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Published: 9 November 2022
Last updated: 4 March 2023

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1

Briggs, Robin. Communities of belief: Cultural and social tension in early modern France. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

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2

Early Victorian New Zealand: A study of racial tension and social attitudes, 1839-1852. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1986.

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3

Brent, Allen. Hippolytus and the Roman church in the third century: Communities in tension before the emergence of a monarch-bishop. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995.

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4

Political vanity: Adam Ferguson on the moral tensions of early capitalism. Minneapolis, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2014.

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5

Müller, Sigrid, and Cornelia Schweiger. Between creativity and norm-making: Tensions in the early modern era. Leiden: Brill, 2012.

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6

Bruce, Chilton, and Evans Bruce, eds. The missions of James, Peter, and Paul: Tensions in early Christianity. Leiden: Brill, 2005.

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7

O'Brien, J. Scott. Very early post-tensioning of prestressed concrete pavements. Austin, Tex: Center for Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1985.

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8

Riggi, Calogero. Epistrophe: Tensione verso la Divina Armonia : scritti di filologia patristica. Roma: LAS, 1985.

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9

Shiraishi, Maresuke. Probing the Early Universe with the CMB Scalar, Vector and Tensor Bispectrum. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54180-6.

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10

Johnson, Nicole Pamela. Early-Career Art Teacher Educators’ Professional Tensions as Catalysts for Growth: A Phenomenological Multi-Case Study. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2021.

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11

Amabe-shi keizu. Hachiman gudōki. Shinsen kisōki. Takahashi-shi fumi. Tensho. Shinbetsuki. Tōkyō: Shintō Taikei Hensankai, 1992.

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12

Antliff, Allan. Poetic Tension. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041051.003.0008.

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This essay examines the politics of New York's Living Theater, from its founding in late 1940s to the mid-1960s. He will outline Julian Beck and Judith Malina's anarchist-pacifism, their involvement in anti-nuclear bomb protests during the 1950s and early 1960s, and the increasingly confrontational tenor of their theater productions. Topics to be discussed include the abstract expressionist paintings of Beck, Malina's interest in the Gestalt theories of Paul Goodman, and the group's collaborations with composer John Cage, poet Jackson Mac Low, and the artists of the No! Art! movement. The chapter will close with group's departure for Europe in1964.
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13

Eason, Jane. Early Changes in Specific Tension Following Administration of Glucocorticoids. Dissertation Discovery Company, 2019.

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14

Eason, Jane. Early Changes in Specific Tension Following Administration of Glucocorticoids. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2019.

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15

Communities of Belief: Cultural and Social Tension in Early Modern France. Oxford University Press, USA, 1995.

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16

Briggs, Robin. Communities of Belief: Cultural and Social Tension in Early Modern France. Oxford University Press, 1995.

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17

Smith, Barry D. The Tension Between God as Righteous Judge and as Merciful in Early Judaism. University Press of America, 2005.

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18

Kincaid, John. Early State History and Constitutions. Edited by Donald P. Haider-Markel. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579679.013.010.

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This article examines the history of state constitutions and the current state of the literature on state constitutions. The author focuses on the historical tension between state power and individual rights in these documents and highlights areas in need of further research.
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19

Gonzalez, Francisco Jose *. The tension between the means and end of philosophical inquiry: dialectic in Plato's early and middle dialogues. 1991.

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20

Shaner, Katherine. Enslaved Leadership in Early Christianity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190275068.001.0001.

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Slaves were ubiquitous in the first- and second-century CE Roman Empire, and early Christian texts reflect this fact. This book argues that enslaved persons engaged in leadership roles in civic and religious activities. Such roles created tension within religious groups, including second-century communities connected with Paul’s legacy. Archaeological materials, epigraphy, and literature from Ephesos and environs illustrate these power struggles with clarity. Enslaved persons were religious specialists, priests, and leaders in cultic groups, including early Christian groups. Thus, the book paints a complex picture of enslaved life in Asia Minor to illustrate how enslaved persons enacted roles of religious and civic significance that potentially upended social hierarchies which privileged wealthy, slaveholding men. Yet even as the enslaved engaged in such authoritative roles, Roman slavery was not a benign institution nor were early Christians kinder and more egalitarian toward slaves. Both early Christian texts (such as Philemon, 1 Timothy, and Ignatius’s letters) and archaeological finds from Ephesos defend, construct, and clarify the hierarchies that kept enslaved persons under the control of their masters. This book brings together archaeological materials and literary texts using feminist rhetorical criticism. In doing so, it shows how archaeological materials attempt to persuade viewers, readers, and inhabitants of the city. Early Christian texts similarly attempt to persuade readers that slaves should not hold leadership positions. Thus the book illustrates a historical world in which control of slaves must continually be asserted. It demonstrates that master-slave hierarchies were unclear, disjointed, and even subverted in everyday religious activities.
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21

Shen, Kuiyi. Shaping the “Red Classics” of Chinese Art in Early Socialist China. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390892.003.0005.

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Traditional Chinese art was tied closely to the ruling elites of imperial China and therefore presented a particular challenge to the new communist regime seeking to establish a new proletarian culture in the 1950s. This chapter throws light on the way established traditional painters and artists were managed and their art reshaped through the application of principles set down in the Yan’an Talks and a deliberate “modernization” of traditional Chinese painting. It argues that in the case of guohua the tension between old forms and new content was not just resolved but led to invigoration and innovation in the field and produced some of the greatest public artworks of the Maoist period
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22

Blidstein, Moshe. Purity, Community, and Ritual in Early Christian Literature. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791959.001.0001.

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This book examines the meanings of purification practices and purity concepts in early Christian culture, as articulated and formed by Greek Christian authors of the first three centuries, from Paul to Origen. Concepts of purity and defilement were pivotal for understanding human nature, sin, history, and ritual in early Christianity. In parallel, major Christian practices, such as baptism, abstinence from food or sexual activity, were all understood, felt, and shaped as instances of purification. Two broad motivations, at some tension with each other, formed the basis of Christian purity discourse. The first was substantive: the creation and maintenance of anthropologies and ritual theories coherent with the theological principles of the new religion. The second was polemic: construction of Christian identity by laying claim to true purity while marking purity practices and beliefs of others (Jews, pagans, or “heretics”) as false. The book traces the interplay of these factors through a close reading of second- and third-century Christian Greek authors discussing dietary laws, death defilement, sexuality, and baptism, on the background of Greco-Roman and Jewish purity discourses. There are three central arguments. First, purity and defilement were central concepts for understanding Christian cultures of the second and third centuries. Second, Christianities developed their own conceptions and practices of purity and purification, distinct from those of contemporary and earlier Jewish and pagan cultures, though decisively influenced by them. Third, concepts and practices of purity and defilement were shifting and contentious, an arena for boundary-marking between Christians and others and between different Christian groups.
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23

Sowerby, Tracey A., and Joanna Craigwood, eds. Cultures of Diplomacy and Literary Writing in the Early Modern World. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835691.001.0001.

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This interdisciplinary volume explores core emerging themes in the study of early modern literary-diplomatic relations, developing essential methods of analysis and theoretical approaches that will shape future research in the field. Contributions focus on three intimately related areas: the impact of diplomatic protocol on literary production; the role of texts in diplomatic practice, particularly those that operated as ‘textual ambassadors’; and the impact of changes in the literary sphere on diplomatic culture. The literary sphere held such a central place because it gave diplomats the tools to negotiate the pervasive ambiguities of diplomacy; simultaneously literary depictions of diplomacy and international law provided genre-shaped places for cultural reflection on the rapidly changing and expanding diplomatic sphere. Translations exemplify the potential of literary texts both to provoke competition and to promote cultural convergence between political communities, revealing the existence of diplomatic third spaces in which ritual, symbolic, or written conventions and semantics converged despite particular oppositions and differences. The increasing public consumption of diplomatic material in Europe illuminates diplomatic and literary communities, and exposes the translocal, as well as the transnational, geographies of literary-diplomatic exchanges. Diplomatic texts possessed symbolic capital. They were produced, archived, and even redeployed in creative tension with the social and ceremonial worlds that produced them. Appreciating the generic conventions of specific types of diplomatic texts can radically reshape our interpretation of diplomatic encounters, just as exploring the afterlives of diplomatic records can transform our appreciation of the histories and literatures they inspired.
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24

Kahn, Paul W. The Law of Nations at the Origin of American Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805878.003.0018.

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This chapter proposes a new way of understanding the relationship between domestic law and the law of nations in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. It develops a theoretical structure by elaborating two competing models of order: project and system. These models differ fundamentally in their understanding of the source of order: a project relies on an external principle of order; a system relies on an immanent principle of order. Modern ideas of law have had to negotiate the tension between project and system. This paper argues that in the early American Republic, one locus of this tension was in the relationship of domestic, constitutional law to the law of nations, and that the reconciliation took the form of a theodicy.
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25

Tutino, Stefania. The Many Faces of Credulitas. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197608951.001.0001.

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This book is about the relationship among belief, credibility, and credulity in post-Reformation Catholicism. It argues that, starting from the end of the sixteenth century and due to different political, intellectual, cultural, and theological factors, credibility assumed a central role in post-Reformation Catholic discourse. This led to an important reconsideration of the relationship between natural reason and supernatural grace and consequently to novel and significant epistemological and moral tensions. From the perspective of the relationship among credulity, credibility, and belief, early modern Catholicism emerges not as the apex of dogmatism and intellectual repression, but rather as an engine for promoting the importance of intellectual judgment in the process of embracing faith. To be sure, finding a balance between conscience and authority was not easy for early modern Catholics. This book seeks to elucidate some of the difficulties, anxieties, and tensions caused by the novel insistence on credibility that came to dominate the theological and intellectual landscape of the early modern Catholic Church. In addition to shedding light on early modern Catholic culture, this book helps us to understand better what it means to believe. For the most part, in modern Western society we don’t believe in the same things as our early modern predecessors. Even when we do believe in the same things, it is not in the same way. But believe we do, and thus understanding how early modern people addressed the question of belief might be useful as we grapple with the tension among credibility, credulity, and belief.
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26

Poblete, JoAnna. Tensions of Colonial Cooperation. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038297.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the Philippines's authority over labor complaints in Hawaiʻi, with particular emphasis on the position of resident labor commissioner that Filipino U.S. colonials in Hawaiʻi lobbied for and acquired in 1923. It first provides an overview of the U.S. government's Filipinization policy in 1913 before turning to early Philippine labor mediators. It then considers the creation of a permanent worker representative in the islands through the Philippine legislature. It also looks at the appointment of Cayetano Ligot as the first Philippine labor commissioner and the movement launched by Filipinos in Hawaiʻi to remove him from office. It shows that Ligot created more problems than solutions for Filipino laborers in Hawaiʻi, and that the Filipinization of the intra-colonial labor complaint process in the Pacific did not result in improved conditions for the average Filipino. Despite the collaboration between Philippine and Anglo-American leaders, Filipino intra-colonials in Hawaiʻi found ways to express their own desires and free will.
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27

Finnegan, Cara A. Photographic Presidents. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043796.001.0001.

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Throughout U.S. history, presidents have participated in photography as subjects, producers, and consumers of photographs. Yet few scholars have examined the 180-year relationship between presidents and photography in any depth. Photographic Presidents studies how presidents shaped and participated in transformative moments in the history of the medium: George Washington, who more than 50 years after his death emerged as a crucial subject for early photography in a nation eager to consume portraits of elite leaders; John Quincy Adams, who in the early 1840s lamented in his diary his failure to get a good daguerreotype; William McKinley, whose 1901 assassination set off a morbid race to find and publish the dead president’s “last photographs”; Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt, each vexed by encounters with “candid cameramen” with the capacity to catch their subjects unaware; and Barack Obama, whose use of social media photography embodied the tensions inherent in early twenty-first-century digital photography. From its introduction in 1839 to the present day, photography has introduced new visual values that have often clashed with existing social and cultural norms. As representations of elite leaders who symbolized the nation, presidential photographs became sites of tension in which the implications of these new visual values played out in public.
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28

Arbo, Matthew B. Political Vanity: Adam Ferguson on the Moral Tensions of Early Capitalism. 1517 Media, 2014.

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29

Leadership and Conflict: Tensions in Medieval and Early Modern Jewish History and Culture. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, The, 2014.

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30

Siniawer, Eiko Maruko. Waste. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501725845.001.0001.

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Affluence of the Heart explores the many and various ways in which waste—be it of time, stuff, money, possessions, and resources—was thought about in Japan from the immediate aftermath of devastating war to the early twenty-first century.It shows how questions about waste were deeply embedded in the decisions of the everyday and shaped by the central forces of postwar Japanese life from economic growth and mass consumption to material abundance and environmentalism.What endured from the late 1950s onward was a defining element of Japan’s postwar experience: the tension between the desire to achieve and defend the privileges of middle-class lifestyles made possible by affluence, and the discomfort and dissatisfaction with the logics, costs, and consequences of that very prosperity. This tension complicated the persistent search in these decades for what might be called well-being, happiness, or a good life. Affluence of the Heart is a history of how people lived—how they made sense of, gave meaning to, and found value in the acts of the everyday.
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31

Varga, Somogy. Taking Refuge from History in Morality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199385997.003.0014.

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Reading Marx’s work on central issues such as alienation and class struggle, one is often under the impression that the concept of dignity serves as a normative framework underpinning his diagnosis and criticism—especially in his early work. However, Marx also vehemently opposes concepts like “human dignity,” suggesting that moral terms like dignity are little more than “empty phrases.” To provide a better understanding of this tension, this reflection takes a closer look at the general understanding of morality within historical materialism, and the specific character of the Kantian notion of dignity that fuels Marx’s critical attitude.
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32

The Missions Of James, Peter, And Paul: Tensions In Early Christianity (Supplements to Novum Testamentum). Brill Academic Publishers, 2004.

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33

Maiden, John. The Prayer Book Controversy. Edited by Stewart J. Brown, Peter Nockles, and James Pereiro. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199580187.013.42.

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In this chapter the author examines the role of Anglo-Catholicism in the revision process between the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline and the rejection of the 1928 Prayer Book in Parliament. The early twentieth-century project of Prayer Book revision in England in some ways indicated the growing recognition and acceptance of Anglo-Catholicism within the wider Church. However, as the process became increasingly controversial with deliberations over reservation and the eucharistic rite, a tension developed amongst some Anglo-Catholics between the sacramental mission of the party and Church loyalty and obedience. Furthermore, theological and liturgical divisions within the party itself were amplified.
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34

Shapiro, Barbara. Law and the Evidentiary Environment. Edited by Lorna Hutson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660889.013.33.

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This essays explores several epistemological related elements in the early modern English jury trial environment. Witnessing, credibility, testimony, doubt, suspicion, equivocation, conscience, fact, and oaths are frequent topics in law and literature studies. In one way or another, all of them raise questions of truth-telling, fact-finding, and epistemology. This environment included oath taking, the credibility of oath and non oath takers, the rhetorical origins of credibility criteria, casuistry, and the legal language of ‘satisfied conscience’, and the interplay between ‘truth’ and ‘mercy.’ It also discusses the consistency, tension, and/ or conflict between conceptual elements and the practices of grand jurors, jurors, and judges.
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35

Ing, Michael D. K. The Invulnerability of Integrity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190679118.003.0002.

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This chapter looks at arguments for the invulnerability of integrity as articulated by early Confucians and later Confucian interpreters. It begins by sketching out a tension found throughout the early literature: namely, a conflict between desiring to transform society and desiring to maintain one’s integrity. This conflict occurs in situations where transforming society entails colluding with immoral leaders in government or otherwise violating standards of ethical action. The texts and interpreters argue that only highly cultivated moral agents, or sages, are able to effectively navigate these situations such that they maintain their integrity but also act on their desire to transform society. Sages “balance” these difficult situations by means of moral deliberation, or quan權‎. This chapter details two theories of moral deliberation made by Confucian interpreters to show how arguments for the invulnerability of integrity developed within the tradition.
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36

Kotian, Rahul P., and Prakashini Koteshwar. Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Fractional Anisotropy: Imaging Biomarkers in Early Parkinson's Disease. Springer, 2022.

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37

Shiraishi, Maresuke. Probing the Early Universe with the CMB Scalar, Vector and Tensor Bispectrum. Springer Japan, 2015.

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38

Shiraishi, Maresuke. Probing the Early Universe with the CMB Scalar, Vector and Tensor Bispectrum. Springer, 2014.

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39

Shiraishi, Maresuke. Probing the Early Universe with the CMB Scalar, Vector and Tensor Bispectrum. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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40

Probing The Early Universe With The Cmb Scalar Vector And Tensor Bispectrum. Springer, 2012.

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41

Pluckhahn, Thomas J., and Victor D. Thompson. New Histories of Village Life at Crystal River. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400356.001.0001.

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The tension between competition and cooperation has emerged as a major topic of concern in the understanding of human societies. The dynamic is epitomized by societies undergoing the transition to larger and more permanent villages, referred to as “early village” societies. This study describes archaeological research directed toward the understanding of early village formation at the Crystal River and Roberts Island sites in west-central Florida. Crystal River has long recognized as one of the preeminent sites of the Woodland period (ca. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1000) in the American Southeast; Roberts Island has remained comparatively little known. New field investigations, combined with the reanalysis of previous work at the site, permit a fine-grained understanding of the growth and dissolution of early villages at the sites. The understandings that are gained from this case study can be contextualized to contemporaneous societies of the Gulf Coast, and to early village societies elsewhere in the world. The lessons that early villages contribute regarding cooperation and competition, in turn, contribute to contemporary debates regarding: first, individual versus collective action responsible for social welfare; and, second, the human role in and response to environmental change.
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42

Keys, Mary M. Religion, Empire, and Law among Nations in The City of God. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805878.003.0004.

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This chapter analyses the early Salamanca theologian-jurists’ turn to Augustine of Hippo’s analysis of religion, empire, and laws amongst nations in his magnum opus The City of God (De civitate dei). The first section surveys the import of and access to Augustine’s City of God in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. The second section interprets and assesses Augustine’s place in the early Salamanca School, according special attention to the writings of Francisco de Vitoria, Melchior Cano, and Domingo de Soto. The third section continues Soto’s fruitful project of relectio, rereading The City of God afresh with a focus on Augustine’s commentaries on right (ius) and law (lex) among nations under Rome’s imperial sway. The chapter’s conclusion argues that rereading The City of God in this way deepens our awareness of Augustine’s alliance with the Salamanca School, even as it highlights a certain tension between Augustine’s legal thought and Vitoria’s.
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43

Reid-Vazquez, Michele. Tensions of Race, Gender, and Midwifery in Colonial Cuba. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036637.003.0008.

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This chapter examines representations of honor, gender, race, and labor in colonial Cuba through the lens of midwifery. More specifically, it considers how free women of African descent used occupational choice as a marker of identity and honor despite the limits of race and gender within Cuba's slave society. Using the tensions surrounding local and international debates over parteras (midwives) in the nineteenth century, the chapter looks at the ways that free women of color resisted the efforts of the colonial state to diminish their participation in midwifery. It also discusses the professionalization in medicine in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and its impact on midwifery in Cuba, along with the colonial state's attempts to regulate midwives. Finally, it considers how free black and mulatto women appropriated elite discourses of honor and created a labor niche that challenged established socioracial codes of conduct. It shows that medical professionalization, feminine ideals, honor, occupational whitening, and racial denigration converged to shape the social and economic parameters for free women of African descent in colonial Cuba.
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44

Davis, Donald R., and David Brick. Social and Literary History of Dharmaśāstra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the development of the Dharmaśāstra tradition in medieval and early modern India and focuses on two genres or styles of textual production: commentaries and digests. The historical factors leading to the creation of each genre are described, along with their nature and purpose. The two genres negotiated a tension between changing sociohistorical conditions and institutions and internal commitments to preserve Hindu law in its ancient form. Commentaries stayed close to their original root-texts and sought to resolve conflicts between them, even as their interpretations also created new norms and justified customary laws. Digests radically expanded the textual scope of Dharmaśāstra by drawing on the huge corpus of Purāṇas, compendia of myth, history, and ritual, in the Hindu tradition.
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45

Durrant, Stepphen. Histories (shi史). Edited by Wiebke Denecke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199356591.013.13.

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The Chinese tradition of historical writing is rich and complex. That tradition is outlined here from its earliest appearance in such canonical texts as Shangshu, Chunqiu, and Zuozhuan down to the establishment of the Tang Bureau of History in 629 and the completion of Liu Zhiji’s masterful book-length study of Chinese historiography in 710, a text that provides much of the framework for the discussion. The chapter explores such issues as the tension throughout this period between official historical writing, sponsored by the ruler and sometimes sustained by the government bureaucracy, and historical texts produced by private parties; the search for appropriate forms to recount the past; and the boundaries of “histories” in early Chinese systems of bibliographic classification.
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46

Ferraro, Kenneth F. Life Course Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665340.003.0003.

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Life course analysis prioritizes the long view of aging: study aging as a process from embryo to death and how the timing of events and exposures shapes those lives. The act of analyzing the life course (or life span) highlights an intellectual tension in the field that has existed for decades: Is gerontology the study of older organisms or how those organisms age? Although human social services are often organized by age groups, science is better off studying the aging process—how the organism became older. In humans and animals, the experience of aging varies by historical time and place. Three vantage points for life course analysis are specified: the study of (1) early origins, (2) centenarians, and (3) family lineage.
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47

Rosendale, Timothy. Authority, Religion, and the State. Edited by Andrew Hiscock and Helen Wilcox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672806.013.36.

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This chapter discusses the deeply fraught issue of authority, and particularly the difficult relations between its secular and religious forms. From the New Testament to Augustine, through the Middle Ages, and well into the Reformation and early modern era, political and transcendent structures of authority are both problematic in themselves and contentiously at odds with each other. The Reformation was a watershed event in these struggles, as it helped to cement the worldly ascendancy of sociopolitical authority over that of the Church—but it also initiated an even deeper and more consequential tension of authority by relocating spiritual (and to a lesser degree political) authority from the institutional Church to the individual believer, thus setting up the basic terms for the subsequent development of modern liberal democracy.
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48

Spring, Martin. Operations Management. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Steven J. Armstrong, and Michael Lounsbury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.4.

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The emergence of Operations Management (OM) in the early 1960s is described, showing how it was based on the adoption of mathematical models from operational research during the Second World War. Subsequent major developments such as Materials Requirements Planning, Japanese manufacturing, manufacturing strategy, and supply chain management, and their effect on the OM discipline are outlined. These often attempted to reconcile the reductive analytical approach of early OM with the consideration of larger systems. The adoption of empirical research methods and theory from outside OM during the 1990s is examined, as well as the ever-present tension between practical relevance and academic rigour. Finally, the chapter reflects on ‘where the management is’ in operations management. It suggests that the managerial substance of OM is in exercising judgement on issues not susceptible to modelling, generating alternative courses of action, managing change, and judging how and when to use models, given the specific context of the operation.
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49

Caiani, Ambrogio. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.018.

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The important role played by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette in the radicalization of the early phase of the French Revolution has never been in doubt. Most histories continue to focus on the regal couple’s real, and supposed, role in fomenting counter-revolution at home and especially abroad. This chapter engages with the complex question of the dwindling fortunes of Louis XVI’s monarchy from a more domestic angle. It focuses on that neglected, though crucial, year of 1790 which witnessed the failure to erect a viable constitutional settlement. It became impossible to accommodate both Crown and assembly in a viable working relationship. Essentially, the king’s distrust for the deputies, who had little by little arrogated his remaining powers, proved insurmountable. The monarchy’s passive resistance to the revolution’s early reform programme and political culture became increasingly unpopular. This created a radicalized and tension-filled atmosphere which pushed the revolution into hitherto unexpected directions.
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50

Givens, Terryl L. Spiritual Gifts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794935.003.0008.

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Mormons believe that spiritual gifts must be in evidence in the true church and cited them frequently as evidence of a divinely sanctioned “restoration” of the gospel. Even many contemporary Restorationists broke with Mormons on the question of cessationism. Early Mormon charismata were tamed by revelation urging rational standards. Mormons continue to hold revelation—direct communication from God—as a fundamental tenet, with the institutional and the personal sometimes in tension. Visions and prophecies are affirmed in principle but less frequent in the modern church. Healing has largely been relegated to a priesthood ordinance. Speaking in unknown tongues (glossolalia) is almost unheard of today, and xenoglossia is interpreted as a spiritual assist to missionaries in foreign lands. Discernment is similarly understood in non-charismatic ways, and exorcism has largely faded.
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