Journal articles on the topic 'Tensile testing, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638'
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Subramani, Raja, S. Kaliappan, S. Sekar, Pravin P. Patil, R. Usha, Narapareddi Manasa, and E. S. Esakkiraj. "Polymer Filament Process Parameter Optimization with Mechanical Test and Morphology Analysis." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 3, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8259804.
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3D printing is one of the emerging technologies in the manufacturing sector, and polymer materials play a vital role in the raw material of the additive manufacturing sector. This research explores reducing the production time by testing and analyzing the microstructure of the different polylactic acid (PLA) filament polymer samples. For this purpose, 15 pieces of ASTM (American society for testing and materials) D638 tensile samples with polylactic acid (PLA) filaments have been used exclusively with five different sets of modified process parameters in slicing software of 3D printing technology. The results of this research reveal the best PLA filament FDM production method in terms of time, mechanical strength, and FESEM analysis comparing all the results.
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Markiz, Nassim, Eszter Horváth, and Péter Ficzere. "Influence of printing direction on 3D printed ABS specimens." Production Engineering Archives 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2020.26.24.
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AbstractIn the recent years, additive manufacturing became an interesting topic in many fields due to the ease of manufacturing complex objects. However, it is impossible to determine the mechanical properties of any additive manufacturing parts without testing them. In this work, the mechanical properties with focus on ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadi-ene styrene (ABS) specimens were investigated. The tensile tests were carried using Zwick Z005 loading machine with a capacity of 5KN according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638 standard test methods for tensile properties of plastics. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of printing direction on the mechanical properties of the printed specimens. Thus, for each printing direction ( and ), five specimens were printed. Tensile testing of the 3D printed ABS specimens showed that the printing direction made the strongest specimen at an ultimate tensile strength of 22 MPa while at printing direction it showed 12 MPa. No influence on the modulus of elasticity was noticed. The experimental results are presented in the manuscript.
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Raja, S., Anant Prakash Agrawal, Pravin P Patil, P. Thimothy, Rey Y. Capangpangan, Piyush Singhal, and Mulugeta Tadesse Wotango. "Optimization of 3D Printing Process Parameters of Polylactic Acid Filament Based on the Mechanical Test." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (August 11, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5830869.
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The main objective of this research study is to optimize the printing parameters that can be used in the FDM (fusion deposition modeling) production method to obtain the lowest production time and best printing parameter of PLA (polylactic acid) filament with the tensile test. The printing parameter that can be used in FDM machines such as extruder temperature, bed temperature, layer height, printing speed, travel speed, infill, and shell count is taken into account for optimization. In addition, the tensile specimens from ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D638 standard were manufactured by PLA filament with the above-modified printing parameters. The best printing parameters for PLA products were found by the time recorded during production and tensile test results after production. Thus, through this research, one can find the best PLA filament printing parameters and their timing.
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Kazemi, M., and A. R. Rahimi. "Supports effect on tensile strength of the stereolithography parts." Rapid Prototyping Journal 21, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2012-0118.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of the supports on tensile strength (TS) of stereolithography (SL) parts. Design/methodology/approach – The shape of specimens (tensile specimens) is according to the American Society Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638 standard. Some parts have support trace on one side and some have support trace on both sides. To achieve this target, some parts are fabricated on other parts; therefore, support of the upper part is fabricated on upper face of lower part. Findings – Influences of supports traces on mechanical properties aren’t “zero”. Supports affect TS of SL parts by affecting surface roughness of parts. After experimentation and analyzing experimental results, it is concluded that the TS of the parts which have support on both sides is slightly lower than the parts which have support just on one side. Originality/value – This is the first attempt toward investigation of supports effects on the mechanical properties in SL parts.
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Kuclourya, Tanay, Mohit Kumar Jain, Shubham Mudliar, and Narendiranath Babu Thamba. "Statistical analysis and investigation of tensile test data of coir composites reinforced with graphene, epoxy and carbon fibre." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 10 (July 15, 2020): 1343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720939998.
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A successful attempt has been made to develop coir fibre composites reinforced with graphene, epoxy and carbon fibre. The carbon fibres were arranged in an intercalated manner, which is similar to the coir fibres. The percentage composition of graphene was varied as 1, 2, 4 and 6% by weight of the holding matrix. Suitable surface modifications were done by treating natural fibres by 5% NaOH and 0.3% KMnO4 for better adhesion of fibre and epoxy resin. Sonication and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide treatments were also done to achieve the fine scattering of graphene in the epoxy matrix in order to achieve better mechanical behaviour. Moulds were made as per D638 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The treated fibres were then arranged in the mould by the conventional hand layup technique. Tensile testing was carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the composites. Two-way analysis of variance was used as a statistical tool to find the effect of parameters such as ‘Percentage composition of graphene’ and ‘Type of mould’ on the modulus of the composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was conducted to determine the interferential adhesion and homogeneous distribution of fibres in the composite matrix. At last, field emission scanning electron microscopy analyses were also done to the specimens before and after tensile testing to determine the morphology of different entities present in the composites.
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Othman, Mohd Hilmi, Hasan Sulaiman, N. M. Main, and L. Li. "Strength and Folding Performance of Polypropylene Packaging Samples in Hot Air and High Humidity Condition." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.241.
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This research was conducted to evaluate the strength and folding performance of polypropylene packaging samples, when exposed to hot air and high humidity condition. Three types of polypropylene samples were chosen, which were flat plastic, plastic with hinges, and plastic film. All of these samples were tested for tensile strength; except plastic with hinges that received additional test to evaluate the folding endurance. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638 standard was applied to analyze the mechanical strength of these plastics. This standard was used to determine the value of stress, strain, and Young’s modulus. Each sample was exposed to different temperature settings, which were 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C for high humidity condition and 60°C, 65°C, and 70°C for hot air condition. As for the folding endurance test, the hot air temperatures were selected at 60°C, 65°C and 70°C and for the high humidity condition, the range of relative humidity were set at 50%, 55% and 60%. Based on the tensile test results, the values of stress and Young’s modulus were higher at higher humidity as compared with the values under hot air condition. However the strain value was the opposite of the stress and Young’s modulus, whereby the values started to deceive under high humidity condition, but kept on increasing under hot air condition. In folding endurance test, it was confirmed that the hinge performed better under hot air environment than high humidity. As the relative humidity increases, the average number of folding decreased from 3.00x106 to 2.89x106 cycles. In the other hand, thevalue of folding numbers increased from 3.34x106 to 3.37x106, with increasing temperature. In conclusion, through this performance analysis, the outcomes can be applied to other packaging materials and appliances, which are related to high temperature and high humidity condition.
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Sathish, S., T. Ganapathy, and Thiyagarajan Bhoopathy. "Experimental Testing on Hybrid Composite Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.339.
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In recent trend, the most used fiber reinforced composite is the glass fiber composite. The glass-fiber composites have high strength and mechanical properties but it is costlier than sisal and jute fiber. Though the availability of the sisal and jute fiber is more, it cannot be used for high strength applications. A high strength-low cost fiber may serve the purpose. This project focuses on the experimental testing of hybrid composite materials. The hybrid composite materials are manufactured using three different fibers - sisal, glass and jute with epoxy resin with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 30:70. Four combinations of composite materials viz., sisal-epoxy, jute-epoxy, sisal-glass-epoxy and sisal-jute-epoxy are manufactured to the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards. The specimens are tested for their mechanical properties such as tensile and impact strength in Universal Testing machine. The results are compared with that of the individual properties of the glass fiber, sisal fiber, jute fiber composite and improvements in the strength-weight ratio and mechanical properties are studied.
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Hernández-Gómez, Zaida Margelly, Edgar Mauricio Castillo-Robles, and Diego Andrés Campo-Ceballos. "Automation of the mechanical tensile and three-point flexural test." Visión electrónica 1, no. 2 (August 13, 2018): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/22484728.18394.
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This paper presents the design and implementation of Mechanical system testing for tensile and three-point flexural test for both metallic and polymeric materials. A control and monitoring system was adapted to the data, using specialized equipment for industrial automation, i.e. PLC system. Main Parameters to perform the tensile and three point flexural tests, and the functional and technical specifications according to the ASTM (American Society of Testing Materials) standards were defined. Conceptual design, mathematical calculations and CAD designs were developed using Solidworks. Graphical user interfaces (GUI) were designed to interact with the user. Human machine interface (HMI) was implemented in proprietary software and includes rules for the supervision and manipulation of core variables for the user according to the ASTM standard. The HMI was interconnected with a programmable logic controller (PLC) where the process selection rules was implemented in GRAFCET diagram, following the ASTM protocols. The system has a test capacity of 500 Kgf both for the tensile test and for the three-point flexural test, with an accuracy of ± 2%, under the ASTM E177 standard, and the HMI interface as an innovative monitoring and control system.
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Liao, Wen-Cheng, Po-Shao Chen, Chung-Wen Hung, and Suyash Kishor Wagh. "An Innovative Test Method for Tensile Strength of Concrete by Applying the Strut-and-Tie Methodology." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122776.
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Tensile strength is one of the important mechanical properties of concrete, but it is difficult to measure accurately due to the brittle nature of concrete in tension. The three widely used test methods for measuring the tensile strength of concrete each have their shortcomings: the direct tension test equipment is not easy to set up, particularly for alignment, and there are no standard test specifications; the tensile strengths obtained from the test method of splitting tensile strength (American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM C496) and that of flexural strength of concrete (ASTM C78) are significantly different from the actual tensile strength owing to mechanisms of methodologies and test setup. The objective of this research is to develop a new concrete tensile strength test method that is easy to conduct and the result is close to the direct tension strength. By applying the strut-and-tie concept and modifying the experimental design of the ASTM C78, a new concrete tensile strength test method is proposed. The test results show that the concrete tensile strength obtained by this proposed method is close to the value obtained from the direct tension test for concrete with compressive strengths from 25 to 55 MPa. It shows that this innovative test method, which is precise and easy to conduct, can be an effective alternative for tensile strength of concrete.
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SALTAN, Mehmet, Öznur KARADAĞ, Gizem KAÇAROĞLU, İslam GOKALP, and Volkan Emre UZ. "SICAK KARIŞIM ASFALTIN OPTİMUM BİTÜM ORANI ÜZERİNE AGREGA ÖZGÜL AĞIRLIĞININ ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ." Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1023895.
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In this study, effect of aggregate specific gravity, which is directly related to origin of aggregates used in hot mix asphalt on optimum bitumen content, indirect tensile strength and tensile strength ratio of hot mix asphalt, was investigated. Specific gravity (SG) values of one kind of limestone aggregate were calculated according to Turkish Standard (TS), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards, separately. Although one kind of limestone aggregate and 50/70 penetration grade bitumen are used in the mixtures, different values were obtained in terms of optimum bitumen content, indirect tensile strength and moisture sensitivity due to differences in the specific gravity values of the aggregates. Optimum bitumen contents were found by using TS, ASTM and AASHTO standards as 5.03%, 4.75% and 4.59%, respectively. According to the cost – benefit analysis, it can be said that changes in aggregate specific gravity values, which were calculated, based on different standards provide economic benefit. Overall, the results indicated that specific gravity values of one kind of limestone aggregate used in hot mix asphalt have significantly affected optimum bitumen content and indirect tensile strength of the mixtures.
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Setiyana, Budi, Sugiyanto, J. Jamari, and M. Khafidh. "Numerical investigation on the elastic modulus of rubber-like materials by a rigid ball indentation technique." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820407002.
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The indentation technique has been practically proven to be useful in determining mechanical properties of materials, such as hardness and elastic modulus for rubber-like materials (elastomers). However, tensile test method is often conducted because of obtaining the mechanical strength in addition to the elastic modulus of the elastomer. In this paper, a numerical study is proposed to investigate the elastic modulus of the elastomer by applying Finite Element Analysis (FEA). With the availability of Strain Energy Function (SEF) data from the material testing, the investigation is carried out by indentation technique for Natural Rubber (NR) and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR). On the rubber surface, a rigid ball indenter is pressed under specified indentation force and the contact depth resulted is observed. Based on the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) formulation, the elastic modulus from the indentation technique can be estimated. In general, results show that the elastic modulus obtained from the indentation technique agree with the tensile test results. Thus, the proposed numerical method is validly applied in determining the elastic modulus.
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Sevvel, P., and V. Jaiganesh. "Improving the Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Flat Plates through Axial Force Investigation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.11.
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In this paper, the effects of axial force on the mechanical properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy flat plates during the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process were investigated by carrying out the tensile tests as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E8M-11 standards. The tensile test results indicated that the increase of the axial force greatly improved the tensile shear load (TSL) of the friction stir welded joints at a constant tool rotational speed of 800 rpm and welding speed of 50mm/min. Sound lap joints with low distortion, lack of cavity and high tensile strength were successfully obtained with an axial force of 5kN. However, the TSL of the friction stir welded joints decreased when the axial forces were 3kN and 4kN with the same constant tool rotational and welding speed.
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Patro, Brundaban, D. Shashidhar, B. Rajeshwer, and Saroj Kumar Padhi. "Preparation and Testing of PAN Carbon/Epoxy Resin Composites." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01711010014.
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Background: Due to light weight, high performance and excellent mechanical properties, carbon fibers are considered a key material in the 21st century. These are extensively used in many industries for structural usages, such as aerospace, aeronautical, sporting goods applications, and automotive and medical devices, due to their desirable strength to weight properties. Now, these are globally accepted as a high performance and high-strength material. Most of the carbon fibers are derived from polyacrylonitrile fiber precursor. These materials have the potential for fire hazards caused due to heat, smoke, and electric short circuit. Objective: To prepare polyacrylonitrile carbon and epoxy resin laminates in multilayers by hand-lay-up method and testing by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards. Method: Polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites are prepared using the hand-lay-up method. For the non-destructive testing, the ultrasonic type is used. For the destructive testing, a universal testing machine is used to test the tensile test, the flexural test and the inter-laminar shear stress test, as per the ASTM standard. Subsequently, the physical properties, such as the density test and the fiber content, the resin content and the void content tests of the laminate are carried out. Results: The experimental results show that the matrix laminates have good mechanical and physical properties. Conclusion: Preparation and testing of polyacrylonitrile carbon/epoxy resin composites are carried out and the prepared laminates exhibit good mechanical and physical properties. Hence, the laminates can be used in many industrial and commercial applications, as a composite material.
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Mota, A. F., and M. A. R. Loja. "Mechanical Behavior of Porous Functionally Graded Nanocomposite Materials." C 5, no. 2 (June 22, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c5020034.
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Materials used in biomedical applications need to cope with a wide set of requisites, one of them being their structural adequacy to a specific application. Thus, it is important to understand their behavior under specified standard cases, namely concerning their structural performance. This objective constituted the focus of the present study, where nanocomposite functionally graded materials integrating different porosity distributions were analyzed. To this purpose a set of numerical simulations based on the finite element method, reproducing American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) tensile and bending tests were considered. The results obtained show a good performance of the models implemented through their preliminary verification. It is also possible to conclude that carbon nanotubes and porosity distributions provide different and opposite effects in the context of the nanocomposite materials analyzed.
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Jayamani, Elammaran, and Muhammad Khusairy bin Bakri. "Preliminary Study on the Acoustical, Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites." Materials Science Forum 890 (March 2017): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.890.12.
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In this research, the alkaline treated and untreated sugarcane bagasse was used as reinforcement with unsaturated polyester to make composites. The composites were made with 0 to 20 weight percentage of fibers using compression molding. Acoustical, dielectrical and mechanical properties of the composites were studied according to the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards. The result shows that the composites with higher sugarcane bagasse loading show higher acoustical and dielectrical properties. The composites tensile strength increased up to 10wt% of fiber loading and then starts decreasing eventually. Tensile strength and sound absorption coefficients of alkali treated fiber composites shown slightly better results than untreated fiber composites. The dielectric constant of treated fiber composites were lower compared with untreated fiber composites.
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Kantor, Jozsef, Elizabeth A. Collister, Judit E. Puskas, Michael P. Mallamaci, and Val C. Comes. "MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF NOVEL POLYISOBUTYLENE-BASED ELASTOMERIC POLYURETHANES BEFORE AND AFTER HYDROLYSIS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.81509.
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ABSTRACT The mechanical performance of thermoplastic elastomeric polyurethanes (PUs) before and after hydrolysis is investigated. These new PUs were prepared with a new asymmetric polyisobutylene-diol (PIB-diol), without the use of solvents, and with short reaction times. The PUs were made with dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol in the hard segments and poly(hexamethylene carbonate) (PC)-diol and polyisobutylene (PIB)-diol in the soft segments. The functionality of PIB-diol was verified by mass spectrometry. Optimum solventless synthesis conditions and performance were found with a mixture of 50/50 PIB-diol/PC-diol (28.9 wt% PIB in the PU). This PU had 26.03 ± 1.19 MPa tensile strength with 286.92 ± 12.17% elongation before and 16.22 ± 0.65 with 301.17 ± 15.08% elongation after American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) hydrolytic stability testing. Importantly, after the hydrolytic stability testing, the stress–strain plot of this PIB–PU was similar to that of the control PC–PU. The PU with 70/30 PIB-diol/PC-diol (41.2 wt% PIB in the PU) performed slightly better but needed solvent during synthesis because of the high viscosity of the mixtures.
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Das, Sai Charan, Rajesh Ranganathan, and Murugan N. "Effect of build orientation on the strength and cost of PolyJet 3D printed parts." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 5 (July 9, 2018): 832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2016-0137.
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Purpose The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of build orientation on the tensile properties of PolyJet 3D printed parts. Effects on manufacturing time and total cost per part are the secondary objectives. Design/methodology/approach Solid tensile specimens were prepared as per the American Society for Testing and Materials D638 standards and were manufactured in six different orientations by using the Objet260 Connex 3D printer. VeroWhitePlus RGD835 was used as the build material, with FullCure 705 as the support material. The specimens were tested for their tensile strength and elongation. The side surface and the fracture surface were analyzed using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope-SIGMA HV-Carl Zeiss with Bruker Quantax 200-Z10 EDS detector. Scanning electron microscope images of each surface were obtained at various magnifications. Findings From the study, it can be concluded that build orientation has an influence on the tensile strength and the manufacturing cost of the parts. The microstructural analysis revealed that the orientation of surface cracks/voids may be the reason for the strength. Originality/value From literature survey, it is inferred that this study is sure to be among the first few under this topic. These results will help engineers to decide upon the right build orientations with respect to print head so that parts with better mechanical properties can be manufactured.
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Misa, Rafał, and Andrzej Nowakowski. "Comparison of the Compressive and Tensile Strength Values of Rocks Obtained on the Basis of Various Standards and Recommendations." Symmetry 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13071163.
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The objective of the current study was to compare results relating to the compressive and tensile strength of rocks obtained during research undertaken according to Polish Standards (as part of the European standards known as Eurocodes), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards, and the recommendations of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM). A total of 130 experiments for uniaxial compression on axisymmetric samples, point loads, and transverse compression (so-called Brazilian tests) were performed on rock samples comprising granite, limestone, and sandstone. Geometric properties of the samples were selected depending on the applied research method, and the relationship between the specimen’s slenderness and shape, and the obtained values of compressive and tensile strength, were analyzed. The results of the study showed that values of compressive and tensile strength obtained in a laboratory depend significantly on specimen slenderness, different values of which are imposed by various ISRM standards and recommendations, wherein this sensitivity was much higher in the case of compressive strength. The study also raised doubt about the usefulness of the so-called point load test as a method for determination of the compressive strength of rocks and potential estimation of the tensile strength.
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Enemuoh, Emmanuel Ugo, Venkata Gireesh Menta, Abdulaziz Abutunis, Sean O’Brien, Labiba Imtiaz Kaya, and John Rapinac. "Energy and Eco-Impact Evaluation of Fused Deposition Modeling and Injection Molding of Polylactic Acid." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041875.
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There is limited knowledge about energy and carbon emission performance comparison between additive fused deposition modeling (FDM) and consolidation plastic injection molding (PIM) forming techniques, despite their recent high industrial applications such as tools and fixtures. In this study, developed empirical models focus on the production phase of the polylactic acid (PLA) thermoplastic polyester life cycle while using FDM and PIM processes to produce American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638 Type IV dog bone samples to compare their energy consumption and eco-impact. It was established that energy consumption by the FDM layer creation phase dominated the filament extrusion and PLA pellet production phases, with, overwhelmingly, 99% of the total energy consumption in the three production phases combined. During FDM PLA production, about 95.5% of energy consumption was seen during actual FDM part building. This means that the FDM process parameters such as infill percentage, layer thickness, and printing speed can be optimized to significantly improve the energy consumption of the FDM process. Furthermore, plastic injection molding consumed about 38.2% less energy and produced less carbon emissions per one kilogram of PLA formed parts compared to the FDM process. The developed functional unit measurement models can be employed in setting sustainable manufacturing goals for PLA production.
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A. Chlob, Hisham, and Raad M. Fenjan. "STUDYING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HYBRID COMPOSITES USING NATURAL ADDITIVES WITH EPOXY." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 26, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.1.2.
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The fundamental goal of the present study is to study the effects of the natural additives with vegetable and animal sources in form (i.e. the short fibers and particle) on mechanical characteristics epoxy. (The wood dust WD, cow bones CB, date palm fiber DP, and sheep wool SW) have been chosen as natural additives with a variety of the weight ratio reinforcements for epoxy matrix, which is based upon the hybrid composites that have been produced by hand lay-up approach. Tensile, compression and flexural tests have been performed based on the American society for the testing and materials (ASTM) for the characterization of hybrid composites it has been discovered that mechanical characteristics may be increased or decreased according to the material additive type, its origins, and the utilized percentage of weight.
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Bogdanova, L. M., V. A. Lesnichaya, N. N. Volkova, V. A. Shershnev, V. I. Irzhak, Yu S. Bukichev, and G. I. Dzhardimalieva. "Epoxy/TiO2 composite materials and their mechanical properties." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Chemistry" series 99, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ch3/80-87.
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The physicomechanical properties and thermal stability of epoxy nanocomposites with TiO2 (anatase – 75%, rutile – 25%) nanoparticles were studied. The TiO2/epoxy polymer (TiO2/EP) nanocomposite films were obtained by curing a pre-sonicated mixture of diane-epoxy resin ED-20, 4,4 '- diaminodiphenylmethane and TiO2 nanoparticles using stepwise technique: 90 °С for 3 hours, then 160 °С for 3 hours. Tensile tests were carried out according to American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM D882-10. The average size of TiO2 nanoparticles and microstructure of the obtained nanocomposites were studied by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that addition of the TiO2 nanoparticles at a concentration above 3 wt.% leads to a decrease in tensile strength at break, apparently due to secondary aggregation processes of nanoparticles. During curing, the average diameter of TiO2 nanoparticles increases from 40 nm to 60 nm. An increase in the elastic modulus, a slight increase in the glass transition temperature, and a decrease in the elongation at break of epoxy nanocomposites at a concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles > 1 wt.% indicate an increase in the rigidity of the epoxy matrix. The nanocomposites obtained were shown to be stable at concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles up to 5 wt.% and up to 300 °С in vacuum.
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Palanisamy, Sivasubramanian, Kalimuthu Mayandi, Murugesan Palaniappan, Azeez Alavudeen, Nagarajan Rajini, Felipe Vannucchi de Camargo, and Carlo Santulli. "Mechanical Properties of Phormium Tenax Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites." Fibers 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9020011.
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The introduction of natural fibers as a filler in a natural rubber (NR) matrix can be of relevance for their eco-friendly and sustainable nature as the substitute for carbon-based fillers. In this work, short Phormium tenax fibers were introduced in random orientation into a NR matrix in different lengths (6, 10, and 14 mm) and various amounts (10, 20, and 30%, taking 100 as the NR weight). The composite was fabricated using a two-roll mill according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3184-11 standard. Several properties were determined, namely tensile and tear characteristics, hardness, and abrasion resistance. The results suggest that the shortest fiber length used, 6 mm, offered the best combination between loss of mechanical (tensile and tear) properties and hardness and the most acceptable resistance to abrasion, with the properties increasing with the amount of fibers present in NR. As a consequence, it is indicated that a higher amount of fibers could be possibly introduced, especially to achieve harder composites, though this would require a more controlled mixing process not excessively reducing tensile elongation at break.
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de Albuquerque Santos, Vinícius. "CARACTERIZAÇÃO E ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE OS PROCESSOS GMAW E SMAW NA SOLDAGEM DE AÇO ESTRUTURAL ASTM A606, APLICADOS NA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL E MINERAÇÃO." Revista Científica Semana Acadêmica 9, no. 209 (September 17, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35265/2236-6717-206-9144.
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The article makes a general study of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Solid Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) welding, welded on structural steel under the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A606. The welding process and its applicability in the construction and mining industry are presented. This work has as a starting point, the concepts of welding processes, thermal aspects involved, metallurgy, Thermally Affected Zone (ZTA), recurrent discontinuities and the result of mechanical tests. The material was welded to specimens in both processes. The mechanical test was evaluated, the anchoring in the bending of the material in the weld bead and characteristics of the weld quality. It was found that the material welded with SMAW showed greater tensile strength. It is also concluded, the greater hardness in the ZTA of the material welded with GMAW.
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Alam, M. R., A. S. J. Swamidas, J. Gale, and K. Munaswamy. "Mechanical and physical properties of slate from Britannia Cove, Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 7 (July 2008): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-042.
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The experimental investigation described in this study was carried out to determine the physical and mechanical properties (elastic moduli, Poisson’s ratio, compressive and tensile strengths, hardness and plane strain fracture toughness) of slate quarried from Britannia Cove, Bonavista, Newfoundland, Canada. Microscopic observations were carried out to determine layers’ orientation and thickness and the grain boundaries. All tests were carried out according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) procedures. The results obtained from this investigation were compared with those obtained from other published results for slate, mined from different parts of the world. It is seen that the present test results are compatible with other published results except for fracture toughness and direct tension tests. In fracture toughness tests, the calculated values using accepted empirical equations were much higher than the numerically computed values using finite element analysis (FEA). For the case of direct and indirect tension tests, the differences between our experimental values and previously published results were quite large.
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Pereira, Alexandre L., Mariana D. Banea, Jorge S. S. Neto, and Daniel K. K. Cavalcanti. "Mechanical and Thermal Characterization of Natural Intralaminar Hybrid Composites Based on Sisal." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040866.
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The main objective of this work was to investigate the effect of hybridization on the mechanical and thermal properties of intralaminar natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composites based on sisal. Ramie, sisal and curauá fibers were selected as natural fiber reinforcements for the epoxy matrix based composites, which were produced by the hand lay-up technique. Tensile, flexural and impact tests were carried out according to American society for testing and materials (ASTM) standards to characterize the hybrid composites, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to evaluate the thermal properties. It was found that the mechanical properties are improved by hybridization of sisal based composites. The thermal analysis showed that the hybridization did not significantly affect the thermal stability of the composites. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the fracture surface of the tested specimens. The SEM images showed a brittle fracture of the matrix and fiber breakage near the matrix.
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Van Puymbroeck, Evy, Wim Nagy, Ken Schotte, Zain Ul-Abdin, and Hans De Backer. "Determination of Residual Welding Stresses in a Steel Bridge Component by Finite Element Modeling of the Incremental Hole-Drilling Method." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030536.
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For welded bridge components, the knowledge of residual stresses induced by welding is essential to determine their effect on the fatigue life behavior resulting in optimal fatigue design and a better knowledge about the fatigue strength of these welded connections. The residual stresses of a welded component in an orthotropic steel bridge deck are determined with the incremental hole-drilling method. This method is specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM E837-13a and it can be used only when the material behavior is linear-elastic. However in the region of the bored hole, there are relaxed plastic strains present that can lead to significant error of the measured stresses. The hole-drilling procedure is simulated with three-dimensional finite element modeling including a simplistic model of plasticity. The effect of plasticity on uniform in-depth residual stresses is determined and it is concluded that residual stresses obtained under the assumption of linear-elastic material behavior are an overestimation. Including plasticity for non-uniform in-depth residual stress fields results in larger tensile and smaller compressive residual stresses. Larger tensile residual stresses cause premature fatigue failure. Therefore, it is important to take these larger tensile residual stresses into account for the fatigue design of a welded component.
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Raman, Velpuri Venkat, P. Sathish Kumar, Prashant Sunagar, K. Bommanna, R. Vezhavendhan, Sumanta Bhattacharya, S. Venkatesa Prabhu, and Bashyam Sasikumar. "Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Coconut Fiber with Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composite." Advances in Polymer Technology 2022 (April 12, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9133411.
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The present study focused to improve material characteristics and quality in terms of the NaOH concentration for treating the coconut and bamboo fiber to enhance the mechanical properties of natural fiber polymer-based hybrid composites. The NaOH-treated fibers were washed thoroughly using distilled water and allowed to dry for 24 hours. Composition of each specimen, bamboo (B) and coconut (C) fiber with epoxy composite, was prepared by hand layup process as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. The proportionality of the material was carefully fulfilled according to the previous literature reports. The weight fraction of the composite material content was set to be 30% and 70% of epoxy (E) resin and isolated fibers. Three distinct criteria were used to calculate mechanical parameters such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and material hardness. It was found that the combination of 70% E with 30% BC of hybridized composite had a maximum tensile strength of 62.42 MPa, whereas the flexural strength and hardness of the other combinations, such as 70% E with 30% C and 70% E with 30% B, were observed to be 58 MPa and 185 HRC (Hardness Rockwell C), respectively.
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Poornesh, M., Shreeranga Bhat, E. V. Gijo, and Pavana Kumara Bellairu. "Enhancing the tensile strength of SiC reinforced aluminium-based functionally graded structure through the mixture design approach." International Journal of Structural Integrity 13, no. 1 (November 3, 2021): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-07-2021-0067.
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PurposeThis article aims to study the tensile properties of a functionally graded composite structure with Al–18wt%Si alloy as the matrix material and silicon carbide (SiC) particles as the reinforcing element. More specifically, the study's primary objective is to optimize the composition of the material elements using a robust statistical approach.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, the composite material is fabricated using a combination of stir casting and the centrifugal casting technique. Moreover, the test specimen required to study the tensile strength are prepared according to the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards. Eventually, optimal composition to maximize the tensile property of the material is determined using the mixture design approach.FindingsThe investigation results imply that the addition of the SiC plays a crucial role in increasing the tensile strength of the composite. The optical microstructural images of the composite show the adequate distribution of the reinforcing particles with the matrix. The proposed regression model shows better predictability of tensile strength. In addition, the methodology aids in optimizing the mixture component values to maximize the tensile strength of the produced functionally graded composite structure.Originality/valueLittle work has been reported so far where a hypereutectic Al–Si alloy is considered the matrix material to produce the composite structure. The article attempts to make a composite structure by using a combination of stir casting and centrifugal casting. Furthermore, it employs the mixture design to optimize the composition and predict the model of the study, which is one of a kind in the field of material science.
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Sekhar, K. Ch, Raviteja Surakasi, Dr Pallab Roy, P. Jacquline Rosy, T. K. Sreeja, S. Raja, and Velivela Lakshmikanth Chowdary. "Mechanical Behavior of Aluminum and Graphene Nanopowder-Based Composites." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (May 19, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2224482.
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Producing items that are of both high quality and long lasting is a difficult task for companies right now. There is a huge need for a wide range of engineering materials in today’s technologically advanced globe. The strength and qualities of the material determine the amount of material that may be used. Due to its excellent mechanical qualities and low density, aluminum-7075 alloy is mostly employed in transportation applications such as aerospace, marine, and vehicle production. This study addresses the fabrication and characterization of Al7075 semisolid metal matrix composite (MMC) reinforced with graphene nanoparticles. Samples are made with and without stirring graphene in aluminum-7075 at various temperatures of 800°, 830°, 860°, 890°, and 920°C. At these temperatures, the material is semisolid, so graphene is introduced and stirred into the molten liquid. The specimens meet the requirements of the American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM). The hardness, tensile strength, impact strength, and compression strength of various materials are evaluated and compared. Temperature lowers tensile strength, hardness, and compression. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to examine the microstructure. The specimen is evaluated using ANSYS. Specimens with stirring have better mechanical characteristics. Graphene has high hardness and strength.
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Jaiganesh, V., P. K. Nagarajan, P. Sevvel, J. Dhileep Kumar, and S. Manivannan. "Impact of Tool Pin Geometry and Optimized Process Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AZ80A Mg Alloy." Materials Science Forum 866 (August 2016): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.866.151.
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In this paper, the influence of optimized FSW process parameters namely tool rotational speed, feed rate, mechanical axial force and impact of tool pin geometry on the mechanical properties of AZ80A Mg alloy are experimentally investigated in a detailed manner. M35 grade High Speed Steel (HSS) tool with three different pin geometries namely straight cylindrical, threaded cylindrical and taper cylindrical was employed in this investigation. The joints obtained under these conditions are subjected to tensile tests as per ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) B557M – 10 standards and tensile fracture surfaces are examined using optical and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The investigations proved that defect free sound joints with better mechanical properties are produced by taper cylindrical tool pin geometry under optimized process parameter values. It was experimentally found that the optimized FSW process parameter values namely 1.0 mm/min feed rate, 5 kN axial force, 1000 rpm of tool rotational speed along with a taper cylindrical pin profiled tool is preferable for FSW of AZ80A Mg alloy of 5mm thickness.Moreover, this experimental work revealed us that the taper cylindrical pin profiled tool fabricated sound, defect free welded joints along with better & improved mechanical properties when compared with other two pin profiles.
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Katiyar, Prabhash Chandra, Bhanu Pratap Singh, Munish Chhabra, and Dattatraya Parle. "Effect of Build Orientation on Load Capacity of 3D Printed Parts." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 6 (March 30, 2022): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f6821.0310622.
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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the most commonly used 3D printing technologies for creating complex parts from a Computer Aided Design (CAD) model. It is observed that mechanical strength of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) parts are affected by various parameters associated with part, process, material and operating conditions. One of the key parameters that influences tensile and flexural strength of 3D printed PLA parts is build orientation. Researchers have investigated the effect of a limited number of build orientations on tensile strength. Moreover, less work has been reported which studies the effect of build orientation on flexural strength. None of the studies modeled tensile load and bending load as a function of thickness and compared tensile loading capacity with flexural loading for different orientations. Therefore, an attempt is made to include a greater number of build orientations that occur during 3D printing of complex PLA parts. Build orientations considered in this study are flat, flat-support, edge, edge-45, upright and upright-45 with three thicknesses i.e., 1.2 mm, 2.0 mm and 2.8 mm. Tensile and flexural tests are performed as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Experimental results show that six orientations form two groups i.e., strong orientation group and weak orientation group. PLA appears stronger in tensile loading than bending. Edge orientation is strongest during tensile as well as bending loading whereas upright orientation is weakest in tensile loading and upright-45 orientation is weakest in bending. Force trends, it can be concluded that thickness can be minimized where build orientation belongs to the strong orientation group. Similarly, thickness can be increased where build orientation belongs to the weak orientation group.
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Govender, Anthony, Clinton Bemont, and Silethelwe Chikosha. "Sintering High Green Density Direct Powder Rolled Titanium Strips, in Argon Atmosphere." Metals 11, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060936.
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Presently, the majority of titanium powder metallurgy components produced are sintered under high vacuum due to the associated benefits of the vacuum atmosphere. However, high-vacuum sintering is a batch process, which limits daily production. A higher daily part production is achievable via a continuous sintering process, which uses argon gas to shield the part from air contamination. To date, there has been limited work published on argon gas sintering of titanium in short durations. This study investigated the properties of thin high green density titanium strips, which were sintered at the temperatures of 1100 °C, 1200 °C and 1300 °C for a duration of 30 min, 60 min and 90 min in argon. The strips were produced by rolling of −45 µm near ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) grade 3 hydride–dehydride commercially pure titanium powder. The density, hardness, tensile properties and microstructure of the sintered strips were assessed. It was found that near-full densities, between 96 and 99%, are attainable after 30–90 min of sintering. The optimum sintering temperature range was found to be 1100–1200 °C, as this produced the highest elongation of 4–5.5%. Sintering at 1300 °C resulted in lower elongation due to higher contaminant pick-up.
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Sajid, Syed Muhammad Waseem, Mukhtar S. Ahmad, Emad Ullah Khan, and Maria Sabir. "Petrographic and Physiomechanical Investigation of Late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation Kahi Section, Nizampur Basin." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 12, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss4.2021.650.
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The late Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation has been investigated in terms of field observation, and petrographic analysis, to understand the petrography and its impact on the geotechnical properties. The Kawagarh Formation is well exposed among the upper Indus Basin, and has been studied by various workers in different aspects. Kawagarh Formationexposed in Kahi section of Nizampur Basin has been selected in this study to know the behavior of carbonate rocks for engineering purposes. Lithologically, this formation is composed of thick to medium bedded, highly fractured limestone, marls, and dolomitic limestone which has undertaken diagenetic alteration including dolomite, calcite veins, and stylolites. Followed by petrographic analysis which reveals that the Kawagarh limestone is mostly fossiliferouscomprised of a large number of planktonic foraminifera fossils like Globotruncana Hilli and Globotruncana Linneana fossils. Furthermore, to know the impact of petrographic minerals on engineering behavior, mechanical properties in terms of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and uniaxial tensile strength (UTS) were also computed by using a universal testing machine (UTM). The resultant mechanical values lie in the strong compressive strength and suggest their usage for various construction purposes. Aggregate degradation tests including water absorption, specific gravity, aggregate impact value, Los angles abrasion, and soundness was also computed according to the International standard organization, ASTM (American Society for testing materials) and British standard. The aggregate values of the Cretaceous Kawagarh Formation are within the defined standard limits and can be used as an aggregate source for different construction engineering projects.
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Waseem, Muhammad, Bashir Salah, Tufail Habib, Waqas Saleem, Muhammad Abas, Razaullah Khan, Usman Ghani, and Muftooh Ur Rehman Siddiqi. "Multi-Response Optimization of Tensile Creep Behavior of PLA 3D Printed Parts Using Categorical Response Surface Methodology." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122962.
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Three-dimensional printed plastic products developed through fused deposition modeling (FDM) endure long-term loading in most of the applications. The tensile creep behavior of such products is one of the imperative benchmarks to ensure dimensional stability under cyclic and dynamic loads. This research dealt with the optimization of the tensile creep behavior of 3D printed parts produced through fused deposition modeling (FDM) using polylactic acid (PLA) material. The geometry of creep test specimens follows the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D2990) standards. Three-dimensional printing is performed on an open-source MakerBot desktop 3D printer. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed to predict the creep rate and rupture time by undertaking the layer height, infill percentage, and infill pattern type (linear, hexagonal, and diamond) as input process parameters. A total of 39 experimental runs were planned by means of a categorical central composite design. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed that the most influencing factors for creep rate were layer height, infill percentage, and infill patterns, whereas, for rupture time, infill pattern was found significant. The optimized levels obtained for both responses for hexagonal pattern were 0.1 mm layer height and 100% infill percentage. Some verification tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted RSM technique. The implemented research is believed to be a comprehensive guide for the additive manufacturing users to determine the optimum process parameters of FDM which influence the product creep rate and rupture time.
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Saini, Pardeep, and Pradeep K. Singh. "Fabrication and characterization of SiC-reinforced Al-4032 metal matrix composites." Engineering Research Express 4, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 015004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac4831.
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Abstract Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMCs) have become quite popular for light weight, low cost, and good workability. The present work reports the impact of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforcement on the physical, microstructural, and mechanical characteristics of Al-4032/SiC composites with 4, 6, 8% of SiC (particle size 54μm) fabricated through bottom pouring stir casting set-up. Density and porosity measurements of the AMC samples have been performed using the rule of mixture. The microstructure of the AMC samples has been analyzed using optical microscope (OM), x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The mechanical properties, in terms of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation, micro-hardness, and impact toughness of the AMCs have also been measured according to American society for testing and materials (ASTM) standards. A maximum 1.52% increase in theoretical density, while a maximum 2.92% decrease in experimental density has been recorded for 8% reinforcement. The UTS, microhardness, and impact toughness of the AMC samples have been found to improve significantly owing to the addition of ceramic particles. The uniform distribution of SiC particles all over base Al-4032 matrix material has been noticed by SEM and OM for AMCs up to 6% reinforcement. The reinforcement particles tend to agglomerate beyond this composition.
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Lakho, Nawab Ali, Muhammad Auchar Zardari, and Ashfaq Ahmed Pathan. "Effect of Age and Environment on Strength of Old Baked Clay Bricks of Indus Valley Civilization." July 2016 35, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1603.13.
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This paper presents results of experimental investigations conducted on old baked clay bricks of Indus Valley civilization of tenth century. The object of this study is to evaluate the effect of age and environmental conditions on the strength of the baked clay bricks which are about 1000 years old. The brick samples were collected from six different archeological sites at the banks of old route of River Indus in district Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. These specimens were tested for apparent density, compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture and the weathering effects on them during the course of time. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard for baked clay bricks, based on compressive strength, suggests that the bricks of four sites can withstand severe weathering while the bricks of two sites are resistant to moderate weathering. These results were compared to the values of the corresponding data of bricks, of same period, obtained from the historical monuments of the world as reported in the literature. The comparison showed that the values of physical properties of old baked clay bricks of Indus valley civilization of tenth century are in agreement with that of old baked clay bricks of contemporary era. The results of this study could also be helpful for preservation of old archeological sites of Indus valley civilization.
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Cavalcanti, Daniel K. K., Jorge S. S. Neto, Henrique F. M. de Queiroz, Yiyun Wu, Victor F. S. Neto, and Mariana D. Banea. "Development and Mechanical Characterization of Short Curauá Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites Made via Fused Deposition Modeling." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 5047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225047.
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The increase in the use of additive manufacturing (AM) has led to the need for filaments with specific and functional properties in face of requirements of structural parts production. The use of eco-friendly reinforcements (i.e., natural fibers) as an alternative to those more traditional synthetic counterparts is still scarce and requires further investigation. The main objective of this work was to develop short curauá fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites made via fused deposition modeling. Three different fiber lengths (3, 6, and 8 mm), and three concentrations in terms of weight percentage (2, 3.5, and 5 wt.%) were used to fabricate reinforced PLA filaments. Tensile and flexural tests in accordance with their respective American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards were performed. A thermal analysis was also carried out in order to investigate the thermal stability of the new materials. It was found that the main driving factor for the variation in mechanical properties was the fiber weight fraction. The increase in fiber length did not provide any significant benefit on the mechanical properties of the curauá fiber-reinforced PLA composite printed parts. The composites produced with PLA filaments reinforced by 3 mm 2% curauá fiber presented the overall best mechanical and thermal properties of all studied groups. The curauá fiber-reinforced PLA composites made via fused deposition modeling may be a promising innovation to improve the performance of these materials, which might enable them to serve for new applications.
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Puttaswamy, Savina J. P., and Bommanahalli Venkatagiriyappa Raghavendra. "INVESTIGATION ON INFLUENCE OF ANIONIC SURFACTANT FOR HOMOGENISATION OF MWCNT IN ALUMINIUM 6065 MATRIX." IIUM Engineering Journal 21, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v21i2.1317.
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In the proposed work, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as a surfactant for carbon nanotubes, to fabricate multi walled carbon nanotube-aluminium metal matrix composites (MMCs). This paper presents the comparison study of SDS coated and non-coated multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) mixed with Al6065 by stir casting technique. The presence of low molecular weight surfactant treated with MWCNT was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. About 1 wt. % of MWCNT is used as a filler metal in Aluminium and the dispersion characteristics of SDS coated and non-coated Carbon Nanotubes in the composite is examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The comparison study of SEM analysis showed thatthe MWCNT coated with SDS has good dispersion stability and considerable reduction in agglomeration to obtain agglomeration free composites. The mechanical properties and wear characteristics of the MWCNT-Aluminium matrix were studied as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The results of SDS coated MWCNT exhibits exceptional properties with increase in the tensile strength, compressive strength, hardness, and wear characteristics of the reinforced metal matrix. ABSTRAK:Natriumdodesilsulfat (SDS) digunakan sebagai surfaktan pada karbon nanotiub, bagi menghasilkan multi dinding karbon nanotiub-komposit matriks logam aluminium (MMCs). Perbandingan dibuat dalam kajian ini dengan membandingkan salutan SDS dengan bukan-salutan multi dinding karbon nanotiub (MWCNT) yang bercampur A16065 melalui teknik kacauan acuan. Kahadiran berat surfaktan molekul ringan terawat dengan MWCNT dikaji mengguna pakai analisis spektroskopi Penjelmaan Fourier Inframerah (FTIR). Kira-kira 1 wt.% MWCNT digunakan sebagai pengisi besi dalam Aluminum dan ciri-ciri penyebaran salutan SDS dan bukan-salutan karbon nanotiub dalam komposit diteliti menggunakan pengimbas mikroskop elektron (SEM). Perbandingan analisis SEM menunjukkan, salutan MWCNT dengan SDS mempunyai kestabilan penyebaran dan berkurang dengan banyak dalam pengaglomeratan bagi mendapatkan komposit bebas pengaglomeratan. Ciri-ciri mekanikal dan haus matrik Aluminium-MWCNT dikaji berdasarkan piawai Persatuan Pengujian Bahan Amerika (ASTM). Keputusan MWCNT salutan SDS mempunyai ciri-ciri luar biasa dengan kenaikan kekuatan tegangan, kekuatan mampatan, kekerasan, dan ciri-ciri haus pada kekuatan matrik logamn.
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Wong, H., K. Dawson, G. A. Ravi, L. Howlett, R. O. Jones, and C. J. Sutcliffe. "Multi-Laser Powder Bed Fusion Benchmarking—Initial Trials with Inconel 625." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 105, no. 7-8 (November 9, 2019): 2891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04417-3.
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Abstract Production rate is an increasingly important factor in the deployment of metal additive manufacturing (AM) throughout industry. To address the perceived low production rate of metal AM systems based on single-laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), several companies now offer systems in which melting has been parallelised by the introduction of multiple, independently controlled laser beams. Nevertheless, a full set of studies is yet to be conducted to benchmark the efficiency of multi-laser systems and, at the same time, to verify if the mechanical properties of components are compromised due to the increase in build rate. This study addresses the described technology gaps and presents a 4-beam L-PBF system operating in “single multi” (SM) mode (SM-L-PBF) where each of the four lasers is controlled so that it melts all of a particular components’ layers and produces specimens for comparison with standard L-PBF specimens from the same machine. That is all four lasers making all of some of the parts were compared to a single-laser manufacturing all of the parts. Build parameters were kept constant throughout the manufacturing process and the material used was Inconel 625 (IN625). Stress-relieving heat treatment was conducted on As-built (AB) specimens. Both AB and heat-treated (HT) specimen sets were tested for density, microstructure, tensile strength and hardness. Results indicate that the stress-relieving heat treatment increases specimen ductility without compromising other mechanical properties. SM-L-PBF has achieved a build rate of 14 cm3/h when four 200 W lasers were used to process IN625 at a layer thickness of 30 μm. An increase in the build rate of 2.74 times (build time reduction: 63%) has been demonstrated when compared to that of L-PBF, with little to no compromises in specimen mechanical properties. The observed tensile properties exceed the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) requirements for IN625 (by a margin of 22 to 26% in the 0.2% offset yield strength). Average specimen hardness and grain size are in the same order as that reported in literatures. The study has demonstrated that a multi-laser AM system opens up opportunities to tackle the impasse of low build rate in L-PBF in an industrial setting and that at least when operating in single mode there is no detectable degradation in the mechanical and crystallographic characteristics of the components produced.
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Coskun, Ihsan, and Ozan Karaman. "Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Silicate Doped Synthetic Flexible Biomaterial." Journal of Intelligent Systems with Applications, December 27, 2022, 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54856/jiswa.202212207.
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Biomaterials play an active role in tissue regeneration and are widely used in the treatment of tissue transplantation applications for the repair of damaged hard tissue, bone cancer, bone loss due to skeletal trauma and infection, bone fractures and congenital deformities of the facial and skull bones. Since autografts and allografts have many disadvantages, there is a need for synthetic bone grafts and biomaterials. Many bioceramic materials such as beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) and calcium sulfate are widely used in bone formation. Since beta-TCP-based bone grafts are used in the form of granules, silicate reinforced flexible strips are used in orthopedic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery. The aim of this study is to examine the mechanical properties of silicate-doped flexible biomaterials, taking into account their biocompatibility and their positive effects on tissue regeneration. In order to achieve the stated purpose, the methods planned to be followed, tensile tests will be applied for the mechanical properties of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image for its morphology. In this study, it was found that silicate-doped flexible biomaterials have a homogeneous and porous structure. In addition, the obtained mechanical test results and the functionality of the silicate-doped flexible biomaterial during bone regeneration according to the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 5833 and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D638 standard have been demonstrated.
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Hussain, Abrar, and Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas. "Role of Experimental Damage Mechanics for the Circular Economy Implementation in Cotton Industries." Journal of Modern Nanotechnology 1, no. 1 (December 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.53964/jmn.2021004.
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Objective: The objective of the current research was to study the effects of tensile properties of post-consumer cotton fabric on mechanical recycling and shredding. The effect of tensile properties like tensile force, effective tensile force, breaking force, elongation, yield strength on cutting and shredding of cotton textile was measured and demonstrated with literature investigations. In this work, we tried to develop the relationship between tensile testing, subjective assessment, and circular economy. Methods: In this manuscript, the quality of post-consumer textile cotton was evaluated using American society for testing of materials (ASTM) D5034-95-08 grab test and the ASTM D5034-95-06 strip test. The fabric surfaces before and after mechanical testing were explored using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, the subjective assessment was also performed to observe various physical properties at room temperature. Results: The initial scanning electron microscope analysis has proved the damage and distortion in weft and warp directions. The tensile, effective tensile, and breaking force were 86 N, 143 N, and 75 N in the weft direction, and those were 180 N, 227 N, and 170 N in the warp direction. The deformation in terms of the extension was in the range of 10% to 27% in weft and 3% to 8% in warp direction. The scanning electron micrographs after testing confirmed the creation of microfibrils. These microfibrils connect with the fibre core through lignin. Conclusion: Higher tensile, breaking force, and effective tensile force increase the purity and quality of the recycled product. The higher values play a vital role throughout operational steps of recycling for enhancement of performance and tactical properties. However, lower mechanical properties produced operation problems such as tangling, buckling, and mixing, which downgraded the quality and performance of polymer products. Technically, these investigations can add value to the concept of the circular economy.
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Nugroho, Wendy Triadji, Yu Dong, and Alokesh Pramanik. "Dimensional accuracy and surface finish of 3D printed polyurethane (PU) dog-bone samples optimally manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM)." Rapid Prototyping Journal, May 17, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2021-0328.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the dimensional accuracy consisting of thickness, grip section width, full length, circularity, cylindricity and surface finish of printed polyurethane dog-bone samples based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638 type V standard, which were optimally printed by fused deposition modelling (FDM). Design/methodology/approach The experimental approach focuses on determining main effects of printing parameters, including nozzle temperature, infill percentage, print speed and layer height on dimensional error and surface finish of the printed samples, followed by the confirmation tests to warrant the reproducibility of experimental results. Findings This study shows that layer height has the most significant impact on dimensional accuracy and surface finish of printed samples compared to other printing parameters, whereas infill density has no significant effect on all sample dimensions. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive study relating to various dimensional accuracies in terms of full length, grip section width, thickness, circularity, cylindricity and surface finish of dog-bone samples printed by FDM to improve the printability and processibility via additive manufacturing.
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Ariesanti, Yessy, Putri Graesya Melani Octavianus, Annisa Tri Handayani, and Basril Abbas. "Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol–Collagen–Hydroxyapatite Composite Membrane from Lates calcarifer Scales for Guided Tissue and Bone Regeneration." European Journal of Dentistry, January 16, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759488.
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Abstract Objective To determine the chemical structure, tensile strength, porosity, and degradability of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–collagen–hydroxyapatite (HA) composite membranes for guided tissue and bone regeneration. Materials and Methods The PVA–collagen–HA composite membrane was divided into three groups: the group without irradiation, the group with 15 kGy irradiation, and 25 kGy irradiation. Each group was tested for chemical structure with Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) at a wavelength of 400 to 4,000 cm−1. Tensile strength test was tested in dry and wet conditions with the standard method of American Standard Testing Mechanical (ASTM) D638, and porosity using scanning electron microscope and analyzed using ImageJ software. Degradability test immersed in a solution of phosphate-buffered saline. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results FT-IR test before and after storage for 30 days on three media showed a stable chemical structure with the same functional groups. ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the dry condition (p = 0.006), Tukey's test showed a significant difference in the 15 kGy and 25 kGy irradiated groups (p = 0.005), but the groups without irradiation had no significant difference with the 15 kGy (p = 0.285) and 25 kGy (p = 0.079) irradiation groups. In wet conditions, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in each group (p = 373). The size of the porosity in the group without irradiation, 15 kGy irradiation, and 25 kGy irradiation showed a size of 4.65, 6.51, and 8.08 m, respectively. The degradability test showed a decrease in weight in each group, with the total weight of the membrane being completely degraded from the most degraded to the least: the groups without irradiation, 15 kGy irradiation, and 25 kGy irradiation. The ANOVA test on the degradability test shows significant (p < 0.05) in the PVA–collagen–HA composite membrane group over time intervals (p = 0.000). Tukey's post hoc test showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) after 1 week between the groups without irradiation with 15 kGy (p = 0.023). Conclusion PVA–collagen–HA composite membrane has a stable chemical structure, optimal tensile strength, porosity, and ideal degradability as guided bone regeneration and guided tissue regeneration.
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Swikker, K. Robinston Jeyasingh, H. Kanagasabapathy, and I. Neethi Manickam. "Effect of MWCNT on mechanical characterization of glass/carbon hybrid composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, February 25, 2022, 095440892210834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544089221083464.
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In this present study, the mechanical properties of Glass/Carbon hybrid composite reinforced with epoxy resin with and without multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were investigated. The composite under Experimental analysis were fabricated by using both Hand layup and Vacuum bag moulding processes. The main purpose of including MWCNT as a reinforcement material with epoxy is to reduce the existence of voids or cavities and to enhance the mechanical properties of Glass/Carbon hybrid composites. Because of their extraordinary mechanical properties and high aspect ratio, MWCNTs are considered to be ideal candidates for polymer reinforcement. The percentages of MWCNT selected for the study are 2%, 3% and 4% with the hybrid composites. The effect of MWCNT on mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, hardness and percentage of water absorption of the hybrid composites were determined as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The result from the study shows that the mechanical properties of hybrid composites were improved with the addition of small amount of MWCNT than without MWCNT. The fractured specimen from Tensile test is examined by using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX)to study the alignment of the fibres, fibre-matrix adhesion, voids and filler agglomeration. This investigation provides proper guidelines to designers on enhancing mechanical properties of Glass/Carbon composite structures through MWCNT reinforcement for Aircraft structural components.