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Journal articles on the topic 'Tensile Reinforcement'
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1
Hollý, Ivan, and Juraj Bilčík. "Effect of Chloride-Induced Steel Corrosion on Working Life of Concrete Structures." Solid State Phenomena 272 (February 2018): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.272.226.
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The reinforcing steel embedded in concrete is generally protected against corrosion by the high alkalinity (pH = 12.5 to 13.5) of the concrete pore solution. The structural degradation of concrete structures due to reinforcement’s corrosion has an impact on the safety, serviceability and durability of the structure. The corrosion of reinforcements in the construction of a transport infrastructure (especially bridges), parking areas, etc., is primarily initiated by chlorides from de-icing salts. When corrosion is initiated, active corrosion results in a volumetric expansion of the corrosion products around the reinforcing bars against the surrounding concrete. Reinforcement corrosion causes a volume increase due to the oxidation of metallic iron, which is mainly responsible for exerting the expansive radial pressure at the steel–concrete interface and development of hoop tensile stresses in the surrounding concrete. When this tensile stress exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete, cracks are generated. Higher corrosion rates can lead to the cracking and spalling of the concrete cover. Continued corrosion of reinforcement causes a reduction of total loss of bond between concrete and reinforcement.
2
Zeng, Ding, Hong Yu Lu, Bao Hong Hao, Hao Zheng Yu, and Yu Mi. "Experimental Study and Mechanism on the Corrosion of Stressed Reinforcement Bars." Key Engineering Materials 837 (April 2020): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.837.109.
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In order to understand the influence of the tensile stress on the corrosion of reinforcement bars in civil engineering, the reinforcement bars specimens were put into the liquid corrosion tank made of hydrochloric acid and distilled water by applying the tension stress on the reinforcing frame to carry out rapid corrosion. The corrosion of reinforcement bars under different tension stresses was tested by using electrochemical polarization method. The metallographic examination of reinforcement bars was carried out through the section of reinforcement bars. The corrosion mechanism of the stressed reinforcement bar was tested and analyzed. It can be known from the experimental study: First in the same corrosion condition, the larger the tensile stress is, the faster the corrosion of steel bar will be; Second corrosion current density or corrosion rate are index for evaluating corrosion rate of reinforcement bars with different tensile stresses. Corrosion potential can not be used as an index for evaluating corrosion rate of reinforcement bars with different tensile stresses; Third intercrystalline corrosion occurs inside the reinforcement bar due to micro-defects after rolling and moulding, which directly affects the mechanical properties of reinforcement bar.
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Seo, Soo Yeon, Seung Joe Yoon, and Sang Koo Kim. "Tensile Capacity of Mechanical Bar Connection Corresponding to Detail of Screw on Bar Surface for Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 236-237 (November 2012): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.236-237.693.
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This study is intended to investigate the performance depending on the screw type at the end part of reinforcement in the mechanical connection of high strength reinforcement with screws. Three types of mechanical connection were designed and tensile test was performed for those. The results presented that, although the end part of reinforcement was processed with screws, the reinforcement’s yield and tensile strength sufficiently appeared. But, its plastic deformation capacity after yielding fell 17~26% more than reinforcement.
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Salys, Donatas, Gintaris Kaklauskas, and Viktor Gribniak. "MODELLING DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF RC BEAMS ATTRIBUTING TENSION-STIFFENING TO TENSILE REINFORCEMENT." Engineering Structures and Technologies 1, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/skt.2009.17.
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After cracking, the stiffness of the member along its length varies, which makes the calculation of deformations complicated. In a cracked member, stiffness is largest in the section within the uncracked region while remains smallest in the cracked section. This is because in the cracked section, tensile concrete does not contribute to the load carrying mechanism. However, at intermediate sections between adjacent cracks, concrete around reinforcement retains some tensile force due to the bond-action that effectively stiffens member response and reduces deflections. This effect is known as tension-stiffening. This paper discusses the tension-stiffening effect in reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Numerical modelling uses the approach based on tension-stiffening attributed to tensile reinforcement. A material model of reinforced steel has been developed by inverse analysis using the moment-curvature diagrams of RC beams. Total stresses in tensile reinforcement consist of actual stresses corresponding to the average strain of the steel and additional stresses due to tension-stiffening. The carried out analysis employed experimental data on RC beams tested by the authors. The beams had a constant cross section but a different amount of tensile reinforcement. It has been shown that additional (tension-stiffening) stresses in the steel depend on the area of reinforcement. However, the resulting internal forces are less dependent on the amount of reinforcement.
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Palmeira, Ennio, José Melchior Filho, and Ewerton Fonseca. "An evaluation of reinforcement mechanical damages in geosynthetic reinforced piled embankments." Soils and Rocks 45, no. 3 (July 9, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.000522.
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The use of geosynthetic reinforcement in piled embankments over soft soils is an effective solution for the reduction of settlements and to increase the embankment stability. The most efficient position for the reinforcement layer is on the pile cap or head. However, a direct contact of the reinforcement with sharp edges may damage it, compromising its efficiency to transfer loads to the piles. This paper investigates the possibility of mechanical damages in geosynthetic reinforcements on pile caps by large scale laboratory tests. Tests with and without pieces of nonwoven geotextile protective layer between the caps and the reinforcements were executed. Wide strip tensile tests were performed on exhumed reinforcement specimens after the tests to assess tensile strength and stiffness variations. A statistical analysis of the results shows reductions in tensile strength of unprotected reinforcement layers of up to 28%. A mechanical damage index is introduced and its correlation with calculated reduction factors is investigated. The use of a piece of a thick geotextile layer to protect the reinforcement against mechanical damage can be effective. However, the geotextile product must be properly specified and installed with due care.
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Park, Kyungho, Daehyeon Kim, Jongbeom Park, and Hyunho Na. "The Determination of Pullout Parameters for Sand with a Geogrid." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010355.
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The concept of designing mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls is divided into internal and external stability review methods, and one of the design factors required in internal stability analysis is the frictional characteristics between soil and geogrids for civil engineering applications. Typical methods for evaluating the frictional characteristics between soil and geogrids include the direct shear test and pullout test. It is desirable to apply the pullout test to geogrid reinforcements for pulling out geogrids embedded in soil, to measure both the surface-frictional force and passive resistance at the same time. Pullout parameters can be significantly affected by confining the stress and tensile strength of reinforcements. In general, the pullout parameters tend to be overestimated for low confining stresses in the pullout test, and underestimated for high confining stresses. Therefore, to address these issues, this study aims to evaluate the influence of the confining stress and the tensile strength of a geogrid reinforcement in the pullout test, and to propose a reasonable method for obtaining practical pullout parameters. Based on the pullout tests, the maximum pullout force depending on the tensile strength of the geogrid reinforcement was measured for one-third of the reinforcement tensile strength, and it was ruptured when pullout force greater than the maximum pullout force was exerted. Furthermore, it was observed that, in the reinforcement pullout test, pullout force was measured in the whole area of the reinforcement at a confining stress smaller than one-half of the tensile strength of the grid. As a result, the effective confining stress method considering only the confining stress at which the reinforcement is fully pulled out to develop the pullout characteristics can be a practical method for obtaining pullout parameters without regard to the reinforcement tensile strength.
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Darwis, Mardis, Rudy Djamaluddin, Rita Irmawaty, and Astiah Amir. "Analisis Pola Kegagalan Balok Sistem Rangka dengan Perkuatan di Daerah Tumpuan." Jurnal Penelitian Enjiniring 24, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25042/jpe.052020.03.
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The previous research of using truss system reinforcement in the beam without concrete (BTR) in the tension zone causes a decrease in flexural capacity due to the failure in the area near the support. Therefore, it is necessary to add tensile reinforcement in the support zone. This study aims to analyze the ultimate capacity of the truss system concrete beam strengthened with tensile reinforcement and to analyze the effect of tensile reinforcement in support zone due to crack pattern. This study was conducted experimentally in the laboratory. The dimension of truss reinforced concrete specimens are 15 cm x 20 cm x 330 cm that added tensile reinforcement with three types of length, they are BTRP 40D, BTRP 50D, and BTRP 60D, where D (13 mm) is diameter of tensile reinforcement. The flexural test is carried out by monotonic static loading. The results showed that tensile reinforcement in BTRP 40D was not able to carry the ultimate capacity due to premature failure in the support zone. while BTRP 50D and BTRP 60D specimens can enhance the ultimate capacity without facing premature failure in the support zone. The tensile reinforcement of 60D has the highest ultimate capacity because it can carry the biggest loads and minimum crack pattern.
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Tarrés, Oliver-Ortega, Espinach, Mutjé, Delgado-Aguilar, and Méndez. "Determination of Mean Intrinsic Flexural Strength and Coupling Factor of Natural Fiber Reinforcement in Polylactic Acid Biocomposites." Polymers 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111736.
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This paper is focused on the flexural properties of bleached kraft softwood fibers, bio-based, biodegradable, and a globally available reinforcement commonly used in papermaking, of reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites. The matrix, polylactic acid, is also a bio-based and biodegradable polymer. Flexural properties of composites incorporating percentages of reinforcement ranging from 15 to 30 wt % were measured and discussed. Another objective was to evaluate the strength of the interface between the matrix and the reinforcements, using the rule of mixtures to determine the coupling factor. Nonetheless, this rule of mixtures presents two unknowns, the coupling factor and the intrinsic flexural strength of the reinforcement. Hence, applying a ratio between the tensile and flexural intrinsic strengths and a defined fiber tensile and flexural strength factors, derived from the rule of mixtures is proposed. The literature lacks a precise evaluation of the intrinsic tensile strength of the reinforcements. In order to obtain such intrinsic tensile strength, we used the Kelly and Tyson modified equation as well as the solution provided by Bowyer and Bader. Finally, we were able to characterize the intrinsic flexural strengths of the fibers when used as reinforcement of polylactic acid.
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Vlach, Tomáš, Magdaléna Novotná, Ctislav Fiala, Lenka Laiblová, and Petr Hájek. "Cohesion of Composite Reinforcement Produced from Rovings with High Performance Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (February 2015): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.397.
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The reinforcement of concrete with composite technical textile creates a tensile load-bearing capacity. It allows the elimination of steel reinforcement and minimisation of concrete cover. Based on this, the concrete cover is designed with respect to the cohesion of reinforcement with concrete. By using of textile reinforcement very thin structures could be created. The aim of this paper was to determine the interaction conditions of carbon and basalt composite reinforcement in a matrix of epoxy resin with high performance concrete (HPC). The tensile strength of used composite reinforcement and the other mechanical parameters of HPC were determined by experimental tests. Experiments copied the production method of technical textiles. These two combinations of materials present the influence on the design of the structures with textile reinforcements.
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ARIDIANSYAH, AHMARETA, Nawir Rasidi, and Sitti Safiatus Riskijah. "PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR GEDUNG ATTIC SHOWROOM MALANG." Jurnal JOS-MRK 2, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.55404/jos-mrk.2021.02.03.188-194.
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The purpose of this paper is to plan the upper and lower structures using reinforced concrete and their construction costs. Analysis of structural planning uses the help of the Robot Structural Analysis Professional (RSAP) 2018 application. Calculation of concrete structures refers to SNI 2847-2019, earthquake calculations refer to SNI 1726-2019, and calculation of costs refers to Permen PUPR Number 28 of 2016. From the calculation, the results are obtained. : 1) 160 mm thick roof with support and field reinforcement using D13-200 and dividing reinforcement using D10 - 220, 160 mm thick floor plate with support and field reinforcement using D16 - 180 and dividing reinforcement using D10 - 220. The beam extends 20x30 cm by using 4D16 tensile support reinforcement and 2D16 tension support, 3D16 tensile bearing reinforcement and 2D16 compressive field reinforcement. Transverse beam 40x60 cm by using tensile support reinforcement 7D16 and pressure support 4D16, reinforcement for tensile field 5D16 and field for compression 3D16. Column 40x40 cm uses the main reinforcement 8D19 and shear reinforcement D10 - 100. The ladder is 120 mm thick using support and field reinforcement D10 - 225 and reinforcement using D10 - 250.2) The foundation uses 4 D40 piles with 8D19 main reinforcement and D10 shear reinforcement - 30, and pilecap dimensions 1.7x1.7x0.5 m using the top and bottom reinforcement D19–150. And 3) Budget Plan (RAB) for structural work of Rp. 16.378.000.000,00.
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Liu, Zhi Lin, Pu Rong Jia, Tao Peng, and Zheng Lan Yao. "Study on Tensile Mechanical Behavior of Composite T-Joints." Advanced Materials Research 1142 (January 2017): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1142.146.
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Based on three kinds of composite T-joints with different connection way for tension test outside the plane, it was obtained contrastively that how the ordinary adhesive, Z-pin reinforcement and stitching reinforcement three different fitting influence tensile strength, damage failure process and failure mode of composite T-joints. The test results showed that compared with ordinary adhesive connection mode, tensile strength of the Z-pin reinforcement and stitching reinforcement T-joints increased by 13.6% and 11.4%, respectively; and the largest deformation increased by 19.2% and 15.1%, respectively. After reaching maximum load condition, the ordinary adhesive T-joints had brittle failures, but Z-pin reinforcement and stitching reinforcement T-joints all showed that the ductile damage behavior, corresponding to the load-displacement curve appeared saw-tooth wave platform. Obviously, the Z-pin reinforcement T-joints had the most significant reinforcement effect on tensile properties of composite laminates T-joints.
12
Olusunmade, Olusola Femi, Abba Emmanuel Bulus, and Terwase Kelvin Kashin. "EFFECT OF IMPERATA CYLINDRICA REINFORCEMENT FORM ON THE TENSILE AND IMPACT PROPERTIES OF ITS COMPOSITES WITH RECYCLED LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE." Acta Polytechnica 58, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2018.58.0292.
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Composites of recycled low-density polyethylene obtained from waste water-sachets and imperata cylindrica were produced with particulate and long-fibre unidirectional mat reinforcements. Comparison was made of the tensile and impact properties resulting from the use of the different reinforcement forms at 10 wt% ratio in the matrix. The results obtained from the tests carried out revealed that tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break and impact strength of the composite with the long-fibre mat reinforcement were better than those of the one composite with the particulate reinforcement. The better performance observed in the long-fibre mat reinforcement could be attributed to the retention of the toughness and stiffness of the imperata cylindrica stem in this form of reinforcement, which is lost after the stem strands are pulverized into particles. Imperata cylindrica stem, as a natural fibre reinforcement for polymetric material is, therefore, recommended in the long-fibre mat form. The combination of these otherwise challenging resources in composite materials development will add economic value to them and help to reduce the nvironmental menace they present.
13
Won, Myoung-Soo, and Christine P. Langcuyan. "A 3D numerical analysis of the compaction effects on the behavior of panel-type MSE walls." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1704–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0192.
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Abstract Soil is weak in tension but strong in compression. The resistance to tensile deformation of soil is given by the tensile force of the reinforcement in the reinforced soil, and the tensile force of the reinforcement is generated by the frictional force at the soil-reinforcement interface. When the soil-reinforcement is effectively interacted by the compaction, the deformation of the soil becomes equal to the tensile deformation of the reinforcement material, which means that the soil is bound to the tensile force of the reinforcement material and thus has a great resistance to the tensile deformation. Therefore, compaction is one of the major parameters affecting the behavior of the mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall. In this study, a series of numerical analyses was performed to investigate the compaction effect on the behavior of the MSE walls. The results showed that the horizontal displacement of the MSE wall significantly increased during the construction and decreased because of surcharge load application after the construction. In addition, the strains of reinforcement increased significantly during the construction and decreased slightly because of surcharge load application after the construction. Therefore, it is important to consider the compaction loads when modeling the MSE walls, so that the lateral displacement at wall facing will not be underestimated during construction and will not be overestimated because of surcharge load application after the construction.
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Denesh, Mr K. C., and V. Senthilkumar. "Experimental Study on The Steel Fiber Reinforcement Concrete." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48670.
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Abstract: Concrete is one of the world most widely used construction material. However, since the early 1800’s, it has been known that concrete is weak in tension. Weak tensile strength combined with brittle behavior result in sudden tensile failure without warning. This is obviously not desirable for any construction material. Thus, concrete requires some form of tensile reinforcement to compensate its brittle behavior and improve its tensile strength and strain capacity to be used in structural applications. Historically, steel has been used as the material of choice for tensile reinforcement in concrete. Unlike conventional reinforcing bars, which are specifically designed and placed in the tensile zone of the concrete member, fibers are thin, short and distributed randomly throughout the concrete member.
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Vinayagamoorthy, R., S. Karthikeyan, R. S. Prem Bhargav, and T. V. Rajivalochan. "Properties Investigations on Metallic Fiber Reinforced Sandwich Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.101.
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The present study deals with the usage of two types of metallic reinforcements namely bronze and steel, one natural reinforcement namely jute and an artificial reinforcement namely glass for preparation of composite laminates. The study investigates the mechanical behaviour of prepared samples and concludes with the selection of best samples. Four composite laminates were prepared by changing the compositions of reinforcements in polyester resin. Tensile, compressive, flexural and impact tests were carried out on the developed samples and it was found that the inclusion of jute and metallic reinforcements improved the compressive and impact strengths of the composite whereas inclusion of jute and glass improved the tensile and flexural strengths of the composite.
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Ahamad, Naseem, Aas Mohammad, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, and Pallav Gupta. "Structural and mechanical characterization of stir cast Al–Al2O3–TiO2 hybrid metal matrix composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 21 (February 16, 2020): 2985–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320906207.
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The present paper reports the effect of aluminium oxide and titanium oxide reinforcement on the properties of aluminium matrix. Aluminium matrix reinforced with aluminium oxide–titanium oxide (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 wt.%) in equal proportion were prepared by stir casting. Phase, microstructure, energy dispersive spectroscopy, density, hardness, impact strength and tensile strength of prepared samples have been investigated. X-ray diffraction reports the intermediate phase formation between the matrix and reinforcement phases due to interfacial bonding between them. Scanning electron microscopy shows that aluminium matrix has uniform distribution of reinforcement particle i.e. aluminium oxide and titanium oxide. Density of composite decreases due to variation of reinforcement and it shows low density after preheating. Hardness decreases due to the amalgamation of reinforcements. Impact strength was found to increase with the addition of reinforcements. Hybrid composite of aluminium matrix and (5% aluminium oxide + 5% titanium oxide) reinforcements have maximum engineering and true ultimate tensile strength. It is expected that the present hybrid metal matrix composites will be useful for aircraft rivets.
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Dzyuba, V. A., E. V. Zhuravleva, and A. S. Starkova. "Application of a Nonlinear Deformation Model to the Analysis of Complete Moment-Curvature Diagrams of Reinforced Concrete Elements with Reinforcement A500." Materials Science Forum 1087 (May 12, 2023): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-w7h770.
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This article suggests a calculation procedure for the parameters of complete moment-curvature deformation diagrams with a down leg that can be used for the calculations of the multistorey monolithic building frameworks taking into account the specifics of reinforced concrete. To construct complete deformation diagrams for bending elements, a non-linear deformation model is used that is based on using the physical diagrams of the concrete and reinforcements to calculate the inner moments of cross-sections at all loading stages via balance and strain compatibility equations. Using this model, the authors researched complete moment-curvature deformation diagrams for the elements with different percentages of longitudinal tensile reinforcement that changes the bending properties of the structure. We used grade А500 steel as the reinforcement. The parameters of the tensile reinforcement diagram were determined in the tension testing of samples with constant deformation rates. The performed computer tests to calculate the moment-curvature diagram parameters for reinforced concrete beams reinforced with grade А500 efficiency rods and conventional grade A400 reinforcement rods with different longitudinal reinforcement congestion rates helped the authors assess the bending properties of the elements under conditions approaching their destruction and determine their efficient use in the calculations of building frameworks taking into account the redistribution of forces.
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Zhang, Guo Jun, Yong Bin Jia, and Xi Lin Lu. "The Strain Change Rules of Full-Scale High Strength Concrete Frame Columns with High Axial Compression Rations." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.288.
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Based on experimental study of 9 full-scale high-strength concrete(HSC) rectangular frame columns with high axial compression ratios, high-strength longitudinal reinforcements and transverse reinforcements and rectangular interlocking ties, their strain change rules of longitudinal reinforcement, stirrups and concrete were discussed and analyzed. The main results indicate as follows. The maximum tensile strain of longitudinal reinforcement decrease and the tensile strain of concrete increase quickly as the axial compression ratios and the strength grades of concrete are higher; the strains of outer stirrups are all the time greater than those of inner stirrups; the single brace stirrups have the same action with the closed stirrups.
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Hoai, Ho, Dinh Huu Tai, Nguyen Huy Cuong, Le Dang Dung, and Nguyen Thanh Tam. "Experimental investigation on the tensile strength degradation in curved reinforcement of textile reinforced concrete." Transport and Communications Science Journal 73, no. 7 (September 15, 2022): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.73.7.4.
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Recently, textile reinforced concrete (TRC) has become a new approach for strengthening the existing reinforced concrete and masonry structures. When TRC wraps around the structural members, the direction of textile reinforcements changes according to the curvature radius of the structural corner. This paper presents an experimental investigation into the tensile strength degradation in curved glass and carbon reinforcement of TRC specimens. The results show that the ultimate tensile load decreases as the diameter of the semi-circle parts reduce. At the same diameter, the carbon TRC specimens have a higher tensile load-bearing capacity than glass textile-reinforced concrete. The failure modes of all the experiment cases are the fracture of the textile reinforcement in the middle of the semi-circle parts or at the transition region of the straight and curved region. The tensile strength degradation of both glass and carbon textile reinforcement has a linear relationship with the diameter of the semi-circle parts of the TRC specimens. The value only reaches up to 41% and 60% tensile strength of the individual filaments for glass and carbon fiber, respectively.
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Kazemi, Mostafa, Mohammad Daneshfar, Yousef Zandi, Alireza Sadighi Agdas, Negin Yousefieh, Leili Mohammadifar, Aida Rahmani, et al. "Effects of the Concrete Strength and FRP Reinforcement Type on the Non-Linear Behavior of Concrete Deep Beams." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074136.
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To provide sustainable reinforced concrete deep beams, the replacement of steel rebars by FRP rebars with high-chemical resistance is proposed by researchers. However, the effects of the concrete strength, top and web longitudinal reinforcements, and types of FRP flexural rebars on the non-linear performance of concrete deep beams have rarely been evaluated. This study numerically assessed the effects of the top and web longitudinal reinforcements and concrete strength on the non-linear behaviour of GFRP- and CFRP-strengthened concrete deep beams with various shear span-to-overall depth (a/h) ratios. As per the results, the highest tensile stress was obtained for the steel reinforcement, and the tensile stress in the CFRP reinforcement was more than that of the GFRP reinforcement under the failure load. Meanwhile, the results of high- and normal-strength concrete deep beams with the web reinforcement (16.4%) were lower than those without the web reinforcement (22.3%). Therefore, the web reinforcement moderately compensated for the low strength of normal concrete and the absence of the top longitudinal rebar to reinforce concrete deep beams in carrying the ultimate load. Furthermore, the participation of the GFRP reinforcement with the high-strength concrete was more than that with the normal-strength concrete in carrying a higher amount of loading.
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Rauf, Farooq, Muhammad Umair, Khubab Shaker, Yasir Nawab, Tehseen Ullah, and Sheraz Ahmad. "Investigation of Chemical Treatments to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2023 (July 14, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4719481.
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A sustainable approach to composites is leading to the use of natural fibers rather than synthetic materials, like carbon or glass, for reinforcement. However, the higher moisture absorption of natural fibers impairs the composite’s mechanical properties. Therefore, to improve the mechanical properties, some chemical treatments like silane and fluorocarbon can be performed to reduce the moisture absorption of natural fibers. In this study, flax was used as reinforcement, and epoxy was used as a matrix. In the first part of the study, flax reinforcement was treated with different concentrations of silane (20, 40, and 60 g/L) and fluorocarbons (80, 100, and 120 g/L). Moisture regains (MRs), absorbency, and tensile strength were measured at reinforcement levels. According to the results, reinforcements treated with 60 g/L silane (S3) and 120 g/L fluorocarbons (F3) exhibited the lowest MR values of 7.09% and 3.06%, respectively, whereas water absorbency was significantly reduced. The sample treated with 120 g/L fluorocarbons required 300 seconds extra time to absorb the water as compared with the untreated sample, whereas samples S3 and F3 showed an increase in tensile strength by 20.16% and 34.80% when compared with untreated reinforcement flax reinforcement. In the second part of the study, untreated and treated flax reinforcements were combined with an epoxy matrix for composite fabrication. MR and mechanical tests (tensile, flexural, and Charpy impact tests) were performed. Results revealed that treated flax-reinforced composites exhibited lower MR values 0.86% for F3 and 0.42% for S3, respectively. The tensile, flexural, and pendulum impact strengths of silane-treated reinforced composite sample C.S3 were increased by 15.07%, 117%, and 20.01%, respectively, compared with untreated reinforced composite samples. Consequently, both chemical treatments improve composite mechanical performance as well as service life.
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Lee, Jun Suk, Byeong Hun Woo, Jae-Suk Ryou, and Jee-Sang Kim. "Performance Assessment of the Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zone Using High-Strength Concrete Considering Confinement Effect." Materials 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071748.
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Post-tensioned anchorage zones need enough strength to resist large forces from jacking forces from prestress and need spiral reinforcement to give confinement effect. High-strength concrete (HSC) has high-strength and brings the advantage of reducing material using and simplifying reinforcing. We tested strain stabilization, load–displacement, and strain of lateral reinforcements. Specimens that used one and two lateral reinforcements without spiral reinforcement did not satisfy the strain stabilization. Load capacity also did not satisfy the condition of 1.1 times the nominal tensile strength of PS strands presented in ETAG 013. On the other hand, specimens that used three and four lateral reinforcements without spiral reinforcement satisfied the strain stabilization but did not satisfy 1.1 times the nominal tensile strength of PS strands. However, the secondary confinement effect could be confirmed from strain stabilization. In addition, the affection of HSC characteristics could be confirmed from a reinforcing level comparing other studies. The main confinement effect could be confirmed from the reinforcement strain results; there was a considerable difference between with and without spiral reinforcement at least 393 MPa. Comprehensively, main and secondary confinement effects are essential in post-tensioned anchorage zones. In addition, the performance of the anchorage zone could be increased by using HSC that the combination of high-strength and confinement effect.
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Onat, Onur, and Burak Yön. "Effects of Tension Reinforcement Ratio on Ductility of Mid-Rise Reinforced Concrete Structures." Academic Perspective Procedia 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2018): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.01.01.127.
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Failure mode of reinforced concrete (RC) structures are classified according to tension reinforcement ratio of beam elements. To determine effect of tension reinforcement ratio on performance of RC structure, two planar RC structure were selected. One of them is 5 stories other of them is 7 stories. Two different concrete class, C20 and C25, were considered for analysis. Three tension reinforcement combinations were considered, three different tension reinforcement ratios were used. First case is the ratio of the tension reinforcement is lower than that of the compression reinforcement, second case is the ratio of the tension reinforcement is equal to the ratio of the compression reinforcement and third case is the ratio of the tensile reinforcement is higher than the compression reinforcement.
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Vlach, Tomáš, Lenka Laiblová, Jakub Řepka, Zuzana Jirkalová, and Petr Hájek. "EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF IMPREGNATED TEXTILE REINFORCEMENT SPLICING BY OVERLAPPING." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 22 (July 25, 2019): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2019.22.0128.
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This paper presents an experimental verification of impregnated textile reinforcement splicing by overlapping using tensile test of small textile reinforced concrete slabs before its using in the product. The specimen dimensions were designed 80×360mm and thickness approximately 18 mm. This specimen was reinforced using two pieces of impregnated flat technical fabric from carbon roving and epoxy resin. Two overlap lengths were designed using data from previous cohesion tensile tests and necessary anchoring length. The purpose of this experiment was experimental verification before flat reinforcement splicing by overlapping on the final product – furniture with textile reinforcement. This paper shows possible problems and complications in the anchoring of the textile reinforcements and in splicing by overlapping, the importance of the accuracy reinforcement position in the thin concrete cross-sectional area.
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Ates, Ali Osman, Gökhan Durmuş, and Alper Ilki. "Tensile and Flexural Behaviors of Basalt Textile Reinforced Sprayed Glass Fiber Mortar Composites." Materials 16, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 4251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124251.
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The proposed study combines sprayed glass fiber-reinforced mortar and basalt textile-reinforcement to harness the favorable properties of each component to obtain a composite material that can be used for strengthening of existing structures. This includes crack resistance and a bridging effect of glass fiber-reinforced mortar and the strength provided by the basalt mesh. In terms of weight, mortars containing two different glass fiber ratios (3.5% and 5%) were designed, and tensile and flexural tests were conducted on these mortar configurations. Moreover, the tensile and flexural tests were performed on the composite configurations containing one, two, and three layers of basalt fiber textile reinforcement in addition to 3.5% glass fiber. Maximum stress, cracked and uncracked modulus of elasticity, failure mode, and average tensile stress curve results were compared to determine each system’s mechanical parameters. When the glass fiber content increased from 3.5% to 5%, the composite system without basalt textiles’ tensile behavior slightly improved. The increase in tensile strength of composite configurations with one, two, and three layers of basalt textile reinforcement was 28%, 21%, and 49%, respectively. As the number of basalt textile reinforcements increased, the slope of the hardening part of the curve after cracking clearly increased. Parallel to the tensile tests, four-point bending tests showed that the composite’s flexural strength and deformation capacities increase as the number of basalt textile reinforcement layers increase from one to two.
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Minapoor, Shohreh, Saeed Ajeli, and Mahdi Salmani Tehrani. "Investigation into tensile strength of noncrimp three-dimensional orthogonal woven structure." Journal of Industrial Textiles 49, no. 2 (May 15, 2018): 200–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718775980.
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Noncrimp three-dimensional orthogonal carbon weave is a specific type of three-dimensional woven fabric which is expected to have high performance as composite reinforcement. In this paper, two different orthogonal weaves in terms of carbon fiber tow type and binder yarns insertion density are produced, and a comprehensive study on the tensile strength of carbon composite reinforcements is conducted. The fiber volume fraction and mechanical performance are found to be affected by these two weave parameters. The fabric architecture changes due to different binder yarns’ insertion densities, influencing the stress wave propagation by preventing crack growth, thus leading to improve tensile strength of three-dimensional orthogonal reinforcement. Based on experimental weave parameters, a set of numerical compression tests are simulated by using a meso-scale finite element model. The results show that the model can predict the tensile strength of noncrimp three-dimensional orthogonal carbon composite reinforcements.
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Permana, Jaya, M. Muhtaris, Eka Susanti, and Yanisfa Yanisfa. "Pengaruh Penambahan Tulangan Tekan Terhadap Momen Kapasitas Lentur dan Daktilitas Balok." Borneo Engineering : Jurnal Teknik Sipil 3, no. 2 (January 5, 2020): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35334/be.v3i2.1171.
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Double reinforcement beam design, increasing the compressive reinforcement can increase the flexural capacity moment and ductility of concrete beams. This helps planners to improve flexural capacity moment with minimal dimensions, that are still acceptable in terms of aesthetics. The purpose of this study is to know how much influence the increasing compressive reinforcement can increase the flexural capacity moment and ductility of concrete beams. Experimental research with beam specimens 20x20x60 cm, 2D16 tensile reinforcement, fc’ 25 mpa and fy 320 mpa. With a ratio of compressive reinforcement to tensile reinforcement of 0.14; 0.25 and 0.59. Flexural strength testing uses flexible loading with a roll-pined joint. The process of load reading is yield phase until ultimate phase. The results of the analysis show an uses of increasing compressive reinforcement can increase the moment of flexural capacity and ductility. The addition of compressive reinforcement reached 25% from tensile reinforcement, can increase the moment of bending capacity by 4.47%, but uses compressive reinforcement reached 50% of tensile reinforcement, only increasing the bending moment capacity of 1.43%. For ductility, uses compressive reinforcement reaches 25% from tensile reinforcement, can increase ductility by 19.73% and an increase of 26.17% by adding compressive reinforcement up to 50% of tensile reinforcement. From these results it appears that the more improvements added, the more the ductility increases and the less the moment the flexural capacity increases.
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Abdkader, Anwar, Paul Penzel, Danny Friese, Matthias Overberg, Lars Hahn, Marko Butler, Viktor Mechtcherine, and Chokri Cherif. "Improved Tensile and Bond Properties through Novel Rod Constructions Based on the Braiding Technique for Non-Metallic Concrete Reinforcements." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062459.
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Textile reinforcements have established themselves as a convincing alternative to conventional steel reinforcements in the building industry. In contrast to ribbed steel bars that ensure a stable mechanical interlock with concrete (form fit), the bonding force of smooth carbon rovings has so far been transmitted primarily by an adhesive bonding with the concrete matrix (material fit). However, this material fit does not enable the efficient use of the mechanical load capacity of the textile reinforcement. Solutions involving surface-profiled rods promise significant improvements in the bonding behavior by creating an additional mechanical interlock with the concrete matrix. An initial analysis was carried out to determine the effect of a braided rod geometry on the bonding behavior. For this purpose, novel braided rods with defined surface profiling consisting of several carbon filament yarns were developed and characterized in their tensile and bond properties. Further fundamental examinations to determine the influence of the impregnation as well as the application of a pre-tension during its consolidation in order to minimize the rod elongation under load were carried out. The investigations showed a high potential of the impregnated surface-profiled braided rods for a highly efficient application in concrete reinforcements. Hereby, a complete impregnation of the rod with a stiff polymer improved the tensile and bonding properties significantly. Compared to unprofiled reinforcement structures, the specific bonding stress could be increased up to 500% due to the strong form-fit effect of the braided rods while maintaining the high tensile properties.
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Andreopoulos, A. G., and P. A. Tarantili. "Treated Aramid Fibres as Reinforcement for Epoxies." Advanced Composites Letters 3, no. 3 (May 1994): 096369359400300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359400300303.
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Aramid fibres are chemically treated with methacryloyl chloride in order to improve their adhesion to epoxy resins. Original and modified fibres were characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, optical microscopy and tensile tests. The wettability of fibres was assessed by contact angle measurements. Also, composite specimens were prepared using epoxy resin as a matrix and their tensile characteristics were determined. The microscopic examination of the fracture surfaces of composite specimens tested in tension, shows improvement in adhesive bonding between the chloride treated fibres and the epoxy matrix.
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Kabil, Ahmet, Çağlar Yüksel, and Mustafa Çiğdem. "Production and characterization of AA2014-B4C surface-modificated composite via the squeeze casting technique." Revista de Metalurgia 58, no. 1 (April 12, 2022): e217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.217.
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Metal matrix composite (MMCs) materials provide superiority to monolithic materials in various mechanical properties such as tensile, yield, abrasion resistance, impact resistance by adding reinforcements such as B4C, SiC, Al2O3. While liquid metal processes offer an important advantage, such as low-cost production in high volumes, the heterogeneous clustering of reinforcements in the matrix and the formation of porosity in the area between the reinforcement and matrix pose a problem for composite production. The squeeze casting method stands out in composite production due to its low cost, suitability for mass production, allowing high reinforcement ratio, and ease of homogeneous distribution of reinforcements. In this study, a composite layer reinforced with B4C was produced with a thickness of 1 and 2 mm on a substrate of aluminum 2014 wrought alloy using the squeeze casting method. The mechanical properties of the composite materials produced were characterized via tensile, wear, impact, and hardness tests, and were examined with the help of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It has been observed that the composite region contains 50 vol.% of B4C reinforcement and the particles of reinforcement were homogeneously distributed into the matrix. All results of the tests mentioned above are better than those obtained in the monolithic 2014 aluminum alloy.
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M.N., Nwigbo, Lasisi U.E., and Ukaru Y.N. "Comparative Study of Tensile Properties of Hybrid AA6061/SIC/Carbonized Coconut Shell Micro and Nano Composites." International Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 5, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijmce-yemppwep.
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This study synthesized a hybrid aluminium 6061 matrix composite with particulates of silicon carbide, SiCp and carbonized coconut shell (CCSP as reinforcements), and determined the effect of combining SiCp and CCSp reinforcements of different sizes and weight fractions on the strength properties and microstructure of the developed composite. The hybrid aluminium matrix composites were developed using the stir casting method. Several samples of the composites consisting of AA6061 alloy with 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% by wt. each of CCSp and SiCp with average particle sizes of 38μm and 42.3nm for SiC, and 63μm and 50.01nm for CCSp were produced and characterized for strength. The microstructures of the developed composite materials revealed uniform distribution of reinforcement particles in the base matrix and excellent bonding between the base matrix and reinforcements after casting. The results obtained showed that addition of CCSp and SiCp reinforcement to the alloy increased the tensile strength and hardness. Also, a mathematical model was proposed for predictive tensile strength of nano-composite and validated by comparison with results of the physical experiment and those of other authors. The proposed model is in excellent agreement with experimental data. The nano-particulates reinforced composite presented maximum improvement in ultimate tensile strength value (53.4% and 8.5% of that for the unreinforced matrix and micro-composite respectively) at reinforcement level of 15wt.% nSiC/nCCS.
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Song, Xiao Yan, and Pei Wen Zhang. "Finite Element Analysis of Dynamic Splitting Tensile Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.695.
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Finite element analysis is carried out on the dynamic splitting tensile mechanical properties of reinforced concrete with LS-DYNA. The impact of strain rate and reinforcement ratio on the dynamic tensile strength and failure mode of reinforced concrete is considered in the calculation. The result shows that the form of reinforcement and reinforcement ratio has a greater impact on the failure mode and tensile strength of concrete. The dynamic splitting tensile strength of reinforced concrete has a certain strain rate effect and its splitting tensile strength increases with the strain rate; the splitting tensile strength of reinforced concrete also increases with its reinforcement ratio.
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Li, Ying Min, Lu Wang, and Li Ping Liu. "Study on Constructional Reinforcement for the Foundation of Blast Furnace due to Temperature Effect." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1545.
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Based on the test and numerical analysis, the paper studied the constructional reinforcement of blast furnace foundation under the influence of concrete hydration and top temperature. The results indicate that constructional reinforcement should be thinner and have a small spacing. Stress concentration always appears around the corner and constraints of blast furnace foundation, where should be strengthened with constructional reinforcements. In order to prevent cracks caused by internal tensile stress during concrete hardening, it is necessary to place temperature reinforcement inside the foundation. Temperature effect should be considered at the circular area on top of blast furnace foundation and should be strengthened with constructional reinforcements.
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Shi, Nan Nan, Da Hai Huang, and Run Xiao Zhang. "Effect of Reinforcement Size on Concrete Crack Width with the Same Reinforcement Ratio." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.600.
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The quantitative influence of tensile steel bars size on the concrete crack width is analyzed. According to the engineering experience, the smaller diameter steel bars are superior to the bigger ones with the same reinforcement ratio consideration. However, the quantitative analyses have not been well treated. The criterion of “element with the maximum tensile stress will crack” and classic formula of the crack width in “Design code for hydraulic concrete structures”, are combined to analyze the uniaxial tensile specimens. Finally, three conventional diameters of tensile steel bars (14, 16 and 20mm) are adopted to verify the finite element model (FEM), and the quantitative analyses can be employed to the engineering reinforcement design.
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Vijayakumar, S., P. S. Satheesh Kumar, Pappula Sampath kumar, Selvaraj Manickam, Gurumurthy B. Ramaiah, and Hari Prasadarao Pydi. "The Effect of Stir-Squeeze Casting Process Parameters on Mechanical Property and Density of Aluminum Matrix Composite." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (October 12, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3741718.
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This present investigation focusing on preparation of Al-based hybrid composites in which Al6082 is engaged as the main alloy reinforced with two reinforcements of ZrSiO₄/TiC. The combination of the stir-squeeze process helps to make different specimen by change of four parameters such as stir speed, stir time, reinforcements, and squeeze pressure. In this process, two reinforcements are reserved as constant about 7.5 wt%. The four levels of each parameter are stir speed (300, 400, 500, and 600 rpm), stir time (10, 15, 20, and 25 min), reinforcement (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%), and squeeze pressure (50, 60,70, and 80 MPa). According to the L16 orthogonal array Taguchi design, the specimens are created to analyze the mechanical properties of tensile strength and hardness along with porosity. In addition, the optimization technique is used to determine the optimal parameter on improving tensile strength. The optimization process can be assisted by the software namely Minitab-17 which helps to study analysis of variance, regression model, and contour plots. The observed result of ANOVA showed that stir speed (41.8%) is the maximum influenced parameter that increases TS, followed by squeeze pressure (25.7%), stir time (12.7%), and reinforcement (1.96%), and optimum tensile strength is found at the parameters of stir speed 600 rpm, stir time 10 min, reinforcement 2.5 wt%, and squeeze pressure 80 MPa. The fractured surface of tensile strength also examined by the SEM test. The combined parameters of S4-T1-R1-P4 achieve the highest TS, and it is observed that there are nearly no pore defects and good diffusion as a result of the reinforcements to be properly mixed. It is noticeable that the TiC and Al 6082 matrix, as well as the various ZrSiO4 exhibit stronger bonds.
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Paramsothy, Muralidharan, Syed Fida Hassan, Nguyen Quy Bau, Narasimalu Srikanth, and Manoj Gupta. "Selective Enhancement of Tensile/Compressive Strength and Ductility of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy via Nano-Al2O3 Reinforcement Integration Method Alteration." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.423.
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Two new AZ31 nanocomposites containing Al2O3 nanoparticle reinforcement were fabricated with different reinforcement integration methods using solidification processing followed by hot extrusion. Each nanocomposite had similar composition (Al and Zn contents), microstructure (grain and intermetallic particle sizes, Al2O3 nanoparticle distribution) and hardness. However, the first nanocomposite had better overall tensile properties compared to the second nanocomposite. Also, the second nanocomposite exhibited better overall compressive properties compared to the first nanocomposite. On the whole, the second nanocomposite was more deformable in tension and compression than the first nanocomposite. The effect of reinforcement integration method on the tensile and compressive properties of the AZ31- Al2O3 nanocomposites is investigated in this paper.
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Wdowiak-Postulak, Agnieszka, Marek Wieruszewski, František Bahleda, Jozef Prokop, and Janusz Brol. "Fibre-Reinforced Polymers and Steel for the Reinforcement of Wooden Elements—Experimental and Numerical Analysis." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092062.
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These elements are innovative and of interest to many researchers for the reinforcement of wooden elements. For the reinforced beam elements, the effect of the reinforcement factor, FRP and steel elastic modulus or FRP and steel arrangement of the reinforcement on the performance of the flexural elements was determined, followed by reading the load-displacement diagram of the reinforced beam elements. The finite element model was then developed and verified with the experimental results, which was mainly related to the fact that the general theory took into account the typical tensile failure mode, which can be used to predict the flexural strength of reinforced timber beams. From the tests, it was determined that reinforced timber beam elements had relatively ductile flexural strengths up to brittle tension for unreinforced elements. As for the reinforcements of FRP, the highest increase in load-bearing capacity was for carbon mats at 52.47%, with a reinforcement grade of 0.43%, while the lowest was for glass mats at 16.62% with a reinforcement grade of 0.22%. Basalt bars achieved the highest stiffness, followed by glass mats. Taking into account all the reinforcements used, the highest stiffness was demonstrated by the tests of the effectiveness of the reinforcement using 3 mm thick steel plates. For this configuration with a reinforcement percentage of 10%, this increase in load capacity was 79.48% and stiffness was 31.08%. The difference between the experimental and numerical results was within 3.62–27.36%, respectively.
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Silva, T. F., and J. C. Della Bella. "Design of compression reinforcement in reinforced concrete membrane." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 5, no. 6 (December 2012): 820–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952012000600007.
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This paper presents a method to design membrane elements of concrete with orthogonal mesh of reinforcement which are subject to compressive stress. Design methods, in general, define how to quantify the reinforcement necessary to support the tension stress and verify if the compression in concrete is within the strength limit. In case the compression in membrane is excessive, it is possible to use reinforcements subject to compression. However, there is not much information in the literature about how to design reinforcement for these cases. For that, this paper presents a procedure which uses the model based on Baumann's [1] criteria. The strength limits used herein are those recommended by CEB [3], however, a model is proposed in which this limit varies according to the tensile strain which occur perpendicular to compression. This resistance model is based on concepts proposed by Vecchio e Collins [2].
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Yoo, Sunjae, Tianfeng Yuan, Sehee Hong, and Youngsoo Yoon. "Evaluation of Structural Performance of Concrete Beams Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Sheets and No-Slump Concrete." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.4.185.
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In this study, the compression and tensile sections of existing concrete were reinforced using carbon fiber sheet (CFS) and no-slump high-strength, ductility concrete (NSHSDC) to evaluate the structural response of the reinforced concrete. From the experimental test results, the CFS showed a low energy dissipation ability when reinforced at both the compression and tensile sections. However, the NSHSDC reinforcement exhibited high energy dissipation and the lowest deflection under maximum load at both the compression and tension sections. The NSHSDC without reinforcement in the compression section, and concrete reinforced with CFS, exhibited lower load resistance and concrete compression failure. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the compression reinforcement and structural performance was observed, which demonstrated the high load resistance and excellent structural performance of the member reinforced with NSHSDC at both the compressive and tensile sections.
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Boris, Duchamp, Legrand Xavier, and Soulat Damien. "The tensile behaviour of biaxial and triaxial braided fabrics." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 8 (June 16, 2016): 2184–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716654469.
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The tensile behaviour of braid reinforcement is classically described by the behaviour of composite elaborated from these reinforcements. Few studies concern the tensile behaviour of braided fabrics. In this paper biaxial and triaxial braids are manufactured on a braiding loom. The evolution of key parameters as linear mass and braiding angle in function of process parameters is presented. Braid reinforcements are characterized in uniaxial tensile. The mechanical behaviour is analysed and compared in function of the braiding angle, but also different kinds of braid are considered. A specific behaviour called “double-peak” is identified for triaxial braids which have a higher braiding angle. The evolution of the braiding angle measured during tensile tests gives a comprehension on the mechanical behaviour of dry braids. Associated with this experimental study, an analytical model is also proposed, to predict mechanical properties of braid reinforcements.
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Bourscheid, Cleide Beatriz, Rodrigo Figueiredo Terezo, Polliana D’Angelo Rios, Alexsandro Bayestroff Da Cunha, Deyvis Borges Waltrick, and João Laryan Borges Righez. "STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL FINGER-JOINTS REINFORCED WITH FIBERS." FLORESTA 49, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 031. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v49i1.53549.
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The finger-joints are the kind of top joints most used in wood blades to manufacture glued laminated timber (GLULAM) and present direct influence on their rigidity and final mechanical strength. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the tensile strength parallel to grain with different compositions of reinforcements concentrated on finger-joints. Two geometries were used to execute the finger-joints and two species: Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus spp. The reinforcements were fabrics from glass or carbon fibers bonded with polyurethane structural adhesive. The treatments used were: "A-Glass", "A-Glass2", "A-Carbon", “A-Without reinforcement”, "B-Glass", "B-Glass2", "B-Carbon" and “B-Without reinforcement”, being "A" or "B", the geometries and "2", the number of layers of tissue. For statistical analysis, the Dunnett test was used at 95% confidence interval. The results showed that the execution of the unreinforced finger-joints decreased the tensile strength of the woods. For P. taeda, all the treatments were significantly inferior to the control (without finger-joints), and for Eucalyptus spp., only the treatment "A-Unreinforced" presented inferior performance to the control (without finger-joints), all others presented equivalent mechanical resistance to solid wood. It can be concluded that for the Eucalyptus spp. wood, the application of reinforcement on the structural finger-joints improves the tensile strength, equating to the solid wood.
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Zhou, Xiang, Wei Long, and Xiaoping Zhou. "Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-based amorphous particle-reinforced Al-based matrix composites." Advanced Composites Letters 29 (January 1, 2020): 2633366X2092140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633366x20921402.
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Fe52Cr15Mo26C3B1Y3 amorphous particle-reinforced pure aluminum (Al) matrix composite was prepared by powder metallurgy. The ferrum (Fe)-based amorphous particles prepared by atomization method have good amorphous structure, and the circular reinforcement particles are evenly distributed in the Al matrix. The composite has high strength, hardness, and excellent corrosion resistance. The hardness of the composite increases gradually with the increase in the content of the reinforcement, from 46 Vickers hardness (HV) of pure Al to 220.5 HV, with remarkable effect. The tensile strength of the composite increases first and then decreases with the increase in the content of the reinforcement. When the content of reinforcement is 15%, the maximum tensile strength is 234 MPa, which is 154% higher than that of pure Al. The fracture mode of the composite is the mixture of plastic fracture and brittle fracture. The corrosion resistance of pure Al is significantly improved by the addition of reinforcements, which shows that the composite has a smaller corrosion current density and a more positive corrosion potential than that of pure Al.
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Le, Hieu Giang, Shyh Chour Huang, Van Son Nguyen, and Thanh Phong Dao. "Reinforcement of Polypropylene Using Micro-Fillers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 1321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.1321.
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This paper focuses on the effect the ratio of filler (Na10MB3A) on the tensile strength of polypropylene (PP). This filler has been added to PP in various ratios and mixed evenly before injecting. The tensile strength of PP increases gradually when the ratio of filler increases. Tensile strength reaches its maximum value with a certain ratio of filler, and thereafter the strength decreases as the ratio of fillers is increased. This research revealed that the tensile strength of PP can rise by approximately 13.5% with the addition of Na10MB3A at a ratio of 3%.
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Bruggi, Matteo, and Alberto Taliercio. "Topology Optimization of the Fiber-Reinforcement of No-Tension Masonry Walls." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.36.
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An innovative approach is proposed to define the optimal fiber-reinforcement of in-plane loaded masonry walls, modeled as linear elastic no-tension (NT) bodies. A topology optimization formulation is presented, which aims at distributing a prescribed amount of reinforcement over the wall, so as to minimize the overall elastic energy of the strengthened element. Perfect bonding is assumed at the wall-reinforcement interface. To account for the negligible tensile strength of brickwork, the material is replaced by an equivalent orthotropic material with negligible stiffness along the direction (s) undergoing tensile principal stress (es). Compressive principal stresses in the reinforcement are not allowed. A single constrained optimization problem allows both the equilibrium of the NT body to be enforced, and the optimal reinforcing layout to be spotted out, without any demanding incremental approach. Some preliminary numerical examples are shown to assess the capabilities of the proposed procedure and to identify the optimal reinforcement patterns for common types of masonry walls with openings.
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Mavlonov, Ravshanbek, and Sobirjon Razzakov. "Numerical modeling of combined reinforcement concrete beam." E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340103007.
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Because polymer-composite reinforcements are a new material in construction, the possibilities of their use in load-bearing structures, including concrete beams, are somewhat limited by existing regulations. The research work implemented in this article is to study their strength and stiffness in cases where steel reinforcement is in the tensile zone and composite polymer reinforcement is in the compressive zone of concrete. Concrete beams with combined reinforcement are the object of the study, and the study of the stress-deformation state is its subject. The behavior of concrete beams with combined reinforcement under static load was studied. Considering the nonlinear properties of materials in the finite element method, their stress-strain states were investigated. A 3D beam model was created using the ANSYS Workbench 2022R1, and 3 series of samples were chosen and compared with hand calculations. The behavior of concrete beams with metal and composite reinforcement was carried out using numerical analysis. Also, the study’s results show that the role of the reinforcement installed in the compressive zone of the beam is better than the performance of the beam without the reinforcement installed in the compressive zone. Although the failure starts with the rebar in the tensile zone, the rebar installation in the compression zone shows an increase in the bearing capacity and stiffness of the beam.
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Liang, Jiong Feng, Huang Lei, and Zhi Ping Deng. "Experimental Investigation on Tensile Mechanical Properties of CFRP-PCPs Composite Rebars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4602.
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The behavior of CFRP-PCPs composite rebars on tensile test was studied. Experimental results showed that using CFRP-PCP composite rebars as reinforcement utilizes high strength of FRP effectively, reducing the reinforcement ratio and consequently the cost while simultaneously satisfying structural requirements. Tension stiffening in CFRP-PCPs composite rebars is significant when higher concrete strength and higher prestressing level are applied.
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Baena, Marta, Cristina Barris, Ricardo Perera, and Lluís Torres. "Influence of Bond Characterization on Load-Mean Strain and Tension Stiffening Behavior of Concrete Elements Reinforced with Embedded FRP Reinforcement." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030799.
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Based on the characterization of the bond between Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars and concrete, the structural behavior of cracked Glass-FRP (GFRP)-Reinforced Concrete (RC) tensile elements is studied in this paper. Simulations in which different bond-slip laws between both materials (FRP reinforcement and concrete) were used to analyze the effect of GFRP bar bond performance on the load transfer process and how it affects the load-mean strain curve, the distribution of reinforcement strain, the distribution of slip between reinforcement and concrete, and the tension stiffening effect. Additionally, a parametric study on the effect of materials (concrete grade, modulus of elasticity of the reinforcing bar, surface configuration, and reinforcement ratio) on the load-mean strain curve and the tension stiffening effect was also performed. Results from a previous experimental program, in combination with additional results obtained from Finite Element Analysis (FEA), were used to demonstrate the accuracy of the model to correctly predict the global (load-mean strain curve) and local (distribution of strains between cracks) structural behavior of the GFRP RC tensile elements.
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Wang, Yi, Xiao Xia Chen, and Zhi Qiang Jiang. "The Damage Evolution of the Flange Repaired Reinforcement Laminates." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 3180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.3180.
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The Finite Element Model (FEM) study of the flange repaired cut-out laminates were carried out in this work. The FEM studies on the reinforcement and unrepaired structure is focused on simulation of the tensile test, damage evolution and the predicted failure loading. The test results indicated that the strain value decreased as the size of load is. The simulation results show that the tensile strength of the reinforcement is larger than that is unrepaired. Compared the results of damage evolution with four kinds damage criterion, the major failure model is matrix cracking under transverse tension appeared in the layers.
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Portelinha, Fernando H. M., Joao M. H. Goulart, and Jose Orlando Avesani Neto. "Influence of Heterogeneous Arrangements of Reinforcements’ Length and Stiffness on the Deformation of Instrumented Geosynthetic-Reinforced Retaining Walls Constructed with Sustainable Locally Available Backfill Soils." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 17, 2023): 8183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15108183.
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Sustainable solutions involving geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls have been achieved in projects that use locally available backfill materials and a reduced volume of geosynthetic reinforcements. Different arrangements of reinforcements can be adopted to reduce the volume of geosynthetics. This paper reports the deformation measurements taken from four instrumented geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls constructed with different arrangements of reinforcement layers including different lengths and tensile properties. The deformation of walls with rigid reinforcements at lower elevations and more flexible at upper portions of the wall height was compared to walls with a uniform distribution of reinforcement layers. Similarly, the effect of the nonuniformity of reinforcement lengths along the wall height was also evaluated. Relatively short reinforcements (L/H < 0.7) used at deeper reinforced layers were observed to overload the upper reinforcement layers resulting in mobilized loads higher than expected, resulting in increases of approximately 80% in the wall’s deformation. In contrast, the use of rigid reinforcements at lower layers led to a reduction in facing displacements of 50% at lower instrumented layers and of 60% at upper instrumented layers. The distribution pattern of facing displacements, reinforcement-mobilized loads and strains along the wall height was significantly affected by the adoption of heterogeneous reinforced layers.
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Abdullah, Orhan S. "Experimental Study to the Effect of Natural Particles Added to Unsaturated Polyester Resin of a Polymer Matrix Composite." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2017.08.004.
Full textAbstract:
Experimental investigations had been done in this study to demonstrate the effect of natural particles used as a reinforcement material to unsaturated polyester resin. The tensile test and water absorption were investigated according to (ASTM D638) and (ASTM D570), respectively. The influence of sunflower husk and pomegranate husk particles, used as a reinforcement material, on the tensile strength, Young's modulus and water absorption with different weight fraction (3%, 7% and 10%) and particle grain size (50µm, 100 µm and 150 µm), has been investigated. The water absorption of polymer composites was studied by measuring the specimen weight before and after immersion in water for one hundred days. In the experiments of tensile test, all specimens loading was performed with (50KN) operating at a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min. It is observed that the addition of sunflower husk up to 10% and pomegranate husk particles up to 7% as reinforcement materials to polyester resin, leads to increase the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the composite material prepared and the use of sunflower husk as a reinforcement material increased the tensile strength, Young's modulus and water absorption were better than pomegranate husk at the same percentage of addition. The decrease in reinforcement material grain size led to increase the tensile strength, Young's modulus and water absorption. Therefore, all the best result seen in composites containing reinforcement material with (50µm). Finally, the best result obtained in tensile strength, Young's modulus and water absorption were with the addition of 10% sunflower husk as a reinforcement material to polyester resin.