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TAKAHASHI, Shuei. "The Kamakura Period Tendai Priest Jomyo." JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 47, no. 1 (1998): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.47.190.
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Kuroki, Masako. "Beyond the Confines of Duality: Insights from the Spiritual Quest of a Tendai Buddhist Woman Priest." Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 24, no. 2 (October 2008): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/fsr.2008.24.2.183.
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Leśniak, Agnieszka, Monika Górka, and Damian Wieczorek. "Identification of factors shaping tender prices for lightweight." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 28, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2019.28.2.16.
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A reliable estimation of the tender prices for lightweight curtain walls is a complex and time-consuming process for the contractor, as it depends on many factors related to both the technical parameters of the designed façade and the investor’s requirements for the solutions selected. The aim of the paper is to identify the factors affecting the costs of manufacturing lightweight curtain walls. Data regarding the complexity of curtain wall construction costs was obtained on the basis of the analysis of project documentation, cost estimates and as-built accounts for selected 50 public buildings. The authors identified the factors affecting the costs of aluminum-glass facades and ventilated facades. Their identification is the first element necessary to develop a new method of predicting the costs of implementation of such types of facade which are included in the authors’ research plans.
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LIM, KIAN-GUAN, and EDWARD H. K. NG. "A theory of IPO pricing with tender prices." Applied Financial Economics 9, no. 5 (October 1999): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096031099332096.
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Schwartz, Alan. "The Fairness of Tender Offer Prices in Utilitarian Theory." Journal of Legal Studies 17, no. 1 (January 1988): 165–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468126.
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Hamdani, Assaf, Beni Lauterbach, and Yevgeny Mugerman. "Reservation prices in shareholders’ response to freeze-out tender offers." Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 64 (January 2020): 101160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2019.101160.
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Pomazalová, Nataša, and Zbyšek Korecki. "Evaluation of tendered prices of natural mineral water, juice and non-alcoholic beer (public procurement research)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 4 (2011): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040233.
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate tender prices of chosen beverages according to public procurement based on secondary data analysis. The empirical results of analysis (t-test and F-test) show that average annual prices of these beverages are different and collected data are not included in the same sample. Tender prices are different in each year of observed years, although are based on public tender. Important evidence is that for the public tenders in the abroad is obligatory use of the Czech public procurement law. According to this act the base evaluation criterion is the lowest offered price. Data were collected during the years 2005–2009. This study deals with empirical approach, variability of prices of chosen beverages based on public tenders between the Czech Republic (Ministry of Defence) and local suppliers in Kosovo. Results show low variability of prices, which are based on public tender and legal approach, regulated public procurement. The research conclusion is the fact, that tender prices for piece of non-alcoholic beverage are less than 10 % from annual mean (pcs./CZK) of tendered prices.
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Grand, Tamara. "RISK-TAKING BY THREESPINE STICKLEBACK (GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS) PELVIC PHENOTYPES: DOES MORPHOLOGY PREDICT BEHAVIOUR?" Behaviour 137, no. 7-8 (2000): 889–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502510.
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AbstractThe relationship between risk-taking behaviour and anti-predator morphology was studied in benthic threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Paxton and Priest Lakes on Texada Island, British Columbia, Canada. In general, Priest Lake benthics possess complete pelvic girdles and numerous lateral plates. In contrast, Paxton Lake benthics exhibit an apparent polymorphism in anti-predator morphology; some individuals possess complete pelvic girdles while others lack them entirely. Although phenotypes tended to differ in their willingness to risk exposure to a trout predator while foraging, the predicted positive relationship between risk-taking behaviour and anti-predator morphology was not observed. While 'girdled' Paxton individuals were more willing to forage in the vicinity of the predator than 'girdleless' Paxton individuals, the more heavily armoured Priest fish were intermediate in their risk-taking behaviour. These results suggest that the relationship between risktaking behaviour and anti-predator morphology may be influenced by differences between phenotypes in predation regime and life history.
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Ye, Kunhui, Bingheng Li, and Liyin Shen. "Key Factors Considered in Compiling Tender Prices for China’s Public Works Projects." Journal of Management in Engineering 29, no. 3 (July 2013): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000153.
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Garvin, Tom. "Priests and patriots: Irish separatism and fear of the modern, 1890-1914." Irish Historical Studies 25, no. 97 (May 1986): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400025347.
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The political leadership of the independent state that emerged after 1920 was formed in the years after the fall of Parnell in 1891. The cultural atmosphere of the period in which the new leaders had grown up was suffused with a nationalist and anti-modernist romanticism, a sense that a civilisation was perhaps dying and a scepticism about the possibility or even desirability of mass democracy As has been argued elsewhere, the young men and women who were to lead the separatist movement were children of their time. Like their contemporaries elsewhere in Europe, they sensed that the twentieth century would bring great changes; they anticipated with dread or longing the great wars that so many writers predicted; they tended to rebel against their elders, often in the name of ideals inculcated by those elders; they tended toward a romantic and messianic nationalism.' They tended also to think moralistically rather than scientifically; their social thought was derived from ethics rather than from politics or economics. The culture from which they came was dominated by a catholic world-view, and their real intellectual mentors were the priests of the catholic church.
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Hussain, Rabia, Nadeem Irfan Bukhari, Anees ur Rehman, Mohamed Azmi Hassali, and Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar. "Vaccine Prices: A Systematic Review of Literature." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040629.
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Vaccines are among the most vital interventions to control and reduce the morbidity and mortality worldwide. In accessing vaccines, pricing is usually the single most important deciding element. However, there is a scarcity of the literature on the vaccines pricing. The current study aims to review vaccine prices from the published literature and to evaluate factors that impact the pricing of vaccines. The literature (from 2015–2020) was reviewed to identify the original research articles. Systematic searches were conducted across the five databases including, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Springer Link. Literature search yielded 23,626 articles, of which 7351 were screened and 7310 articles were excluded based on title and abstracts relevance. The 41 studies were selected for full text review and 4 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. The included studies discussed vaccine prices for childhood vaccines, for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in US, China and in Europe. One study detailed the various scenarios of the HPV vaccines pricing. It was found that recently introduced vaccines have higher prices owing to the involvement of technology and research for their manufacture. However, prices tended to decrease over some maturation in price and by the involvement of Global Alliance for Vaccine Initiative (GAVI) and other allies. The prices of vaccines in China were much lower than the other high-income countries and the prices offered through United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), mainly due to the large scale of demand in China. The affordable prices of vaccines were related to delicate procedures involving multiple stakeholders and a shorter duration of contract. This review systematically evaluated the literature and identified key factors that could impact vaccines pricing. The prices were higher for the newly introduced vaccines into the market. However, with the price maturation, there was a decline in the pricing and affordable prices could be achieved through tender pricing and involvement of GAVI and other allies.
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Smirnov, Evgeny Borisovich, and Svetlana Anatolievna Ershova. "Development of Construction Cost Assessment Methods during Preparation for Tender." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.854.
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Successful development of a construction company under the market economical conditions depends on the number of contracts for construction works awarded to the company, usually on the competitive basis. The winner of a tender is chosen from the participants that have previously proved their qualification at the prequalification stage, on the basis of two criteria: bid price and construction period. Bid price is the key factor which is of the most importance to the client. It is based on contractor’s estimation of construction cost. The most common construction cost assessment methods use the valid estimate norms calculated on the basis of the averaged work costs which do not consider fluctuation of actual market prices for different kinds of resources and the chosen methods and technologies of facility construction. This paper aims to provide the basis for the development of accurate cost assessment method which is based on the actual market prices for all kinds of resources and on the methods and technologies of facility construction chosen be the contractor, rather than on the valid estimate norms. The main task therefore is the development of the key principles and sequence of construction cost assessment during preparation for tender. The offered assessment method is based on construction schedule illustrating the time association of all construction processes and is the basis for determination of the actual volume of the required resources and funds at each time point of facility construction. Given the many-sidedness of the arising problems, construction cost assessment should be conducted based on the following principles: construction schedule optimization; accounting of market cost of resources; generating the best plan of construction resource provision; cost minimization and financial flow optimization; risk accounting; project approach. Using these principles during assessment of facility construction cost within the framework of bid preparation allows increasing its competitive ability according to the main winner choice criteria – construction cost and periods.
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Rukmana, Siti Hardiyanti. "SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN TENDER PROYEK MENGGUNAKAN METODE BENEFIT COST RATIO." JST (Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi) 5, no. 2 (January 28, 2017): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jst-undiksha.v5i2.8570.
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The procurement process became one of the important aspects for PT. PLN (Persero) to operate the company. One way to meet these needs is through the project tender. The tender process aims to get high-grade materials with the lowest prices that meet the criteria of efficiency PT. PLN (Persero). In order to simplify the bidding process required a decision support system. The method used in this system is Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). Input in this application are the documents and the tender offer price from bidders with complete tender documents that have been validated by prospective bidders and then selected by the tender committee to make an assessment and validation winner. The output of this process is the winner of the tender project based on calculations Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). Therefore, the method Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) can be used as a decision support system to determine the winner of the project tender.
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Ellingerová, Helena, Zora Petráková, and Ingrida Skalíková. "Statistical Methods in Building Industry to Determine Prices Indices." Tehnički glasnik 14, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20200604105846.
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Tender price is often affected by the location of the construction, which is usually determined by the investor, and it has an impact on the traffic in the particular location. Individual time of supply and the method of realization play an important role as well. They both are determined by the investor along with the designer of the particular construction. Contractors often complain about the lack of time needed for the preparation of their tender prices. Therefore, it is necessary to look for the possibilities how to reliably speed up this process at the same time taking into account all of the specific features of a structure. This article deals with the application of two statistical methods. The Pareto analysis, which can be used during the design of the tender price, and the extrapolation method, which can be used for the estimation of the price development, based on the regression analysis of the time series. The results of the article particularly serve to contractors in the building industry to better prepare their price offers in tenders. The findings of this document may also be applicable in other countries which have a similar economic profile as Slovakia.
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Paramita, Ni Putu Pradnyani, I. Putu Sudana, I. G. A. N. Budiasih, and Herkulanus Bambang Suprasto. "Meaning of cost components and cost magnitude determining tender prices: A study on CV. RG." International journal of social sciences and humanities 3, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v3n2.324.
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The cost was the basis for management in determining the selling price of a product or service. In construction service companies, the cost determining is important. It will affect the value of the tender proposal submitted to get the job. CV. RG is a construction service company provides services in the civil and building fields. CV. RG, of course, has often participated in tenders. The problem is the company often suffer losses. The company’s success rate is still relatively low. The company participates in a tender, costs, and efforts arise in preparing the tender. In conducting costing, there are at least two aspects must be considered. It is namely the cost component and cost magnitude. This study uses a phenomenological approach to gain an understanding of decision holders about a reality based on experience. The interpretative phenomenology method is suitable to be used due to the researcher wants to reveal and understand how the decision holders. CV. RG means cost component and cost magnitude is in the process of price-determining the tender proposal. The results of the research analysis showed that in determining the cost component. The informant felt complicated due to the situation at hand. The dilemma feelings also accompanied the informants in determining the cost magnitude of the tender proposal. The meaning of this informant can also be explained because of motives and in order to motives that underlie the informant actions.
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Wang, Yuelong, Yongze Yu, and Yaqin Su. "Does the tender, auction and listing system in land promote higher housing prices in China?" Housing Studies 33, no. 4 (October 15, 2017): 613–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2017.1373750.
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Agyekum, Kofi, Emmanuel Adinyira, and Judith Amudjie. "Ethical misconducts within the invitation to tender and tender evaluation and award stages of construction contracts in Ghana." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 19, no. 5 (February 15, 2021): 1101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-07-2020-0274.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the views of construction practitioners on the prevalence of ethical misconduct within the invitation to tender and tender evaluation and award stages of construction contracts in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach Following a critical comparative review of literature resulting in the identification of 18 potential misconducts within the invitation to tender and 11 potential misconducts within the tender evaluation and award stages of construction contracts, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 65 construction professionals. Data obtained from the survey were analysed using both descriptive (i.e. frequencies, mean scores and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (paired t-test), followed by gap analysis. Findings The findings revealed that corrupt, fraudulent, collusive or coercive practices, client divulging more information to the preferred bidder and inflating tender prices by tenderers in return for kickbacks are key unethical practices prevalent at the invitation to tender stage. Following these key unethical practices, the findings further suggested through gap analysis that submission of bids on non-working days and inadequate time for preparation and submission of tenders were the top two unethical practices that needed serious interventions at this stage. At the tender evaluation and award stage, the findings revealed that interference by influential people in political positions, fake tendering and bid shopping are prevalent. Again, from the gap analysis, interference by influential people in political positions and poor definition of selection criteria were identified to be the two key unethical practices that need urgent intervention at this stage of construction contracts. Practical implications This study holds a significant practical implication in the sense that key unethical practices at the invitation to tender and tender evaluation and award stages of construction contracts have been identified, and this provides a suitable basis for stakeholders that spearhead such activities to offer suitable interventions to control such practices. Originality/value This study contributes to the body of knowledge as it uncovers ethical misconducts within two important phases of construction contracts in a developing country setting. As there is a continuous effort by the international community towards finding lasting solutions to such misconducts, the findings from this study can be used as a starting point for appropriate policies to be put in place in Ghana to control such misconducts.
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Rukmana, Siti Hardiyanti, and Much Aziz Muslim. "Decision Support System Based on Benefit Cost Ratio Method for Project Tender." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 2, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34306/csit.v2i1.66.
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The procurement process became one of the important aspects for PT. PLN (Persero) to operate thecompany. One way to meet these needs is through the project tender. The tender process aims to get high-gradematerials with the lowest prices that meet the criteria of efficiency PT. PLN (Persero). In order to simplify thebidding process required a decision support system. The method used in this system is Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR).Input in this application are the documents and the tender offer price from bidders with complete tender documentsthat have been validated by prospective bidders and then selected by the tender committee to make an assessment andvalidation winner. The output of this process is the winner of the tender project based on calculations Benefit CostRatio (BCR). Therefore, the method Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) can be used as a decision support system to determinethe winner of the project tender.
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Rukmana, Siti Hardiyanti, and Much Aziz Muslim. "Decision Support System Based on Benefit Cost Ratio Method for Project Tender." APTIKOM Journal on Computer Science and Information Technologies 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/aptikom.j.csit.96.
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The procurement process became one of the important aspects for PT. PLN (Persero) to operate the company. One way to meet these needs is through the project tender. The tender process aims to get high-grade materials with the lowest prices that meet the criteria of efficiency PT. PLN (Persero). In order to simplify the bidding process required a decision support system. The method used in this system is Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). Input in this application are the documents and the tender offer price from bidders with complete tender documents that have been validated by prospective bidders and then selected by the tender committee to make an assessment and validation winner. The output of this process is the winner of the tender project based on calculations Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). Therefore, the method Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) can be used as a decision support system to determine the winner of the project tender.
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Pfister, Ulrich. "Pastors and Priests in the Early Modern Grisons: Organized Profession or Side Activity." Central European History 33, no. 1 (March 2000): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691610052927619.
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During the era of church reforms the clergy tended to become a profession—at least such has been argued with respect to English ministers during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.1 The present study endeavors to show that an analysis of the shifting position of the clergy in the continuum between a nonagricultural side activity, an estate in traditional society, and a profession can contribute to our understanding of the role that clergymen played in early modern church reforms, confessionalization, social discipline, and acculturation.
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Kakietek, Jakub. "Determinants of the Global Prices of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 39, no. 3 (May 6, 2018): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572118767149.
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Background: A therapy based on ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) in outpatient settings is considered the gold standard in the treatment of severe acute malnutrition in children younger than 5 years. The price of RUTF is the key cost driver of the therapy. However, no studies to date have systematically examined the determinants of RUTF prices. Objective: This article presents the first analysis of factors associated with the prices of RUTF, focusing on the impact of competition and tendering. Methods: This article examines data on the prices of RUTF purchased by UNICEF Supply Division from 2006 through 2015 (90% of RUTF purchased globally). To assess the association between price, competition, and tender introduction, controlling for potential confounding factors, regression analysis using a generalized estimating equation was used. Results: Competition, measured as the number of suppliers, was negatively associated with RUTF price. On the other hand, no statistically significant association was found between RUTF price tendering. Quantities sold were also significantly associated with RUTF prices. Conclusions: Significant price reductions have been achieved by increasing competition in the RUTF market. In contrast, introduction of tendering did not result in decreases in prices. Tendering is an effective price-lowering mechanism because it awards the bidder(s) with the lowest price with market exclusivity. However, the current tender system promotes market fragmentation and reduces the incentives for price reductions. Further reduction in RUTF prices can likely be achieved by modifying the current tendering procedures and putting a greater emphasis on price competition.
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Fiuza, Eduardo P. S., and Marcos de B. Lisboa. "Credence goods and market power: an econometric study on the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry." Estudos Econômicos (São Paulo) 33, no. 4 (December 2003): 601–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-41612003000400001.
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Bearing in mind the market failures pointed out by the economic literature and following the international empirical evidence, and based on original micro data of the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry in the late 1990s, this article attempts to relate empirically drug prices in Brazil to some explaining variables. We find that, similarly to previous U.S. estimations, leading branded drugs accommodated share growth of the followers, turning towards a more inelastic market segment and raising their prices. On followers, in turn, a fall of the concentration index in a market had ambiguous effects: if due to reduced leader power, followers raised their relative prices; if due to a tougher competition within the fringe, their relative prices tended to go down.
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Li, Li, Jiayong Liu, and Peng Jia. "SecTEP: Enabling secure tender evaluation with sealed prices and quality evaluation in procurement bidding systems over blockchain." Computers & Security 103 (April 2021): 102188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2021.102188.
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Foremny, Andrzej, and Hubert Anysz. "The collusion detection in public procurements – selected methods applied for the road construction industry in Poland." MATEC Web of Conferences 219 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821904002.
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Based on successful international examples of collusion detection, four indicators of the collusion have been chosen and analysed in this paper. The research was done for the majority of tender procedures in the road construction industry, in Poland that was finished in 2016 with the selection of a general contractor. Based on [1, 2, 3] the following four indicators were chosen: the number of offers placed in the tender procedure, the range of bid prices being offered, exactly the same set of offerors in a few tender procedures, repeating ordering the works execution to the same contractor in a given geographical region.
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Booth, Philip. "Monetary policy, asset prices and financial institutions." Annals of Actuarial Science 8, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 9–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1748499513000109.
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AbstractThe operation of monetary policy is likely to affect securities markets and asset values. This is of relevance to actuaries who work in or advise non-bank financial institutions such as pension funds and insurance companies. This paper examines different theories of monetary policy and the relationship between monetary policy and asset prices. It is found that central bank models have, at least until recently, tended to sideline consideration of the transmission of monetary policy through asset markets but that, with the implementation of quantitative easing, it is a subject that cannot be ignored. Many monetary schools, in fact, suggest that asset markets can be significantly affected by changes to monetary policy and those schools have lessons for important aspects of actuarial theory and practice.
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Vitomir, Jelena, Sonja Tomaš-Miskin, Mladen Ivić, and Slobodan Popović. "Implementation of the Tender by the Municipal Service Administration from the Aspect of Management in the Municipalities of the Republic of Serbia." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, no. 3 (August 2, 2020): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.3.469-486(2020).
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al Affairs Administration established by local self-governments in the 2016-2019period calls for tenders more and more frequently. Beside public utility companies founded by local self-government units there is an increasing number of the so called “other enterprises” taking part in the bidding. The aim of the authors was to determine at what prices the Local Affairs Administration concluded agreements with the said enterprises that participated in the public bidding. The authors came to relevant findings as they had an insight in the agreements concluded between the Local Affairs Administration and the bidders in the 2017-2019 period. Accordingly, the authors` contribution is in finding that following calling for tenders and tender procedures agreements between the Local Affairs Administration and bidders are concluded at prices that are lower than in case of direct bargaining between the Local Affairs Administration and public utility companies. That is, conducting tender procedures is beneficial to the Local Affairs Administration as less money of taxpayers is spent on the same public utility service.
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Niehans, Jürg. "A Reassessment of Scholastic Monetary Theory." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 15, no. 2 (1993): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s105383720000095x.
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During the sixteenth century, successive waves of gold and silver reached Spain from America and then rolled across Europe to the North and East. Contemporaries made two observations. First, the inflow of bullion was associated with inflation. Second, a given amount of money in a country with relatively low prices tended to exchange for a larger amount of money in a country with relatively high prices. The scholastic doctors in Salamanca who interpreted these observations are traditionally credited with two modern insights, namely the quantity theory of money, and the principle of purchasing-power parity.
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Elder, John, and Apostolos Serletis. "VOLATILITY IN OIL PRICES AND MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY: AN INVESTIGATION OF REAL OPTIONS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 15, S3 (November 2011): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100511000630.
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Previous research shows that volatility in oil prices has tended to depress output, as measured by nonresidential investment and GDP. This is interpreted as evidence in support of the theory of real options in capital budgeting decisions, which predicts that uncertainty about, for example, commodity prices will cause firms to delay production and investment. We continue that investigation by analyzing the effect of oil price uncertainty on monthly measures of U.S. firm production related to industries in mining, manufacturing, and utilities. We use a more general specification, an updated sample that includes the increased oil price volatility since 2008, and we control for other nonlinear measures of oil prices. We find additional empirical evidence in support of the predictions of real options theory, and our results indicate that the extreme volatility in oil prices observed in 2008 and 2009 contributed to the severity of the decline in manufacturing activity.
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GILLESPIE, JEFFREY, NARAYAN NYAUPANE, and KENNETH McMILLIN. "HOW ACCURATE ARE FARMERS IN ASSESSING THE GAINS ASSOCIATED WITH QUALITY? THE CASE OF THE MEAT GOAT INDUSTRY." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 47, no. 3 (August 2015): 411–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2015.18.
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AbstractMeat goat producers were queried to determine subjective estimates of premiums they would receive for slaughter kids of various selection classes. Market-based predicted premium estimates were obtained via regression using published U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service data. Subjective versus market-based predicted premium estimates were compared to determine producer accuracy in predicting premiums. Producers tended to overestimate quality premiums. Producers more accurate in their estimates tended to be larger-scale and older and to hold college degrees, sell more slaughter goats via auction, and manage their goats more intensively. Results contribute to the literature on producer accuracy in predicting prices.
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Jaśkowski, Piotr, and Agata Czarnigowska. "Contractor’s bid pricing strategy: a model with correlation among competitors’ prices." Open Engineering 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0021.
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AbstractThe approach used by construction companies to determine bid prices is an element of their strategy used to win jobs in competitive tenders. Such strategies build upon an analysis of the contactor’s potential and capabilities (am I able to deliver? am I eligible to participate in the tender?), and the analysis of the economic environment, including the expected behavior of competitors. The tender strategy sets out both the guidelines and the procedure in deciding whether or not to bid as well as the rules for determining the price. The price, on the one hand, should be high enough to cover expected direct and indirect costs as well as risk-adjusted profit. On the other hand, it needs to be low enough to be considered most attractive (typically: the lowest) among the prices offered by the competitors. The paper focuses on the price definition component of the bidding strategy. It provides a brief overview of the existing methods that support bidding decisions by comparing their demand for input and limitations in practical applications and presents a simulation-based method supporting the determination of the profit ratio. This probabilistic method assumes the existence of a positive correlation between the prices offered by the competitors. Its application is illustrated by means of a numerical example. The outcomes of the simulation prompt the amount of the profit margin that maximizes the expected value of the contractor’s profit.
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Bolton, P. "Grounds for dispensing with public tender procedures in Government Contracting." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2006/v9i2a2822.
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The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa1 provides that organs of state must comply with five principles when procuring goods or services: procurement procedures must be fair, equitable, transparent, competitive and cost-effective. In short, this means that organs of state should make use of competition when procuring goods or services. They should shop around and attract the maximum number of contractors who will participate in such competition. The aim should be the attainment of value for money, meaning, public money should be spent in an effective and efficient manner. Those who participate in competitions should also be treated fairly and without bias. In principle, no preferences should be afforded to different contractors; all contracting parties should have equal access to competition; some contractors should not be afforded more time for the preparation and submission of quotes or tenders than others; and the same information should be made available to all contracting parties. Government procurement procedures should further be transparent, meaning public or open. Thus, organs of state should not contract behind closed doors – government contracts should, as a rule, be advertised. Depending on the nature and value of a particular contract, the use of a public call for tenders is generally the best way to ensure compliance with theprinciples in the Constitution. By nature, a pubic call for tenders is open, it assists in the prevention of fraud and favouritism, and it ensures that the maximum number of contractors is approached to compete for a contract. Organs of state can also compare prices and quality and can contract with whoever offers the best deal. Most legislation therefore proceeds on the basis that procurement takes place by way of tendering. Generally, contracts above R200 000 are subject to public tender procedures. In certain instances, however, a public call for tenders may be inappropriate regardless of the high value of the contract. For this reason, exceptions are provided for in legislation. Since tendering, however, is generally the best way to ensure compliance with all the principles in the Constitution, it is important for there to be sufficient guidance on the non-use of tender procedures. Proper guidance will, to a large extent, ensure uniformity and transparency in government procurement procedures which will, in turn, assist in the combating of corruption. In this article, attention is given to the legislation that provides for exceptions to the use of tendering at all three levels of government. Recommendations are then made as to how some of the legislative provisions should be interpreted in order to align them with the principles in the Constitution. In doing so, reference is made to a number of international instruments dealing with government procurement and specifically, the non-use of tender procedures.
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Ikegami, Naoki, and Shunya Ikeda. "The Paradox of Decreasing Prices and Increasing Costs for Diagnostic Tests, Imaging, and Drugs in Japan." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 13, no. 1 (1997): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300010266.
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AbstractAnalysis of the 1987–1991 national outpatient claims data shows that the percentage of patients undergoing sophisticated diagnostic tests tended to increase and was greater if the hospital was larger, in the public sector, or affiliated with an university. For imaging, the percentage that had CAT scans performed increased, while the percentage undergoing x-rays using contrast medium and other tomography decreased. However, for drugs, newer and more expensive ones tended to be preferred irrespective of the providers' characteristics. Although costs arising from the shift to more expensive and sophisticated technologies have been largely contained by reducing their prices in the fee schedule, this cost-containment strategy faces structural problems. We advocate the establishment of an infrastructure that offers incentives for providers to conduct technology assessment and to use the results.
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Pawlewicz, Adam. "Change of Price Premiums Trend for Organic Food Products: The Example of the Polish Egg Market." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020035.
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One of the most rapidly growing areas of the organic agricultural system is egg production. However, the price premium often decreases the affordability of organic foods. In this study, the production and sales of organic eggs in Europe were compared, the prices of organic and conventional eggs in Poland were analyzed, and the price premium on the Polish market was evaluated. This study relied on data of Eurostat, Statistics Poland, Agricultural and Food Quality Inspection and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Poland. The prices of organic and conventional eggs on the Polish wholesale market were analyzed based on the monthly price registers. The production and sales of organic eggs in Europe were characterized by a steady increase. The nominal and real prices of organic eggs were higher than the prices of conventional eggs throughout the entire analyzed period. The nominal prices of organic eggs tended to decrease. However, an upward trend was observed in the real prices of both organic and conventional eggs. The average price premium for organic eggs exceeded 128% (median of 121%). The price premium was characterized by moderate variation (Vc = 33%). In Poland, the price premium was on a downward trend by around 1% per month in the examined period.
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GUARDADO, JENNY. "Office-Selling, Corruption, and Long-Term Development in Peru." American Political Science Review 112, no. 4 (August 22, 2018): 971–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305541800045x.
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The paper uses a unique hand-collected dataset of the prices at which the Spanish Crown sold colonial provincial governorships in seventeenth and eighteenth century Peru to examine the impact of colonial officials on long-run development. Combining provincial characteristics with exogenous variation in appointment criteria due to the timing of European wars, I first show that provinces with greater extraction potential tended to fetch higher prices and attract worse buyers. In the long run, these high-priced provinces have lower household consumption, schooling, and public good provision. The type of governors ruling these provinces likely exacerbated political conflict, ethnic segregation, and undermined institutional trust among the population.
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Marquez, Robert, and Bilge Yılmaz. "Takeover Bidding and Shareholder Information." Review of Corporate Finance Studies 1, no. 1 (July 25, 2012): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfs004.
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We study the role of shareholder information during the acquisition of widely held firms. When target shareholders share the same information about the post-takeover value, increasing the precision of information has no effect on the expected acquisition price. However, more precise information aggravates the free-rider problem, allowing shareholders to better discern when it is worthwhile to hold out rather than tender their shares. By contrast, when information is dispersed among shareholders, providing shareholders with superior information induces the raider to offer higher prices, thus increasing shareholder value. However, in this case, neither prices nor tendering decisions aggregate any information. (JEL G34, D82)
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Wang, Yuxiang, Xueli Liu, and Feng Wang. "Economic Impact of the High-Speed Railway on Housing Prices in China." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2018): 4799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124799.
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This study investigated whether and to what extent does the High-Speed Railway (HSR) affect city-level housing prices. With the data of HSR operation and housing prices from 285 cities from 2009 to 2017, the paper aimed to estimate the quantitative relationship between HSR and city-level housing prices and exploited city and regional dummy variables to assess the disparities between regions, followed by the economic effects between typical city pairs. Our findings were as follows: (1) The introduction of HSR leads to a 13.9% increase in city-level housing prices, and the figures for national central cities and regional central cities were 31.7% and 19.6%, respectively; (2) regional imbalance was mitigated with the development of the HSR, and some central cities in underdeveloped regions were stimulated with regard to housing price growth; (3) siphon effects and diffusion effects were observed in megacity–small city pairs, while synergistic effects often lay in megacity–megacity pairs, and such effects all tended to be more significant with increases in the number of HSR lines and a drop in the travel time.
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Kissi, Ernest, Theophilus Adjei-Kumi, Peter Amoah, and Jerry Gyimah. "Forecasting Construction Tender Price Index in Ghana using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Variables Model." Construction Economics and Building 18, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v18i1.5604.
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Prices of construction resources keep on fluctuating due to unstable economic situations that have been experienced over the years. Clients knowledge of their financial commitments toward their intended project remains the basis for their final decision. The use of construction tender price index provides a realistic estimate at the early stage of the project. Tender price index (TPI) is influenced by various economic factors, hence there are several statistical techniques that have been employed in forecasting. Some of these include regression, time series, vector error correction among others. However, in recent times the integrated modelling approach is gaining popularity due to its ability to give powerful predictive accuracy. Thus, in line with this assumption, the aim of this study is to apply autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variables (ARIMAX) in modelling TPI. The results showed that ARIMAX model has a better predictive ability than the use of the single approach. The study further confirms the earlier position of previous research of the need to use the integrated model technique in forecasting TPI. This model will assist practitioners to forecast the future values of tender price index. Although the study focuses on the Ghanaian economy, the findings can be broadly applicable to other developing countries which share similar economic characteristics.
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McCord, Michael, Martin Haran, Peadar Davis, and John McCord. "Energy performance certificates and house prices: a quantile regression approach." Journal of European Real Estate Research 13, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 409–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-06-2020-0033.
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Purpose A number of studies have investigated the relationship between energy performance certificates (EPCs) and house prices. A majority of studies have tended to model energy performance pricing effects within a traditional hedonic conditional mean estimate model. There has been limited analysis that has accounted for the relationship between EPCs and the effects across the pricing distribution. Moreover, there has been limited research examining the “standard cost improvements EPC score”, or “potential score”. Therefore, this paper aims to quantify and measure the dynamic effects of EPCs on house prices across the price spectrum and account for standardised cost-effective retrofit improvements. Design/methodology/approach Existing EPC studies produce one coefficient for the entirety of the pricing distribution, culminating in a single marginal implicit price effect. The approach within this study applies a quantile regression approach to empirically estimate how quantiles of house prices respond differently to unitary changes in the proximal effects of EPCs and structural property characteristics across the conditional distribution of house prices. Using a data set of 1,476 achieved transaction prices, the quantile regression models apply both assessed EPC score and bands and further examine the potential EPC rating for improved energy performance based on an average energy cost improvement. Findings The findings show that EPCs are valued differently across the quantiles and that conditional quantiles are asymmetrical. Only property prices in the upper quantiles of the price distribution show significant capitalisation effects with energy performance, and only properties with higher EPC scores display positive significant effects at the higher end of the price distribution. There are also brown discount effects evident for lower-rated properties within F- and G-rated EPC properties at the higher end of the pricing distribution. Moreover, the potential energy efficiency rating (score) also shows increased effects with sales prices and appears to minimise any brown discount effects. The findings imply that energy performance is a complex feature that is not easily “averaged” for valuation effect purposes. Originality/value While numerous studies have investigated the pricing effects of EPCs, they have tended to provide a single estimate to determine the relationship with price. This paper extends the traditional analytical insights beyond the conditional mean estimate by examining the quantiles of the relationship between EPCs and house prices to enhance the understanding of this esoteric and complex issue. In addition, this research applies the assessed energy efficiency potential to establish whether effective cost improvements enhance the relationship with sales price and capitalisation effects.
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Ranyard, Rob, David A. Routh, Carole B. Burgoyne, and Gabriela Saldanha. "A Qualitative Study of Adaptation to the Euro in the Republic of Ireland." European Psychologist 12, no. 2 (January 2007): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.12.2.139.
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Abstract. This is the second of two reports using semistructured interviews to explore the current and recollected experiences of Irish people for the period before, during, and after the introduction of Euro notes and coins (1 January 2002). A total of 24 adults were interviewed between October 2002 and February 2003. Most people felt they were adapting well although their knowledge of new prices tended to be fairly sparse. Some reported still experiencing confusion with notes and coins or making errors associated with habitual behavior based on the value of the former currency, the punt. Initially respondents had routinely attempted to make mental or electronic comparisons of Euro and punt prices, although this had become more selective. One year after the transition, some respondents claimed to be thinking in Euros, while others were still thinking in punts. People's reported experience appeared to reveal an adaptation strategy comprising at least two stages, initially involving currency conversion, but later focusing on the relearning of reference prices for certain exemplars.
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Abdullah, Muhammad Ruslan, and Rasmawati Ilham Patintingan. "TINJAUAN EKONOMI SYARIAH TERHADAP SISTEM JUAL BELI KOPI SECARA TENDER (STUDI KASUS KECAMATAN LATIMOJONG KABUPATEN LUWU)." Al-Amwal : Journal of Islamic Economic Law 2, no. 1 (March 19, 2017): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/alw.v2i1.601.
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The purpose of this study was to find out (1) the form of implementation of coffee buying and selling in tenders in Latimojong District, Luwu Regency, (2) Islamic economic views on the coffee buying and selling system in tenders in Latomojong, Luwu Regency. This research is a qualitative study using the type of social research and syar'i. Using data collection methods from literature studies (literature studies) and field research (field studies) with interview techniques directly to sellers and buyers in Latimojong District by giving specific questions about research. The results of the study revealed how to sell coffee with tenders in Latimojong Subdistrict, where sellers install prices will first use the seller using a bargaining system, after the buyer sees the Coffee location then buys a bargain at the price provided by the previous seller then bargains with willingness. Based on the Islamic economic view of the coffee buying and selling system in Latimojong Subdistrict if it is reviewed from the implementation of buying and selling based on harmony and the terms of buying and selling in accordance with Islamic Sharia regulations, because of Islamic pillars and buying conditions to buy coffee in Latimojong Subdistrict, Luwu Regency there are sellers, buyers, ijab and qabul and there are items that are traded. Not included in gharar because the quality, price, price, and time of delivery are clear.
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Ardiansyah, Rendi, and Margo Hadi Pura. "Tinjauan Hukum Persaingan Usaha dalam Praktek Persekongkolan Tender (Studi Putusan Nomor:04/KPPU-L/2018)." Wajah Hukum 5, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v5i1.398.
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The existence of Law Number 5 Year 1999 is expected to prevent monopolistic practices and unfair business competition in a business world that continues to develop with increasingly fierce competition. However, until now there are still many unfair effort practices because increasingly complex competition and demands for profusely profit, one of which is related to tender conspiracy activities carried out in the procurement of goods and services within the government. Between them are the practice of conspiracy to tender for the Decision of the Business Competition Supervisory Commission Number 04/ KPPU-L/2018. In writing this article using a normative juridical research method in which research and observations are carried out in a library by emphasizing the applicable legal principles. The purpose of writing this article is to find out tender conspiracy in view of business competition law, which is essentially prohibited because it will prevent other business actors from competing in offering prices at the auction. In addition, this article discusses the fulfillment of the formulaic elements in the practice of tender conspiracy in the a quo case. Tender conspiracy is specifically regulated in Article 22 of Law Number 5 Year 1999 which is then complemented by the guidelines issuance of Article 22 by KPPU. Whereas in essence the actions of the Reported Parties in the implementation of the a quo tender constituted a tender conspiracy practice because they had complied with all the elements referred to in Article 22 of Law Number 5 Year 1999 resulting in receiving administrative sanctions imposed by KPPU as a form of law enforcement.
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Whalen, Robert. "George Herbert's Sacramental Puritanism*." Renaissance Quarterly 54, no. 4-Part1 (2001): 1273–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1261973.
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The relationship in the early Stuart church between doctrine and discipline — between formal theological belief and outward matters including church governance, polity and ceremonial practice — is important for our understanding of George Herbert's devotional lyrics. Eucharistic theories which entertained notions of “real presence “ tended to support a sacerdotal style of divinity in which priest, ceremony and outward conformity were key features. Belief in the centrality of inward spiritual life, on the other hand, was reinforced by a theology in which the external elements are less effectual instruments than mere signs of a strictly invisible grace. This paper elucidates a sacramental poetics through which Herbert sought to reconcile the ideologically contrary imperatives of public ceremony and private religious devotion. The two are brought together successfully in The Temple, but this success consists largely in the drama resulting from the conflict the poems trace. Unmistakably inward in focus, Herbert's devotional enthusiasm is cultivated nonetheless through a fully sacramental and sacerdotal apparatus.
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Rudianto, Rudianto. "The Implementation of the RAD model in the Development of Tender Selection Programs Using the AHP Method." JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 3, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jite.v3i2.3232.
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The activity of selecting bidders is one of the most important activities carried out by companies to order goods or services for bidders, but at meetings of the company leadership it is difficult to select bidders to make business partners because there are only a few things that are not in accordance with who agree to end the shipment of goods, prices do not match and end the company that receives losses. That is caused by the lack of competence of selected tender partners. From the problems mentioned above, the tender selection process that has been conducted so far is still lacking and inaccurate. The purpose of this study is to create an application program using the Rapid Application Development Model (RAD Model) that can assist leaders in selecting business partners through a tender process by giving weights according to the criteria specified requirements. It is expected that the tender selection process is objective and accurate. Assessment method Decision making (SPK) Analytichal Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is one method in the process of resolution by completing each case by completing it first by using weighting criteria. In the end the selection application program can help lead in making objective, fast and accurate decisions.
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Wang, Fang, Zhonghua Yin, and Jianbang Gan. "Exchange-rate fluctuation and pricing behavior in China’s wood-based panel exporters: evidence from panel data." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0085.
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As the largest wood-based panel producing and exporting country, China has experienced sharp reductions in the growth rate of its wood-based panel exports because of pressure caused by exchange-rate fluctuation. These fluctuations were exacerbated by the global financial crisis. China’s wood-based panel exporters need to adjust their pricing strategy to cope with the changes of international market conditions. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between exchange-rate fluctuation and the pricing behavior of China’s wood-based panel exporters. To evaluate the impact of the exchange rate on China’s wood-based panel export prices across multiple destinations, a pricing-to-market model incorporating panel data was used. The empirical results suggest that although complete exchange-rate pass-through exists widely in China’s wood-based exports, China’s fiberboard and plywood exporters tended to adopt different pricing strategies in the international wood-based panel market during the post-crisis era. China’s fiberboard exporters often used the pricing-to-market model to determine prices in the main export destination countries, while China’s plywood exporters tended to amplify the exchange-rate effects. This indicates that China’s plywood exporters have stronger international market power than China’s fiberboard exporters, partly because China’s plywood exporters have more advantages in terms of skilled labor.
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Razzakova, C. M., and L. E. Ziganshina. "Medicine prices in 2017 and 2018 as a reflection of the effectiveness of government measures to ensure access to medicines." Kazan medical journal 101, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2020-256.
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Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of medicine prices in 2017 and 2018 years in Kazan (The Republic of Tatarstan, The Russian Federation) to assess the effectiveness of government measures to ensure the accessibility of medicines.
Methods. We conducted a comparative analysis of medicine prices according to methodology developed by Health Action International and World Health Organization (WHO/HAI). The analysis included 30 medicines at a preselected dosage form. We studied the accessibility and prices of original brands and lowest priced generic of each medicine in the public and private pharmacies of Kazan in 2017 and 2018, and analyzed the procurement prices of the same medicines in inpatient hospitals. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices (The Management Sciences for Health (MSH) reference prices) and expressed as median price ratio (MPR).
Results. Prices for originator and generic medicines in the public and private sectors tended to decrease in 2018 compared to 2017, but statistically significant price reduction occurred only for generic medicines in the private sector. For example, the median price ratio for originator products changed from 6.86 to 2.97 in the public sector and from 11.1 to 5.36 in the private sector in 2018 compared to 2017, but the changes were not statistically significant (p 0.05). Prices for generics medicines in the public sector did not change in the studied years and remained at the level of international reference prices (the median price ratio were 1.3 in 2017 and 1.27 in 2018). In the private sector, we found a twofold decrease in the prices of generics medicines in 2018 compared to 2017 [the median price ratio decreased from 3.25 to 1.44 (p 0.05)]. Procurement prices for generics medicines in public hospitals in 2017 and 2018 years did not show statistically significant changes with the median price ratio equal to 1.34 and 0.8, respectively.
Conclusion. Government price control measures of medicines contributed to maintaining the price of generic medicines at the reference prices level in the public sector and to halving the price of generic medicines in the private sector in 2018 compared to 2017.
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Frydrych, Sylwia. "The Delisting of a Company from the Warsaw Stock Exchange as a Result of the Cancellation of the Dematerialisation of Shares – Tender Offer Price vs. IPO Price." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia 54, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2020.54.1.31-40.
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<p>Theoretical background: The growth in the number of companies delisted from the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), as a result of the cancellation of the dematerialisation of shares, has become a reason for considerations regarding the share price in tender offers addressed to shareholders who have held company securities since the Initial Public Offering (IPO).</p><p>Purpose of the article: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether the price in tender offers of the shares of companies which had finally been excluded from trading on the WSE as a result of the cancellation of the dematerialisation of shares would ensure a positive rate of return for shareholders who have held the shares since this company’s debut on the regulated market of the WSE.</p><p>Research methods: Public tender offers, announced between 2012 and 2018 on the regulated market of the WSE have been analysed. The analysis covered prices of shares of new listings on the WSE and share prices in the tender offers of 213 companies, out of which 55 companies have been excluded from trading on the regulated market of the WSE as a result of the cancellation of the dematerialisation of shares.</p><p>Main findings: The results of the research indicate that more than a half of the shareholders who have held the securities of companies in their portfolio since their debut, have suffered losses after companies have been excluded from trading on the WSE as a result of the cancellation of the dematerialisation of shares. Only 11% of the examined companies have generated more than double profit for investors compared with the issue price during their IPO. This research is one of the few studies on the Polish stock market to the best of the author’s knowledge.</p>
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Susilowati, MG Westri Kekalih, and Retno Yustini Wahyuningdyah. "PATH ANALYSIS OF MONETARY POLICY MECHANISMS: DOES ECONOMIC CAPACITY MEDIATE PRICES?" Jurnal Penelitan Ekonomi dan Bisnis 5, no. 2 (September 18, 2020): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/jpeb.v5i2.3159.
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The single objective of Bank Indonesia is Rupiah's stability. Within the monetary policy framework, the monetary instruments affect the operational targets (money supply and interest rates). Those operational targets effect rupiah stability troughs its effect on economic capacity/GDP. Using 108 monthly data, that is analyzed by path analysis; this study discusses the effect of net foreign assets (NFA) and net domestic assets (NDA,) and interest rates on the prices (CPI) through their effects GDP. The results show that NFA and NDA have a significant positive effect on GDP, while interest rates are tended to be negative. However, neither the NFA nor the NDA has been proven to have a direct significant effect on CPI. The interest rate has been proven to have a direct significant effect on CPI. GDP was not proven to have a significant effect on the CPI and neither mediates the effects of operational targets on CPI.Keywords: Rupiah; Prices; CPI; Stability; Money
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Reger, Gary. "The Public Purchase of Grain on Independent Delos." Classical Antiquity 12, no. 2 (October 1, 1993): 300–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25010997.
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Earlier work has tended to view Delos as an entrepôt for the larger Hellenistic grain trade, but during the years of independence (314-167 B.C.) the island relied on the import of grain to satisfy local demand, and this was certainly the more important aspect of the trade in grain, at least from the Delians' point of view. This study explores several issues connected with the local supply of grain. From prices for grain reported in inscriptions and estimates of the local population, the aggregate annual demand for grain is estimated, and the price structure of grain derived; the ratio of wheat and barley prices on Delos is found to differ considerably from that known from Athens and Roman Egypt. The shortage of 282 B.C., assumed by earlier scholars from prices recorded for that year, is shown instead to be a period of atypically low prices. The impact of the sailing season on shipments of grain is explored, and an annual rhythm in grain prices and availability linked to the closure of the sea and the agricultural year is revealed. The Delians tried to reduce the impact of these fluctuations by the public purchase of grain on an irregular basis in the late fourth and third century, as attested through public loans; by the last quarter of the third century they had established a regular sitōnia fund to buy grain for resale at reduced prices. Comparison of funds available, grain prices, and the estimated aggregate demand suggest that the Delian sitōnia was able to cover a significant fraction of local demand; this contrasts with evidence from other cities. Some of the implications of these results for our understanding of the Hellenistic economy are briefly explored.
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Davidson, Michael W. "Pioneers in Optics: William Rowan Hamilton and John Kerr." Microscopy Today 20, no. 4 (July 2012): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929512000405.
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Considered a child prodigy, William Rowan Hamilton could read Hebrew, Latin, and Greek at the tender age of five and had undertaken the study of at least six other languages before his twelfth birthday. The native of Dublin, Ireland, lived with and was educated by an uncle who was an Anglican priest, because his father's legal career required him to spend much of his time in England. In his youth, Hamilton was introduced to Zerah Colburn, an American mathematical prodigy who exhibited his amazing calculating dexterity for entertainment. Competitive bouts of computations between the young men apparently inspired Hamilton to increase his knowledge of mathematics, and he embarked on a course of study that included the works of Euclid, Clairaut, Lloyd, Newton, Lagrange, and Laplace. By 1822, his mathematical abilities had advanced to such an extent that he discovered an important error in Laplace's treatise Celestial Mechanics, a feat that garnered him the attention of the Royal Astronomer of Ireland, John Brinkley, who he would shortly thereafter replace.
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Kim, Leeyoung, and Wonseok Seo. "Micro-Analysis of Price Spillover Effect among Regional Housing Submarkets in Korea: Evidence from the Seoul Metropolitan Area." Land 10, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080879.
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This study examined the price spillover effect of housing submarkets in cities in the Seoul metropolitan area in South Korea by using the Granger causality test and vector autoregressive model (VAR). We found that housing prices showed a higher spillover effect within regions with similar housing market characteristics. Additionally, the spatial spillover of housing prices revealed a difference between sales price and jeonse price. The spillover of jeonse price was characterized by mutual influence among neighboring cities, while that of sales price was characterized by the influence being transferred in one direction hierarchically. Furthermore, the effects of housing price indicated a slight difference between sales price and jeonse price. Although jeonse price was mainly affected by a neighboring area (geographic boundary), sales price was more influenced by the city with the highest housing prices. Lastly, the housing price spillover tended to be expansive around the city with the highest price. These results suggest that housing price policies targeting specific regions or areas in Korea must be differentiated according to the type of occupancy (jeonse or sales), and it is essential to consider the externalities when promoting policies in the housing market wherein externalities may be significant.