Journal articles on the topic 'Tennant Creek (N T )'

Abstract We have examined the largest earthquakes in the Australian continent over the past 20 years by modeling their teleseismic long-period P and SH and short-period P waveforms. Eight earthquakes beneath the continent show thrust faulting at depths shallower than 10 km. Three (1, 2, 4 below) produced surface faulting and their waveforms indicate centroid depths of 3 km or less. The P-axes in the southwestern half of the continent have easterly trends. Preliminary examination of the 3 large earthquakes near Tennant Creek on 22 January, 1988, (7–9) indicate thrusting at less than 10 km depth, but with N-trending P-axes. The largest event (9), at 12:06 GMT, had a seismic moment of roughly 1019 Nm, which makes it comparable in size to the 1968 Meckering event (1). One event (6) beneath the continental margin indicates strike-slip at 26 km depth.

A new species of long-jawed harvestman, Taracus aspenae n. sp. is described from Catherine Creek Ice Cave, near Le Grande, Union Co., Oregon, USA. The new species is closest to T. pallipes (Banks, 1894) and distinct from the likely sympatric T. gertschi Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942.

Five new species of small grass cicadas belonging to the genus Graminitigrina Ewart and Marques are described, together with detailed analyses of their calling songs. Four species occur in Queensland, G. aurora n. sp. from eastern central Queensland near Fairbairn Dam; G. flindensis n. sp. from central Queensland between Hughenden northwards for at least 108 km; G. einasleighi n. sp. from near The Lynd, Einasleigh River, northeastern Queensland; G. selwynensis n. sp. from the Selwyn Range, northwestern Queensland, at locations about 40 km east of Mount Isa and 25 km southwest of Cloncurry, this latter here transferred from G. bowensis Ewart and Marques; G. uluruensis n. sp. from Uluru and the Olgas in southwestern Northern Territory, extending northwards through Tennant Creek and apparently further north to near Larrimah, a linear distance of approximately 1190 km. These new species bring the known Graminitigrina species to ten, all superficially similar in colour and morphology. A key to male specimens is provided for the 10 species. Additional distribution records and additional aural song recordings are presented for G. bowensis, these requiring the transfer of populations previously identified as G. bowensis from Croydon and Georgetown, northern Gulf region, to G. karumbae Ewart and Marques. Detailed comparative analyses, including NMDS analyses, of the songs of all 10 species are provided, which show that the song parameters are appropriate to distinguish the species, although some partial overlap is noted in the waveform plots between the songs of G. uluruensis n. sp. and G. flindensis n. sp. Regional variations of song parameters are noted in the calling songs of most of the species described.

A materials budget was estimated for the Magela Creek system during the 1982-83 wet season. This tropical system in northern Australia consists largely of a well-defined creek (Magela Creek contributes approximately 50% of the total inflow to the floodplain) flowing into an extensive wetlands area and then into the East Alligator River. Intensive sampling of creek water, rainfall and water flowing from the system provided the data base for the budget calculations. The annual transport of both dissolved and particulate matter by Magela Creek (area 600 km2) is very low, even when compared with other low-relief tropical systems. The annual load transported during 1982-83 was 1260 t (21 kg ha-1) of dissolved salts and 2330 t (39 kg ha-1) of particulate matter. Rainfall appeared to contribute all the sodium, potassium and chloride, and part of the calcium (c. 30%) and magnesium (25%) transported during the 1982-83 wet season by Magela Creek. Most of the manganese (c. 60%) (and probably iron) was contributed from weathering processes occurring in the catchment. Only small amounts of the trace metals copper, lead, zinc and uranium were transported by the creek. During the 1982-83 wet season, more trace metals were contributed in rainfall than transported from the catchment by the creek. However, this is probably atypical and resulted from dust particles that had entered the atmosphere in greater numbers due to the extended dry season. The vast bulk of the nutrients (total P 93%, NO3- N 86%, NH4+ N 98%) added to the catchment by rainfall was removed by the catchment, probably via uptake by the vegetation. Consequently, the creek transported only very small amounts of nutrients to the floodplain. An input-output budget for the Magela floodplain was calculated. The uncertainty in the net amounts deposited or released from the floodplain was estimated using a new quantitative method developed for this purpose. The uncertainties in the net values estimated were high, ranging from around 30% for bicarbonate to 500% for uranium. These data suggest that the Magela floodplain is a net source of the major ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate) and also of iron, and a net sink for suspended solids, nutrients (total phosphorus, nitrate and ammonia) and manganese. The floodplain also appears to be a net sink for the trace metals copper, lead, zinc and uranium.

Experiments were commenced in 1978 to evaluate the impact of the narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) on production of subsequent wheat crops in the N-infertile, acidic soils of the Pilliga Scrub region of northern New South Wales. There were four sites. Production of lupin dry matter (shoots, roots) ranged from 5.0 (Florida A) to 11.4 t ha-1 (Kamala), reflecting seasonal rainfall and crop management. Lupin seed yields varied between 1.29 (Florida A) and 2.03 t ha-1 (Kamala); at two of the sites, yields were greater than the yields achieved by the adjacent wheat crops. At Spring Creek, the wheat was not harvested for grain due to the extremely poor plant growth. Seasonal profiles of C2H2 reduction by each of the four lupin crops reflected growth characteristics; maximum activity coincided with rapid accumulation of dry mater. Diurnal profiles of C2H2 reduction were unaffected by plant age. Rates peaked around noon after rapidly increasing from minimum pre-dawn levels. Total N2 fixed by each of the lupin crops was estimated by comparing N Yields of the lupin and wheat crops. The various methods used resulted in almost identical estimates of N2 fixation at Kamala (215-218 kg ha-') and Spring Creek (222-228 kg ha-'). Estimates . of N2 fixed by the two Florida crops ranged from 72 to 101 (Florida A) and from 82 to 134 kg ha-' (Florida B). The data indicate that large amounts of N can be fixed by field-grown lupins, amounts well in excess of the quantities of N harvested in the seed.

ABSTRACT A major route of transmission of Visna/maedi virus (VMV), an ovine lentivirus, is thought to be via the respiratory tract, by inhalation of either cell-free or cell-associated virus. In previous studies, we have shown that infection via the lower respiratory tract is much more efficient than via upper respiratory tissues (T. N. McNeilly, P. Tennant, L. Lujan, M. Perez, and G. D. Harkiss, J. Gen. Virol. 88:670-679, 2007). Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are prime candidates for the initial uptake of virus in the lower lung, given their in vivo tropism for VMV, abundant numbers, location within the airways, and role in VMV-induced inflammation. Furthermore, AMs are the most likely cell type involved in the transmission of cell-associated virus. In this study, we use an experimental in vivo infection model that allowed the infection of specific segments of the ovine lung. We demonstrate that resident AMs are capable of VMV uptake in vivo and that this infection is associated with a specific up-regulation of AM granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA expression (P < 0.05) and an increase in bronchoalveolar lymphocyte numbers (P < 0.05), but not a generalized inflammatory response 7 days postinfection. We also demonstrate that both autologous and heterologous VMV-infected AMs are capable of transmitting virus after lower, but not upper, respiratory tract instillation and that this transfer of virus appears not to involve the direct migration of virus-infected AMs from the airspace. These results suggest that virus is transferred from AMs into the body via an intermediate route. The results also suggest that the inhalation of infected AMs represents an additional mechanism of virus transmission.

Willow flycatchers (Empidonax traillii; WIFL) nest along the Owens River and Horton Creek in the Owens Valley. Migrating WIFL visit these sites as well as many other tributaries to both the Owens River and Mono Lake. We estimate there are approximately 35 WIFL territories in the Owens valley, or 5% of territories in California. Nesting WIFL in the Owens Valley are likely the federally endangered southwestern subspecies (E. t. extimus; SWIFL). The Chalk Bluff nesting site is particularly important as large nesting areas tend to be both rare and important for SWIFL and it contains more than half (63%) of all known WIFL territories in the region, which also represents 12% of all nesting SWIFL in California. Between 2014 and 2016, WIFL territory numbers declined from 37 to 27 across the three largest breeding sites. Territory numbers may have been influenced by drought conditions or brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater; BHCO) nest parasitism. In 2015 and 2016, comprehensive nest monitoring found nest parasitism rates were >40%, and nest success was lower in parasitized nests (16%; N = 5/31) compared with non-parasitized nests (60%; N = 31/52). BHCO management could potentially improve nest success for WIFL as well as many other open-cup nesting riparian birds in the Owens Valley.

As variações nos ecossistemas naturais exigem uma atenção da sociedade para a água, pois o risco de desabastecimento não é um problema localizado, é uma questão nacional. Avaliou-se o efeito da sazonalidade na qualidade da água no furo do Muriá, Curuçá, Pará. As coletas de água foram realizadas em 21 pontos distribuídos ao longo do Furo, nos meses de fevereiro, março, outubro e novembro de 2015, durante as marés vazante e enchente. As variáveis abióticas foram determinadas in situ com utilização de sonda. As análises de OD foram determinadas pelo método de Winkler (Strickland e Parsons, 1972), taxa de saturação de OD segundo tabela da UNESCO (1973), os nutrientes conforme descritos em Grasshof et al. (1983), o N-amoniacal segundo APHA (1995) e Clorofila a segundo Teixeira (1973). As variáveis ambientais apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os períodos analisados (p<0,05), tendendo a um padrão sazonal, exceto N-amoniacal (p>0,05) logo não teve influência sazonal. Levando em consideração as marés as concentrações de salinidade, CE e clorofila-a foram significativas durante a maré enchente. A turbidez foi mais elevada durante as marés de vazante (p<0,05). Os parâmetros fosfato e N-amoniacal não apresentaram diferença significativa entre marés (p>0,05). O efeito da sazonalidade pode restringir à variação da qualidade do ambiente, logo indica a relevância do monitoramento do ambiente, assim servir de ferramenta em planos de políticas públicas de melhoria do saneamento da população. Sazonal Dynamics of Nutrients in Amazonian EstuaryA B S T R A C TVariations in natural ecosystems require society's attention to water, as the risk of shortages is not a localized problem, it is a national issue. The effect of seasonality on water quality in the Creek Muriá, Curuçá, Pará, Brazil, was evaluated. Water samples were collected at 21 points along the Creek during February, March, October and November 2015, during Tides and flood. Abiotic variables were determined in situ using probe. The parameters of Dissolved Oxygen (OD), saturation rate of OD (% OD), Chlorophyll a (Cl-a), Phosphate (Fosf), Nitrite (NO2), Nitrate (NO3) and N-ammonical (N- Master). The environmental variables presented significant differences between the analyzed periods (p <0.05), tending to a seasonal pattern, except for N-ammoniacal (p> 0.05), thus not having a seasonal influence. Taking into account the tides the concentrations of salinity, EC and chlorophyll-a were significant during tide flood. The turbidity was higher during tidal ebb tides (p <0.05). The phosphate and N-ammonia parameters showed no significant difference between tides (p> 0.05). The effect of seasonality may restrict the variation of the quality of the environment, thus indicating the relevance of environmental monitoring, thus serving as a tool in public policy plans to improve population sanitation.Keywords: Chlorophyll a; nutrients; tide

In the past decade, black walnut (Juglans nigra) trees throughout western North America have suffered from widespread branch dieback and canopy loss, causing substantial tree mortality (2,3). The fungus, Geosmithia morbida, vectored by the walnut twig beetle (WTB), Pityophthorus juglandis, has been associated with this devastating disease known as Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) (2,3). In August of 2012, branch samples from TCD symptomatic black walnut trees (5 to 10 cm in diameter and 15 to 30 cm long) were collected on the North Carolina side of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GRSM) in Cataloochee Cove (35°37.023′ N, 83°07.351′ W) and near the Big Creek Campground (35°45.290′ N, 83°06.473′ W), in Haywood County. Five symptomatic trees near the Big Creek Campground and three from Cataloochee Cove displayed typical TCD signs including progressive crown thinning, branch flagging, and branch dieback; however, insect holes were not observed. Samples were double bagged in Ziploc plastic bags, sealed in a 19-liter plastic bucket, and transported to the University of Tennessee. Outer bark was removed from the samples and small, elliptical, necrotic cankers were observed. Wood chips (3 to 4 mm2) from cankers were excised and placed on 1/10 strength potato dextrose agar amended with 30 mg/liter streptomycin sulfate and 30 mg/liter chlortetracycline HCL and incubated on a 12-h dark/light cycle at 22°C for 5 to 7 days. Fungal isolates were tentatively identified as G. morbida by using culture morphology, and characteristics of conidiophores and conidia (2). The isolated fungus from the Cataloochee Cove location was grown in 1/10 strength potato dextrose broth at room temperature for 2 weeks. Isolates from Big Creek Campground were contaminated and were not analyzed further. Fungal colonies were tan to light yellow. Conidia were tan, subcylindrical, and catenulate. Conidiophores were multibranched, verticillate, and verrucose. To verify the morphological data, DNA was extracted from fungal mycelia using DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer's published protocol. Isolates from Cataloochee Cove were characterized using ITS1 and ITS4 universal primers (4). The putative G. morbida isolate (GenBank Accession No. KC461929) had ITS sequences that were 100% identical to the G. morbida type isolate CBS124663 (FN434082.1) (2). Additionally, fungal DNA from Cataloochee Cove was amplified using G. morbida-specific microsatellite loci (GS04, GS27, and GS36) (1). PCR products were analyzed with the QIAxcel Capillary Electrophoresis System (Qiagen) and were similar to those previously published (2). To date, all confirmed cases of TCD in the native range of black walnut have been in urban areas, along rural roadsides and/or fence rows. The report in North Carolina is the first finding of G. morbida, the causal agent of TCD, in a forest setting. References: (1) D. Hadziabdic et al. Conserv. Genet. Resources 4:287, 2012. (2) M. Kolarik et al. Mycologia 103:325, 2011. (3) N. Tisserat et al. Plant Health Progr. doi:10.1094/PHP-2011-0630-01-BR, 2011. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

Abstract Kootenay Lake, B.C. (395 km2), has experienced a series of major perturbations in the past 50 years, resulting in the 1980s’ collapse of South Arm kokanee salmon stocks and a dramatic decrease in the abundance of North Arm stocks. Historical data indicate the collapse was due to reservoir construction together with subsequent impoundment and nutrient retention on both main inflow tributaries (Kootenai and Duncan rivers) to Kootenay Lake, combined with the introduction of an exotic mysid shrimp which is an efficient competitor with kokanee for zooplankton. Nutrients (47.1 t of P and 206.7 t of N) are now being added annually to the 174 km2 North Arm of Kootenay Lake (271.3 mg-m-2 P and 1,190.5 mg-m-2 N) in a 5-year (1992-96) experiment with the goal of restoring historical kokanee salmon biomass and productivity. The concentration of total phosphorus in the North Arm currently ranges from 4–10 µg-L-1 P, which indicates oligotrophic to mesotrdphic conditions, whereas the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen remains in the oligotrophic range (i.e., &lt;200 mg L-1 N) throughout the year. The seasonal mean zooplankton density observed in 1994 was higher than in 1992 and 1993, and similar to the highest densities observed from 1972 to 1984. Cladocerans comprised about 7.5% of the zooplankton in the North Arm in 1994, 12% in 1993 and 7.5% in 1992 as compared with less than 5% between 1949 and 1991. Combined North Arm kokanee escapement (Lardeau River and Meadow Creek) was 1.25 million fish in 1994 and was the highest observed since 1986, but lower than some escapements observed in the 1970s. Kokanee spawner size and fecundity have also increased. No significant trends have been observed in the Gerrard rainbow trout population. To date, the fertilization experiment has been successful at increasing the abundance of clado-ceran zooplankton and restoring kokanee populations in the North Arm of Kootenay Lake.

A study was conducted across Canada to compare the herbage productivity of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) to that of traditional forage legumes, in order to assess its agricultural potential. Trials were established at latitudes ranging from 45 to 56°N with longitudes from 52°W (St. John's, Newfoundland) to 120°W (Dawson Creek, British Columbia). Herbage productivity was monitored for a maximum of 3 production years. The establishment characteristics of Gale fodder galega were comparable to those of Apica and Beaver alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Altaswede red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and somewhat superior to those of Dawn Alsike clover (T. hybridum L.) and Leo trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Anik alfalfa (M. falcata L.) was far less uniform and vigorous in its establishment than any of the other species. The average annual dry matter yield of fodder galega ranked third among the seven legumes when averaged over the nine sites; it produced 5545 (SE 95) kg ha−1 compared to 3931 (SE 72) kg ha−1 for Dawn alsike clover, the lowest-yielding crop, and 6673 (SE 114) kg ha−1 for Apica alfalfa, the highest-yielding. The cumulative dry matter yields indicated that Gale galega is at least as well adapted across Canada as the other legumes, except possibly at Saskatoon where the M. sativa alfalfas were far superior to all the other legumes in their ability to establish and thrive. The performance characteristics of Gale fodder galega indicate that it has considerable agricultural potential as an additional, perennial, herbage legume for many regions of Canada, except in the semi-arid continental climate of the central Prairies where its growth may be limited by high air temperature and/or insufficient soil moisture. Key words: Fodder galega, Galega orientalis Lam., goat's rue, herbage production, forage legume

The success of all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) pioneered the concept of differentiation therapy. However, comparable approaches to overcome differentiation blockage for non-APL acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are hampered by lack of an effective drug discovery platform. Recently, we analyzed gene signatures of compounds (ATRA, arsenic trioxide, zalcitabine, and sodium butyrate) that trigger myeloid differentiation in the NCI-60 collection datasets and identified CD38 as the top gene upregulated by differentiation induction. We next initiated an in silico screen in the DTP database of &gt;20,000 compounds to identify compounds that increase CD38 levels. Among those retrieved from "CellMiner" with CD38 as input, we assessed the top 193 available from NCI (r&gt;0.6, p=0) for effects on differentiation utilizing a conditional murine myeloid differentiation-arrest model overexpressing estrogen receptor-HoxA9 (ER-HoxA9) fusion proteins (Cell, 2016). We identified NSC755985 (Nelarabine, NEL) in that screen. NEL is an orphan drug approved to treat relapsed or refractory T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). NEL at clinically achievable doses (Cmax: 6.73 μM~ 26.91 μM, at a proposed adult dosing schedule of 1,500 mg/m2/day) markedly induced primary AML cell differentiation and death while sparing normal hematopoietic cells (AML vs normal, IC50: 14.7 ± 4.3 μM, n=7, vs 45.3 ± 1.3 μM, n=3), suggesting a therapeutic window in AML. Ex vivo NEL treatment compromised BM engraftment of CD34+ cells from one primary AML specimen in immunodeficient NSG mice at 12 weeks post-transplant (human CD45+ cells in BM: NEL 0.73% vs vehicle 33.42%, n=6/group, p&lt;0.01). NEL administration in vivo (130 mg/kg/day, i.v. for 5 consecutive days) reduced leukemic burden of NSG mice xenografted with luciferase-expressing U937 cells (Radiance: NEL 2.83×107 vs vehicle 1.65×108 photons/s/cm2, n=9/group,p&lt;0.01) and extended mouse survival. Transcriptome analyses in U397 cells and primary AML specimens revealed that NEL treatment upregulated RAS-related pathways. NEL-elicited RAS activation was confirmed by pull-down assay using a GST-Raf1-RBD affinity probe, followed by blotting with a pan-RAS antibody. We performed functional analysis by infecting ER-HoxA9 cells with lentiviral vector expressing oncogenic RAS and observed enhanced myeloid differentiation, as evidenced by increased CD11b/GFP levels relative to MOCK-infected controls. Given that NEL's active metabolite Ara-GTP perturbs guanine nucleotide metabolism, we asked if NEL-evoked RAS activation was associated with accrual of intracellular GTP. HPLC/MS analyses of U937 cells showed that NEL treatment resulted in a marked increase in GTP (approximately 5-fold higher than baseline at sub-millimolar levels) which was secondary to Ara-GTP. Importantly, either electroporation of GTP into U937 cells or indirect introduction of GTP by addition of guanine utilizing purine salvage pathways activated RAS and recapitulated differentiation induction phenotypes. To determine whether AML cells with higher RAS activity exhibited greater NEL sensitivity, we pretreated U937 cells with a RAS agonist KRA-553 or ectopically expressed RAS mutants and observed enhanced NEL inhibitory effects in both cases. We also observed enhanced vulnerability to NEL treatment in MLL-AF9 transformed murine hematopoietic cells from KrasLox-Stop-Lox (LSL) G12D/+/Vav-Cre mice (Blood, 2009) versus Cre+ counterparts. Relevant to AML line THP-1 which is poorly responsive to NEL (IC50&gt;100 µM), we observed extremely low levels of Ara-GTP, no GTP increase or RAS hyperactivation after NEL treatment; Ara-GTP is inactivated by SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), a dNTP hydrolase, whose high expression reportedly underlies NEL resistance in T-ALL. Indeed, SAMHD1 deletion remarkably increased RAS activity in THP-1 cells treated with NEL, thereby fully reversing NEL resistance. Our study provides a preclinical basis for testing NEL efficacy in a large cohort of AML patients, given that RAS activity is generally high in AML, or even against other malignancies harboring RAS mutations, which are considered "undruggable". Additionally, further study to test whether SAMHD1 inhibition enhances NEL efficacy against RAS active cancers is warranted. Disclosures Marcucci: Pfizer: Other: Research Support (Investigation Initiated Clinical Trial); Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Other: Research Support (Investigation Initiated Clinical Trial); Iaso Bio: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Merck: Other: Research Support (Investigation Initiated Clinical Trial); Abbvie: Speakers Bureau. Sykes:Clear Creek Bio: Current equity holder in private company, Other: co-founder.

Ruth's golden aster (Pityopsis ruthii (Small) Small: Asteraceae) is an endangered, herbaceous perennial that occurs only at a few sites along the Hiwassee and Ocoee rivers in Polk County, Tennessee. This species is drought, heat, and submergence tolerant and has ornamental potential as a fall flowering landscape plant. In 2012, we vegetatively propagated various genotypes and established plantings in a landscape at Poplarville, Mississippi. In June and July of 2013, during periods of hot and humid weather, several well-established plants exhibited black or brown necrotic aerial blight symptoms including desiccation of stems and leaves. Blighted leaf samples were surface sterilized (10% commercial bleach, active ingredient 8.25% sodium hypochlorite, 1 min), rinsed in sterile water, air-dried, and plated on 2% water agar amended with 3.45 mg fenpropathrin/liter (Danitol 2.4 EC, Valent Chemical, Walnut Creek, CA) and 10 mg/liter rifampicin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Rhizoctonia sp. was identified based on hyphal morphology and cultures were maintained on potato dextrose agar. Colonies were fast growing, consisting of light tan to brown mycelia and tufts of crystalline aerial hyphae. Within 10 days, brown exudates were present in cultures and there was no pigmented reverse to the agar. Hyphae were a mean of 5.2 μm wide (4.6 to 6.1 μm; n = 10) and each compartment contained three or more nuclei. Hyphae were constricted at septa with right angle branching and no clamp connections, which is typical for Rhizoctonia solani (1). Light- to medium-brown, oblong to irregularly shaped sclerotia measuring 1.2 mm long (0.7 to 2.1 mm) × 0.9 mm wide (0.5 to 1.2 mm; n = 20) were formed in cultures after 3 weeks of growth. Total genomic DNA was extracted from two different colonies grown in potato dextrose broth for 7 days, amplified with PCR using ITS1 and ITS4 primers for amplification of the 18S rDNA subunit (2), the products purified, and sequenced. A consensus sequence of 657 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. KF843729 and KF843730) and was 96% identical to two R. solani Kühn ITS sequences in GenBank (HF678125 and HF678122). R. solani was grown on twice autoclaved oats for 2 weeks at 21°C and incorporated into Pro-Mix BX, low fertility soilless medium (Premier Horticulture, Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, Canada) at 4% (w/w) to inoculate seven P. ruthii plants grown in 10 cm-diameter pots; seven additional plants were grown in the same medium amended with 4% (w/w) sterile oats. Plants were grown in a greenhouse and covered with a plastic dome to maintain high humidity. After 2 weeks, six of the seven inoculated plants exhibited the same aerial blight symptoms as did the original infected plants from the field; none of the control plants developed disease symptoms. Colony morphology and hyphal characteristics as well as the sequence for the ITS region of rDNA from the re-isolated fungus were identical to the original isolate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani infecting Ruth's golden aster. We are not aware of the disease occurring in wild populations of the plant, but may impact plants grown in the landscape or greenhouse. References: (1) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1991. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

Summary This work presents a new computational model for the non-isothermal gravitational compositional equilibrium. The works of Bedrikovetsky [Mathemathical Theory of Oil and Gas Recovery, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, (1993)] (gravity and temperature) and of Whitson and Belery ("Compositional Gradients in Petroleum Reservoirs," paper SPE 28000, presented at the 1994 University of Tulsa Centennal Petroleum Engineering Symposium, Tulsa, 29-31 August) (algorithm) are the basis of the mathematical formulation. Published data and previous simplified models validate the computational procedure. A large deep-water field in Campos Basin, Brazil, exemplifies the practical application of the model. The field has an unusual temperature gradient opposite to the Earth's thermal gradient. The results indicate the increase of oil segregation with temperature decrease. The application to field data suggests the reservoir could be partially connected. Fluid composition and property variation are extrapolated to different depths with its respective temperatures. The work is an example of the application of thermodynamic data to the evaluation of reservoir connectivity and fluid properties distribution. Problem Compositional variations along the hydrocarbon column are observed in many reservoirs around the world.1–4 They may affect reservoir/fluid characteristics considerably leading to different field development strategies.5 These variations are caused by many factors, such as gravity, temperature gradient, rock heterogeneity, hydrocarbon genesis and accumulation processes.6 In cases where thermodynamic associated factors (gravity and temperature) are dominant (mixing process in the secondary migration), existing gravitational compositional equilibrium (GCE) models7,8 provide an explanation of most observed variations. However, in some cases8,9 the thermal effect could have the same order of magnitude as the gravity effect. The formulation for calculating compositional variation under the force of gravity for an isothermal system was first given by Gibbs10 $$\mu {ci}(p, Z, T)=\mu {i}(p {{\rm ref}}, Z {{\rm ref}}, T {{\rm ref}}) - m {i}g(h - h {{\rm ref}}),\eqno ({\rm 1})$$ $$\mu {ci}=\delta [nRT\,{\rm ln}(f {i})]/\delta x,\eqno ({\rm 2})$$ $$f {i}=f({\rm EOS}),\eqno ({\rm 3})$$where p =pressure, T=temperature, Z=fluid composition, m=mass, ? c=chemical potential, h=depth, ref=reference, EOS=equation of state, i=component indices, R=real gas constant, n=number of moles, f=fugacity, ln=natural logarithm, x=component concentration, and g=gravitational acceleration. In 1930 Muskat11 provided an exact solution to Eq. (1), assuming a simplified equation of state and ideal mixing. Because of the oversimplified assumptions, the results suggest that gravity has a negligible effect on the compositional variation in reservoir systems. In 1938, Sage and Lacey12 used a more realistic equation of state (EOS), Eq. (3), to evaluate Eq. (2). At that time, the results showed significant composition variations with depth and greater ones for systems close to critical conditions. Schulte13 solved Eq. (1) using a cubic equation of state (3) in 1980. The results showed significant compositional variations. They also suggested a significant effect of the interaction coefficients and the aromatic content of the oil as well as a negligible effect of the EOS type (Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong) on the final results. A simplified formulation that included gravity and temperature separately was presented by Holt et al.9 in 1983. Example calculations, limited to binary systems, suggest that thermal effects can be of the same magnitude as gravity effects. In 1988, Hirschberg5 discussed the influence of asphaltenes on compositional grading using a simplified two component model (asphaltenes and non-asphaltenes). He concluded, that for oils with oil gravity &lt;35°API, the compositional variations are mainly caused by asphalt segregation and the most important consequences are the large variations in oil viscosity and the possible formation of tar mats. Montel and Gouel7 presented an algorithm in 1985 for solving the GCE problem using an incremental hydrostatic term instead of solving for pressure directly. Field case applications of GCE models were presented by Riemens et al.2 in 1985, and by Creek et al.1 in 1988. They reported some difficulties in matching observed and calculated data but, in the end, it was shown that most compositional variations could be explained by the effect of gravity. Wheaton14 and Lee6 presented GCE models that included capillary forces in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Lee concluded that the effect of capillarity can become appreciable in the neighborhood of 1 ?m pore radius. In 1990, an attempt to combine the effects of gravity and temperature for a system of zero net mass flux was presented by Belery and Silva.15 The multicomponent model was an extension of earlier work by Dougherty and Drickamer16 that was originally developed in 1955 for binary liquid systems. The comparison of calculated and observed data from Ekofisk field in the North Sea is, however, not quantitatively accurate (with or without thermal effect). An extensive discussion and the formal mathematical treatment of compositional grading using irreversible thermodynamics, including gravitational and thermal fields, was presented by Bedrikovetsky17 in 1993. Due to the lack of necessary information on the values of thermal diffusion coefficients, which in general are obtained experimentally only for certain mixtures in narrow ranges of pressure and temperature, simplified models were proposed. In 1994, Hamoodi and Abed3 presented a field case of a giant Middle East reservoir with areal and vertical variations in its composition.

This article presents a study that dialogued with masters and doctoral researches that took the mathematical training of teachers of the early years, in Pedagogy courses. Such researches were developed between 1978 and 2012 and consisted of the mappings performed in two works (FIORENTINI et al. 2002; FIORENTINI; PASSOS; LIMA, 2016). The study composed the doctoral thesis of the first author, who investigated what revealed by narratives of graduates of the Pedagogy course of XXX, built during the training, about playfulness, the teaching of mathematics in initial education and the constitution of a teacher who teaches math in the early years. The data discussed here were delimited from the object of the doctoral research and in a way indicated what could be produced from unheard of. The research source raised by the mapping was taken as a source of data, with the focus on the works that had “playfulness” as an important aspect of the initial teacher education that will teach mathematics in the early years and / or used “narratives” or if presented as “narrative research” - elements that articulate to the research puzzle (CLANDININ; CONNELLY, 2015), we relate 41 researches. In dialoguing with the authors of the research we seek in this article to know concepts presented in them, confronting them with theoretical frameworks that defend the playfulness and the writing of narratives in the initial teacher education that teaches mathematics in the early years.ResumoEste artigo apresenta um estudo que dialogou com pesquisas de mestrado e de doutorado que tomaram a formação matemática de professores dos anos iniciais, em cursos de Pedagogia. Tais pesquisas foram desenvolvidas entre 1978 a 2012 e constaram dos mapeamentos realizados em dois trabalhos (FIORENTINI et al. 2002; FIORENTINI; PASSOS; LIMA, 2016). O estudo compôs a tese de doutoramento do primeiro autor, que investigou o que revelam narrativas de licenciandos do curso de Pedagogia da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), construídas ao longo da formação, sobre a ludicidade, o ensino de matemática na formação inicial e o constituir-se professor que ensina(rá) matemática nos anos iniciais. Os dados aqui discutidos foram delimitados a partir do objeto da pesquisa de doutorado e de certo modo indicou o que de inédito poderia ser produzido. Tomou-se como fonte de dados as pesquisas levantadas pelos mapeamentos, com o olhar voltado para os trabalhos que tiveram a “ludicidade” como aspecto importante da formação inicial do professor que ensinará matemática nos anos iniciais e/ou utilizou “narrativas” ou se apresentaram como “pesquisas narrativas” – elementos que se articulam ao puzzle (CLANDININ; CONNELLY, 2015) de pesquisa, relacionamos 41 pesquisas. Ao dialogar com os autores das pesquisas buscamos neste artigo conhecer conceitos apresentados nas mesmas, confrontá-los com referenciais teóricos que defendem a ludicidade e a escrita de narrativas na formação inicial de professores que ensinam(rão) matemática nos anos iniciais.Palavras-chave: Formação do professor, Ensino de matemática, Ludicidade, Narrativas.Keywords: Teacher education, Math education, Playfulness, Narratives.ReferencesALARCÃO, I. Professores reflexivos em uma escola reflexiva. São Paulo: Cortez, 2003.AMARAL, M. J.; MOREIRA, M. A.; RIBEIRO, D. O papel do supervisor no desenvolvimento do professor reflexivo: estratégias de supervisão. In: ALARCÃO, I. Formação reflexiva de professores: estratégias de supervisão. Porto: Porto, 1996. p. 89-122.BOLZAN, D. P. V. Formação de professores: compartilhando e reconstruindo conhecimentos. Porto Alegre: Editora Mediação, 2002.BRASIL. Parecer CNE/CP nº 09, de 08 de maio de 2001. Institui as diretrizes curriculares nacionais para a formação de professores da educação básica, em nível superior, curso de licenciatura, de graduação plena. Brasília, DF, 2001.CLANDININ, D. J. Engaging in narrative inquiry. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. 2013.CLANDININ, D. J.; CONNELLY, F. M. Pesquisa Narrativa: Experiência e História em Pesquisa Qualitativa. Uberlândia: EDUFU, 2015.COSTA, S. C. S. O professor que ensina Matemática nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental: limites e possibilidades do curso de Licenciatura em Pedagogia. 2011. 171 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul (Unicsul), São Paulo, 2011. Orientador: Edda Curi. Disponível em: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzWBKwxWqsbtdTMteURzWkR5UXMCUNHA, R. B. Lembranças de escola na formação inicial de professores. In: PRADO, G. D. V. T.; CUNHA, R. B. Percursos de autoria: exercícios de pesquisa. Campinas: Alínea, 2007. p. 97-112.CURI, E. Formação de professores polivalentes: uma análise de conhecimentos para ensinar matemática e de crenças e atitudes que interferem na constituição desses conhecimentos. 2004. 278 f. Tese (Doutorado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), São Paulo, 2004. Orientador: Célia Maria Carolino PiresDARSIE, M. M. P. A reflexão distanciada na construção dos conhecimentos do professor em curso de formação inicial. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo. 1998.FERNÁNDEZ, A. O Saber em jogo: a psicopedagogia propiciando autorias de pensamento. Tradução de Neusa Kern Hickel. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2001.FIORENTINI, D. et al. Formação de professores que ensinam matemática : um balanço de 25 anos de pesquisa brasileira. Educação em Revista, Belo Horizonte, 2002. 137-159.FIORENTINI, D.; PASSOS, C. L. B.; LIMA, R. C. R. Mapeamento da pesquisa acadêmica brasileira sobre o professor que ensina matemática: período 2001 - 2012. Campinas: FE/Unicamp, 2016.FLORES, M. A. Person and context in becoming a new teacher. Journal of Education for Teaching, v. 27, p. 135-148, 2001.FLORES, M. A.; DAY, C. Contexts which shape and reshape new teachers’ identities: a multi-perspective study. Teaching and Teacher Education, v. 22, p. 219- 232, 2006.HUIZINGA, J. Homo Ludens: o jogo como elemento da cultura. 7ª. ed. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2012.LARROSA BONDÍA, J. Tecnologias do eu e educação. In: SILVA, T. T. D. O sujeito da educação: estudos foucaultianos. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1994. p. 35-86.MEGID, M. A. B. A. Formação inicial de professoras mediada pela escrita e pela análise de narrativas sobre operações numéricas. 2009. 219f. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, 2009. Orientador: Dario Fiorentini. Disponível em: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzWBKwxWqsbtMlBjTDFOeThRc1EOLIVEIRA, R. M. M. A. Narrativas de formação: Aspectos da trajetória como estudante e experiências de estágio. Interacções, Portugal, vol.7. nº18. 2011. 229-245.PIMENTA, S. G. Formação de professores - saberes da docência e identidade do professor. Revista Faculdade de Educação, São Paulo, julho 1996. 72-89.RITZMANN, C. D. S. O jogo na atividade de ensino: um estudo das ações didáticas de professores em formação inicial. 2009. 191f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, 2009. Orientador: Manoel Oriosvaldo de Moura. Disponível em: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzWBKwxWqsbtOFAzSGtONy1NYUESANTOS, S. A. Experiências narradas no ciberespaço: um olhar para as formas de se pensar e ser professora que ensina Matemática. 2009. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) ? Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre (RS). Orientador: Samuel Edmundo López Bello. Disponível em: http://www.lume.ufrgs.br/handle/10183/21385SANTOS, S. M. P; CRUZ. D. R. M. O. O lúdico na formação do educador. 9ª. ed. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2011.SERRAZINA, M. D. L. M. A formação para o ensino de matemática: perspectivas futuras. In: SERRAZINA, M. D. L. M. A formação para o ensino da matemática na educação pré-escolar e no 1° ciclo do ensino básico. Porto: Porto Editora, 2002. p. 9- 19.SILVA, A. J. N. S. Querido diário... o que revelam as narrativas sobre ludicidade, formação e futura prática do professor que ensina(rá) matemática nos anos iniciais. 2018. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) - Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus São Carlos, São Carlos. 2018.SILVA, A. J. N. S. A ludicidade no laboratório: considerações sobre a formação do futuro professor de matemática. Curitiba: Editora CRV, 2014.SOUZA, E. C. A arte de contar e trocar experiências: Reflexões teórico-metodológicas sobre história de vida em formação. Revista Educação em Questão, Natal, Janeiro 2006. 22-39TORICELLI, L. A colaboração em um grupo de alunas da Pedagogia que ensinam (ou ensinarão) Matemática. 2009. 184 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade São Francisco (USF), Itatiba, 2009. Orientador: Regina Célia Grando. Disponível em: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzWBKwxWqsbtc1hWWEJlODlqU28ZABALZA, M. Diários de aula: contributo para o estudo dos dilemas práticos dos professores. Porto: Porto Editora, 1994.e3631066

The T. N. Coles site (41RR3), also known as the Mustang Creek site, is an Early Caddo period (ca. A.D. 1000-1200) site with a single burial mound constructed on a tributary to the Sulphur River in East Texas. The site was never investigated by a professional archaeologist, but the available information about the site and the artifact findings indicate that the burial mound contained (and may still contain) at least one burial with multiple interments, very similar to Early Caddo period shaft tombs at the Gahagan and Mounds Plantation sites on the Red River in Northwest Louisiana, the Crenshaw site on the Red River in Southwest Arkansas, and the George C. Davis and Boxed Springs sites on the Neches and Sabine rivers in East Texas.

Introduction: Brutal?The word “brutal” has associations with cruelty, inhumanity, and aggression. Within the field of architecture, however, the term “Brutalism” refers to a post-World War II Modernist style, deriving from the French phrase betón brut, which means raw concrete (Clement 18). Core traits of Brutalism include functionalist design, daring geometry, overbearing scale, and the blatant exposure of structural materials, chiefly concrete and steel (Meades 1).The emergence of Brutalism coincided with chronic housing shortages in European countries ravaged by World War II (Power 5) and government-sponsored slum clearance in the UK (Power 190; Baker). Brutalism’s promise to accommodate an astonishing number of civilians within a minimal area through high-rise configurations and elevated walkways was alluring to architects and city planners (High Rise Dreams). Concrete was the material of choice due to its affordability, durability, and versatility; it also allowed buildings to be erected quickly (Allen and Iano 622).The Brutalist style was used for cultural centres, such as the Perth Concert Hall in Western Australia, educational institutions such as the Yale School of Architecture, and government buildings such as the Secretariat Building in Chandigarh, India. However, as pioneering Brutalist architect Alison Smithson explained, the style achieved full expression by “thinking on a much bigger scale somehow than if you only got [sic] one house to do” (Smithson and Smithson, Conversation 40). Brutalism, therefore, lent itself to the design of large residential complexes. It was consequently used worldwide for public housing developments, that is, residences built by a government authority with the aim of providing affordable housing. Notable examples include the Western City Gate in Belgrade, Serbia, and Habitat 67 in Montreal, Canada.Brutalist architecture polarised opinion and continues to do so to this day. On the one hand, protected cultural heritage status has been awarded to some Brutalist buildings (Carter; Glancey) and the style remains extremely influential, for example in the recent award-winning work of architect Zaha Hadid (Niesewand). On the other hand, the public housing projects associated with Brutalism are widely perceived as failures (The Great British Housing Disaster). Many Brutalist objects currently at risk of demolition are social housing estates, such as the Smithsons’ Robin Hood Gardens in London, UK. Whether the blame for the demise of such housing developments lies with architects, inhabitants, or local government has been widely debated. In the UK and USA, local authorities had relocated families of predominantly lower socio-economic status into the newly completed developments, but were unable or unwilling to finance subsequent maintenance and security costs (Hanley 115; R. Carroll; The Pruitt-Igoe Myth). Consequently, the residents became fearful of criminal activity in staircases and corridors that lacked “defensible space” (Newman 9), which undermined a vision of “streets in the sky” (Moran 615).In spite of its later problems, Brutalism’s architects had intended to develop a style that expressed 1950s contemporary living in an authentic manner. To them, this meant exposing building materials in their “raw” state and creating an aesthetic for an age of science, machine mass production, and consumerism (Stadler 264; 267; Smithson and Smithson, But Today 44). Corporeal sensations did not feature in this “machine” aesthetic (Dalrymple). Exceptionally, acclaimed Brutalist architect Ernö Goldfinger discussed how “visual sensation,” “sound and touch with smell,” and “the physical touch of the walls of a narrow passage” contributed to “sensations of space” within architecture (Goldfinger 48). However, the effects of residing within Brutalist objects may not have quite conformed to predictions, since Goldfinger moved out of his Brutalist construction, Balfron Tower, after two months, to live in a terraced house (Hanley 112).An abstract perspective that favours theorisation over subjective experiences characterises discourse on Brutalist social housing developments to this day (Singh). There are limited data on the everyday lived experience of residents of Brutalist social housing estates, both then and now (for exceptions, see Hanley; The Pruitt-Igoe Myth; Cooper et al.).Yet, our bodily interaction with the objects around us shapes our lived experience. On a broader physical scale, this includes the structures within which we live and work. The importance of the interaction between architecture and embodied being is increasingly recognised. Today, architecture is described in corporeal terms—for example, as a “skin” that surrounds and protects its human inhabitants (Manan and Smith 37; Armstrong 77). Biological processes are also inspiring new architectural approaches, such as synthetic building materials with life-like biochemical properties (Armstrong 79), and structures that exhibit emergent behaviour in response to human presence, like a living system (Biloria 76).In this article, we employ an autoethnographic perspective to explore the corporeal effects of Brutalist buildings, thereby revealing a new dimension to the anthropological significance of these controversial structures. We trace how they shape the physicality of the bodies interacting within them. Our approach is one step towards considering the historically under-appreciated subjective, corporeal experience elicited in interaction with Brutalist objects.Method: An Autoethnographic ApproachAutoethnography is a form of self-narrative research that connects the researcher’s personal experience to wider cultural understandings (Ellis 31; Johnson). It can be analytical (Anderson 374) or emotionally evocative (Denzin 426).We investigated two Brutalist residential estates in London, UK:(i) The Barbican Estate: This was devised to redevelop London’s severely bombed post-WWII Cripplegate area, combining private residences for middle class professionals with an assortment of amenities including a concert hall, library, conservatory, and school. It was designed by architects Chamberlin, Powell, and Bon. Opened in 1982, the Estate polarised opinion on its aesthetic qualities but has enjoyed success with residents and visitors. The development now comprises extremely expensive housing (Brophy). It was Grade II-listed in 2001 (Glancey), indicating a status of architectural preservation that restricts alterations to significant buildings.(ii) Trellick Tower: This was built to replace dilapidated 19th-century housing in the North Kensington area. It was designed by Hungarian-born architect Ernő Goldfinger to be a social housing development and was completed in 1972. During the 1980s and 1990s, it became known as the “Tower of Terror” due to its high level of crime (Hanley 113). Nevertheless, Trellick Tower was granted Grade II listed status in 1998 (Carter), and subsequent improvements have increased its desirability as a residence (R. Carroll).We explored the grounds, communal spaces, and one dwelling within each structure, independently recording our corporeal impressions and sensations in detailed notes, which formed the basis of longhand journals written afterwards. Our analysis was developed through co-constructed autoethnographic reflection (emerald and Carpenter 748).For reasons of space, one full journal entry is presented for each Brutalist structure, with an excerpt from each remaining journal presented in the subsequent analysis. To identify quotations from our journals, we use the codes R- and N- to refer to RB’s and NC’s journals, respectively; we use -B and -T to refer to the Barbican Estate and Trellick Tower, respectively.The Barbican Estate: Autoethnographic JournalAn intricate concrete world emerges almost without warning from the throng of glass office blocks and commercial buildings that make up the City of London's Square Mile. The Barbican Estate comprises a multitude of low-rise buildings, a glass conservatory, and three enormous high-rise towers. Each modular building component is finished in the same coarse concrete with burnished brick underfoot, whilst the entire structure is elevated above ground level by enormous concrete stilts. Plants hang from residential balconies over glimmering pools in a manner evocative of concrete Hanging Gardens of Babylon.Figure 1. Barbican Estate Figure 2. Cromwell Tower from below, Barbican Estate. Figure 3: The stairwell, Cromwell Tower, Barbican Estate. Figure 4. Lift button pods, Cromwell Tower, Barbican Estate.R’s journalMy first footsteps upon the Barbican Estate are elevated two storeys above the street below, and already an eerie calm settles on me. The noise of traffic and the bustle of pedestrians have seemingly been left far behind, and a path of polished brown brick has replaced the paving slabs of the city's pavement. I am made more aware of the sound of my shoes upon the ground as I take each step through the serenity.Running my hands along the walkway's concrete sides as we proceed further into the estate I feel its coarseness, and look up to imagine the same sensation touching the uppermost balcony of the towers. As we travel, the cold nature and relentless employ of concrete takes over and quickly becomes the norm.Our route takes us through the Barbican's central Arts building and into the Conservatory, a space full of plant-life and water features. The noise of rushing water comes as a shock, and I'm reminded just how hauntingly peaceful the atmosphere of the outside estate has been. As we leave the conservatory, the hush returns and we follow another walkway, this time allowing a balcony-like view over the edge of the estate. I'm quickly absorbed by a sensation I can liken only to peering down at the ground from a concrete cloud as we observe the pedestrians and traffic below.Turning back, we follow the walkways and begin our approach to Cromwell Tower, a jagged structure scraping the sky ahead of us and growing menacingly larger with every step. The estate has up till now seemed devoid of wind, but even so a cold begins to prickle my neck and I increase my speed toward the door.A high-ceilinged foyer greets us as we enter and continue to the lifts. As we push the button and wait, I am suddenly aware that carpet has replaced bricks beneath my feet. A homely sensation spreads, my breathing slows, and for a brief moment I begin to relax.We travel at heart-racing speed upwards to the 32nd floor to observe the view from the Tower's fire escape stairwell. A brief glance over the stair's railing as we enter reveals over 30 storeys of stair casing in a hard-edged, triangular configuration. My mind reels, I take a second glance and fail once again to achieve focus on the speck of ground at the bottom far below. After appreciating the eastward view from the adjacent window that encompasses almost the entirety of Central London, we make our way to a 23rd floor apartment.Entering the dwelling, we explore from room to room before reaching the balcony of the apartment's main living space. Looking sheepishly from the ledge, nothing short of a genuine concrete fortress stretches out beneath us in all directions. The spirit and commotion of London as I know it seems yet more distant as we gaze at the now miniaturized buildings. An impression of self-satisfied confidence dawns on me. The fortress where we stand offers security, elevation, sanctuary and I'm furnished with the power to view London's chaos at such a distance that it's almost silent.As we leave the apartment, I am shadowed by the same inherent air of tranquillity, pressing yet another futuristic lift access button, plummeting silently back towards the ground, and padding across the foyer's soft carpet to pursue our exit route through the estate's sky-suspended walkways, back to the bustle of regular London civilization.Trellick Tower: Autoethnographic JournalThe concrete majesty of Trellick Tower is visible from Westbourne Park, the nearest Tube station. The Tower dominates the skyline, soaring above its neighbouring estate, cafes, and shops. As one nears the Tower, the south face becomes visible, revealing the suspended corridors that join the service tower to the main body of flats. Light of all shades and colours pours from its tightly stacked dwellings, which stretch up into the sky. Figure 5. Trellick Tower, South face. Figure 6. Balcony in a 27th-floor flat, Trellick Tower.N’s journalOutside the tower, I sense danger and experience a heightened sense of awareness. A thorny frame of metal poles holds up the tower’s facade, each pole poised as if to slip down and impale me as I enter the building.At first, the tower is too big for comprehension; the scale is unnatural, gigantic. I feel small and quite squashable in comparison. Swathes of unmarked concrete surround the tower, walls that are just too high to see over. Who or what are they hiding? I feel uncertain about what is around me.It takes some time to reach the 27th floor, even though the lift only stops on every 3rd floor. I feel the forces of acceleration exert their pressure on me as we rise. The lift is very quiet.Looking through the windows on the 27th-floor walkway that connects the lift tower to the main building, I realise how high up I am. I can see fog. The city moves and modulates beneath me. It is so far away, and I can’t reach it. I’m suspended, isolated, cut off in the air, as if floating in space.The buildings underneath appear tiny in comparison to me, but I know I’m tiny compared to this building. It’s a dichotomy, an internal tension, and feels quite unreal.The sound of the wind in the corridors is a constant whine.In the flat, the large kitchen window above the sink opens directly onto the narrow, low-ceilinged corridor, on the other side of which, through a second window, I again see London far beneath. People pass by here to reach their front doors, moving so close to the kitchen window that you could touch them while you’re washing up, if it weren’t for the glass. Eye contact is possible with a neighbour, or a stranger. I am close to that which I’m normally separated from, but at the same time I’m far from what I could normally access.On the balcony, I have a strong sensation of vertigo. We are so high up that we cannot be seen by the city and we cannot see others. I feel physically cut off from the world and realise that I’m dependent on the lift or endlessly spiralling stairs to reach it again.Materials: sharp edges, rough concrete, is abrasive to my skin, not warm or welcoming. Sharp little stones are embedded in some places. I mind not to brush close against them.Behind the tower is a mysterious dark maze of sharp turns that I can’t see around, and dark, narrow walkways that confine me to straight movements on sloping ramps.“Relentless Employ of Concrete:” Body versus Stone and HeightThe “relentless employ of concrete” (R-B) in the Barbican Estate and Trellick Tower determined our physical interactions with these Brutalist objects. Our attention was first directed towards texture: rough, abrasive, sharp, frictive. Raw concrete’s potential to damage skin, should one fall or brush too hard against it, made our bodies vulnerable. Simultaneously, the ubiquitous grey colour and the constant cold anaesthetised our senses.As we continued to explore, the constant presence of concrete, metal gratings, wire, and reinforced glass affected our real and imagined corporeal potentialities. Bodies are powerless against these materials, such that, in these buildings, you can only go where you are allowed to go by design, and there are no other options.Conversely, the strength of concrete also has a corporeal manifestation through a sense of increased physical security. To R, standing within the “concrete fortress” of the Barbican Estate, the object offered “security, elevation, sanctuary,” and even “power” (R-B).The heights of the Barbican’s towers (123 metres) and Trellick Tower (93 metres) were physically overwhelming when first encountered. We both felt that these menacing, jagged towers dominated our bodies.Excerpt from R’s journal (Trellick Tower)Gaining access to the apartment, we begin to explore from room to room. As we proceed through to the main living area we spot the balcony and I am suddenly aware that, in a short space of time, I had abandoned the knowledge that some 26 floors lay below me. My balance is again shaken and I dig my heels into the laminate flooring, as if to achieve some imaginary extra purchase.What are the consequences of extreme height on the body? Certainly, there is the possibility of a lethal fall and those with vertigo or who fear heights would feel uncomfortable. We discovered that height also affects physical instantiation in many other ways, both empowering and destabilising.Distance from ground-level bustle contributed to a profound silence and sense of calm. Areas of intermediate height, such as elevated communal walkways, enhanced our sensory abilities by granting the advantage of observation from above.Extreme heights, however, limited our ability to sense the outside world, placing objects beyond our range of visual focus, and setting up a “bizarre segregation” (R-T) between our physical presence and that of the rest of the world. Height also limited potentialities of movement: no longer self-sufficient, we depended on a working lift to regain access to the ground and the rest of the city. In the lift itself, our bodies passively endured a cycle of opposing forces as we plummeted up or down numerous storeys in mere seconds.At both locations, N noticed how extreme height altered her relative body size: for example, “London looks really small. I have become huge compared to the tiny city” (N-B). As such, the building’s lift could be likened to a cake or potion from Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland. This illustrates how the heuristics that we use to discern visual perspective and object size, which are determined by the environment in which we live (Segall et al.), can be undermined by the unusual scales and distances found in Brutalist structures.Excerpt from N’s journal (Barbican Estate)Warning: These buildings give you AFTER-EFFECTS. On the way home, the size of other buildings seems tiny, perspectives feel strange; all the scales seem to have been re-scaled. I had to become re-used to the sensation of travelling on public trains, after travelling in the tower lifts.We both experienced perceptual after-effects from the disproportional perspectives of Brutalist spaces. Brutalist structures thus have the power to affect physical sensations even when the body is no longer in direct interaction with them!“Challenge to Privacy:” Intersubjective Ideals in Brutalist DesignAs embodied beings, our corporeal manifestations are the primary transducers of our interactions with other people, who in turn contribute to our own body schema construction (Joas). Architects of Brutalist habitats aimed to create residential utopias, but we found that the impact of their designs on intersubjective corporeality were often incoherent and contradictory. Brutalist structures positioned us at two extremes in relation to the bodies of others, forcing either an uncomfortable intersection of personal space or, conversely, excessive separation.The confined spaces of the lifts, and ubiquitous narrow, low-ceilinged corridors produced uncomfortable overlaps in the personal space of the individuals present. We were fascinated by the design of the flat in Trellick Tower, where the large kitchen window opened out directly onto the narrow 27th-floor corridor, as described in N’s journal. This enforced a physical “challenge to privacy” (R-T), although the original aim may have been to promote a sense of community in the “streets in the sky” (Moran 615). The inter-slotting of hundreds of flats in Trellick Tower led to “a multitude of different cooking aromas from neighbouring flats” (R-T) and hence a direct sensing of the closeness of other people’s corporeal activities, such as eating.By contrast, enormous heights and scales constantly placed other people out of sight, out of hearing, and out of reach. Sharp-angled walkways and blind alleys rendered other bodies invisible even when they were near. In the Barbican Estate, huge concrete columns, behind which one could hide, instilled a sense of unease.We also considered the intersubjective interaction between the Brutalist architect-designer and the inhabitant. The elements of futuristic design—such as the “spaceship”-like pods for lift buttons in Cromwell Tower (N-B)—reconstruct the inhabitant’s physicality as alien relative to the Brutalist building, and by extension, to the city that commissioned it.ReflectionsThe strength of the autoethnographic approach is also its limitation (Chang 54); it is an individual’s subjective perspective, and as such we cannot experience or represent the full range of corporeal effects of Brutalist designs. Corporeal experience is informed by myriad factors, including age, body size, and ability or disability. Since we only visited these structures, rather than lived in them, we could have experienced heightened sensations that would become normalised through familiarity over time. Class dynamics, including previous residences and, importantly, the amount of choice that one has over where one lives, would also affect this experience. For a full perspective, further data on the everyday lived experiences of residents from a range of different backgrounds are necessary.R’s reflectionDespite researching Brutalist architecture for years, I was unprepared for the true corporeal experience of exploring these buildings. Reading back through my journals, I'm struck by an evident conflict between stylistic admiration and physical uneasiness. I feel I have gained a sympathetic perspective on the notion of residing in the structures day-to-day.Nevertheless, analysing Brutalist objects through a corporeal perspective helped to further our understanding of the experience of living within them in a way that abstract thought could never have done. Our reflections also emphasise the tension between the physical and the psychological, whereby corporeal struggle intertwines with an abstract, aesthetic admiration of the Brutalist objects.N’s reflectionIt was a wonderful experience to explore these extraordinary buildings with an inward focus on my own physical sensations and an outward focus on my body’s interaction with others. On re-reading my journals, I was surprised by the negativity that pervaded my descriptions. How does physical discomfort and alienation translate into cognitive pleasure, or delight?ConclusionBrutalist objects shape corporeality in fundamental and sometimes contradictory ways. The range of visual and somatosensory experiences is narrowed by the ubiquitous use of raw concrete and metal. Materials that damage skin combine with lethal heights to emphasise corporeal vulnerability. The body’s movements and sensations of the external world are alternately limited or extended by extreme heights and scales, which also dominate the human frame and undermine normal heuristics of perception. Simultaneously, the structures endow a sense of physical stability, security, and even power. By positioning multiple corporealities in extremes of overlap or segregation, Brutalist objects constitute a unique challenge to both physical privacy and intersubjective potentiality.Recognising these effects on embodied being enhances our current understanding of the impact of Brutalist residences on corporeal sensation. This can inform the future design of residential estates. Our autoethnographic findings are also in line with the suggestion that Brutalist structures can be “appreciated as challenging, enlivening environments” exactly because they demand “physical and perceptual exertion” (Sroat). 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