxed state All our data indicate that ST, or RFE, is independent of the cross-bridge presence and it is due to the Ca2+-induced stiffening of a sarcomeric structure identifiable with titin.

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12

Candido, Leandro, Francesco Micelli, Emilia Vasanelli, Maria Antonietta Aiello, and Giovanni A. Plizzari. "Cracking Analysis of FRC Beams under Sustained Long-Term Loading." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.844.

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Crack formation within concrete members undergoing flexural loading is a complex mechanism, which governs the serviceability and durability of concrete structures. As for reinforced concrete (RC) members, a number of works based on empirical or theoretical approaches are published in the scientific literature. All the models propose a formulation for the estimation of crack spacing and crack width taking into account several parameters. Mechanical properties of concrete matrix, reinforcement ratio, concrete cover, bar diameter and size effect are the most influencing parameters on the cracking pattern of RC members, while tension stiffening can be influential as well. In Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) elements the presence of short fibers modifies the crack pattern within the members due to the development of a residual tensile stress and greater toughness. Normally the number of cracks within the length of FRC members is higher while the mean crack spacing and the crack width are lower. In fact the crack bridging effect of fibers consists in post-cracking stresses between the crack faces. Such mechanism is mainly governed by the interface bond between fiber and concrete matrix. Therefore, the volume fraction and the geometrical properties of fibers strongly influence the overall contribution in the cracking phenomena. A limited number of design codes have taken into account the modified behaviour of FRC members (especially in the case of steel fibers) by providing specific equations for crack width. This work presents the results of an experimental campaign on RC beams subjected to sustained service loads and environmental exposure for 72 months. In some beams, short steel or polyester fibers were added to the concrete matrix. The results presented in the paper show that the addition of fibres in concrete reduces both flexural displacements and crack widths, by modifying also the long-term behaviour of FRC members.

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13

FORMISANO, A., F. M. MAZZOLANI, and GIANFRANCO DE MATTEIS. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SLENDER STEEL SHEAR PANELS FOR ASSESSING DESIGN FORMULAS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 07, no. 02 (June 2007): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455407002289.

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In the framework of passive control devices for the seismic protection of new and existing buildings, large attention is getting more focused on Steel Plate Shear Walls (SPSW). Such a system, which is characterized by the use of slender steel panels, has been largely adopted in the last few years both in the North America and Japan. The structural behavior of slender shear walls is strongly conditioned by buckling phenomena, which may have a significant influence also on the ultimate strength of the system, despite the development of stable post-critical behavior due to tension field mechanism. In order to assess the influence of the geometry on the structural behavior of shear plates, in this paper, the theoretical behavior of steel panels in shear, based on existing simplified methodologies (PFI method and strip model theory) is analyzed and then compared to the results obtained by an extensive numerical study carried out by means of accurate finite element models. The comparison between theoretical and numerical results has been developed with reference to different values of the thickness and by varying the aspect ratio of the plate. In addition, the influence of intermediate stiffeners is investigated. On the whole, the obtained results provide useful information for the correct design of slender steel plates in shear to be used as stiffening and strengthening devices in new and existing framed structures.

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14

Beeby, A. W., and R. H. Scott. "Mechanisms of long-term decay of tension stiffening." Magazine of Concrete Research 58, no. 5 (June 2006): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2006.58.5.255.

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15

Monfardini, Linda, Luca Facconi, and Fausto Minelli. "Experimental Tests on Fiber-Reinforced Alkali-Activated Concrete Beams Under Flexure: Some Considerations on the Behavior at Ultimate and Serviceability Conditions." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 3356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203356.

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Alkali-activated concrete (AAC) is an alternative concrete typology whose innovative feature, compared to ordinary concrete, is represented by the use of fly ash as a total replacement of Portland cement. Fly ash combined with an alkaline solution and cured at high temperature reacts to form a geopolymeric binder. The growing interest in using AACs for structural applications comes from the need of reducing the global demand of Portland cement, whose production is responsible for about 9% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Some research studies carried out in the last few years have proved the ability of AAC to replace ordinary Portland cement concrete in different structural applications including the construction of beams and panels. On the contrary, few experimental results concerning the structural effectiveness of fiber-reinforced AAC are currently available. The present paper presents the results of an experimental program carried out to investigate the flexural behavior of full-scale AAC beams reinforced with conventional steel rebars, in combination with fibers uniformly spread within the concrete matrix. The experimental study included two beams containing 25 kg/m3 (0.3% in volume) of high-strength steel fibers and two beams reinforced with 3 kg/m3 (0.3% in volume) of synthetic fibers. A reference beam not containing fibers was also tested. The discussion of the experimental results focuses on some aspects significant for the structural behavior at ultimate limit states (ULS) and serviceability limit states (SLS). The discussion includes considerations on the flexural capacity and ductility of the test specimens. About the behavior at the SLS, the influence of fiber addition on the tension stiffening mechanism is discussed, together with the evolution of post-cracking stiffness and of the mean crack spacing. The latter is compared with the analytical predictions provided by different formulations developed over the past 40 years and adopted by European standards.

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16

Zhang, Tao, Phillip Visintin, and Deric J. Oehlers. "Partial-interaction tension-stiffening properties for numerical simulations." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 5 (July 19, 2016): 812–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216660654.

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The partial-interaction behaviour of tension-stiffening affects or controls virtually all aspects of reinforced concrete member behaviour as it controls the formation and widening of cracks as well as the load developed within the reinforcement crossing a crack. In this article, simple closed-form solutions for the tension-stiffening behaviour of reinforced concrete prisms are derived through mechanics and are presented in a form that can be easily used in both displacement-based and strain-based numerical modelling. This research quantifies not only the pseudo material properties of tension-stiffening such as equivalent stress–strain relationships or equivalent moduli that simulate the increase in reinforcement stiffness associated with tension-stiffening but also the crack spacings and crack widths. It is shown that the bond properties have little, if any, effect on tension-stiffening but a major effect on crack spacings and widths.

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17

Mo, Jingyi, Sylvain F. Prévost, Liisa M. Blowes, Michaela Egertová, Nicholas J. Terrill, Wen Wang, Maurice R. Elphick, and Himadri S. Gupta. "Interfibrillar stiffening of echinoderm mutable collagenous tissue demonstrated at the nanoscale." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 42 (October 5, 2016): E6362—E6371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609341113.

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The mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) of echinoderms (e.g., sea cucumbers and starfish) is a remarkable example of a biological material that has the unique attribute, among collagenous tissues, of being able to rapidly change its stiffness and extensibility under neural control. However, the mechanisms of MCT have not been characterized at the nanoscale. Using synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction to probe time-dependent changes in fibrillar structure during in situ tensile testing of sea cucumber dermis, we investigate the ultrastructural mechanics of MCT by measuring fibril strain at different chemically induced mechanical states. By measuring a variable interfibrillar stiffness (EIF), the mechanism of mutability at the nanoscale can be demonstrated directly. A model of stiffness modulation via enhanced fibrillar recruitment is developed to explain the biophysical mechanisms of MCT. Understanding the mechanisms of MCT quantitatively may have applications in development of new types of mechanically tunable biomaterials.

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18

Ghiassi, Bahman, Masoud Soltani, and Sara Rahnamaye Sepehr. "Micromechanical modeling of tension stiffening in FRP-strengthened concrete elements." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 19 (January 9, 2018): 2577–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317751248.

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This article presents a micromodeling computational framework for simulating the tensile response and tension-stiffening behavior of fiber reinforced polymer–strengthened reinforced concrete elements. The total response of strengthened elements is computed based on the local stress transfer mechanisms at the crack plane including concrete bridging stress, reinforcing bars stress, FRP stress, and the bond stresses at the bars-to-concrete and fiber reinforced polymer-to-concrete interfaces. The developed model provides the possibility of calculating the average response of fiber reinforced polymer, reinforcing bars, and concrete as well as the crack spacing and crack widths. The model, after validation with experimental results, is used for a systematic parameter study and development of micromechanics-based relations for calculating the crack spacing, fiber reinforced polymer critical ratio, debonding strength, and effective bond length. Constitutive models are also proposed for concrete tension stiffening and average response of steel reinforcing bars in fiber reinforced polymer–strengthened members as the main inputs of smeared crack modeling approaches.

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19

Hegemier, G. A., H. Murakami, and L. J. Hageman. "On tension stiffening in reinforced concrete." Mechanics of Materials 4, no. 2 (July 1985): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(85)90014-6.

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20

Koeberl, Bernd, and Kaspar Willam. "Question of Tension Softening versus Tension Stiffening in Plain and Reinforced Concrete." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 134, no. 9 (September 2008): 804–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2008)134:9(804).

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21

Ian Gilbert, R. "Tension Stiffening in Lightly Reinforced Concrete Slabs." Journal of Structural Engineering 133, no. 6 (June 2007): 899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2007)133:6(899).

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22

Vigdergauz, Shmuel. "Optimal stiffening of holes under equibiaxial tension." International Journal of Solids and Structures 30, no. 4 (1993): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(93)90188-d.

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23

Link, Richard A., Alaa E. Elwi, and Andrew Scanlon. "Biaxial Tension Stiffening due to Generally Oriented Reinforcing Layers." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 115, no. 8 (August 1989): 1647–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1989)115:8(1647).

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24

Sahamitmongkol, Raktipong, and Toshiharu Kishi. "Tension stiffening effect and bonding characteristics of chemically prestressed concrete under tension." Materials and Structures 44, no. 2 (July 13, 2010): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9641-5.

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25

Torres, Ll, F. López-Almansa, and L. M. Bozzo. "Tension-Stiffening Model for Cracked Flexural Concrete Members." Journal of Structural Engineering 130, no. 8 (August 2004): 1242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2004)130:8(1242).

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26

Santana Rangel, Caroline, Marco Pepe, Mayara Amario, Lucas Caon Menegatti, Enzo Martinelli, and Romildo Dias Toledo Filho. "Effects of Freeze-Thaw and Wet-Dry Cycles on Tension Stiffening Behavior of Reinforced RAC Elements." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 10063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110063.

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In the last several decades, the growth of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) production and the increased consumption of natural resources have led to promoting the use of secondary raw materials for a more sustainable construction. Specifically, the use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), derived from waste concrete, for the production of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) has attracted a significant interest both in industry and in academia. However, the use of RAC in field applications still finds some barriers. In this context, the present study investigates experimentally the effects of freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles on the stress transfer mechanisms of reinforced RAC elements through tension stiffening tests. First of all, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the degradation due to the aging process of RAC with RCAs obtained from different sources. Particularly, the results of tension stiffening tests are analyzed in terms of crack formation and propagation, matrix tensile strength contribution and steel-to-concrete bond. The results highlight that the pre-cracking elastic modulus, the first crack strength as well as the maximum concrete strength are strongly influenced by the presence of the Attached Mortar (AM) in RCA, as the former affects the concrete’s open porosity. Therefore, the amount of AM is identified as the key parameter for the evaluation of durability of reinforced RAC members: a degradation-law is also proposed which correlates the initial concrete open porosity with the damage observed in reinforced RAC elements.

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27

Zanuy, Carlos. "Investigating the negative tension stiffening effect of reinforced concrete." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 34, no. 2 (January 30, 2010): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2010.34.2.189.

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Girton, T. S., T. R. Oegema, E. D. Grassl, B. C. Isenberg, and R. T. Tranquillo. "Mechanisms of Stiffening and Strengthening in Media-Equivalents Fabricated Using Glycation." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 122, no. 3 (February 6, 2000): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.429652.

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We have recently reported that glycation can be exploited to increase the circumferential tensile stiffness and ultimate tensile strength of media-equivalents (MEs) and increase their resistance to collagenolytic degradation, all without loss of cell viability (Girton et al., 1999). The glycated MEs were fabricated by entrapping high passage adult rat aorta SMCs in collagen gel made from pepsin-digested bovine dermal collagen, and incubated for up to 10 weeks in complete medium with 30 mM ribose added. We report here on experiments showing that ME compaction due to traction exerted by the SMCs with consequent alignment of collagen fibrils was necessary to realize the glycation-mediated stiffening and strengthening, but that synthesis of extracellular matrix constituents by these cells likely contributed little, even when 50 μg/ml ascorbate was added to the medium. These glycated MEs exhibited a compliance similar to arteries, but possessed less tensile strength and much less burst strength. MEs fabricated with low rather than high passage adult rat aorta SMCs possessed almost ten times greater tensile strength, suggesting that alternative SMCs sources and biopolymer gels may yield sufficient strength by compositional remodeling prior to implantation in addition to the structural remodeling (i.e., circumferential alignment) already obtained. [S0148-0731(00)00203-X]

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Bischoff, Peter H. "Tension Stiffening and Cracking of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 15, no. 2 (April 2003): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2003)15:2(174).

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30

Vecchio, F. J., and S. Balopoulou. "On the nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete frames." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 698–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-083.

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An experimental investigation is described in which a large-scale reinforced concrete plane frame is tested to study factors contributing to its nonlinear behaviour under short-term loading conditions. The test results indicate that frame behaviour can be significantly affected by second-order influences such as material nonlinearities, geometric nonlinearities, concrete shrinkage, tension stiffening effects, shear deformations, and membrane action. A nonlinear frame analysis procedure, previously developed taking these mechanisms into account, is shown to accurately predict most aspects of behaviour, including deflection response, ultimate load capacity, and failure mechansim. Aspects of the theoretical modelling which are in need of further improvement are also identified. Key words: analysis, behaviour, deformation, frame, large scale, nonlinear, reinforced concrete, strength, test.

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31

Lee, Jung-Yoon, and Sang-Woo Kim. "Torsional Strength of RC Beams Considering Tension Stiffening Effect." Journal of Structural Engineering 136, no. 11 (November 2010): 1367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000237.

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32

Khalfallah, S. "Tension stiffening model for nonlinear analysis of GFRP-RC members." IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering 6, no. 4 (November 2013): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19373260.2013.801329.

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33

Seema, N. Baldassino, and R. Zandonini. "Insight into the tension stiffening behavior of reinforced concrete tension members revealed by finite element modeling." International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics 19, no. 6 (November 2, 2018): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15502287.2018.1534158.

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34

CHEN, Kun, and Ken'ichi KAWAGUCHI. "P07 FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON STIFFENING EFFECT OF MECHANISM TENSIONED COMPONENTS UNDER LOAD." Proceedings of the Space Engineering Conference 2013.22 (2013): _P07–1_—_P07–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmesec.2013.22._p07-1_.

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35

Ebead, U. A. "Tension-stiffening model for FRP-strengthened concrete two-way slabs." Materials and Structures 38, no. 276 (January 21, 2005): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/14089.

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36

Pirayeh Gar, Shobeir, Monique Head, and Stefan Hurlebaus. "Tension Stiffening in Prestressed Concrete Beams Using Moment-Curvature Relationship." Journal of Structural Engineering 138, no. 8 (August 2012): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000534.

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37

Patel, K. A., Sandeep Chaudhary, and A. K. Nagpal. "A tension stiffening model for analysis of RC flexural members under service load." Computers and Concrete 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2016): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.1.029.

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38

Li, L. P., M. D. Buschmann, and A. Shirazi-Adl. "The Asymmetry of Transient Response in Compression Versus Release for Cartilage in Unconfined Compression." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 123, no. 5 (April 17, 2001): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1388295.

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Observations in compression tests of articular cartilage have revealed unequal load increments for compression and release of the same amplitude applied to a disk with an identical previously imposed compression (in equilibrium). The mechanism of this asymmetric transient response is investigated here using a nonlinear fibril-reinforced model. It is found that the asymmetry is predominantly produced by the fibril stiffening with its tensile strain. In addition, allowing the hydraulic permeability to decrease significantly with compressive dilatation of cartilage increases the transient fibril strain, resulting in a stronger asymmetry. Large deformation also enhances the asymmetry as a consequence of stronger fibril stiffening.

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39

Ebead, U. A., and H. Marzouk. "Tension-stiffening model for FRP-strenghened RC concrete two-way slabs." Materials and Structures 38, no. 2 (March 2005): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02479344.

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40

Bentz, Evan C. "Explaining the Riddle of Tension Stiffening Models for Shear Panel Experiments." Journal of Structural Engineering 131, no. 9 (September 2005): 1422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2005)131:9(1422).

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41

Gupta, Ajaya K., and Sérgio R. Maestrini. "Post‐Cracking Behavior of Membrane Reinforced Concrete Elements Including Tension‐Stiffening." Journal of Structural Engineering 115, no. 4 (April 1989): 957–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1989)115:4(957).

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42

Kaklauskas, Gintaris, and Viktor Gribniak. "Hybrid Tension Stiffening Approach for Decoupling Shrinkage Effect in Cracked Reinforced Concrete Members." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 142, no. 11 (November 2016): 04016085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001148.

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43

Nayal, Rim, and Hayder A. Rasheed. "Tension Stiffening Model for Concrete Beams Reinforced with Steel and FRP Bars." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 2006): 831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2006)18:6(831).

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44

Soranakom, Chote, and Barzin Mobasher. "Modeling of tension stiffening in reinforced cement composites: Part I. Theoretical modeling." Materials and Structures 43, no. 9 (April 21, 2010): 1217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9594-8.

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45

Albrecht, Gert, Marcus Rutner, Akimitsu Kurita, and Osamu Ohyama. "Modifikation des DIN -Fachberichtes 104 hinsichtlich der Berechnung des Langzeit-Tension Stiffening." Stahlbau 73, no. 9 (September 2004): 648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stab.200490165.

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Borri, Claudio, Andrea Chiarugi, and Paolo Foraboschi. "Numerical Modelling of the Collapse Mechanisms of Thin R.C. Shells." International Journal of Space Structures 9, no. 3 (September 1994): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119400900302.

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The present work aims at modelling the collapse mechanisms and the related limit loads of thin R.C. shells. A numerical approach is developed, in order to model both the buckling and the bending collapse mechanisms within the framework of the finite element technique. The mechanical behaviour of R.C. is modelled with an elasto-plastic-fracturing formulation including a special tension-stiffening approach along with a smeared cracks mode. Doubly curved elements are used in order to describe the shape of the shell. The proposed method of modelling is applied to an R.C. shell of large span and small thickness. Results provided by the model are compared with observed response quantities, and the accuracy as well as the efficiency of the model are proved. The actual safety margin of the reference shell, represented by the collapse load multipliers and the related mechanisms, are assessed before and after its rehabilitation.

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47

Bischoff, Peter H. "Discussion of “Tension Stiffening in Lightly Reinforced Concrete Slabs” by R. Ian Gilbert." Journal of Structural Engineering 134, no. 7 (July 2008): 1259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2008)134:7(1259).

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Kaklauskas, Gintaris, Viktor Gribniak, and Darius Bacinskas. "Discussion of “Tension Stiffening in Lightly Reinforced Concrete Slabs” by R. Ian Gilbert." Journal of Structural Engineering 134, no. 7 (July 2008): 1261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2008)134:7(1261).

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Burns, Clare, Hans Seelhofer, and Peter Marti. "Discussion of “Tension Stiffening in Lightly Reinforced Concrete Slabs” by R. Ian Gilbert." Journal of Structural Engineering 134, no. 7 (July 2008): 1262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2008)134:7(1262).

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Gilbert, R. Ian. "Closure to “Tension Stiffening in Lightly Reinforced Concrete Slabs” by R. Ian Gilbert." Journal of Structural Engineering 134, no. 7 (July 2008): 1264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2008)134:7(1264).

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