Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Temporomandibular joint condyle'
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Williamson, Philip Charles. "Condyle angulation and position associated with adolescent TMJ disc status." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0003/MQ28999.pdf.
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Munn, Michael R. "A proposed method for evaluation of morphological changes in the condyle and glenoid fossa by cone beam computed tomography." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10912.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 80 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-73).
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Peck, Christopher Charles. "An assessment of condylar kinematics." Connect to full text, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4208.
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Thesis (M. Sc. Dent.)--University of Sydney, 1995.Includes tables. Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 16, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.
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Shi, Xiaojian. "Reconstruction of ankylotic and resected mandibular condyle by transport distraction osteogenesis." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39634486.
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佘崢崢 and Tsang-tsang She. "Expression of SOX9 and type II collagen in the temporomandibular jointduring mandibular advancement." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31973103.
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She, Tsang-tsang. "Expression of SOX9 and type II collagen in the temporomandibular joint during mandibular advancement." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25314117.
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Pereira, Teresa Cristina Rangel. "Estudo comparativo entre duas tecnicas radiograficas transcranianas utilizando o cefalostato Accurad-200, nas posições padrão corrigida e confecção de um gabarito para delimitação dos espaços articulares." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288892.
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Orientador: Frab Norberto BoscoloDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Este estudo teve como finalidades realizar uma análise comparativa entre duas técnicas radiográficas transcranianas com o auxílio do cefalostato ACCURAD-200, nas posições Padrão e Corrigida e desenvolver um gabarito que auxilie o profissional a medir os espaços articulares anterior e posterior, fornecendo informações sobre o posicionamento condilar. Foram radiografados 59 pacientes, numa faixa etária entre 18 e 35 anos, que voluntariamente se propuseram a participar deste estudo. Foi realizada uma radiografia ínfero-superior para a correção da incidência do feixe de raios X (posição Corrigida). Sobre as radiografias transcranianas foram realizados os traçados com o auxílio do gabarito e feitas as medidas lineares dos espaços articulares, usando para tal um paquímetro digital. Nossos resultados demonstraram que para ambas as técnicas empregadas o espaço articular posterior apresentou-se menor que o anterior, e que o método desenvolvido permite a avaliação do posicionamento condilar
Abstract: This study had the purpose of making a comparative analyse between transcranial radiographs utilizing ACCURAD-200 headholder in standard and corrected positions and to develop a Template to help professionals measure the anterior and posterior joint spaces and give some information about condyle position. Transcranial radiographs were taken from 59 voluntaries who participated in this study, aged between 18-35 years. A submental-vertex radiograph was obtained to correct the direction of X-rays (corrected position). A drawn was made over the films whith help of the Template and the linear measure of the joint space was made with a digital pachymeter. The results have shown that for both technics used the posterior joint space was smaller than the anterior one, and the method developed permitted the estimation of condylar positioning
Mestrado
Radiologia
Mestre em Odontologia
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Ramos, Guilherme da Gama. "Avaliação radiografica de duas tecnicas, para o registro da relação centrica em pacientes classe I de Angle." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289088.
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Orientador: Frederico Andrade e SilvaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar, por meio de radiografias transcranianas (técnica Accurad), duas técnicas descritas na literatura para a obtenção da relação centrica e posição das cabeças da mandibula nas fossas mandibulares. Uma delas, a manipulação bilateral descrita por DAWSON em 1974. A outra, um traçado gráfico dos movimentos mandibulares no plano horizontal, denominado por GYSI, em 1910, de arco gotico, obtido por meio de um dispositivo, chamado de registro intra-oral. Foi utilizada uma amostra composta de vinte voluntarios (10 homens e 10 mulheres). Os resultados foram submetidos a uma analise estatística pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilkocson com significância de 5%. O alto valor do coeficiente de variação mostrou que a técnica que utiliza a manipulação bilateral, apresentou maiores variações quando comparada à técnica que utiliza o registro intra-oral para a obtenção do arco gótico de Gysi. A técnica que utiliza o registro intra-oral do arco gótico de Gysi posicionou as cabeças da mandíbula aproximadamente 1,5mm para tres em relação a posição das cabeças da mandíbula, quando as mesmas estavam em oclusão centrica. A tecnica da manipulação não posicionou as cabeças da mandibula na região mais superior e anterior como o preconizado pela técnica
Abstract: The purpose of this study was a radiographs investigate variations in condilar positions using two different methods of determining centric relation; bilateral mandibular manipulation advocated by DAWSON since 1974 and the arch tracing for the mandible movements in horizontal plane. This arch was denominate arch gothic in 1910 by Gysi. The sample consisted of 20 adults, 10 females and 10 males. On the basis of the analysis of the Wilkocson test (sampling error of 5%), it can be concluded that high coefficient of variation showed the most variation of bilateral mandibular manipulation method when compareted with Gysi gothic arch method. Both techniques showed condyles positioned more posteriorly and inferiorly than the mandibular position of maximum intercuspation. The distance existent between centric oclusion and the vertex of the gothic arc was approximately 1,5 mm
Doutorado
Protese Dental
Doutor em Clínica Odontológica
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Peck, Christopher. "An assessment of condylar kinematics." University of Sydney, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4208.
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Master of ScienceMost studies of condylar movement are based on the movement of an arbitrary condylar point. As the condyle is a 3-dimensional body which undergoes complex rotations and translations in function, the movement of one point in the vicinity of the condyle may not accurately represent condylar movement. The aims of this investigation were to determine in human subjects, during open-close and excursive jaw movements, the movement patterns of arbitrary and anatomical condylar points; and whether the trajectory of a single selected point can accurately reflect the movement of the condyle. In 44 subjects, condylar point movements were recorded with an opto-electronic tracking system (JAWS3D), which recoded the position of three light-emitting diodes attached to each dental arch. The primary point, selected to represent movement of the condyle, was 15 mm medial to the palpated lateral condylar pole, parallel to the Frankfort horizontal plane. Additionally, four points were selected along orthogonal axes in the sagittal plane, and four in the horizontal plane: each was 5 mm from the primary point. In two subjects, the mandibular condyles were imaged by computerised tomography (CT) and the lateral and medial poles, most superior, anterior and posterior points of their condyles were selected. The trajectories of each point were compared for each subject for the mandibular movements listed above. Variability in both path form and dimension was noted between the subjects for all mandibular movements. For example, in an open-close mandibular movement the condylar point translation varied in the antero-posterior direction between 1.8-22.8 mm, and in the supero-inferior direction between 4.5-12.1 mm. For each subject, the pathway of each point was different in form and dimension from that subject’s other condylar points for the open-close, and ipsilateral lateral mandibular movements. For the open-close movement, in only four of the 44 subjects were the arbitrary point traces similar in form within a subject; and the tracings of each subject’s condylar points showed, on average, a 3.2 mm difference in maximal horizontal (i.e. antero-posterior) translation and 2.9 mm in maximal vertical (i.e. supereo-inferior) translation. For contralateral lateral mandibular movements, the path form and dimension in the sagittal plane of the condylar points were similar within a subject; however the lateral component showed variability in path length for the different points within a subject. The pathways of the condylar points for a protrusive movement displayed the most similarity within a subject, with an average of 0.4 mm variation in maximal horizontal or vertical displacement between each subject’s arbitrary condylar points’ tracings. The anatomical condylar points of the two subjects showed variability between and within each subject. For these two subjects the trajectories of the arbitrary condylar points moved in directions similar to the anatomical points of all movements except for the ipsilateral lateral mandibular movement, where in one subject, the arbitrary condylar points moved posteriorly, inferiorly and laterally whereas the anatomical points moved anteriorly, inferiorly and laterally. There is much variability in both form and dimension for mandibular condylar movement between human subjects. There is also considerable variability within subjects in the form and dimension of condylar point movement, whether arbitrary or anatomical, depending on the point selected. By inference therefore, a single condylar point cannot accurately reflect the movement of the mandibular condyle, except perhaps for a protrusive mandibular movement. Multiple mandibular points are therefore required to describe the motion of the condyle. In an ipsilateral lateral mandibular movement, for example, an arbitrary point may move in a completely different direction to the mandibular condyle, and so anatomically derived condylar points should be utilised to assess accurately condylar movement.
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Shi, Xiaojian, and 施曉健. "Reconstruction of ankylotic and resected mandibular condyle by transport distraction osteogenesis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39634486.
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Lehman-Grimes, Shawn Patrick. "A review of temporomandibular disorder and an analysis of mandibular motion." View the abstract Download the full-text PDF version (on campus access only), 2005. http://etd.utmem.edu/World-Access/grimes/2005-004-grimes.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. )--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2005.Title from title page screen (viewed on May 21, 2008). Research advisor: Denis D'angelo, Ph.D. Document formatted into pages (xiv, 137 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-85).
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Li, Qianfeng. "Vastatin, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor, retards condylar bone growth in vivo." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42181951.
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Ma, Bingkui. "Growth modification of the temporomandibular joint by functional appliances : a histomorphometric study using sheep." Title page, contents and summary only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm1112.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 234-245. In order to investigate growth modifications of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during dentofacial orthopaedic treatment, various functional appliances have been used to prompt the mandible into a protrusive position in various animal experimental models. The general purpose of this project was (i) to test the effectiveness of a functional appliance specially designed for sheep; (ii) to clarify whether or not forward mandibular displacement in sheep is associated with faster and/or redirected condylar growth; (iii) to evaluate the sheep as a model for dentofacial orthopaedic research by comparing the similarities of mandibular condylar growth in sheep and humans; (iv) to detail the position of the mandible during forward mandibular posturing and the effects of mandibular forward displacement on modelling and remodelling of the mandibular condyle.
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Bustamante, Carmen, Vanessa Labrín, Leslie Casas-Apayco, and Hugo Ghersi-Miranda. "Dimension and morphology of the mandibular condyle in Class I patients in cone beam computed tomography." Universidad de Concepcion, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652452.
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Evaluar la dimensión antero- posterior (A-P)/medio-lateral (M–L), y la morfología del cóndilo mandibular en pacientes de 18 a 65 años con patrón esquelético Clase I en tomografías computarizadas Cone Beam. Material y Métodos: 71 tomografías fueron evaluadas mediante el software RealScan 2.0. La dimensión fue determinada por los puntos A (más anterior en el plano sagital), P (más posterior en el plano sagital), M (más interno en el plano coronal), L (más externo en plano coronal). Se evaluó la morfología del cóndilo en dos planos coronal y sagital, clasificándose en: redonda, aplanada, convexa y mixta. La dimensión del cóndilo fue analizada por estadística descriptiva y la morfología mediante distribución de frecuencias. Para el análisis bivariado, se aplicó la prueba de t de Student. Resultado: Se obtuvieron las medidas del diámetro A-P del cóndilo derecho (CD) (8,72mm ± 1,25mm) y el izquierdo (CI) (8,50mm ± 1,50mm), el diámetro M-L del CD (19,24mm ± 2,03mm) y el CI (18,97mm ± 1,87mm). Hubo diferencias significativas en la dimensión M-L del CI del sexo masculino en comparación al femenino (p=0.002). La morfología más prevalente del CD (35,21) y CI (23,94) en plano coronal fue de tipo redonda. Conclusión: La dimensión A-P del cóndilo derecho e izquierdo es similar en ambos sexos; sin embargo, existen diferencias en la dimensión M-L del cóndilo izquierdo del sexo masculino. La morfología del cóndilo derecho e izquierdo más prevalente fue la redonda en plano sagital a excepción del plano coronal.To evaluate the anterior-posterior (A-P)/medial-lateral (M-L) dimension, and morphology of the mandibular condyle in patients aged 18 to 65 years with Class I skeletal pattern on Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans (CBCTs). Materials and Methods: Seventy one CBCTs were evaluated using RealScan 2.0 software. The dimension was determined by points A (most anterior in the sagittal plane), P (most posterior in the sagittal plane), M (most interior in the coronal plane), L (most exterior in the coronal plane). The morphology of the condyle was evaluated in two coronal and sagittal planes, being classified as: round, flat, convex or mixed. The size of the condyle was analyzed by descriptive statistics and the morphology by frequency distribution. For the bivariate analysis, the Student’s t-test was applied. Results: Measurements were obtained for the A-P diameter of the right condyle (RC) (8.72mm ± 1.25mm) and the left condylar (LC) (8.50mm ± 1.50mm), the M-L diameter of the RC (19.24mm ± 2.03mm) and the LC (18.97mm ± 1.87mm). There were significant differences in the male M-L dimension of the LC compared to the female (p=0.002). The most prevalent morphology of RC (35.21) and IQ (23.94) in the coronal plane was round.. Conclusion: The A-P dimension of the right and left condyle is similar in both genders; however, there are differences in the M-L dimension of the left male condyle. The most prevalent morphology of the right and left condyle was round in the sagittal plane with the exception of the coronal plane.
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Li, Qianfeng, and 李乾凤. "Vastatin, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor, retards condylar bone growthin vivo." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42181951.
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Zaylor, William. "Adaptation of the Mechanical Properties of Subchondral Bone in the Temporomandibular Joint Due to Altered Loading." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1367431711.
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Galiano, Aluísio. "REABSORÇÃO CONDILAR INTERNA DA ARTICULAÇÃO TEMPOROMANDIBULAR NO PACIENTE ADOLESCENTE." Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2012. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/1212.
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-13Adolescent internal condylar resorption (AICR) is a progressive disease that affects the temporomandibular joint, which could result in malocclusion, facial deformity, TMJ dysfunction and pain. The onset of this disease occurs between 10 and 15 years, being more common in female adolescents. These patients have characteristic clinical signs such as: increased occlusal and mandibular plane angle, progressive mandibular retrusion, and Class II malocclusion with or without open bite. In imaging studies (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), internal resorption of the condyles and articular disc displacement of the TMJ are observed. Given the difficulty in determining the cause of the AICR and the importance of eliminating pain and improving masticatory function, this study is proposed to evaluate the changes brought to the mandibular positioning and it s long-term stability and the painful symptoms, using the protocol treatment: surgical repositioning of the articular disc and orthognathic surgery performed on the same surgery. In this retrospective study, we assessed the lateral cephalograms obtained at initial assessment (T1), pre-surgery (T2), immediately after surgery (T3), and longest followup, with at least one year post-surgery (T4) and questionnaires of pain and mandibular function of a sample of 24 Class II patients (20 females and 4 males) diagnosed with AICR, wich underwent the treatment protocol: surgical repositioning of the TMJ articular disc simultaneously with orthognathic surgery. The treatment protocol used was fairly positive, since the long-term stability was acquired and a significant improvement in levels of pain and jaw function were achieved. The treatment of patients diagnosed with AICR and treated with the proposed protocol, shows that the procedure is very stable and acts directly on a gain in pain reduction.
A reabsorção condilar interna no adolescente (RCIA) é uma doença progressiva que afeta a articulação temporomandibular (ATM) e que pode resultar em maloclusão, deformidade facial, disfunção de ATM e dor. O aparecimento desta doença ocorre entre os 10 e os 15 anos, sendo mais freqüente em adolescentes do sexo feminino. Esses pacientes apresentam sinais clínicos característicos como: ângulo do plano oclusal e do plano mandibular aumentados, retrusão progressiva da mandíbula e maloclusão Classe II, com ou sem mordida aberta. Nos exames de imagem (tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética), observa-se reabsorção interna dos côndilos e deslocamento dos discos articulares da ATM. Tendo em vista a dificuldade em determinar a causa da RCIA e a importância em eliminar a dor e melhorar a função mastigatória, este estudo se propôs a avaliar as alterações promovidas no posicionamento mandibular, a sintomatologia dolorosa e a estabilidade do tratamento da RCIA, utilizando o protocolo de tratamento (Dr. Larry M. Wolford) em pacientes adolescentes submetidos a cirurgia de reposicionamento do disco articular e cirurgia ortognática, realizadas no mesmo ato cirúrgico. Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram avaliadas as telerradiografias laterais adquiridas na avaliação inicial (T1), pré-cirúrgica (T2), pós-cirúrgica imediata (T3) e de maior acompanhamento, com pelo menos um ano pós-cirurgia (T4) e questionários de dor e função mandibular de uma amostra de 24 pacientes com maloclusão de Classe II (20 do sexo feminino e 4 do sexo masculino) diagnosticados com RCIA, os quais foram submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento composto pela cirurgia de reposicionamento do disco articular da ATM concomitantemente à cirurgia ortognática. O protocolo de tratamento utilizado mostrou-se bastante positivo, uma vez que a estabilidade foi adquirida e uma melhora significativa nos níveis de dor e função mandibular foram atingidos. O tratamento dos pacientes diagnosticados com RCIA, através do protocolo de tratamento proposto, é um procedimento estável e atua diretamente em um ganho na redução da dor.
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Cavalcanti, Samantha Cristine Santos Xisto Braga. "Avaliação da reparação da fratura de côndilo mandibular e da simetria facial em ratos tratados com metotrexato." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23149/tde-04102011-121140/.
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O Metotrexato (MTX) é utilizado em altas doses no tratamento de neoplasias e em baixas doses como antiinflamatório. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a reparação da fratura de côndilo mandibular e a simetria facial em ratos tratados com MTX. Foram utilizados 100 ratos, Wistar, machos que foram submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico utilizando modelo experimental de fratura de côndilo do lado direito. Os ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos e receberam os seguintes tratamentos: Controle - soro (um mL/semana); Dexametasona - dexametasona (0,15 mg/Kg); MTX Baixa dose - MTX (três mg/kg/semana); MTX Alta dose - MTX (30 mg/Kg). Os períodos de sacrifício foram de um dia, sete, 15, 30 e 90 dias de pós-operatório (n=cinco). O peso dos animais foi documentado. Foi realizada coleta de sangue para análise bioquímica de proteínas totais e fosfatase alcalina. Foi realizado exame radiográfico das cabeças em norma axial para análise cefalométrica. Foram realizadas mensurações lineares da maxila e mandíbula, bem como angulares do desvio mandibular. As amostras foram processadas histologicamente sendo obtidas lâminas com cortes no sentido coronal. Os dados quantitativos foram submetidos a análises estatísticas (=0,05). Os animais recuperaram peso ao longo do tempo, exceto no grupo MTX Alta dose. Os níveis séricos de proteínas totais mostraram aumento nos períodos iniciais e os de fosfatase alcalina queda nos períodos de formação do calo ósseo no tratamento com MTX. Houve redução no comprimento mandibular com alterações também na maxila e desvio progressivo da mandíbula em relação à base do crânio no grupo MTX Alta dose. A análise histológica revelou que houve reparo da fratura, pela formação de calo ósseo, e das estruturas da articulação sendo que no grupo MTX Alta dose ocorreu um retardo neste processo, havendo desvio do côndilo e em um espécime houve anquilose fibrosa. A histomorfometria revelou que a área de neoformação óssea foi menor no grupo MTX Alta dose. Foi concluído que o tratamento com MTX em alta dose teve efeito deletério na simetria facial de ratos submetidos à fratura do processo condilar e prejudicou a formação do calo ósseo e o reparo da articulação temporomandibular, com possível indução de anquilose fibrosa.low doses as an antiinflammatory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing of the mandibular condyle fracture and facial symmetry in rats treated with MTX. 100 Wistar male rats undergone surgery using an experimental model of mandibular condyle fracture of the right side. The rats were distributed in four groups and received the following treatments: Control Saline (1 ml/week); Dexamethasone dexamethasone (0,15mg/kg); MTX Low dose MTX (3 mg/kg/week); MTX High dose MTX (30 mg/kg). Animals were sacrificed at one, seven, 15, 30 and 90 days postoperatively (n=5). Animals body weight were recorded. Blood has been taken to provide the biochemical analysis of total proteins and alkaline phosphatase. Radiographic axial exams from the heads were provided to cephalometric analysis. Linear measures of jaw and mandible, as well as angular measures of the mandibular deviation were done. The samples were histologically processed and coronal sections were obtained. Quantitative data were submitted to statistical analysis (=0,05). The animals regained body weight over the time, except in MTX High dose group. Total protein serum levels demonstrated the increase in initial periods and the alkaline phosphatase levels showed decrease in the periods of bone callus formation. There was reduction in the mandibular length and also changes in the jaw and progressive deviation in the mandible in relation to the skull basis in the MTX High dose group. The histological analysis revealed that there were repair of the bone and temporomandibular joint although in the MTX High dose group there was a delay in this process, in wich there was deviation of the condyle and one specimen was fibrous ankylosis. Histomorphometry revealed that the new bone formation area was lower in MTX High dose group. It was concluded that treatment with high dose MTX had a deleterious effect on facial symmetry of rats submitted to fracture of the condylar process and damaged the bone callus formation and repair of the temporomandibular joint, with possible induction of fibrous ankylosis.
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Filho, Deícola Coelho. "Avaliação da posição condilar em pacientes com DTM antes e após terapia com placa interoclusal estabilizadora por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixes cônicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58133/tde-11122014-160459/.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a posição condilar em pacientes com DTM articular antes e após tratamento com placa interoclusal estabilizadora por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixes cônicos. Foram avaliados e tratados 22 pacientes com algum sinal ou sintoma de DTM articular, triados nas Clínicas do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, que preencheram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. O diagnóstico de DTM foi realizado com o Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Os pacientes foram submetidos a terapia com placa interoclusal estabilizadora durante 90 dias. Foram realizados três exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixes cônicos na região das ATM direita e esquerda, sendo: a primeira no início do tratamento, com o paciente na posição de MIH (G1); a segunda após 90 dias de tratamento, com o paciente ocluindo na placa interoclusal estabilizadora (G2); e a terceira após 90 dias de tratamento, com o paciente na posição de MIH (G3). Foram realizadas medidas dos espaços articulares anterior, superior e posterior em cortes sagitais das ATM. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste t: amostras pareadas ao nível de 5% de significância para a comparação entre dois grupos. Na comparação entre G1 e G2, e entre G3 e G2, houve aumento estatisticamente significante para o espaço articular superior e para o posterior, e não significante para o espaço articular anterior. Para a comparação entre G1 e G3 foi possível verificar aumento estatisticamente significante no espaço articular anterior e no superior, e não significante no espaço articular posterior. Os resultados da análise do RDC/TMD mostraram uma significante melhora na dor relatada pelos pacientes e aumento estatisticamente significante na abertura bucal máxima ao final da terapia com placa interoclusal estabilizadora. Considerando o método utilizado e os dados amostrais, foi possível verificar aumento espacial entre o côndilo e a cavidade articular durante o uso de placa interoclusal estabilizadora e, também, que esta terapia melhorou a dor relatada pelos pacientes e aumentou a amplitude do movimento de abertura mandibular.The aim of this study was to evaluate the condylar position in patients with articular TMD before and after treatment with occlusal splints by cone beam computed tomography. Were evaluated and treated 22 patients with signs or symptoms of TMD joint, screened in the Clinical School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The diagnosis of TMD was conducted with the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC / TMD). The patients were subjected to therapy for occlusal splints for 90 days. Three cone beam computed tomography scans in the region of the TMJ right and left, were being conducted: the first at the beginning of treatment, with the patient in the position of MIH (G1); the second after 90 days of treatment with the patient occluding the occlusal splint (G2); and the third after 90 days of treatment with the patient in the position of MIH (G3). Measures of joint spaces were performed in front, superior and posterior in sagittal cuts of the TMJ. The collected data were analyzed statistically using the t test: paired samples at the 5 % significance level for the comparison between two groups. In the comparison between G1 and G2 and between G2 and G3, a statistically significant increase for the superior joint space and the posterior, but there was no statistically significant difference in the front joint space. For the comparison between G1 and G3, was observed a statistically significant increase in front joint space and superior, and not significant in the posterior joint space. The results of the analysis of the RDC / TMD showed a significant improvement in pain reported by patients and statistically significant increase in maximal mouth opening at the end of therapy with occlusal splints. Considering the method used and the sample data, it was possible to increase the space between the condyle and the articular cavity during use of occlusal splints and also that this therapy improved pain reported by patients and increased range of motion of mandibular opening.
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Filho, Edson Illipronti. "Avaliação em 3D da cabeça da mandíbula em crianças portadoras de mordida cruzada posterior unilateral por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23139/tde-24052016-161108/.
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Durante o desenvolvimento da oclusão, a instalação de maloclusões podem resultar em desarmonias dento faciais de natureza e severidade diversas, podendo provocar alterações no desenvolvimento crânio facial, dentre as estruturas envolvidas as Articulações Temporo Mandibulares (ATM), podem sofrer alguma influência, dessa forma a avaliação desta região, no aspecto morfológico e funcional, constituí tema de interesse, sempre que levados em conta os aspectos funcionais da oclusão. A relação entre a forma e a função, tanto das cabeças da mandíbula, bem como o contorno da fossa mandibular com as maloclusões ainda é controversa e não está compreendida por completo, porém a literatura sobre o assunto, demonstra correlação entre a instalação de maloclusões e modificações neste sistema, mesmo que algumas alterações não sejam de ordem estatística e em amostras de indivíduos em tenra idade, as mesmas podem comprometer o desenvolvimento adequado em indivíduos adultos ou mesmo adultos jovens. Tendo como propósito nesse estudo a avaliação das cabeças da mandíbula quanto ao volume e superficíe dos lados direito e esquerdo, cruzado e não cruzado, a amostra selecionada foi de 20 indivíduos com mordida cruzada posterior unilateral, com idades entre 06 e 09 anos de idade, utilizando imagens de tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, imagens obtidas por um equipamento modelo i- Cat, sendo utilizado na reformatação e manipulação das imagens o programa computacional - NemoCeph 3D® versão 11.5. Nas medições propostas para esse estudo, utilizou-se o teste t pareado de Student para amostras com distribuição normal. Na observação das tabelas e seus respectivos gráficos, podemos verificar que na comparação entre os lados direito e esquerdo, e cruzado e não cruzado das cabeças da mandíbula, com relação ao volume e superfície, existem diferenças numéricas entre elas, porém não pode ser observado diferenças estatísticas significantes, nessa amostra especifica com a metodologia empregada para esse estudo. Assim foi possível concluir que nas Mordidas Cruzadas Posteriores Unilaterais as cabeças da mandíbula tanto em seu volume como em sua superfície não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes na amostra estudada.During the development of occlusion, malocclusions installation may result in disharmony dento facial nature and various severity, can cause changes in craniofacial development, among the structures involved in the temporomandibular joints mandibular (ATM), may suffer some influence, thus the evaluation of this region, the morphological and functional aspect, constitutes topic of interest, when taken into account the functional aspects of occlusion. The relationship between form and function, both the heads of the jaw, as well as the outline of the mandibular fossa with malocclusion remains controversial and is not fully understood, but the literature on the subject shows correlation between the installation of malocclusions and modifications to this system, even if some changes are not of statistical order and samples from individuals at an early age, they can compromise the proper development in adults and even young adults. With the intent of this study was to evaluate the heads of the jaw as the volume and surface of the right and left sides, crossed and uncrossed, the selected sample of 20 subjects with unilateral posterior cross bite, aged from 06 to 09 years old, using computed tomography cone beam, images obtained by a device model i-Cat, being used in reformatting and manipulation of images the computer program - NemoCeph 3D® version 11.5. The proposals measurements for this study, we used the paired t-test of Student for samples with normal distribution. The observation of the tables and their graphs, we can see that the comparison between the right and left sides, and crossed and uncrossed the heads of the mandible in relation to the volume and surface, there are numerical differences between them, but can not be observed differences statistically significant, this sample specifies the methodology used for this study. Thus it was concluded that the Unilateral Posterior Crossbites the heads of the jaw in both its volume and its surface showed no statistically significant differences
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Savoldelli, Charles. "Étude par éléments finis des effets de la distraction ostéogénique symphysaire sur l’articulation temporo-mandibulaire." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENMP0062/document.
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Les chirurgies de l'os mandibulaire peuvent modifier la position anatomique des disques et des condyles de l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire (ATM). Les modifications de contraintes qui en résultent peuvent être à l'origine d'une dislocation temporaire ou permanente du disque et peuvent provoquer des dysfonctionnements s'exprimant par des douleurs buccales et faciales. L'objectif de ce travail était de prévoir les modifications de contraintes dans l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire (ATM) après un protocole de distraction symphysaire mandibulaire (DS). Ce traitement chirurgical sert à traiter les encombrements dentaires de la mandibule.De manière à étudier l'impact d'une telle intervention au niveau de l'ATM, nous avons fait le choix de réaliser un modèle d'approche numérique de mastication par éléments finis. Les données géométriques ont été obtenues à partir de l'imagerie scanner et IRM d'un patient dont les composants de l'ATM ont été maillés. La chirurgie de distraction symphysaire a été réalisée sur le modèle avec un élargissement de 10 mm dans la région médiane de la mandibule. La géométrie et le maillage du cal osseux ont été reconstruits. Le cal osseux a été caractérisé par un module d'élasticité correspondant à l'os consolidé pour prédire l'effet biomécanique à long terme de la DS. Pour simuler une fermeture de la mâchoire, les conditions aux limites ont été appliquées au modèle sous la forme de vecteurs de force. Les champs de contraintes de von Mises dans les deux disques et condyles ont été analysés et comparés avant et après la DS. Contrairement aux approches habituellement menées, le modèle proposé est complet et ne contient pas de symétrie, de manière à mettre en évidence d'éventuelles asymétries dans la répartition des contraintes. La répartition des contraintes était proche dans les disques et sur les surfaces condyliennes dans les modèles avant et après distraction. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que les changements anatomiques des structures de l'ATM ne prédisposent pas à une fatigue des tissus. La DS n'exposerait donc pas au risque de dysfonction des ATM et de symptômes cliniquesMandibular surgery such as distraction osteogenesis can generate anatomical modifications in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs. The resulting stress modifications can be at the origin of a temporary or permanent disc dislocation with degeneration and may cause severe oral and facial pain or masticatory dysfunctions. The aim of this work was to predict stress modification in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) after mandibular symphyseal distraction (SD). This surgical procedure is used to resolve dental crowding on the mandibular dental arch.In order to study the potential impact of such a surgery on TMJ discs a three-dimensional finite element analysis of a complete mastication model was performed. Geometric data were obtained from MRI and CT scans of a healthy male patient and each component was meshed individually. The distraction was performed on the model with a 10 mm expansion after simulation of a surgical vertical osteotomy line in the mandibular midline region. The geometry and mesh of the bone callus were generated. The bone callus was modeled as a strengthened region characterized by a Young's modulus corresponding to consolidated bone to predict the long-term biomechanical effect of SD. Boundary conditions for jaw closing simulations were represented by different jaw muscle load directions. The von Mises stress distributions in both joint discs and condyles during closing conditions were analyzed and compared before and after SD. Contrary to usual analyses, no symmetry was used, and the whole mandible was analyzed in order to exhibit potential asymmetries. Stress distribution was similar in discs and on condylar surfaces in the pre- and post-distraction models. The outcomes of this study suggest that anatomical changes in TMJ structures should not predispose to long-term tissue fatigue and demonstrate the absence of clinical permanent TMJ symptoms after SD
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Bryndahl, Fredrik. "Temporomandibular joint disk displacement and subsequent adverse mandibular growth : a radiographic, histologic and biomolecular experimental study." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Umeå University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1624.
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Laurentjoye, Mathieu. "Osteotomies mandibulaires virtuelles : acquisition, planification, modelisation et production d’un guide occlusal et condylien imprime en 3 dimensions. Mise en place d’une chaîne méthodologique de la faisabilité à la clinique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0372/document.
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Le but de ce travail était la mise en place d’une chaîne méthodologique de planification virtuelle d’une ostéotomie sagittale des branches mandibulaires (OSBM) et son transfert au bloc opératoire. Dans la première partie, les méthodes classiques de planification et de transfert sont exposées. Habituellement réalisées à partir de modèles en plâtre sur articulateur, la planification et la production de guides occlusaux chirurgicaux souffrent d’une imprécision potentiellement à l’origine de troubles fonctionnels temporo-‐mandibulaires. Le contrôle per-‐opératoire du condyle mandibulaire lors de l’OSBM est un élément de stabilité squelettique dont dépend la qualité du résultat fonctionnel. Une évaluation des pratiques professionnelles des chirurgiens maxillo-‐faciaux a été réalisée sur ce point. Une méthode de positionnement condylien utilisant un dispositif, moins fréquemment utilisée que la méthode empirique, est proposée comme présentant le meilleur rapport bénéfice/risque. Cette méthode a été reproduite virtuellement à travers les différents maillons de la chaîne méthodologique. Des techniques innovantes informatisées d’acquisition, de conception et modélisation, et d’impression en 3 dimensions ont été utilisées. Dans la seconde partie, la méthodologie de chacun des maillons de la chaîne a été présentée et évaluée, soit sur sujets cadavériques, soit sur patients. L’objectif était de démontrer la faisabilité de la chaîne. Le maillon « acquisition et extraction de surface » a mis en exergue le problème des artéfacts dus aux matériaux métalliques dentaires ou orthodontiques. Dans 90% des cas le maillage obtenu était satisfaisant, permettant de s’affranchir des modèles en plâtre. Le maillon « planification chirurgicale virtuelle » a montré une valorisation par rapport à la technique classique en terme de prévention des interférences des pièces osseuses déplacées. Le maillon « modélisation et impression du guide chirurgical » a décrit les étapes d’invention d’un guide de positionnement occlusal et condylien (OCPD : occlusal and condylar positionning device). Ses caractéristiques techniques, ses modalités de production par impression 3D ainsi que son utilisation peropératoire, ont été précisées. Enfin le maillon « évaluation de l’OCPD » a permis de montrer la faisabilité de la méthode et l’équivalence clinique, technique et biologique de ce dispositif médical sur mesure par rapport à ceux utilisés dans la méthode classique. Enfin le positionnement condylien obtenu grâce à ce dispositif a été évalué de manière préliminaire et comparé aux données de la littérature. Grâce à l’OCPD, nous avons montré la possibilité de transférer au bloc opératoire la planification virtuelle d’une OSBM contrôlant la position des condylesThe purpose of this work was the implementation of a methodological chain for bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) virtual planning and its transfer in the operating room. In the first part of the work, usual methods for planning BSSO are exposed. Usually realized from plaster models on articulator, the planning and the occlusal surgical guides production are at risk of temporo-‐mandibular functional disorders. The quality of the functional result depends on the correct positioning of the mandibular condyle, considered as a skeletal stability element. An assessment of the maxillofacial surgeons practices was realized regarding intra-‐operative condyle positioning. Using a condylar positioning device (CPD),less frequently employed than the empirical method, meets an acceptable benefit/risk balance. This method was virtually reproduced through various steps of the methodological chain described. Computerized innovative techniques for three-‐dimensional acquisition, design and manufacturing were used. In the second part of the work, the methodology of each step of the chain was presented and estimated, either on cadaveric subjects, or on patients. The aim was to demonstrate the feasibility of the whole chain. The “acquisition and surface extraction” step pointed the issue of artefacts due to dental or orthodontic metallic devices. Ninety % of the obtained meshes were satisfactory, allowing not to use plaster models. The “virtual surgical planning” step allowed reproducing the usual method and showed great interest in bone interferences prevention. The “modelling and printing of the surgical guide” step described the stages of occlusal and condylar positioning device (OCPD) invention. Its technical characteristics, its methods of manufacturing by 3D printing, and its intraoperative use were specified. The step “OCPD evaluation” showed the method feasibility and the clinical, technical and biological equivalence of this custom-‐made medical device as compared to those used in the usual method. Finally the condylar position obtained with this device was estimated in a preliminary clinical study and compared with the literature. Thanks to the OCPD, we showed the possibility of transferring in the operating room an OSBM virtual planning controlling condyles position
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Rzazewska-Johnson, Renata. "A prospective gnathologic assessment of the effect of orthodontic treatment on mandibular position a thesis submitted in the partial fulfillment ... for the degree of Master of Science in Orthodontics ... /." 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/68962580.html.
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Jinnavanich, Sermsak, and 周建榮. "3D image analysis of mandibular condyle in temporomandibular joint degenerative disease." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v5ru93.
Full textAbstract:
碩士長庚大學
顱顏口腔醫學研究所
104
Purpose: This study was conducted to quantify mandibular condylar resorption in patient with the temporomandibular joint degenerative disease with condylar volume and HU value. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional case-control study, Taiwanese adults patients (18-45 years old, 70 females and 20 males) were grouping in two groups base on image criteria for RDC/TMD: TMJ-DJD group (60 patients) and non TMJ-DJD group (30 patients). CBCT image and ITK-SNAP software were used to evaluate volume, HU value and condylar morphology between two groups. Age, gender, mandibular deviation were also recorded to assess the association between these variations. Results: Condylar volume of TMJ-DJD group is smaller (P <.001) than non TMJ-DJD group, especially in the late stage of TMJ-DJD. HU value is not different between TMJ-DJD and non TMJ-DJD group (P=.257), but it increased in the late stage of TMJ-DJD. The more mandibular asymmetry, the lesser condylar volume and the higher HU value in the deviated side of TMJ-DJD group. Gender influence condylar volume and HU value while age is negligible in our study group. Conclusion: The results suggest that the current quantification technique using condylar volume and HU value can represent the severity of TMJ-DJD. The current method could be a benefit to initially evaluation patient’s TMJ or follow up patients who is undergo a treatment that could affect mandibular condyle.
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Cornish, Ryan James. "Histomorphometric analysis of the temporomandibular joint condyle in young and mature sheep." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/69443.
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This study provides the first comparative histomorphometric analysis of cartlage and trabecular bone in the mandibular condyle of both young and mature sheep. The findings reinforce the notion that there is constant remodelling of both the condylar cartilage and trabecular architecture throughout growth and development in the postnatal sheep, as well as supporting the role of the sheep in studies of the temporomandibular joint.Thesis (M.Sc.Dent.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2005
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Daniels, Samuel. "Histological analysis of the temporomandibular joint after replacement of the mandibular condyle using costochondral and sternoclavicular joint grafts in Macaca mulatta a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ... in orthodontics ... /." 1986. http://books.google.com/books?id=9Zs9AAAAMAAJ.
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Guedes, Ines H. "Three dimensional evaluation of the TMJ condyle position in different types of skeletal patterns." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23333.
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Objective: To evaluate three-dimensional position of the TMJ condyle within the glenoid fossa in different types of skeletal patterns. Materials and methods: Ninety CBCT images were consecutively selected and divided into skeletal class I, class II and class III. The images were analyzed locating landmarks in the different areas of the condyle and glenoid fossa. All landmarks presented acceptable reliability. The mean results were compared using ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: There was a tendency for the anterior joint space to be smaller than the posterior joint space. Statistical analysis, however, evidenced no significant differences between the anterior, superior and posterior joint spaces and the different skeletal patterns or between sides. Conclusion: There was non-concentricity of the condyle for all the groups studied, and no particular direction was statistically significantly favored. It is unclear whether the differences found would be clinically significant, considering anatomical individual variations.
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Ma, Bingkui. "Growth modification of the temporomandibular joint by functional appliances: a histomorphometric study using sheep." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37848.
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In order to investigate growth modifications of
the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during dentofacial
orthopaedic treatment, various functional
appliances have been used to prompt the mandible
into a protrusive position in various animal
experimental models. The general purpose of this
project was (i) to test the effectiveness of a
functional appliance specially designed for sheep;
(ii) to clarify whether or not forward mandibular
displacement in sheep is associated with faster
and/or redirected condylar growth; (iii) to
evaluate the sheep as a model for dentofacial
orthopaedic research by comparing the similarities
of mandibular condylar growth in sheep and humans;
(iv) to detail the position of the mandible during
forward mandibular posturing and the effects of
mandibular forward displacement on modelling and
remodelling of the mandibular condyle. The
specific purpose of this project was to reveal
whether functional appliance treatment increases
the quantity of bone formed during the treatment,
or changes the distribution of the bone, or both.
Eight, 4-month old, castrated male Merino sheep
were randomly assigned to experimental or control
groups with 4 in each group. Cast functional
appliances were fabricated for the animals in the
experimental group. The treatment period was 15
weeks. Calcein (day 1) tetracycline (13 weeks) and
alizarin red S (3 days before sacrifice)
fluorochromes were administered to all animals.
Dental casts, endosseous implant markers and
cephalograms were used to analyse the 3-D
displacement of the mandible. Undecalcified
mid-sagittal sections of TMJ were used to evaluate
the tissue responses induced by the appliances.
Dynamic parameters of bone formation, static
indices of bone-forming and resorbing activity as
well as structural indices of trabecular bone were
estimated using histomorphometry. The trabecular
bone was sampled from two regions: (i) a
subchondral region; (determined by 2nd and 3rd
labels), believed to comprise bone newly-formed
during the experimental period; and (ii) a
central region (labelled by all the three
fluorochromes), believed to comprise bone which
existed before the experiment. The cortical bone
was divided into anterior and posterior regions
for analysis. The weight of the animals was
measured monthly to monitor their growth.
Metacarpus growth was also evaluated.
During the experimental period, the animals were
found to maintain their weight within the normal
range and grew normally. The appliance was found
to displace the mandible to a downward and forward
position with a net condylar displacement of 2.4
mm. The observed adaptive responses in the TMJ
induced by the appliances included; the condylar
process was less tapered and rounder in the experimental group than in the controls, and anteriorly thickened condylar cartilage and a thickened compact bone layer along the anterior surface of the posterior wall of the glenoid fossa. The mandibular condylar growth vector in sheep was found to be in a postero-superior direction. Condylar growth in the control sheep during the experimental period varied from 8.8 to 11.9 mm, with the mean being 10.6 mm, which is quantitatively similar to two years of condylar growth in human adolescents. In the experimental sheep, the condylar growth varied from 8.5 to 13.3 mm, with the mean being 11.4 mm. When metacarpal growth and weight gain were taken into consideration using multivariant analysis, the coefficients for growth in the postero-superior and posterior direction were found to be high, with adjusted r2 as 0.84 and 0.82 respectively. The induced condylar growth was estimated to be largest in the posterior direction (2.3 mm), which is also similar to previous reports in humans. Regional differences in adaptive
response within the mandibular condyle were found
in this study. In the experimental group, bone
volume fraction (BV/TV) of the subchondral regions
decreased, although the specific bone surface and
bone formation rates increased. This low BV/TV was
associated with decreased trabecular thickness and
increased trabecular separation. In the central
region of the experimental group's condyle, BV/TV
was unchanged. However, an increased osteoid
surface (OS/BS) was defined when the eroded
surface (ES/BS) was taken into consideration.
The sheep were found to cope well with the
experimental procedures and the appliance used in
this study has been effective in inducing adaptive
responses in the TMJ. Consequently, it is believed
that the sheep is an appropriate animal model for
quantitative histological analysis of the responses
to functional appliance treatment.
The first null hypothesis, that functional
appliance treatment has no effect on bone matrix
mineralisation was rejected. The second null
hypothesis, functional appliance treatment has no
effect on the mineralisation lag time, was
rejected. The results indicated that the treatment
effects of functional appliances involve
reorganisation of the TMJ through bone modelling
and remodelling. An important mechanism of
functional appliance treatment is, therefore,
suggested to be a change in the distribution of
bone rather than an increase in the quantity of
bone. Posterior rotation of the principle tensile
strain angle (Et) suggested an posteriorly altered
direction of the condylar growth. Increased new
bone formation in the glenoid fossa suggested an
anterior re-positioning of the temporomandibular
joint.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dental School, 2002
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Graça, Liliana da Costa. "Reabsorção condilar após cirurgia ortognática." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6539.
Full textAbstract:
A articulação Temporomandibular (ATM) é a principal ligação entre o crânio e a
mandíbula e é das articulações mais complexas e solicitadas funcionalmente no corpo
humano.
Esta articulação não é imune a alterações, quer estas sejam provocadas por mecanismos
intrínsecos ao sistema estomatognático, quer através de acidentes ou até mesmo de
cirurgias de correção dos maxilares - Cirurgia Ortognática. A alteração na ATM que
mais comummente ocorre após a cirurgia ortognática é a reabsorção condilar.
Esta revisão narrativa da literatura teve como objectivo aferir a real relação entre a
cirurgia ortognática e a reabsorção condilar, bem como, as características desta
patologia.
A literatura verifica uma relação entre a cirurgia ortognática e a reabsorção condilar,
associada mais frequentemente ao tipo de osteotomia e ao tipo de fixação pós-cirúrgica.
No entanto, mais estudos caso-controlo, como amostras de maior dimensão deverão ser
realizados para suportar estas evidências.The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the main connection between the skull and the mandible and is the most complex and functionally requested joint in the human body. This joint is not immune to changes, whether these are caused by mechanisms intrinsic to the stomatognathic system, on through accidents or even surgery for correction of the jaws. The most common alteration in TMJ after orthognatic surgery is condylar resorption. This narrative review of the literature aimed to assess the relationship between orthognatic surgery and condylar resorption as well as the characteristics of this pathology. The literature shows a relationship between orthognathic surgery and condylar resorption, most frequently associated with the type of osteotomy and the type of postoperative fixation. However more case-control studies with larger sample sizes should be performed to support this evidence.
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Easton, Jeffrey Waldemar. "Condylar growth and function of the lateral pterygoid and superficial masseter muscles in the rat this thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ... in orthodontics ... /." 1987. http://books.google.com/books?id=J289AAAAMAAJ.
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