Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tendons

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tendons'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 October 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tendons"

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Sharafeldin, Tamer A., Qingshan Chen, Sunil K. Mor, Sagar M. Goyal, and Robert E. Porter. "Altered Biomechanical Properties of Gastrocnemius Tendons of Turkeys Infected with Turkey Arthritis Reovirus." Veterinary Medicine International 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7829138.

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Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) causes lameness and tenosynovitis in commercial turkeys and is often associated with gastrocnemius tendon rupture by the marketing age. This study was undertaken to characterize the biomechanical properties of tendons from reovirus-infected turkeys. One-week-old turkey poults were orally inoculated with O’Neil strain of TARV and observed for up to 16 weeks of age. Lameness was first observed at 8 weeks of age, which continued at 12 and 16 weeks. At 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age, samples were collected from legs. Left intertarsal joint with adjacent gastrocnemius tendon was collected and processed for histological examination. The right gastrocnemius tendon’s tensile strength and elasticity modulus were analyzed by stressing each tendon to the point of rupture. At 16 weeks of age, gastrocnemius tendons of TARV-infected turkeys showed significantly reduced (P<0.05) tensile strength and modulus of elasticity as compared to those of noninfected control turkeys. Gastrocnemius tendons revealed lymphocytic tendinitis/tenosynovitis beginning at 4 weeks of age, continuing through 8 and 12 weeks, and progressing to fibrosis from 12 to 16 weeks of age. We propose that tendon fibrosis is one of the key features contributing to reduction in tensile strength and elasticity of gastrocnemius tendons in TARV-infected turkeys.
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Wellings, Elizabeth P., Tony Chieh-Ting Huang, Jialun Li, Timothy E. Peterson, Alexander W. Hooke, Andrew Rosenbaum, Chunfeng D. Zhao, Atta Behfar, Steven L. Moran, and Matthew T. Houdek. "Intrinsic Tendon Regeneration After Application of Purified Exosome Product: An In Vivo Study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 232596712110629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211062929.

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Background: Tendons are primarily acellular, limiting their intrinsic regenerative capabilities. This limited regenerative potential contributes to delayed healing, rupture, and adhesion formation after tendon injury. Purpose: To determine if a tendon’s intrinsic regenerative potential could be improved after the application of a purified exosome product (PEP) when loaded onto a collagen scaffold. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: An in vivo rabbit Achilles tendon model was used and consisted of 3 groups: (1) Achilles tenotomy with suture repair, (2) Achilles tenotomy with suture repair and collagen scaffold, and (3) Achilles tenotomy with suture repair and collagen scaffold loaded with PEP at 1 × 1012 exosomes/mL. Each group consisted of 15 rabbits for a total of 45 specimens. Mechanical and histologic analyses were performed at both 3 and 6 weeks. Results: The load to failure and ultimate tensile stress were found to be similar across all groups ( P ≥ .15). The tendon cross-sectional area was significantly smaller for tendons treated with PEP compared with the control groups at 6 weeks, which was primarily related to an absence of external adhesions ( P = .04). Histologic analysis confirmed these findings, demonstrating significantly lower adhesion grade both macroscopically ( P = .0006) and microscopically ( P = .0062) when tendons were treated with PEP. Immunohistochemical staining showed a greater intensity for type 1 collagen for PEP-treated tendons compared with collagen-only or control tendons. Conclusion: Mechanical and histologic results suggested that healing in the PEP-treated group favored intrinsic healing (absence of adhesions) while control animals and animals treated with collagen only healed primarily via extrinsic scar formation. Despite a smaller cross-sectional area, treated tendons had the same ultimate tensile stress. This pilot investigation shows promise for PEP as a means of effectively treating tendon injuries and enhancing intrinsic healing. Clinical Relevance: The production of a cell-free, off-the-shelf product that can promote tendon regeneration would provide a viable solution for physicians and patients to enhance tendon healing and decrease adhesions as well as shorten the time required to return to work or sports.
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Ilahi, Omer A., Eugene F. Stautberg, David J. Mansfield, and Ali A. Qadeer. "Relationship of Musculotendinous Junction Location to Harvested Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendon Length." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 232596711770463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117704630.

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Background: Harvested hamstring tendon length has received scant attention in published anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction literature, yet length can limit the ability to increase graft diameter by folding the tendon over more than once. Indeed, some ultrashort tendons may be too short to yield a clinically useful graft after being folded over just once. Ultimately, the total length of a harvested hamstring tendon may depend on the length of the tendon distal to its musculotendinous (MT) junction. Purpose: To compare the lengths of harvested hamstring tendons to the location of the MT junction to help predict abnormally short tendon harvest. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Eighty-four consecutive patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendon autografts underwent intraoperative measurement of the total length of each harvested semitendinosus (ST) and gracilis (G) tendon, as well as the distance from the MT junction to that tendon’s distal end (ie, the “tendon-only” length). Results: The ratio of the tendon-only portion to total harvested tendon length averaged 0.52 (range, 0.39-0.71) for the ST and 0.52 (range, 0.43-0.71) for the G, suggesting a 95% chance of harvesting a tendon <15 cm in length for the tendon-only portion is <6.45 cm for ST or <6.75 cm for G tendons. There was moderate correlation between the lengths of harvested ST and G tendons with patient height as well as with the diameter of the combined, quadruple-stranded graft. Conclusion: The ratio of the tendon-only length to total harvested length for both the ST and G appear to range from approximately 0.4 to 0.7. Patients with abnormally distal MT junctions of either their ST or G are likely to have an abnormally short harvest of that tendon, even in the absence of technical harvesting error.
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Mao, W. F., Y. F. Wu, Y. L. Zhou, and J. B. Tang. "A study of the anatomy and repair strengths of porcine flexor and extensor tendons: are they appropriate experimental models?" Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 36, no. 8 (July 18, 2011): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193411414117.

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Although both porcine flexor and extensor tendons have been used in tendon repair research, no studies have specifically studied the anatomical differences and repair strengths in both types of tendons. We used 12 pig trotters to observe the anatomy of these tendons and compared the 2 mm gap and ultimate strengths of flexor and extensor tendons. There were four annular (A1, A2, A3, and A4) pulleys and one oblique pulley, which form a fibro-osseous tunnel for the flexor tendons, but the anatomy of the porcine extensor tendons was markedly different from the human flexor or extensor tendons. The diameter of flexor tendons was significantly greater than that of the extensors. The 2 mm gap and ultimate strengths of the flexor tendon with either two-strand or four-strand repairs were significantly greater than those of the extensor tendon. We conclude that the porcine flexor tendon systems are similar to those in the human, but the extensor tendons are not similar to either the flexor or extensor tendons in humans. Flexor and extensor tendons have different repair strengths which should be taken into account when interpreting findings from investigations using these tendons.
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Peltz, Tim Sebastian, Stuart William Hoffman, Peter James Scougall, Mark Peter Gianoutsos, Robert Savage, Rema Antoinette Oliver, and William Robert Walsh. "Animal Models for Tendon Repair Experiments: A Comparison of Pig, Sheep and Human Deep Flexor Tendons in Zone II." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 22, no. 03 (August 4, 2017): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810417500381.

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Background: This laboratory study compared pig, sheep and human deep flexor tendons in regards to their biomechanical comparability. Methods: To investigate the relevant biomechanical properties for tendon repair experiments, the tendons resistance to cheese-wiring (suture drag/splitting) was assessed. Cheese-wiring of a suture through a tendon is an essential factor for repair gapping and failure in a tendon repair. Results: Biomechanical testing showed that forces required to pulling a uniform suture loop through sheep or pig tendons in Zone II were higher than in human tendons. At time point zero of testing these differences did not reach statistical significance, but differences became more pronounced when forces were measured beyond initial cheese-wiring (2 mm, 5 mm and 10 mm). The stronger resistance to cheese-wiring was more pronounced in the pig tendons. Also regarding size and histology, sheep tendons were more comparable to human tendons than pig tendons. Conclusions: Differences in tendon bio-properties should be kept in mind when comparing and interpreting the results of laboratory tendon experiments.
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Gaughan, E. M., R. M. DeBowes, J. P. Douglass, R. K. Frank, R. D. Klemm, and L. J. Gift. "The Influence of Intratendinous Sodium Hyaluronate on Tendon Healing in Horses." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 05, no. 04 (1992): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633108.

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SummaryAcute tendinitis was created bilaterally in the mid-metacarpal region of the deep digital flexor tendons of six horses with intratendinous collagenase administration. The collagenase-induced lesion in one deep digital flexor tendon of each horse was injected 48 h later with 10.0 mg of sodium hyaluronate (1.0 ml) while employing ultrasound guidance. To serve as a control, the lesion in the contralateral deep digital flexor tendon was injected with 1.0 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride. Sequential ultra-sonographic examinations revealed that the sodium hyaluronate treated deep digital flexor tendons were significantly less enlarged and the collagenase-induced tendon lesions significantly smaller than control tendons and tendon lesions. Difference could not be detected between sodium hyaluronate treated tendons and control tendons using histological and video-interactive planar morphometric evaluation six weeks after treatment.Collagenase-induced tendinitis lesions were treated with intratendinous administration of sodium hyaluronate in six horses. The size of the tendon lesions and the amount of tendon enlargement were significantly less in the sodium hyaluronate treated tendons compared to control tendons. A significant difference in the rate or quality of healing was not detected in the sodium hyaluronate treated tendons.
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Loiselle, A. E. "AGE-RELATED MECHANISMS OF ALTERED TENDON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION." Orthopaedic Proceedings 106-B, SUPP_1 (January 2, 2024): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2024.1.072.

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During aging, tendons demonstrate substantial disruptions in homeostasis, leading to impairments in structure-function. Impaired tendon function contributes to substantial declines quality of life during aging. Aged tendons are more likely to undergo spontaneous rupture, and the healing response following injury is impaired in aged tendons. Thus, there is a need to develop strategies to maintain tendon homeostasis and healing capacity through the lifespan. Tendon cell density sharply declines by ∼12 months of age in mice, and this low cell density is retained in geriatric tendons. Our data suggests that this decline in cellularity initiates a degenerative cascade due to insufficient production of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components needed to maintain tendon homeostasis. Thus, preventing this decline in tendon cellularity has great potential for maintaining tendon health. Single cell RNA sequencing analysis identifies two changes in the aged tendon cell environment. First, aged tendons primarily lose tenocytes that are associated with ECM biosynthesis functions. Second, the tenocytes that remain in aged tendons have disruptions in proteostasis and an increased pro-inflammatory phenotype, with these changes collectively termed ‘programmatic skewing'. To determine which of these changes drives homeostatic disruption, we developed a model of tenocyte depletion in young animals. This model decreases tendon cellularity to that of an aged tendon, including decreased biosynthetic tenocyte function, while age-related programmatic skewing is absent. Loss of biosynthetic tenocyte function in young tendons was sufficient to induce homeostatic disruption comparable to natural aging, including deficits in ECM organization, composition, and material quality, suggesting loss biosynthetic tenocytes as an initiator of tendon degeneration. In contrast, our data suggest that programmatic skewing underpins impaired healing in aged tendons. Indeed, despite similar declines in the tenocyte environment, middle-aged and young-depleted tendons mount a physiological healing response characterized by robust ECM synthesis and remodeling, while aged tendons heal with insufficient ECM.
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DUFFY, F. J., J. G. SEILER, C. A. HERGRUETER, J. KANDEL, and R. H. GELBERMAN. "Intrinsic Mitogenic Potential of Canine Flexor Tendons." Journal of Hand Surgery 17, no. 3 (June 1992): 275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(92)90114-h.

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Recent studies have demonstrated an intrinsic neovascular response in intrasynovial healing tendons, introducing the possibility of mitogenic and/or angiogenic capability of intrasynovial tendon. To explore this hypothesis, healing canine flexor tendons were treated with early passive mobilization and the repair sites analysed at three, ten and 17 days. Specimens were mechanically digested and subjected to a standard BALB/c 3T3 mitogenic assay, which measures the capacity of tissue extracts to induce DNA synthesis and cell division in fibroblasts. Results revealed that both control and repaired flexor tendons possessed mitogenic activity, with the greatest activity observed in control specimens. Decreasing activity was noted as the time between repair and analysis increased. These data provide increasing evidence for the flexor tendon’s active role in the healing process, and support the concept that mitogenic or growth-promoting factors are associated with flexor tendons and may be released following injury, during the early stages of healing.
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Hashimoto, T., A. R. Thoreson, K. N. An, P. C. Amadio, and C. Zhao. "Comparison of step-cut and Pulvertaft attachment for flexor tendon graft: a biomechanics evaluation in an in vitro canine model." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 37, no. 9 (April 4, 2012): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193412442460.

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The purpose of this study was to compare two different methods of joining tendons of similar and dissimilar sizes between recipient and donor tendons for flexor tendon grafts. Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and peroneus longus (PL) canine tendons were harvested and divided into four groups. The repair technique we compared was a step-cut (SC) suture and a Pulvertaft weave (PW). FDP tendons were significantly larger in diameter than PL tendons ( p < 0.05). The volume of the SC repairs using either FDP or PL tendon as a graft was significantly smaller than PW repairs ( p < 0.05). The ultimate load to failure and repair stiffness in FDP graft tendons significantly increased compared with the PL graft tendons ( p < 0.05). The SC suture can be used as an alternative to the PW, with similar strength and less bulk for repairs using graft tendons of similar diameter. Surgeons should be aware of the effect of graft tendon size and repair method on strength and bulk when performing flexor tendon grafts.
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Ito, Ko, Yasuhiro Go, Shoji Tatsumoto, Chika Usui, Yosuke Mizuno, Eiji Ikami, Yuta Isozaki, et al. "Gene expression profiling of the masticatory muscle tendons and Achilles tendons under tensile strain in the Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): e0280649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280649.

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Both Achilles and masticatory muscle tendons are large load-bearing structures, and excessive mechanical loading leads to hypertrophic changes in these tendons. In the maxillofacial region, hyperplasia of the masticatory muscle tendons and aponeurosis affect muscle extensibility resulting in limited mouth opening. Although gene expression profiles of Achilles and patellar tendons under mechanical strain are well investigated in rodents, the gene expression profile of the masticatory muscle tendons remains unexplored. Herein, we examined the gene expression pattern of masticatory muscle tendons and compared it with that of Achilles tendons under tensile strain conditions in the Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata. Primary tenocytes isolated from the masticatory muscle tendons (temporal tendon and masseter aponeurosis) and Achilles tendons were mechanically loaded using the tensile force and gene expression was analyzed using the next-generation sequencing. In tendons exposed to tensile strain, we identified 1076 differentially expressed genes with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 10−10. To identify genes that are differentially expressed in temporal tendon and masseter aponeurosis, an FDR of < 10−10 was used, whereas the FDR for Achilles tendons was set at > 0.05. Results showed that 147 genes are differentially expressed between temporal tendons and masseter aponeurosis, out of which, 125 human orthologs were identified using the Ensemble database. Eight of these orthologs were related to tendons and among them the expression of the glycoprotein nmb and sphingosine kinase 1 was increased in temporal tendons and masseter aponeurosis following exposure to tensile strain. Moreover, the expression of tubulin beta 3 class III, which promotes cell cycle progression, and septin 9, which promotes cytoskeletal rearrangements, were decreased in stretched Achilles tendon cells and their expression was increased in stretched masseter aponeurosis and temporal tendon cells. In conclusion, cyclic strain differentially affects gene expression in Achilles tendons and tendons of the masticatory muscles.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tendons"

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Potts, Geoffrey. "Biomechanic analysis of 'heavy-load eccentric calf muscle' exercise used in the rehabilitation of achilles tendinosis a dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Health Science, Auckland University of Technology, January 2005." Full thesis. Abstract, 2005. http://puka2.aut.ac.nz/ait/theses/PottsG.pdf.

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Kirschbauer, Klaus Giovanelli. "Mineralização in vitro de matrizes colagênicas derivadas de tendões calcâneos bovinos e de avestruz." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-11032010-104747/.

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Um dos maiores desafios da ortopedia moderna é recuperar o tecido ósseo que tenha sido perdido por motivo de doença ou acidente. Na busca de substitutos para os enxertos, tem-se utilizado comumente biomateriais para recuperação desse tecido. Um dos vários tipos de biomateriais usados são os preparados à base de colágeno. Além de desempenhar papel importante na estrutura dos tecidos, o colágeno é capaz de orientar a formação de tecidos em desenvolvimento fato altamente favorável na sua utilização como biomaterial. Uma nova vertente de pesquisa do processo de mineralização de matrizes colagênicas que vem sendo desenvolvida é a analise de como a organização do tecido interfere no modo como ocorre esse processo de deposição. O uso do tendão vem sido pesquisado devido ao fato de ser um tecido extremamente organizado, com as fibras colagênicas alinhadas por toda a sua extensão. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a preparação e caracterização de matrizes de colágeno tipo I, oriundas de tendão bovino (TB) e avestruz (TA) após a hidrólise alcalina e mineralização. Os tendões foram colocados em solução alcalina contendo sais de K+, Na+ e Ca2+ por 72, 96 e 120 h a 25°C e depois equilibrados em solução de sais, lavados em H3BO3, EDTA e água. As matrizes resultantes foram então mineralizadas em soluções de CaCl2 0,2 mol L-1, pH = 7,4 e de Na2HPO4 0,12 mol L-1 pH = 9,0 durante 6 h, ocorrendo a troca de soluções a cada 30 min. As matrizes antes e após mineralização foram congeladas, liofilizadas e submetidas à análise termogravimétrica (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia no infra-vermelho (FT-IR) e dispersão de energia por raios-X (EDX). DSC mostrou que não houve desnaturação do colágeno durante o processo de tratamento alcalino e mineralização. A análise termogravimétrica mostrou que houve deposição de fosfato de cálcio, com o valor dependendo do número de ciclos de mineralização. MEV mostrou que essa mineralização não é uniforme, ocorrendo a formação de aglomerados. FT-IR e EDX mostrou que o fosfato de cálcio depositado provavelmente seja hidroxiapatita, mas não em sua estrutura estequiométrica.
One of greatest challenges of modern orthopedics is to restore bone tissue that has been lost due to sickness or accident. Searching for substitutes for grafts, biomaterials have been commonly used for recovery of bone tissue. Between different types of biomaterials, several are based on collagen. In addition to have important role in tissue structure, collagen is able to guide the formation of tissues, a highly favorable fact in its use as biomaterial. A possible research in collagen scaffolds mineralization is the analysis of how tissue organization interferes in deposition process. The tendon has been used because it is a highly organized tissue, with collagen fibers lined on its structure. This research aims the preparation and characterization of type I collagen scaffolds, prepared from bovine tendon (TB) and ostrich tendon (TA) after alkaline hydrolysis and mineralization. Tendons were maintained in alkaline solution containing K+, Na+ and Ca2+ ions for 72, 96 and 120 hours at 25°C and then equilibrated in salt solution, washed with H3BO3, EDTA and water. The resulting matrices were then mineralized in 0.2 mol L-1, pH = 7.4 CaCl2 solution and 0.12 mol L-1 Na2HPO4 pH = 9.0 for 6 h, changing solutions after 30 minutes. The matrices before and after mineralization were frozen, lyophilized and subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). DSC showed that the collagen was not denaturated by alkaline treatment process and mineralization. TG analysis showed deposition of calcium phosphate on the scaffolds, with values depending on the number of mineralization cycles. SEM showed that the mineralization is not uniform, forming clusters of phosphate crystals. FT-IR and EDS showed that the deposited calcium phosphate is probably hydroxyapatite, but not in its stoichiometric structure.
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Osimani, Filippo. "The Use of Unbonded Tendons for Prestressed Concrete Bridges." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-37000.

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Dausse, Yann Dautel Gilles. "Résistance à l' excursion de sutures des tendons fléchisseurs de la main étude expérimentale /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2002_DAUSSE_YANN.pdf.

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Al, Youha Sarah. "Towards an understanding of the mechanisms of acellular zone formation in sutured tendons." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/towards-an-understanding-of-the-mechanisms-of-acellular-zone-formation-in-sutured-tendons(a942e6b2-44e4-44dc-a949-34ce3b39e6f4).html.

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Fibrotic diseases account for an estimated 45% of the total number of deaths in the developed world (Wynn 2007). Tendons are an excellent model for studying the dysregulated response which leads to fibrosis, as tendons have an organized, parallel matrix, in which tissue defects could easily be distinguished. Wong et al. (2006b) demonstrated the presence of a bell-shaped region around sutures in tendons that was devoid of cells in histological sections. The mechanisms of the formation of this acellular zone, that was also noted in cornea and cartilage (Matsuda et al. 1999; Hunziker and Stähli 2008), were unknown. It was hypothesized that the acellular zone was formed by cell death and that suturing caused alterations to the extracellular matrix of sutured regions of tendon, which made the acellular zone refractory to cellular re-population. The acellular zone was tracked in sutured tendons for up to a year to determine the temporal properties of the acellular zone. Electron microscopic and time lapse studies were carried out to determine if the acellular zone formed by cell migration or cell death. Microarray analysis was conduced to confirm this and to reveal potential molecular targets for future studies. The extracellular matrix of sutured tendons was studied by electron, atomic, scanning and polarized light microscopy and mechanical measurements were obtained using nanoindentation. It was concluded that the acellular zone formed within 24 hours and persisted for up to a year. Tension and size of the suture's grasp were also shown to be important for acellular zone formation. Cell death was the main effector of acellular zone formation. Microarray analysis showed evidence of upregulation of inflammatory mediators and programmed necrosis pathways. The sutured extracellular matrix was denser, more disorganized and had a lower Young's modulus than unsutured regions of the same tendon. These differences in the properties of the extracellular matrix of sutured tendons may be the cause of the persistence of the acellular zone.
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Sopakayang, Ratchada. "Viscoelastic Models for Ligaments and Tendons." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77298.

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Collagenous tissues such as ligaments and tendons are viscoelastic materials. They exhibit a slow continuous increase in strain over time, or creep, when subjected to a constant stress and a slow continuous decrease in stress over time, or stress relaxation, when subjected to a constant strain. Moreover, the loading and unloading stress-strain curves are different when the tissues are subjected to cyclic loading, showing hysteresis and softening phenomena. The micro-structural origin of the viscoelasticity of these tissues is still unknown and the subject of debate among experts in biomechanics. Therefore, formulating viscoelastic models by accounting for the mechanical contributions of the structural components of these tissues can help in understanding the genesis of viscoelasticity. A nonlinear viscoelastic modeling framework has been developed to describe the elastic and viscoelastic properties of ligaments and tendons by considering their main structural components, the collagen fibers and proteoglycan-rich matrix. The mathematical models derived within this framework can illustrate the tensile behavior, stress relaxation and creep by as suming that the collagen fibers are elastic and the surrounding proteoglycan-rich matrix is viscoelastic. The collagen fibers are represented by linear elastic springs that are engaged to support load at different values of the tissue's strain according to a Weibull distribution function. The mechanical contribution of the matrix is introduced via a Maxwell-type viscoelastic element arranged in parallel with the collagen fibers. According to the proposed mathematical framework, both the collagen fibers and the proteoglycan-rich matrix are responsible for resisting tensile loads. However, the collagen fibers play a significant role in creep while the proteoglycan-rich matrix has a dominant role in stress relaxation. The model parameters that define the stress relaxation and strain stiffening phenomena are estimated by using published experimental on rabbit medial collateral ligaments and are then used to predict creep. The above modeling framework has been also extended to capture the in uence of preconditioning on the mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons. The stress softening and decrease in hysteresis that are observed during successive loading cycles in preconditioning are assumed to be determined by a decrease in the elastic properties of the collagen fibers and proteoglycan-rich matrix. Preliminary data collected on stress relaxation and preconditioning on rat medial collateral ligaments by collaborators are used to evaluate the model parameters and analyze its predictions. The elastic and viscoelastic properties of single collagen fibers are studied by formulating a nonlinear viscoelastic framework by accounting for their main components: microfibrils, cross-links and proteoglycan-rich matrix. The model illustrates tensile behavior and stress relaxation of a single collagen fiber by assuming that the microfibrils and the cross-links are elastic and the surrounding proteoglycan-rich matrix is viscoelastic. The mechanical contribution of the microfibrils is included via a linear elastic spring while the cross-links are represented by linear elastic springs that progressively fail at different values of the tissue's strain according to an exponential distribution function. The matrix is defined by linear dashpots arranged in parallel with each single spring that represents an individual cross-link. The viscous properties of the matrix associated with the unbroken and broken cross-links are assumed to have different values. In the model formulation, the microfibrils and the cross-links are assumed to determine the elastic response of the fibers while the proteoglycan-rich matrix determines the stress relaxation. Microfibrils, cross-links and the proteoglycan-rich matrix are responsible for resisting the loading force during tensile behavior. Experimental data collected by performing incremental stress relaxation tests by other investigators on reconstituted rat tail tendons are used to estimate the parameters in the model and evaluate its performance.
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Hansen, Wenx. "Subject-Specific Finite Element Analysis of In-vivo Healthy and Tendinopathic Achilles Tendons." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/371141.

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The human Achilles tendon is the strongest tendon in the body, but it is also the tendon most prone to developing tendinopathy. Tendinopathy is a clinical term used to describe tendon pathology that presents clinically as a painful, thickened tendon with altered mechanical behaviour. The main conservative treatment for tendinopathy is exercise, typically in the form of calf muscle contractions. However calf exercises are likely to impose very different stresses and strains on the tendons of different individuals as a result of inter-subject variability in tendon geometry, tendon material properties, muscle mechanical properties and muscle activation patterns. Although there are reports of global stress and strain experienced by the Achilles tendon during voluntary contractions in the literature, little is known about the local stress and strain within the tendon. It is important to understand the local mechanical behaviour in tendon tissue because mechanical loading is a critical stimulus to tendon adaptation via localised mechano-biological pathways. Musculoskeletal tissues including tendons, are reported to have an optimal range in which mechanical loading produces positive tissue adaptation (an anabolic effect), with either too much or too little mechanical loading having a detrimental (catabolic) effect. Clinical efficacy of exercise-based training and rehabilitation for the Achilles tendon could be enhanced if an “optimal” loading stimulus is provided to the tendon. The general aim of this thesis was to investigate the influence of subject-specific tendon geometry and material properties on mechanical stress and damage in living free Achilles tendons with and without tendinopathy during submaximal, isometric loading. A methodological pipeline was developed to generate individualised finite element models of the living free Achilles tendon (n = 8 healthy, n = 8 tendinopathic). Subject-specific polynomial finite element meshes were rendered based on freehand three-dimensional ultrasound scans of the free tendon. Subject-specific material properties were obtained from numerical optimisation by minimising the difference between experimental measures of longitudinal strain under load and modelled strains. The tendon was defined as an incompressible, homogeneous and hyper-elastic material and implemented in CMISS. CMISS is a finite element software based on polynomial basis functions which can accommodate large deformation based of coarse polynomial meshes. Finite element analyses were subsequently conducted to determine the strain, stress and damage criteria within the tendon based on force boundary conditions obtained from the subject-specific experimentally measured ankle plantarflexor torque. The first study used three-dimensional ultrasound based measures of in-vivo free Achilles tendon geometry in conjunction with finite element analysis to determine the effects of subject-specific versus generic geometries and material properties on the stress distribution within the living tendon during a submaximal isometric contraction. The mean (SD) lengths, volumes and cross-sectional areas of the tendons at rest were 62 ± 13 mm, 3617 ± 984 mm³ and 58 ± 11 mm², respectively. The measured tendon strain at 70% maximum voluntary contraction was 5.9 ± 1.3%. Generic geometry was represented by the average mesh and generic material properties were taken from the literature. Local stresses were subsequently computed for all combinations of subject-specific and generic geometry and material properties. For a given geometry, changing from generic to subject-specific material properties had little effect on the stress distribution in the tendon. In contrast, changing from generic to subject-specific geometry had a 26-fold greater effect on tendon stress distribution. Overall, these findings highlight a strong variability between individual tendons and indicate that the tendon geometry has a greater influence on the stress distribution than the tendon material properties. Achilles tendon mechanical properties and geometry are altered in Achilles tendinopathy. The purpose of the second study was to determine the relative contributions of altered mechanical properties and geometry to free Achilles tendon stress distribution during a sub-maximal contraction in tendinopathic relative to healthy tendons. The average resting CSA of the free tendon was on average 35% greater for the tendinopathic tendons. At the same tensile force, the tendinopathic tendons experienced a strain of 7.1 ± 2.9% compared to 5.9 ± 1.3% for controls. The mean Young’s modulus for tendinopathic tendons was 40% of the corresponding control value. Finite element analyses revealed that tendinopathic tendons experience 24% less stress at submaximal loading compared to healthy tendons. The lower tendon stress in tendinopathy was due to a greater influence of tendon CSA, which alone reduced tendon stress by 30%, compared to Young’s modulus, which alone increased tendon stress by 8%. These findings suggest that the greater tendon CSA observed in tendinopathy compensates for the substantially lower Young’s modulus, and thereby protects pathological tendon against excessive stress. The purpose of the final study was to determine how tendinopathic alterations in Achilles tendon geometry and material properties affect damage load and location. Tendon damage load was assessed at a theoretical damage strain of 12%. The subject-specific damage load was found significantly higher for the healthy tendon (12.5 ± 5.0 kN) compared to the tendinopathic tendon (5.7 ± 1.5 kN). A 59% decrease in the damage load was observed when the average material properties of the healthy tendon were replaced with average tendinopathic material properties while retaining the average healthy tendon geometry. Damage load increased by 23% when the average healthy geometry was replaced by average tendinopathic geometry while retaining average healthy material properties. A substantial variation in damage location was observed across all tendons. Overall findings of this study suggest that tendinopathic alterations in material properties are more influential than corresponding alterations in tendon geometry in determining the load required to cause tendon damage. This thesis has demonstrated the feasibility of using a finite element modelling approach to investigate stress distributions in the Achilles tendons based on in-vivo, subject-specific measures of three-dimensional tendon geometry and tendon mechanical properties. Stress patterns in the Achilles tendon were found to differ substantially between individuals. Generic training and rehabilitation programs for the Achilles tendon are therefore likely to result in very different tendon stresses and strains between individuals. The general findings of this thesis point to the need for personalised training and rehabilitation for the Achilles tendon that takes account of the substantial variation in tendon geometry and material properties between individuals to ensure an optimal loading stimulus is provided that maximises positive tissue adaptation for healthy and tendinopathic tendons.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School Allied Health Sciences
Griffith Health
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Yuen, Man-hon. "Biomechanical analysis of tendon repair method in obliquely lacerated tendon /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31495539.

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張劍偉 and Kim-wai Cheung. "Biomechanical analysis of tendon repair method in partially lacerated tendon." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40738644.

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Cheung, Kim-wai. "Biomechanical analysis of tendon repair method in partially lacerated tendon." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40738644.

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Books on the topic "Tendons"

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Zaelke, Gustav. Zur casuistik subkutaner Sehnen- und Bänderzerreissung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Entstehungsmechanismus der Sehnenzerreissungen ... Greifswald: Adler, 1989.

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Sobel, Mark, ed. The Peroneal Tendons. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46646-6.

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Sikélianòs, Eleni. The Book of Tendons. Sausalito, USA: Post-Apollo Press, 1997.

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Fornage, Bruno D. Ultrasonography of Muscles and Tendons. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3482-1.

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Nicola, Maffulli, Renström Per, and Leadbetter Wayne B. 1943-, eds. Tendon injuries: Basic science and clinical medicine. London: Springer, 2005.

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Nicola, Maffulli, Renström Per, and Leadbetter Wayne B. 1943-, eds. Tendon injuries: Basic science and clinical medicine. London: Springer, 2005.

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FIP Commission on Practical Construction. Working Group on Grouting of Tendons in Prestressed Concrete, ed. Grouting of tendons in prestressed concrete. London: T. Telford, 1990.

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Fédération internationale du béton. Task Group 9.8., ed. Grouting of tendons in prestressed concrete. Lausanne, Switzerland: FIB, Fédération internationale du béton, 2002.

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1959-, Kannus Pekka, ed. Human tendons: Anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1997.

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R, Walsh William, ed. Repair and regeneration of ligaments, tendons, and joint capsule. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tendons"

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Plath, Johannes E., Stephan Vogt, and Andreas Lenich. "Tendons." In Surgical Atlas of Sports Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, 123–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43776-6_10.

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Saier, Tim, Peter U. Brucker, and Killian Müller-Wohlfahrt. "Tendons." In Surgical Atlas of Sports Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, 173–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43776-6_12.

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Saier, Tim, and Peter U. Brucker. "Tendons." In Surgical Atlas of Sports Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, 245–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43776-6_16.

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Bera, Sagir, Stephen R. Paul, and David Millward. "Tendons." In Sports-related Fractures, Dislocations and Trauma, 595–617. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36790-9_34.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Tendons." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 2644. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_3122.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Tendons." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_3122-2.

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Pearson, Dr Stephen. "Tendons." In Sports Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention, 79–93. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118685150.ch5.

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Mespreuve, Marc, and Karl Waked. "Tendons." In Medical Radiology, 217–33. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63973-9_12.

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van Dijk, P. A. D., and C. N. van Dijk. "Peroneal Tendons." In Muscle and Tendon Injuries, 373–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54184-5_35.

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Herrera-Perez, Mario, and Anna Oller-Boix. "Peroneal Tendons." In Foot and Ankle Sports Orthopaedics, 231–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15735-1_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tendons"

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Sawada, Daisuke, and Ryuta Ozawa. "Joint control of tendon-driven mechanisms with branching tendons." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra.2012.6224809.

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Huang, Alice H., Spencer S. Watson, and Ronen Schweitzer. "Lineage Tracing Reveals a New Model for Tendon Growth and Elongation During Development." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80915.

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Tendons are dense, fibrous tissues connecting muscle to bone, and their primary function is to transmit muscle forces to the appropriate skeletal elements, thereby enabling movement. In the limb, flexion and extension of the hand (autopod) and wrist are controlled by long tendons that insert into muscles in the arm (zeugopod) [1]. Although tendons are critically important in mediating joint movement, the cellular and molecular events underlying tendon formation remain largely unknown. Using the transcription factor Scleraxis (Scx), which labels all tendon progenitors, we previously showed that in the mouse limb bud, Scx-expressing tendon progenitors are first induced in the mesenchyme underneath the ectoderm at E10.5; at E12.5, progenitors are loosely organized between the cartilage condensations and developing muscles, condensing to form distinct tendons by E13.5 [2]. By E14.5, limb tendon patterning is largely complete, with continued elongation and deposition of matrix from this stage onward.
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Li, Guang (George), Robert Kipp, and Steve Leverette. "Horizontal Installation of TLP Tendons." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83013.

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Tension Leg Platforms (TLPs) are ideal supports for dry-tree top tension riser systems because their tendons exhibit high tensile stiffness and significantly reduce the heave, pitch, and roll motions of the platforms. Since the first TLP (Hutton) was installed in the North Sea in 1984, a total of 24 TLPs have been installed throughout the world with 16 of them installed in the Gulf of Mexico. Currently there are new TLP projects proposed in regions off the coast of Malaysia, West Africa, Brazil and Western Australia. Heavy-lift vessels were used to install tendons for most of these TLP’s. Tendon joints were assembled vertically from bottom part to top part. Using a heavy-lift vessel introduces significant cost and schedule challenge to TLP projects, especially ones located in remote regions. A horizontal tendon installation methodology is presented in this paper. This innovative approach involves horizontal assembly of TLP tendon segments on a construction barge. The partially assembled tendon is then incrementally pulled out through a stinger at the barge stern and secured with a hold back clamp so that the next tendon joint can be connected. The process repeats itself until the whole tendon is assembled and deployed. The tendon is then upended to a vertical configuration and connected to a TLP or a foundation pile. In this paper, we examine the alternative equipment and configuration options in the horizontal installation methodology. We outline rationales to select the appropriate options and measures to reduce project cost and risks.
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Park, Yeun Chul, Ho-Kyung Kim, Chul-Hwan Yoo, and Suk-Hee Bong. "Estimation of Structural Safety for Internally Grouted Post-tensioned External Tendons." In IABSE Workshop, Helsinki 2017: Ignorance, Uncertainty, and Human Errors in Structural Engineering. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/helsinki.2017.086.

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In February, 2016, one of the external tendons in pre‐stressed concrete (PSC) box girder bridge in Seoul was failed due to corrosion after 17 years of service. The failure was found during the thawing season regular inspection. Since it was the first tendon failure occurred in South Korea, in‐depth investigation was performed and found that multiple tendons were corroded at many different locations. Seoul City had been preparing for the maintenance of PSC box girder bridges, but the draft maintenance guideline considered overall condition of the bridge and little attention was paid to the condition of tendons. The bridge was evaluated as per the draft guideline and rated as ‘Medium Risk’ although one external tendon was failed. The indices for the evaluation should be properly weighted to prevent failure of tendons.
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Thornton, Gail M., Xinxin Shao, May Chung, Paul Sciore, Richard S. Boorman, David A. Hart, and Ian K. Y. Lo. "Mechanical Loading Uniquely Up-Regulates MMP-13 in Rat Supraspinatus Tendon But Not Achilles Tendon." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-173778.

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Tendon injuries and chronic pain, known as tendinopathy, are extremely common in supraspinatus and Achilles tendons. Despite their prevalence, the pathogenesis of these conditions is poorly understood. One of most common cited factors for injuries to the rotator cuff tendons is “impingement”, namely, mechanical compression of the supraspinatus tendon by the overlying coracoacromial arch [1]. To date, few studies have investigated the molecular processes underlying this condition.
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Wagner, Hallie, Dawn Lowe, and Victor Barocas. "Reduced Compliance in Patellar Tendons From a Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80762.

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Muscular dystrophies are degenerative diseases that affect primarily skeletal muscles. Most studies of muscular dystrophy focus on muscles, but tendons are an important part of the musculotendon complex that transmits forces from muscles to bones. As the disease progresses, tendon shortening occurs, and some patients require tendon release or cord lengthening surgery to increase tendon length [1]. Despite the prevalence of these surgeries, very little is known about the mechanical properties of tendons in muscular dystrophy patients, or how they change as the tendon remodels or compensate in response to muscle degeneration.
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Wang, James H.-C. "Tendon Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma for Repair of Injured Tendons." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53204.

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Tendon injuries, including acute tendon injuries and tendinopathy, are common in both occupational and athletic settings. However, current treatments for tendon injury are largely ineffective, as they cannot restore normal structure and function to injured tendons. This challenge mainly stems from our incomplete understanding of tendon cell properties and responses to biomechanical and biochemical environments surrounding the cells. In recent years, however, significant progress has been made on two fronts. First, tendon stem cells (TSCs) have been recently identified. The tendon-specific stem cells can self-renew and posses multi-differentiation potential and as such, may be used to repair injured tendons more effectively. Second, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has now been widely used in orthopaedics and sports medicine to treat injured tendons. In this presentation, I will present data on TSCs, in terms of their differential properties with respect to tenocytes and their differential mechano-responses when subjected to small and large mechanical loading conditions. I will also discuss the basic scientific studies on PRP regarding its effects on TSCs, particularly on their differentiation, which is a critical issue related to the safety and efficacy of PRP treatment in clinics (Fig. 1).
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Balázs, György L., and Adorján Borosnyói. "Prestressing with CFRP Tendons." In International Conference on High Performance Materials in Bridges. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40691(2003)31.

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TJANDRA, R. A., and K. H. TAN. "STRENGTHENING OF RC BEAMS WITH EXTERNAL FRP TENDONS: TENDON STRESS AT ULTIMATE." In Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS–6). World Scientific Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704863_0094.

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Fuentes Garcia, Miguel Angel, Abigail J. Wohlfert, David Chesson, Jennifer R. Vranish, and Steven R. Anton. "Approaching the Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Human Achilles Tendon." In ASME 2022 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2022-91158.

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Abstract The literature shows there is no validated procedure to measure the tensile properties in different regions along the length of human tendons. The slippery surfaces and non-homogeneous properties of tendons reduce the probability of success when using traditional methods. So, there is a need to implement an experimental technique that ensures accurate measurement of the mechanical properties of human tissue. The development of new technologies allows us to face problems with new approaches. Computer vision is a trending topic in the development of new technology, one of its branches is digital image correlation (DIC). DIC is a non-contact technique used for tracking pixels along a group of sequential images and, when combined with tensile testing, can be used to track sample deformation and strain at discrete points in space. This work develops a technique that analyzes bovine tendons using digital image correlation and custom-designed 3D printed clamps. The advantage of DIC is that it analyzes the deformation of the tendon throughout the complete sample, allowing us to quantify the mechanical properties in different regions within the tendon. First, a 3D printed clamp is designed considering the challenges of gripping soft tissue. The clamp prevents damage to the tissue during testing. A random speckle pattern is created on the surface of a roller using open CAD software named OpenSCAD. The bovine tendons are painted with the roller and tested in a uniaxial load frame. These results can be used in the future to repeat this technique with human Achilles tendons to quantify the tensile properties of the tendon and aid in the design and material selection of prosthetic tendons for people suffering from injury or disease.
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Reports on the topic "Tendons"

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Tabatabai, H. Self-monitoring surveillance system for prestressing tendons. Phase I small business innovation research. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/177396.

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Naus, D. Regulatory analysis of Regulatory Guide 1. 35 (Revision 3, Draft 2): In-service inspection of ungrouted tendons in prestressed concrete containments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6616054.

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Evans, Jon, Ian Porter, Emma Cockcroft, Al-Amin Kassam, and Jose Valderas. Collecting linked patient reported and technology reported outcome measures for informing clinical decision making: a scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0038.

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Review question / Objective: We aim to map out the existing research where concomitant use of patient reported and technology reported outcome measures is used for patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Condition being studied: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) covering injuries or disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs. Musculoskeletal manifestations of joint pathology. Eligibility criteria: 1) Peer-reviewed primary studies and literature reviews. Grey literature not included. 2) Studies which include co-administration of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROMs) AND wearable electronic devices (e.g. fitness trackers, accelerometers, gyroscopes, pedometers smartphones, smartwatches) in musculoskeletal manifestations of joint pathology. Studies are EXCLUDED which feature wearable electronic devices but not concomitant/real time capturing of PROMs (e.g. they are recorded retrospectively/ at different timepoints). 3) Studies in languages other than English will be excluded unless a translation is available.
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Tan, Haoyin, Chujie Haoyin, Bin L, and Xin W. Reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament with hamstring tendon versus allogeneic tendon: A meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.5.0111.

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Zhang. L52052 Control of Horizontal Beam Width with Phased Array Transducers. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010945.

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Accurate defect sizing is becoming more and more critical in pipeline welds due to the application of Engineering Critical Assessment, demanding deep sea applications, the arrival of high performance piping, and increased public safety demands. This project improved horizontal beam focusing for automated ultrasonic testing; curved arrays, focused lenses and electronic focusing using phased arrays were investigated. Two target applications were selected: thickwalled risers and tendons, and thinner walled high performance pipes for onshore. Extensive computer modeling was performed to optimize the focusing. The recommended array for thick-walled pipes has 360 elements in three rows, and is mechanically curved. The results from this 1.5D and a standard 1D array on a thick-wall calibration block showed that the 1.5D array had significantly better sizing. Also important, side lobes were significantly reduced. Computer modeling showed that a 60 element, 1 mm pitch array with a 100 mm curvature gave significant improvements over the standard unfocused array. The experimental results showed a significant improvement; the curved array oversized FBH reflectors by only ~1 mm, instead of the 4�6 mm from the unfocused array. These curved arrays can be used on PipeWIZARD with no modifications to the general mechanics or software.
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Naus, D. J., and C. B. Oland. An investigation of tendon sheathing filler migration into concrete. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/631255.

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O'Keefe, Regis J. Development of siRNA Technology to Prevent Scar Formation in Tendon Repair. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada575075.

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O'Keefe, Regis J. Development of siRNA Technology to Prevent Scar Formation in Tendon Repair. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598989.

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Kolawole, Abimbola, and Temidun Kolawole. Factors Contributing To Achilles Tendon Re-rupture: A Systematic Review Protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.7.0102.

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Maxwell, Makayla. Achilles Tendon Ruptures in Women’s Collegiate Gymnastics: Causes, Treatment, and Rehabilitation. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-108.

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