Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tennis for children'

Previous research on contextual interference theory in controlled laboratory situations consistently illustrated that random practice was superior to blocked practice when learning motor skills. However, when considered in relation to physical education class settings the findings of the contextual interference experiments were not as uniform. Furthermore, the results of the contextual interference research were ambiguous when an open skill was used as the experimental task, with no definite trend evident. Random practice was found more effective for learning (del Rey, 1989) whereas French, Rink and Werner (1990) demonstrated blocked practice to be superior. In the present study, the influence of high and low contextual interference as practice schedules was investigated within an applied sports setting using an open sports skill as the experimental task. Two groups of boys and girls, 8-9 and 10-12 years of age, were taught a forehand tennis groundstroke using both their preferred and non-preferred hands over a ten week coaching and practice period. The findings showed that male subjects were significantly better at the experimental task than female subjects at the pre-test stage only. The result also demonstrated that the 10-12 year old subjects were significantly better than the 8-9 year olds at the task with the exception of the preferred hand at the post and retention test stage. The contextual interference effect was demonstrated in the retention phase on the preferred hand of the 10-12 year old subjects where the random practice group was significantly better than the blocked practice group in an applied sports setting. These findings were discussed in relation to the role of cognition in the learning of these motor skills and the influence of the subjects related background experiences.

Syftet med studien var att studera föräldrainvolvering och barns motivation till tennis utifrån föräldrars perspektiv relaterat till Tennis Syds pågående projekt Tennis10s. I studien deltog 64 föräldrar i åldrarna 31-58 år (m=41,69 sd=5,14) varav 26 var kvinnor (m=40,08 sd=4,98) och 38 män (m=42,79 sd=5,01) som hade barn aktiva inom tennis i åldrarna 6-11 år. I studien användes instrumenten Motivation Till Idrott samt Parental Involvement Sport Questionnaire. Resultaten visade att föräldrar rangordnade kompisskap, laganda, glädje och kompetens som de främsta motivationsfaktorerna till att sitt barn spelar tennis. Föräldrarna rangordnade beröm och förståelse samt aktiv involvering som de mest förekommande beteendena i sitt upplevda engagemang kring sitt barns tennis deltagande. Resultaten visade även en signifikant skillnad mellan hur fäder och mödrar använde sig av instruktivt beteende där fäder upplevde sig använda det i större utsträckning än mödrar. Resultaten diskuteras utifrån tidigare forskning och teoretisk referensram.
The purpose of this study was to examine parental involvement and children’s motivation to tennis based on the parents’ perspectives. The study was related to Tennis Syds ongoing project Tennis10s. There were 64 parents involved in age 31-58 (m= 41.69 sd= 5.14) of which 26 were women (m= 40.08 sd= 4.98) and 38 men (m= 42.79 sd= 5.01) who had children in ages 6-11 playing tennis. The study used the instruments Motivation To Sports and Parental Involvement Sports Questionnaire. The results indicated that parents rated friendship, team spirit, enjoyment and competence as the main motivational factors why their children are playing tennis. Parents rated praise and understanding and active involvement as the most frequent behaviors in their perceived involvement about their child's tennis participation. The results also indicated that fathers used instructive behavior more often than mothers. The results were discussed based on previous research and theoretical framework.

Promoting participation in sport to achieve sporting excellence and health outcomes is a national policy of Australia. Organised, club-based sport at community level is important as it provides a pathway to elite sporting success and contributes to health and wellbeing of participants. Dropout from all forms of club-based sports including tennis occurs specifically during adolescence in Australia and internationally. Little is known about the factors that collectively influence this age group in their choice to continue playing club-sport or to drop out. This PhD program of research investigated the trends and determinants of retention and dropout among children and adolescents playing community level club-based tennis in the Australian state of Victoria. The program of research used the socio-ecological model underpinned by Leisure Constraint Theory and Fun Integration Theory to understand the different factors that influence retention. The mixed-methods explanatory sequential research design comprised of two consecutive phases of quantitative study that involved secondary data analysis of state-wide club-tennis participation and an on-line survey that examined the determinants of retention and dropout with a socio-ecological perspective. This was followed by an informed qualitative study to explore the key findings in depth. Players aged 10-18 years who were or had been registered players at tennis clubs in Victoria were invited to participate. Analysis of survey data and interviews identified a range of factors that influence and impact the decision of young players to continue playing club-based tennis or to drop out. The result from this program of research highlighted the two intrapersonal determinants ‘enjoyment’ and ‘competency’ as ‘core’ determinants of young players’ choice to be retained or to drop out. Many previous studies have listed enjoyment and competency and several other socio-ecological factors as determinants influencing retention. This research created new knowledge by explaining how each individual socio-ecological element influenced retention through enhancing or diminishing the two core determinants. Mapping of the interaction of multiple socio-ecological elements in leading to retention or dropout while presenting enjoyment and competency as core determinants is unique. Improving retention in club-based tennis during adolescence is important for maintaining participation as a habit into adulthood. As a practical way to achieve this, factors that are identified in this study as influencing enjoyment and competency can be targeted through interventions at various levels through policies and strategies in delivering club programs, coaching and competition. Competency and enjoyment are interconnected in promoting retention. Increasing access to affordable and good quality coaching promotes enjoyment through improving competency and hence should be prioritised to sustain children’s interest and passion for the game. The knowledge about interconnectivity of several apparently distinct elements reiterates the importance of a holistic approach in sport retention studies. It provides the theoretical backing for strategies aimed at retaining more children and adolescents in organised sport which is important for carrying regular physical activity habit into adulthood and ensuring sustainability of organised sports.
Doctor of Philosophy

Promoting participation in sport to achieve sporting excellence and health outcomes is a national policy of Australia. Organised, club-based sport at community level is important as it provides a pathway to elite sporting success and contributes to health and wellbeing of participants. Dropout from all forms of club-based sports including tennis occurs specifically during adolescence in Australia and internationally. Little is known about the factors that collectively influence this age group in their choice to continue playing club-sport or to drop out. This PhD program of research investigated the trends and determinants of retention and dropout among children and adolescents playing community level club-based tennis in the Australian state of Victoria. The program of research used the socio-ecological model underpinned by Leisure Constraint Theory and Fun Integration Theory to understand the different factors that influence retention. The mixed-methods explanatory sequential research design comprised of two consecutive phases of quantitative study that involved secondary data analysis of state-wide club-tennis participation and an on-line survey that examined the determinants of retention and dropout with a socio-ecological perspective. This was followed by an informed qualitative study to explore the key findings in depth. Players aged 10-18 years who were or had been registered players at tennis clubs in Victoria were invited to participate. Analysis of survey data and interviews identified a range of factors that influence and impact the decision of young players to continue playing club-based tennis or to drop out. The result from this program of research highlighted the two intrapersonal determinants ‘enjoyment’ and ‘competency’ as ‘core’ determinants of young players’ choice to be retained or to drop out. Many previous studies have listed enjoyment and competency and several other socio-ecological factors as determinants influencing retention. This research created new knowledge by explaining how each individual socio-ecological element influenced retention through enhancing or diminishing the two core determinants. Mapping of the interaction of multiple socio-ecological elements in leading to retention or dropout while presenting enjoyment and competency as core determinants is unique. Improving retention in club-based tennis during adolescence is important for maintaining participation as a habit into adulthood. As a practical way to achieve this, factors that are identified in this study as influencing enjoyment and competency can be targeted through interventions at various levels through policies and strategies in delivering club programs, coaching and competition. Competency and enjoyment are interconnected in promoting retention. Increasing access to affordable and good quality coaching promotes enjoyment through improving competency and hence should be prioritised to sustain children’s interest and passion for the game. The knowledge about interconnectivity of several apparently distinct elements reiterates the importance of a holistic approach in sport retention studies. It provides the theoretical backing for strategies aimed at retaining more children and adolescents in organised sport which is important for carrying regular physical activity habit into adulthood and ensuring sustainability of organised sports.
Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (MScSportSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of sport psychology injunior tennis and to determine: • whether coaches make use of psychological interventions, • whether coaches consider psychological interventions in junior tennis to be important, • what kind of psychological interventions coaches make use of, and • what kind of problems coaches encounter while teaching psychological interventions to junior tennis players. Questionnaires were mailed off to all professional tennis coaches who are registered with Tennis South Africa. The questionnaire which the coaches voluntarily answered, was an abbreviated, revised version of the questionnaire used by Gould et al. (1999a) for their study. \ The results of this study show that coaches: • regard the teaching of psychological interventions to junior tennis players as very important. • perceived the following as the most important psychological dimensions for junior tennis players: motivation, concentration, enjoyment, self-confidence and goal setting. • find the teaching process of psychological interventions to junior tennis players difficult. • encounter practical problems in the teaching of psychological interventions to junior tennis players. Lack of time is mentioned most often. Based on these outcomes, it is concluded that sport psychology has an important role to play in junior tennis. More research is needed to develop techniques and methods to effectively teach psychological interventions to junior tennis players.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie is om die rol van sportsielkunde in junior tennis te ondersoek deur die volgende te bepaal: • of afrigters van sielkundige intervensies gebruik maak, • of afrigters dink dat sielkundige intervensies belangrik is in junior tennis, • van watter sielkundige intervensies afrigters gebruik maak, en • watter probleme afrigters ondervind gedurende die onderrig van sielkundige intervensies aan junior tennisspelers. Vraelyste is gestuur aan aIle professionele tennisafrigters wat by Tennis Suid-Afrika geregistreer is. Die vraelys wat die afrigters vrywillig beantwoord het, was 'n verkorte, hersiene weergawe van die vraelys wat deur Gould et al. (1999a) in hulle studie gebruik is. Die resultate van die studie toon dat afrigters: • die onderrig van sielkundige intervensies aan junior tennisspelers as belangrik beskou. • die volgende sielkundige dimensies in junior tennis as die belangrikste beskou: motivering, konsentrasie, genot, selfvertroue en doelwitstelling. • die onderrigproses verbonde aan sielkundige intervensies moeilik vind. • praktiese probleme ondervind met die onderrig van sielkundige intervensies aan junior tennisspelers. 'n Gebrek aan tyd is uitgesonder as die probleem wat die meeste voorkom. Gebaseer op die resuitate, is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat sportsieikunde 'n belangrike rol te speel het in junior tennis. Verdere navorsing word benodig am tegnieke en metodes daar te stel om die sieikundige intervensies effektief aan junior tennisspelers te onderrig .

This programme of work was designed to examine the use of moment of inertia during the perception of haptic information in support of action. There has been limited empirical work examining children's sensitivity to haptic information and how this supports their actions during dynamic touch. Experiment 1 examined children's ability to perceive changes in moment of inertia across different tennis rackets through the process of wielding. The results found the children to be sensitive to moment of inertia information. Experiment 2 examined the effect of development over 12 months upon children's preferred choice of racket for a given task. Over 12 months, based on variability data, the results suggested a trend for children's preference of racket to change under the visual condition. Experiment 3 examined if sensitivity to moment of inertia information becomes more attuned through experience gained through everyday manipUlatory activities and more so through task specific experience. The results suggested that sensitivity to moment of inertia did increase with experience. Experiment 4 examined whether sensitivity to moment of inertia differs with changes to its components, mass and mass distribution. Regardless of experience, the results found that perception of moment of inertia was not effected through any changes in mass or mass distribution. Experiment 5 examined if children were able to judge which racket would afford an optimal performance in a maximum striking task, in advance of executing the task. It also examined individual differences in both perceptual and movement behaviour and how these related to constraints imposed on the individual. The results suggested that children were not able to judge in advance the affordance of a racket for the given task. The results also highlighted a high level of intra-individual variability. In conclusion, the findings of this programme of work highlight the importance for practitioners to consider children individually and to recognise the many different constraints acting upon their systems at any given time. Further research is still required to identify informational constraints and understand how they affect an individual's performance. By identifying these constraints more effective learning and practice environments can be designed to facilitate and enhance skill acquisition.

Introduction: Lack of evidence-based information is an impediment to improve the food security and nutrition status of vulnerable tobacco tenant women and their children on smallholder farms in Malawi. Aim: To assess and describe the food accessibility and nutrition status of the tobacco tenant women of reproductive age and their under-five children on smallholder farms, as well as to determine and report correlational relationships amongst demographic and socio-economic factors, food accessibility measurements and nutrition status indicators. Design: Quantitative cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. Setting: Bwengu, Engucwini and Njuyu Extension Planning Areas, Mzimba North district, Malawi. Sample: 110 women of reproductive age sampled through a proportional systematic random sampling technique, and their 139 under-five children. The sample size was calculated using nQuery version 7 software based on 47% prevalence of malnutrition among under-five children in Malawi, estimated at 95% CI to the accuracy of 10%. Methodology: Data were captured through face-to-face interviews during the hunger season. Food accessibility was captured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), Household Hunger Scale (HHS), Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning (MAHFP) and Individual Dietary Diversity Scale (IDDS). Nutrition status was measured using anthropometry according to standard protocol. WHO Anthro software was used to compute Z-scores (W/A, H/A, W/H and BMI/A) for children, based on WHO standards. Microsoft Excel was used to calculate BMI for women, based on WHO cut-off points. Stata software was used to compute regression analyses to establish correlational relationships between independent and dependent variables. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Pretoria, Natural and Agriculture Science Committee (Number EC151215- 028), as well as from the Mzuzu Agriculture Development Division in Malawi. Results: Mean age of the women was 27.3 ± 6 years and 28.8 ± 15 months for the children. The experience of food insecurity access was severe for 75% of the households. Nearly onefifth of households were severely hungry, and had adequate food for only about eight months of the year. The women and their children consumed a mean of two food groups in the previous 24 hours. For the women, 21% were malnourished. For the children, 20% were wasted, 31.3% were stunted and 34% were underweight. More male children were malnourished. For food accessibility measurements, the multivariable linear regression analysis was used. The significant factors influencing the severity of the experience of food insecurity access were loan access (P = 0.015) and household size (P = 0.000). For the prevalence of hunger, the significant factors were food security and nutrition training (P = 0.046), marital status (P = 0.045) and household size (P = 0.000). For the annual prevalence of hunger, the significant factors were labour (P = 0.038), income (P = 0.008) and household size (P = 0.001). For the dietary diversity, the significant factors were labour (P = 0.001), food security and nutrition decisions (P = 0.004), mother’s age (P = 0.033) and income (P = 0.000). Using the multivariable IV regression analysis, the significant factors influencing the BMI of the women were their age (P = 0.054), loan access (P = 0.004), HFIAS scores (P = 0.007) and HHS scores (P = 0.001). For the children’s weight-for-age, the significant factors were the mother’s BMI (P = 0.014), child’s sex (P = 0.005), assets (P = 0.014), mother’s age (P = 0.001) and child’s age (P = 0.015). Using the multivariable random-effects GLS regression analysis, the significant factors influencing the children’s height-for-age were the mother’s age (P = 0.004), child’s sex (P = 0.005), assets (P = 0.028) and HFIAS scores (P = 0.006). For the children’s weight-forheight, the significant factors were the mother’s BMI (P = 0.032), MAHFP scores (P = 0.029), child’s age (P = 0.008) and income (P = 0.001). For the children’s BMI-for-age, the significant factors were the mother’s BMI (P = 0.030), mother’s age (P = 0.029), income (P = 0.002) and assets (P = 0.047). Conclusion: The food accessibility and nutrition status of the tobacco tenant women and their children were seriously poor. The significant factors influencing food accessibility and nutrition status were loan access, household size, food security and nutrition training, marital status, labour, income, assets, food security and nutrition decisions, mother’s BMI, mother’s age, child’s age, child’s sex, HFIAS scores, HHS scores and MAHFP scores. The study findings offer clues to policy makers on where to direct interventions to improve food accessibility and nutrition status of the tobacco tenant women and their children in Malawi.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Human Nutrition
MSc
Unrestricted

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Recent studies have demonstrated superiority in performance and motor learning from the adoption of an external focus compared the adoption of an internal focus , ie , when an individual adopts an external focus , the learning process is accelerated and attains more earlier a state of automaticity over the adoption of internal focus . The aim of this study is to verify different foci of attention in learning a specific motor skill in children 's shoes . Participate in the study 26 children of both sexes , aged between 10 and 12 years . The subjects will be divided into three groups according to the focus of attention : external focus ( GE ) , internal focus (IG ) and control group (CG ) . The task will be to make a withdrawal under a tennis forehand stroke with the aim of hitting the target placed on the other side of the court . Each subject will perform 60 trials of practice and , 48 hours later, perform a test of retention and transfer test without feedback , consisting of 10 trials each
Estudos recentes têm demonstrado superioridade na performance e aprendizagem motora a partir da adoção de um foco externo quando comparada a adoção de um foco interno, ou seja, quando um indivíduo adota um foco externo, o processo de aprendizagem é acelerado, e alcança-se mais cedo um estado de automaticidade em detrimento a adoção do foco de interno. O objetivo do presente estudo será verificar diferentes focos de atenção na aprendizagem de uma habilidade motora específica do tênis em crianças. Participarão do estudo 26 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 10 e 12 anos. Os sujeitos serão divididos em três grupos conforme o foco de atenção: foco externo (GE), foco interno (GI) e grupo controle (GC). A tarefa será a de realizar um saque por baixo com um golpe de forehand do tênis tendo o objetivo de acertar o alvo colocado do outro lado da quadra. Cada sujeito realizará 60 tentativas de prática e, 48 horas depois, realizarão um teste de retenção e um teste de transferência, sem feedback, constando de 10 tentativas cada

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esta dissertação investiga a trajetória de criação das imagens realizada entre o autor e o ilustrador nas duas narrativas escritas por Lewis Carroll, Alice no País das Maravilhas e Alice no País do Espelho. Publicadas no século XIX, ambas as obras foram ilustradas pelo ilustrador e cartunista inglês John Tenniel. Temos como objetivo reunir informações que esclareçam e facilitem a compreensão do processo de tradução do texto literário para a criação de imagens gráficas. O título “Texto e Imagem” é uma tentativa de agregar estas duas linguagens, observando, por meio do conceito de suplemento de Jacques Derrida, como ambas trabalham intrinsecamente dentro do livro ilustrado. Nas narrativas de Alice, essas linguagens seriam dependentes? Existe uma dominação ou uma exclusividade do texto verbal diante do texto visual? Seriam as imagens fundamentais para o entendimento da narrativa e, assim, o ilustrador seria também autor da obra? Para percorrer estes meandros, em primeiro lugar abordamos as narrativas de Alice em seu texto escrito e constatamos a tendência imagética de sua linguagem verbal. Em segundo lugar conceituamos e levamos em conta o que constitui uma imagem, explorando o livro ilustrado como um meio literário repleto de especificidades. Em terceiro lugar buscamos, por meio das correspondências trocadas entre autor e ilustrador, da análise das imagens e de comentários a respeito das ilustrações, explicar a construção visual do texto e mostrando a sua repercussão. Ao final, pensamos sobre o que se considera “imagem”, refletindo sobre as palavras, seu sentido e sua representação gráfica, a disposição do texto e os pequenos detalhes de formatação que costumam passar despercebidos aos olhares interpretativos dos leitores. Para desenvolver esta pesquisa utilizamos como corpus teórico autores que dialogam a respeito das particularidades entre o texto e a imagem; o livro ilustrado, as histórias em quadrinhos, a palavra-imagem, a poesia concreta e os escritos de artistas. O referencial bibliográfico expõe as teorias de Sophie Van der Linden, Maria Nikolajeva, Maria Scott, Martine Joly, Julio Plaza, Décio Pignatari, Haroldo e Augusto de Campos, Will Eisner, Scott McCloud, Umberto Eco, entre outros. Os autores Morton N. Cohen e Martin Gardner forneceram informações curiosas e dados biográficos sobre Lewis Carroll e John Tenniel.
This dissertation investigates the process of creation of images performed between the author and the illustrator in the two narratives written by Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland and Though the Looking-Glass. Published in the nineteenth century, both works were illustrated by British illustrator and cartoonist John Tenniel. We intend to gather information that would clarify and facilitate the understanding the translation process of literary text into the creation of graphic images. The title "Text and Image" is an attempt to add these two languages, watching through the concept of supplement by Jacques Derrida, as both work intrinsically within the picture book. In Alice's narratives, these languages would be dependent? There is a domination or exclusivity to the verbal text on the visual text? Would be the images the key for understanding the narrative and, therefore, the illustrator is also author of the work? To go through among that complexity, first, it was necessary to approach Alice's narratives in his written text and and verify the tendency to imagery for his verbal language. Second, we conceptualize and take into account what constitutes an image, exploring the illustrated book as a literary media full of peculiarities. Third, we explore through correspondence sent between author-illustrator, the image analysis, comments about the illustrations that explain the visual construction of the text and we concluded showing its repercussions. Finally, we think about what is considered "image", reflecting on the words, their meaning and their graphical representation, text layout and development of the small details that often get overlooked by the readers. To develop this research we use authors that analyze the singularities between text and image; the book illustrated, comics, the word-image, concrete poetry and writings of artists. The theoretical framework involves the theories of Sophie Van der Linden, Maria Nikolajeva, Mary Scott, Martine Joly, Julio Plaza, Decius Pignatari, Haroldo and Augusto de Campos, Will Eisner, Scott McCloud, Umberto Eco, among others. The authors Morton N. Cohen and Martin Gardner contributed interesting information and biographical data about Lewis Carroll and John Tenniel.

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Education, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Education
This study aimed to assess selected physiological, osmoregulatory and thermoregulatory responses to tennis play in children, Twenty-four young male tennis players (X age; 13.3+ 1.31 years) were stndied while playing for 90 min under warm environmental conditions (WBGT index= 13-19). Ad libitum consumption of pure water was permitted. Questionnaires were used in order to elicit information regarding the health status, degree of aeelimatizationnnd pre-match trait and state anxiety of the subjects. The physiological variables assessed. included pre- and post-match rectal temperature (T), heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (02) during the match. The biochemical observations included pre- and postmatch blood glucose, haematoerit (Ret), haemoglobin (lIb), plasma electrolyte (Na", Cl', K+, Mg++) and total plasma protein (TPP) concentrations. The findings )q~ed that the young tennis players investigated in this study experienced, ~de!'ate levels of pre-competitive trait and state amdety. The estimated nie.m exercise intensity of 50-55% of VOzmax for a duration of 90 min resulted. in a Tre increase of 0.73 •C. Mean percentage dehydration was 0.MO+O.25. Plasma volume (PV) changes were insignificant and were positively related to TPP changes. Mean plasma. Na" and CI- concentrations increased by 0.88 mmol.r" and 2.2 mmol.r:' respectively. The subjects' mean H... response (145 bpm) of a subset or the sample(n=13) and estimated VOz (21.38 ml.kg-l.min-~ represented a 55% of the age adjusted HRmax reserve and approximately a 50-55% of V02 max respectively. The time spent within the target heart rate range (60-85% HR. max reserve) comprised only 33% of the match duration. Mean energy expenditure was estimated to be 1772 KJ dUl'ing the 90 min period. Itwas calculated that in order to prevent harmful levels of dehydration under warm environmental conditions and at an exercise intensity of tennis play of approximately 55% of the age adjusted HR max reserve or 50-55% of V02 max, consumption of 4.44-6.81 mI.Kg-1.br-1 or 200-360 ml.hr" of water is recommended in young tennis players possessing a body mass of 45-53 Kg. The precise quantity was concluded to be a function of the mass and exercise intensity of the subjects and the environmental heat stress index during play.
Andrew Chakane 2018

碩士
國立臺灣體育學院
體育研究所
92
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the children with and without accepting the table tennis (TT) training on their motor abilities. Method: Participants were 95 children aged seven to ten years old. There were 33 children in the intervention group who joined in the TT team, and 62 typically developing children without accepting any exercise training in the control group. Children in the intervention group joined the 12-week TT training. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC) and Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) were used to identify the changes of motor abilities before and after 12-week training. Data obtained in this study were analyzed by pair-t test and two-way MANOVA of Repeated Measures. Results: The Movement ABC showed that both groups improved on the impairment scores of the manual dexterity (p<0.05) and balance domains (p<0.05) at the children of the 7-8 age band. However, there was not a significant difference between the two groups. For the children of 9-10 age band, there were significant improvements on the total score (p<0.001) and balance domains (p<0.05) at the post-test. The TT group had significant improvements in the ball skill domain (p<0.01), but the control group regressed. In the manual dexterity domain, the control group had significant improvement more than the TT group (p<0.01). At the children of the 7-8 age band, the TT group had significant improvements more than the control group in the total score (p<0.01) and object control subtest (p<0.05) of the TGMD-2 test at the post-test. However there was not a significant difference between group and pre- and post-test in the locomotor subtest. For the 9-10 age band, both groups significantly improved in the post-test. Generally, the TT group had more significant improvement in the total score than that of the control group. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the TT training has significant improvements for children’s motor ability and development.

碩士
正修科技大學
休閒與運動管理所
102
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of tennis camp program on children fundamental motor skills and exercise performance. Methods: sixteen primary school tennis camp students were voluntarily to participated in this study(age: 9.31±0.95 years old, height: 134.31±9.39cm, weight: 29.53±6.02kg,training age: 12.75±9.21months),all subjects were divided into normal group(N_group, n=9) and Experimental group(E_group, n=7). Two groups had to finish eight weeks tennis camp program; sixty minutes in each session, three times per week. Program was including the agility, speed, balance and the serve and return training. Results: Serve and return tests did not shown significant improved after eight weeks training, but the left and right side return tests had better performance(F=42.12; 17.17, p<.05)and both side single foot balance tests had significant improved(t =2.59; 2.19,p<.05).Conclusion: long-term regular scheduled training program has positive effects on children tennis skills development, even the filed performance, physical balance and coordination.

碩士
國立花蓮教育大學
體育學系碩士班
97
The Effects of Essential Motion Abilities Training on Elementary School‘s Soft Tennis Children towards Their Wall Practice June 2008 Graduate: Ke Li Fang Adviser: Professor Sun Yuan Mei Abstract The purpose of this study is to probe into: (1) The variances of pre-test and post-test between the essential motion abilities drill of high-grade elementary school’s soft tennis children and their wall practice. (2) The correlation between the essential motion ability drill of high-grade elementary school’s soft tennis children and their wall practice. (3) Taking essential motion abilities as the predicting variables, to find out the regression formulae of stability influences on soft tennis wall practice. The study has taken a total of 20 high-grade elementary school boys and girls as research subjects to perform 11 essential motion ability tests before the training. After eight weeks of soft tennis training, they were tested before and after they had performed the techniques of soft tennis wall practice, as well as the pre-test and post-test of their essential motion abilities. Data collected were statistically analyzed using SPSS, the statistical software package for Windows 12.0 version. After data had been processed, analyzed and discussed, the study has obtained the following findings: 1. There is a significant variance of p<.05 for the elementary school’s soft tennis boys and girls after they had taken eight weeks of essential motion abilities drill, in comparison to their soft tennis wall practice, and the pre-test and post-test on their every essential motion abilities. 2. There is a correlation of stability influences (p<.05) between the 10 essential motion abilities (rope skipping, kneeling and belly stretching, cross-running, knee-bending sit-ups, side running, French press, 30m sprint, bend press, shuttle run, and sitting-turn running) of elementary school’s soft tennis boys and girls and their soft tennis wall practice. 3. Taking the pre-test and post-test of essential motion abilities as the predicting variables, the regression formulae of soft tennis wall practice as criterion variables are shown below: Boys’ standardized regression formula Zc＝0.721X4 (knee-bending sit-ups) Girls’ standardized regression formula Zc＝0.556X1＋0.497X8 (rope skipping and bend press) Hence, this study suggests to emphasize knee-bending sit-ups, rope skipping and bend press as the essential physical training indexes for elementary school soft tennis sports. Coaches can refer to the regression formulae that this study has established to serve as the reference basis in enhancing soft tennis wall practice. Keywords: Elementary school soft tennis, essential motion abilities

碩士
國立臺南大學
體育學系碩士在職專班
107
Purpose: Tennis hitting and serving techniques all require the contraction of the core muscles to provide stability of the body and movement. This study was to explore 6 weeks of core muscles training through the Swiss ball on hitting and serving stability and related physical fitness on children tennis players. Methods: Twenty subjects from 5th and 6th grade children tennis players was divided into experimental and control groups using stratified random sampling, each group contained 10 subjects. Both groups received regular tennis training. The experimental group received an additional Swiss ball core muscles training for 6 weeks, 4 times a week, 30 minutes each time. Both groups were tested before and after training, including hitting and serving stability, active balance, agility, and core fitness. The data was analyzed by SPSS 23.0 for window using the monophonic covariate analysis, the significant level set at α = .05. Result: After 6 weeks of core muscles training, the tennis player's serving stability and abdominal static muscle endurance performance showed significant progress in the experimental group, but did not change significantly on active balance ability, back dynamic muscle endurance, and hitting stability.

Title: Play and stay 10s system The thesis "Play and stay 10s system" follow up compilation of available literature dealing with training of children under 10 years old. This system i salso applicable to older children beginners or even adult beginners. The aim of the thesis is to analyze this system prefered by ITF and subscribe it to Czech trainers and coaches or those who are interested in tennis methodology for this age category. The problem in this category is the fact that a large amount of athletes have other sport opportunities than tennis. The outflow of athletes from this sport is caused by direct corrective form of teaching that children do not like. And as many people think, it goes to collective and more entertaining sports where the game itself is beginning from first lesson. The slogan of tennis 10s is "Serve, rallye, score". This system has caused worldwide rise and popularity among children and adults. Tennis taught in this way is more attractive and fun. Key words: tennis, methodology, training of children under 10 years, fun form, midi court

The graduation thesis deals with fitness training of children tennis players. The fitness training plan to improve fitness and skill levels of an experimental group has been designed by the author of the thesis on the basis of findings of scientific literature. The research part of the thesis was conducted by experiment. The experiment compares the differences in growth of performance between the experimental group and the control group and answers the basic question of the thesis if the designed plan is useful and fully operational for fitness training of children tennis players. In the conclusion the author presents the evaluation of her findings for further work with children.

The aim of this dissertation was twofold. First, this thesis explored the role that working memory plays in children’s motor learning. Working memory is responsible for the temporary storage and manipulation of information in the mind, and is the primary mechanism underpinning the conscious acquisition of motor knowledge. However, working memory is still developing throughout childhood and, therefore, it is possible that most (if not, all) motor information learnt during childhood occurs sub-consciously. Indeed, the results showed that a person’s working memory capacity influenced skill performance and learning. Children with larger working memory capacity had a greater tendency to test hypotheses (i.e., make alterations to technique) when performing a motor skill, were more likely to consciously control their movements as indicated by the Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale, and were advantaged when verbal instructions were provided. Further, studies with adults showed that working memory capacity predicted both performance in a pressured situation and the amount of EEG coherence between the motor regions of the brain and the verbal-analytical and visuo-spatial regions. The second main aim of this dissertation investigated the influence that modified equipment had on children’s skill acquisition. As hypothesised, skill performance and learning was enhanced when using modified equipment (e.g., smaller racquets and lower compression balls) compared to using full-size equipment. Importantly, the use of modified equipment placed fewer demands on working memory during performance of a skill, which implies that it encourages an implicit mode of learning. Overall, this thesis contributes to the small but growing literature examining implicit motor learning in children and increases our understanding of the influence that working memory has on the acquisition of motor skills.

碩士
正修科技大學
休閒與運動管理所
105
Factors Motivating andObstructingParents of Elementary School Soft Tennis Playersto SupportTheir Childrenin School Team Participation—A Case Study in Examples from Southern Taiwan Student:JUNG-CHANG CHEN Advisor:MO-YU Hsieh 2017.06 Abstract Objective: This study aimed to understand about factors that motivate and obstruct parents of elementary school soft tennis players in southern Taiwan to support their children in school team participation.Method: This study adopted the method of questionnaire survey by administering a total of 200 questionnaires to parents of elementary school students on soft tennis teams in southern Taiwan as research subjects. Of these questionnaires, 176 copies were collected. With SPSS22.0 statistical software as a research tool, the collected data were statistically analyzed by applying descriptive statistics, t-test analysis, one-way ANOVA, the Scheffe test, and correlation analysis. Results:1. The motives for parents of elementary school soft tennis players in southern Taiwan to support their children in school team participation included six factors: “health fitness,” “need for achievement,” “traditional school,” “professional knowledge,” “coach quality,” as well as “rewards and compliments.” 2. The factors that obstruct parents of elementary school soft tennis players in southern Taiwan from supporting their children in school team participation included the five factors of “physical fitness issues,” “coach quality,” “academic performance issues,” “external factors,” and “developmental issues.” 3. Among the motives for parents of elementary school soft tennis players in southern Taiwan to support their children in school team participation, the factors of “health fitness” and “need for achievement” were the most significant ones, followed by “traditional school,” “professional knowledge,” “coach quality,” and finally “rewards and compliments.” 4. Among the factors that obstruct parents of elementary school soft tennis players in southern Taiwan from supporting their children in school team participation, the factors of “physical fitness issues” and “coach quality” were the most significant ones, followed by “academic performance issues,” “external factors,” and finally “developmental issues.” 5.A comparison of the motives for support found significant differences in the factor dimensions of “need for achievement” and “coach quality” between parents of different genders. A comparison between different professions found significant differences in the factor dimension of “need for achievement;” a comparison between children’s lengths of playing soft tennis found significant differences in the factor dimensions of “need for achievement,” “traditional school,” “professional knowledge,” and “reward and compliments.” 6. A comparison of differences in obstructive factors found significant differences in the factor dimension of “coach quality” between parents of different genders; significant differences were found in the factor dimension of “external factor” between parents with different ages.A comparison between children’s lengths of playing soft tennis found significant differences in the factor dimensions of “physical fitness issues,” “academic performance issues,” and “developmental issues.” 7. A negative correlation was found between the factors that motivated and obstructed parents of elementary school soft tennis players in southern Taiwan to support their children in school team participation. Conclusion:This study discoveredhigher motives for support when children had a longer length of playing soft tennis; the obstructive factors also became relatively weakened. As a result, coaches are recommend to promote players’ interests during initial training arrangements. By doing so, it is important for parents to develop a sense of identification with the school team in order to promote parents’ supportive motives. Keywords: Career planning, sport talent identification